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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islamic_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islamic_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Islamic doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Islamic_doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Islamic doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Islamic_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sunni Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twelver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Twelver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minor_Occultation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_Occultation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Minor Occultation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_Occultation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_Occultation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Occultation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Major Occultation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Occultation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.3</span> <span>Reappearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isma'ilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isma'ilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Isma'ilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isma'ilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaydism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaydism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Zaydism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaydism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya_belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya_belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ahmadiyya belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya_belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahdi_claimants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahdi_claimants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mahdi claimants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahdi_claimants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparative religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparative_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparative religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparative_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahdi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="المهدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المهدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi" title="Mehdi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mehdi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="মাহদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাহদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мәһди – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәһди" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi" title="Mehdi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mehdi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahd%C3%AD" title="Mahdí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mahdí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahd%C3%AD" title="Mahdí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahdí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdo" title="Mahdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mahdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مهدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%9D%90%EB%94%94" title="마흐디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마흐디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Mahdi" title="Imam Mahdi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imam Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahd%C4%AB" title="Mahdī – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mahdī" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99" title="מהדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="امام مہدی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="امام مہدی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мәһди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәһди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehd%C3%AE" title="Mehdî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mehdî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahd%C4%AB" title="Mahdī – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahdī" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdis" title="Mahdis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mahdis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_(iszl%C3%A1m)" title="Mahdi (iszlám) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mahdi (iszlám)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇമാം മഹ്ദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇമാം മഹ്ദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%89" title="المهدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المهدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Mahdi" title="Imam Mahdi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Imam Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_(islam)" title="Mahdi (islam) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mahdi (islam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="МахӀди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="МахӀди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdiy" title="Mahdiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mahdiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مہدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="امام مهدي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امام مهدي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1di" title="Mádi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mádi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdiu" title="Mehdiu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mehdiu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مەھدی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەھدی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Махди (ислам) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Махди (ислам)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மகதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="มะฮ์ดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะฮ์ดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Маҳдӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҳдӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi" title="Mehdi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mehdi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Магді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مہدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مہدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%AA" title="马赫迪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马赫迪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%AA" title="馬赫迪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬赫迪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi" title="Mehdi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mehdi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#move" title="This article is move-protected."><img alt="Page move-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Messianic figure in Islamic eschatology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept of an eschatological messianic savior in Islam. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mahdi (disambiguation)">Mahdi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dajjal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dajjal.jpg/220px-Dajjal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dajjal.jpg/330px-Dajjal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dajjal.jpg/440px-Dajjal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>An image from a <a href="/wiki/Falnama" title="Falnama">Falname</a> made in India around 1610-1630, depicts <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> fighting the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a> (right). Behind, the Mahdi with a veiled face.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> 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style="background-color:#D4CEF2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eschatology" title="Category:Eschatology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%; padding-bottom:0.3em; background-color:#D4CEF2;"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base);margin-top:0.3em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><b>Biblical texts</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Major figures</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Different views</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Other events</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events of Revelation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven Seals</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralaya" title="Pralaya">Pralaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><b>Figures</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahdi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%CA%BEim_%C4%80l_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Gog and Magog">Yajuj and Majuj</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Events</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasf_al-Bayda" title="Khasf al-Bayda">Swallowing in Bayda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Coming of the Mahdi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Return of Isa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><b>Biblical texts</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Other sources</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Medieval Jewish scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Figures</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah the Prophet">Elijah the Prophet</a>, Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach Ben David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Mashiach Ben Yosef</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Events and terms</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchalta_De%27Geulah" title="Atchalta De'Geulah">Atchalta De'Geulah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Kibbutz Galuyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Gog_and_Magog" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection#Judaism" title="Resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_to_come#Jewish_eschatology" title="World to come">Olam Haba</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Figures and items</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_monster" title="Bound monster">Bound monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarhorn" title="Gjallarhorn">Gjallarhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naglfar" title="Naglfar">Naglfar</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li><b>Events</b></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Divine Incantations Scripture</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Inter-religious</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> / <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Age</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eschatology" title="Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eschatology" title="Template talk:Eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mahdi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">MAH-dee</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمَهْدِيّ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mahdī</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the Guided') is a figure in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a> who is believed to appear at the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End of Times</a> to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, and will appear shortly before <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>. </p><p>The Mahdi is mentioned in several <a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith Books">canonical compilations of hadith</a> and is referenced in over 100 Quranic verses supporting the belief. In Quran the Mahdi is popularly referred as Baqiyyatullah,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered as an essential doctrine in Islam. Some Sunni theologians however have questioned the orthodoxy of the Mahdi. </p><p>Some of the first references to the Mahdi appear in the late 7th century, when the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya">Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 656–661</span>), to be the Mahdi. Although the concept of a Mahdi is not an essential doctrine in Islam, it is popular among Muslims. Over centuries, there have been a vast number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">Mahdi claimants</a>. </p><p>The Mahdi features in both <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">branches of Islam</a>, though they differ extensively on his attributes and status. Among <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shias</a>, the Mahdi is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, twelfth Imam, son of the eleventh Imam, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 874</span>), who is said to be in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghayba</i></span>) by divine will. This is rejected by Sunnis, who assert that the Mahdi has not been born yet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Mahdi</i> is derived from the Arabic root <i>h-d-y</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ه-د-ي</span></span>), commonly used to mean "divine guidance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the root appears in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> at multiple places and in various contexts, the word <i>Mahdi</i> never occurs in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The associated verb is <i>hada</i>, which means to guide. However, <i>Mahdi</i> can be read in active voice, where it means the one who guides, as well as passive voice, where it means the one who is guided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a138–139_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2002a138–139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_ideas">Pre-Islamic ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians suggest that the term itself was probably introduced into Islam by southern Arabian tribes who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> in the mid-7th century. They believed that the Mahdi would lead them back to their homeland and re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a>. They also believed that he would eventually conquer <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that the concept of the Mahdi may have been derived from earlier messianic <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, traditions were introduced to support certain political interests, especially anti-Abbasid sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditions about the Mahdi appeared only at later times in <a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_books" title="List of hadith books">hadith books</a> such as <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abi_Dawud" title="Sunan Abi Dawud">Sunan Abi Dawud</a></i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Tirmidhi" title="Sunan al-Tirmidhi">Sunan al-Tirmidhi</a></i></span></i>, but are absent from the early works of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glasse_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasse-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The term <i>al-Mahdi</i> was employed from the beginning of Islam, but only as an honorific epithet ("the guide") and without any messianic significance. As an honorific, it was used in some instances to describe Muhammad (by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Thabit" title="Hassan ibn Thabit">Hassan ibn Thabit</a>), <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a>, al-Husayn, and various <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad caliphs</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هداة مهديون</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hudat mahdiyyun</i></span>). During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Muslim Civil War</a> (680–692), after the death of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 661–680</span>), the term acquired a new meaning of a ruler who would restore Islam to its perfect form and restore justice after oppression. <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>, who laid claim to the caliphate against the Umayyads and found temporary success during the civil war, presented himself in this role. Although the title Mahdi was not applied to him, his career as the anti-caliph significantly influenced the future development of the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hadith was promulgated in which Muhammad prophesies the coming of a just ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There will arise a difference after the death of a caliph, and a man of the people of Medina will go forth fleeing to Mecca. Then some of the people of Mecca will come to him and will make him rise in revolt against his will ... An expedition will be sent against him from Syria but will be swallowed up ... in the desert between Mecca and Medina. When the people see this, the righteous men ... of Syria and ... Iraq will come to him and pledge allegiance to him. Thereafter a man of the Quraysh will arise whose maternal uncles are of Kalb. He will send an expedition against them, but they will defeat them ... He will then divide the wealth and act among them according to the Sunna of their Prophet. Islam will settle down firmly on the ground ... He will stay seven years and then die, and the Muslims will pray over him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981291_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981291-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Refusing to recognize the new caliph, <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 680–683</span>), after Mu'awiya's death in 680, Ibn al-Zubayr had fled to the Meccan sanctuary. From there he launched anti-Umayyad propaganda, calling for a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shura</i></span> of the Quraysh to elect a new caliph. Those opposed to the Umayyads were paying him homage and asking for the public proclamation of his caliphate, forcing Yazid to send an army to dislodge him in 683. After defeating rebels in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the army besieged Mecca but was forced to withdraw as a result of Yazid's sudden death shortly afterward. Ibn al-Zubayr was recognized caliph in Arabia, Iraq, and parts of Syria, where Yazid's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_II" title="Mu'awiya II">Mu'awiya II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 683–684</span>) held power in Damascus and adjoining areas. The hadith hoped to enlist support against an expected Umayyad campaign from Syria. The Umayyads did indeed send another army to Mecca in 692, but contrary to the hadith's prediction was successful in removing Ibn al-Zubayr. The hadith lost relevance soon afterward, but resurfaced in the <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basran</a> hadith circles a generation later, this time removed from its original context and understood as referring to a future restorer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the time when Ibn al-Zubayr was trying to expand his dominion, the pro-Alid revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a> took control of the Iraqi garrison town of <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> in the name of Ali's son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya">Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya</a>, whom he proclaimed as the Mahdi in the messianic sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of the name Muhammad with the Mahdi seems to have originated with Ibn al-Hanafiyya, who also shared the epithet Abu al-Qasim with Muhammad, the Islamic prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861232_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861232-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Umayyads, the caliph <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 715–717</span>) encouraged the belief that he was the Mahdi, and other Umayyad rulers, like <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz" title="Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz">Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 717–720</span>), have been addressed as such in the <a href="/wiki/Panegyrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Panegyrics">panegyrics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jarir_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarir (poet)">Jarir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 728</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Farazdaq" title="Al-Farazdaq">al-Farazdaq</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 728–730</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early discussions about the identity of the Mahdi by religious scholars can be traced back to the time after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna#Sectarian_and_eschatological_developments" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>. These discussions developed in different directions and were influenced by traditions (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) attributed to Muhammad. In Umayyad times, scholars and traditionists not only differed on which caliph or rebel leader should be designated as Mahdi but also on whether the Mahdi is a messianic figure and if signs and predictions of his time had been satisfied. In Medina, among the conservative religious circles, the belief in Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz being the Mahdi was widespread. <a href="/wiki/Said_ibn_al-Musayyib" title="Said ibn al-Musayyib">Said ibn al-Musayyib</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 715</span>) is said to identify Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz as the Mahdi long before his reign. The Basran, Abu Qilabah, supported the view that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was the Mahdi. <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 728</span>) opposed the concept of a Muslim Messiah but believed that if there was the Mahdi, it was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231–1232_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231–1232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> in 750, Mahdi was already a known concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence shows that the first Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 750–754</span>) assumed the title of "the Mahdi" for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861233_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861233-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_Islam">Shia Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Shia Islam, the eschatological Mahdi was commonly given the epithet al-Qa'im (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القائم</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain1986144–145_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986144–145-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be translated as 'he who will rise,'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signifying his rise against tyranny in the end of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198160_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198160-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinctively Shia is the notion of temporary absence or <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a> of the Mahdi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose life has been prolonged by divine will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An intimately related Shia notion is that of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">raj'a</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">return</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which often means the return to life of (some) Shia Imams, particularly <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, to exact their revenge on their oppressors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2022_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2022-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditions that predicted the occultation and rise of a future imam were already in circulation for a century before the death of the eleventh Imam in 260 (874 CE),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199387,_88_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199387,_88-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly as early as the seventh-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditions were appropriated by various Shia sects in different periods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009531_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009531-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the now-extinct sects of Nawusites and <a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198912–13_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198912–13-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, these traditions were cited by the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a>, who denied the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981151_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981151-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held that he was in hiding in the Razwa mountains near <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This likely originated with two groups of his supporters, namely, southern Arabian settlers and local recent converts in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, who seem to have spread the notions now known as occultation and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">raj'a</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, these traditions were also employed by the <a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifites</a> to argue that <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a>, the seventh Imam, had not died but was in occultation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199387,_88_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199387,_88-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parallel, traditions predicting the occultation of a future imam also persisted in the writings of the mainstream Shia, who later formed the Twelvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009531_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009531-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this material, the Twelver doctrine of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth (tenth) century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201367_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201367-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the works of <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Qummi" title="Ali ibn Ibrahim al-Qummi">Ibrahim al-Qummi</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 919</span>), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">Ya'qub al-Kulayni</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 941</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawayh</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 991</span>), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period also saw a transition in Twelver arguments from a traditionist to a rationalist approach in order to vindicate the occultation of the twelfth Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198179,_80_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198179,_80-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Twelver authors also aim to establish that the description of Mahdi in Sunni sources applies to the twelfth Imam. Their efforts gained momentum in the seventh (thirteenth) century when some notable Sunni scholars endorsed the Shia view of the Mahdi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a> traditionist Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Gandji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir_Moezzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi</a> writes, there is Sunni support from time to time for the Twelvers' view of Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been some support for the mahdiship of the twelfth Imam in Sufi circles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, by the Egyptian Sufi al-Sha'rani<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>, as a major Isma'ili Sh'a dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the terms Mahdi and Qa'im were used interchangeably for the messianic imam anticipated in Shia traditions. With the rise of the Fatimids in the tenth century CE, however, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a> argued that some of these predictions had materialized by the first Fatimid caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah</a>, while the rest would be fulfilled by his successors. Henceforth, their literature referred to the awaited eschatological imam only as Qa'im (instead of Mahdi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Zaydi view, imams are not endowed with superhuman qualities, and expectations for their mahdiship are thus often marginal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanjiDaftary2006240_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanjiDaftary2006240-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception is the now-extinct Husaynites in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, who denied the death of al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim al-Iyani and awaited his return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islamic_doctrine">In Islamic doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Islamic doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_Islam">Sunni Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sunni Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, the Mahdi doctrine is not theologically important and remains as a popular belief instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito199835_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199835-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoi1971120_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoi1971120-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the six canonical Sunni hadith compilations, three—<i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abi_Dawud" title="Sunan Abi Dawud">Abi Dawud</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_ibn_Majah" title="Sunan ibn Majah">Ibn Maja</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Tirmidhi" title="Sunan al-Tirmidhi">al-Tirmidhi</a></i>—contain traditions on the Mahdi; the compilations of <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">al-Bukhari</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Muslim</a></i>—considered the most authoritative by the Sunnis and the earliest of the six—do not, nor does <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sunan_al-Sughra" title="Al-Sunan al-Sughra">al-Nasa'i</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoi1971119_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoi1971119-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200511_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200511-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Sunnis, including the philosopher and historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1406</span>), and reportedly also Hasan al-Basri, an influential early theologian and exegete, deny the Mahdi being a separate figure, holding that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> will fulfill this role and judge over mankind; <i>Mahdi</i> is thus considered a title for Jesus when he returns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19852_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19852-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like the historian and the Qur'an commentator <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1373</span>), elaborated a whole <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic scenario</a> which includes prophecies about the Mahdi, Jesus, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">the Dajjal</a> (the antichrist) during the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201041_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik201041-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The common opinion among the Sunnis is that the Mahdi is an expected ruler to be sent by God before the end times to re-establish righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is held to be from among the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatima</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, and his physical characteristics including a broad forehead and curved nose. He will eradicate injustice and evil from the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19857_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19857-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He will be from the <a href="/wiki/Hasanids" title="Hasanids">Hasanid</a> branch of Muhammad's descendants, as opposed to the Shia belief that he is of the <a href="/wiki/Husaynids" title="Husaynids">Husaynid</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a140_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2002a140-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mahdi's name would be Muhammad and his father's name would be Abd Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldziher2021200_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldziher2021200-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Dawud quotes Muhammad as saying: "The Mahdi will be from my family, from the descendants of Fatimah".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200514_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200514-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hadith states: </p><blockquote><p>Even if only one day remains [until the doomsday], God will lengthen this day until He calls forth a man from me, or from the family of my house, his name matching mine and his father's name matching that of my father. He will fill the Earth with equity and justice just as it had previously been filled with injustice and oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200514_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200514-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Before the arrival of the Mahdi, the earth would be filled with anarchy and chaos. Divisions and civil wars, moral degradation, and worldliness would be prevalent among the Muslims. Injustice and oppression would be rampant in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19851_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19851-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the death of a king, the people would quarrel among themselves, and the as yet unrecognized Mahdi would flee from Medina to Mecca to take refuge in the Ka'ba. He would be the Mahdi recognized as ruler by the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981291_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981291-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dajjal would appear and will spread corruption in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu200927_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu200927-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an army bearing black banners, which would come to his aid from the east, the Mahdi would fight the Dajjal, and will be able to defeat him. Dressed in saffron robes with his head anointed, Jesus would descend at the point of a white minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (believed to be the Minaret of Jesus) and join the Mahdi. Jesus would pray behind the Mahdi and then kill the Dajjal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016428_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016428-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu200927_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu200927-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> would also appear wreaking havoc before their final defeat by the forces of Jesus. Although not as significant as the Dajjal and the Gog and Magog, the <a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a>, another representative of the forces of dark, also features in the Sunni traditions. He will rise in Syria before the appearance of Mahdi. When the latter appears, the Sufyani, along with his army, will either be swallowed up en route to Mecca by the earth with God's command or defeated by the Mahdi. Jesus and the Mahdi will then conquer the world and establish caliphate. The Mahdi will die after 7 to 13 years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200518–21_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200518–21-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Jesus after 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011102_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011102-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their deaths would be followed by reappearance of corruption before the final end of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200518–21_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200518–21-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_Islam_2">Shia Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twelver">Twelver</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Twelver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Qa'im Al Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarra_City_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samarra_City_1.jpg/220px-Samarra_City_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samarra_City_1.jpg/330px-Samarra_City_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samarra_City_1.jpg/440px-Samarra_City_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Shrine" title="Al-Askari Shrine">Al-Askari Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, stands where the house of the 11th <a href="/wiki/Imamate_(Twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamate (Twelver doctrine)">Twelver imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a> and the Mahdi once used to be.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a>, the largest Shia branch, the belief in the messianic imam is not merely a part of the creed, but the pivot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1978109_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1978109-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Twelver Shia, the Mahdi was born but disappeared, and would remain hidden from humanity until he reappears to bring justice to the world in the end of time, a doctrine known as the <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a>. This imam in occultation is the twelfth imam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad</a>, son of the eleventh imam, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011103_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011103-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Twelvers, the Mahdi was born in <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> around 868,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985161_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985161-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though his birth was kept hidden from the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived under his father's care until 874 when the latter was killed by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198128_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198128-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Minor_Occultation">Minor Occultation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Minor Occultation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When his father died in 874, possibly poisoned by the Abbasids,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198128_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198128-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mahdi went into occultation by the divine command and was hidden from public view for his life was in danger from the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few of the elite among the Shia, known as the deputies (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سفراء</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sufara</i></span>; sing. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سفير</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">safir</i></span>) of the twelfth imam, were able to communicate with him; hence the occultation in this period is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Occultation" title="Minor Occultation">Minor Occultation</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghayba al-sughra</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu2009127–128_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu2009127–128-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first of the deputies is held to have been <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Sa%27id_al-Asadi" title="Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi">Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Amri</a>, a trusted companion and confidant of the eleventh imam. Through him the Mahdi would answer the demands and questions of the Shia. He was later succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jafar_Muhammad_ibn_Uthman" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman">Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Amri</a>, who held the office for some fifty years and died in 917. His successor <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Husayn_ibn_Ruh_al-Nawbakhti" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti">Husayn ibn Rawh al-Nawbakhti</a> was in the office until his death in 938. The next deputy, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Samarri" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri">Ali ibn Muhammad al-Simari</a>, abolished the office on the orders of the imam just a few days before his death in 941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm1984130–135_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm1984130–135-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Major_Occultation">Major Occultation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Major Occultation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the death of the fourth agent, thus began the <a href="/wiki/Major_Occultation" title="Major Occultation">Major Occultation</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الغيبة الكبرى</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghayba al-kubra</i></span>), in which the communication between the Mahdi and the faithful was severed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm1984130–135_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm1984130–135-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leadership vacuum in the Twelver community was gradually filled by jurists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981100_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981100-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain1986147_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986147-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Major Occultation, the Mahdi roams the earth and is sustained by God. He is the lord of the time (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صاحب الزمان</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sahib az-zamān</i></span>) and does not age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his whereabouts and the exact date of his return are unknown, the Mahdi is nevertheless believed to contact some of his Shia if he wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread in the Twelver community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198565_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198565-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981181_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981181-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia scholars have argued that the longevity of the Mahdi is not unreasonable given the long lives of <a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajjal">Dajjal</a>, as well as secular reports about long-lived men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along these lines, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai">Tabatabai</a> emphasizes the miraculous qualities of al-Mahdi, adding that his long life, while unlikely, is not impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is viewed as the sole legitimate ruler of the Muslim world and the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes him as the head of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199735_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199735-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg/220px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg/330px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg/440px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, where Hassan ibn Muthlih Jamkarani is reported to have met the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Twelver Mahdi</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reappearance">Reappearance</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before his <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi">reappearance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ظهور</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭuhūr</i></span>), the world will plunge into chaos, where immorality and ignorance will be commonplace, the Qur'an will be forgotten, and religion will be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There will be plagues, earthquakes, floods, wars and death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200437_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200437-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sufyani will rise and lead people astray. The Mahdi will then reappear in Mecca, with the sword of Ali (<a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḏū l-fiqār</i></span></a>) in his hand,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the corner of the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'ba">Ka'ba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">station of Abraham</a>. </p><p>By some accounts, he will reappear on the day of <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> (the tenth of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>), the day the third Imam <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> was slain. He will be "a young man of medium stature with a handsome face," with black hair and beard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A divine cry will call the people of the world to his aid,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the angels, <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinns</a>, and humans will flock to the Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161–166_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161–166-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often followed shortly by another supernatural cry from the earth that invites men to join the enemies of the Mahdi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would appeal to disbelievers and hypocrites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mahdi will then go to <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, which will become his capital, and send troops to kill the Sufyani in Damascus. Husayn and his slain partisans are expected to resurrect to avenge their deaths, known as the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Raj%27a" title="Raj'a">raj'a</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">return</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161–166_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161–166-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2022_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2022-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The episode of Jesus' return in the Twelver doctrine is similar to the Sunni belief, although in some Twelver traditions it is the Mahdi who would kill the Dajjal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171–172_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171–172-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who hold enmity towards <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَواصِب‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">nawāṣib</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'haters') will be subject to <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (poll tax) or killed if they do not accept Shia Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861236_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861236-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mahdi is also viewed as the restorer of true Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the restorer of other monotheistic religions after their distortion and abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He establishes the kingdom of God on earth and Islamizes the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981174_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981174-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their true form, it is believed, all monotheistic religions are essentially identical to Islam as "submission to God."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in this sense, according to <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir_Moezzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi">Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi</a>, that one should understand the claims that al-Mahdi will impose Islam on everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rule will be paradise on earth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199737_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199737-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which will last for seventy years until his death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though other traditions state 7, 19, or 309 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176–178_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176–178-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isma'ilism"><span id="Isma.27ilism"></span>Isma'ilism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Isma'ilism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Rifa%27i_and_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Al-Rifa%27i_and_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque_003.JPG/250px-Al-Rifa%27i_and_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Al-Rifa%27i_and_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque_003.JPG/330px-Al-Rifa%27i_and_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Al-Rifa%27i_and_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque_003.JPG/500px-Al-Rifa%27i_and_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> capital city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 2014, where <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a>, was born. Pictured are the <a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan">Sultan Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Rifa'i Mosque">Al-Rifa'i Mosques</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a> a distinct concept of the Mahdi developed, with select Isma'ili <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imams</a> representing the Mahdi or al-Qa'im at various times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the sixth Shia imam <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> died, some of his followers held his already dead son <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a> to be the imam asserting that he was alive and will return as the Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013106_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013106-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group accepted his death and acknowledged his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a> as the imam instead. When he died, his followers too denied his death and believed that he was the last imam and the Mahdi. By the mid-9th century, Isma'ili groups of different persuasions had coalesced into a unified movement centered in Salamiyya in central Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013108_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013108-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a network of activists was working to collect funds and amass weapons for the return of the Mahdi Muhammad ibn Isma'il, who would overthrow the Abbasids and establish his righteous <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013109–110_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013109–110-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201150_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201150-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The propaganda of the Mahdi's return had a special appeal to peasants, Bedouins, and many of the later-to-be Twelver Shias, who were in a state of confusion (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hayra</i></span>) in the aftermath of the death of their 11th imam Hasan al-Askari, and resulted in many conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013110_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013110-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_964.jpg/250px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_964.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_964.jpg/500px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_av_964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of the first Fatimid caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah</a>, 910/911</figcaption></figure> <p>In 899, the leader of the movement, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Sa'id ibn al-Husayn</a>, declared himself the Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought about schism in the unified Isma'ili community as not all adherents of the movement accepted his Mahdist claims. Those in Iraq and Arabia, known as <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> after their leader <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a>, still held that Muhammad ibn Isma'il was the awaited Mahdi and denounced the Salamiyya-based Mahdism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2004169_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2004169-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201150–51_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201150–51-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Qarmati doctrine, the Mahdi was to abrogate the Islamic law (the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>) and bring forth a new message.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861236_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861236-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 931, the then Qarmati leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a> declared a Persian prisoner named <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_al-Isfahani" title="Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani">Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani</a> as the awaited Mahdi. The Mahdi went on to denounce Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad as liars, abolished Islam, and instituted the <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">cult of fire</a>. Abu Tahir had to depose him as imposter and had him executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2004169_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2004169-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201150–51_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201150–51-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in Syria, Sa'id ibn al-Husayn's partisans took control of the central Syria in 903, and for a time the <a href="/wiki/Khutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Khutba">Friday sermon</a> was read in the name of the "Successor, the rightly-guided Heir, the Lord of the Age, the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Faithful" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Faithful">Commander of the Faithful</a>, the Mahdi". Eventually, the uprising was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hama" title="Battle of Hama">routed</a> by the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199168–83_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199168–83-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007122–123_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007122–123-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This forced Sa'id to flee from Syria to North Africa, where he founded the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> in 909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he assumed the regnal name <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mahdi Billah</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007128_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007128-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991138–139_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991138–139-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the historian <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Heinz Halm</a> comments, the singular, semi-divine figure of the Mahdi was thus reduced to an adjective in a caliphal title, 'the Imam rightly guided by God' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-imam al-mahdi bi'llah</i></span>): instead of the promised messiah, al-Mahdi presented himself merely as one in a long sequence of imams descending from Ali and Fatima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991145_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991145-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Messianic expectations associated with the Mahdi nevertheless did not materialize, contrary to the expectations of his propagandists and followers who expected him to do wonders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mahdi attempted to downplay messianism and asserted that the propaganda of Muhammad ibn Isma'il's return as the Mahdi had only been a ruse to avoid Abbasid persecution and protect the real imam predecessors of his. The Mahdi was actually a collective title of the true imams from the progeny of Ja'far al-Sadiq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013112_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013112-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a bid to gain time, al-Mahdi also sought to shift the messianic expectations on his son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>: by renaming himself as Abdallah Abu Muhammad, and his son as Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad rather than his original name, Abd al-Rahman, the latter would bear the name Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abdallah. This was the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and it had been prophesied that the Mahdi would also bear it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991144_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991144-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimids eventually dropped the millenarian rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201151-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta'li</a> Isma'ili Shia believe that their <a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">Occulted Imam</a> and Mahdi is <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007261_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007261-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014184,_185_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014184,_185-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaydism">Zaydism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Zaydism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a>, the concept of imamate is different from the Isma'ili and Twelver branches; a Zaydi Imam is any respectable person from the descendants of Ali and Fatima who lays claim to political leadership and struggles for its acquisition. As such, the Zaydi imamate doctrine lacks eschatological characteristics and there is no end-times redeemer in Zaydism. The title of mahdi has been applied to several Zaydi imams as an honorific over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashir20038_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashir20038-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2004203_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2004203-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmadiyya_belief">Ahmadiyya belief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> belief, the prophesied eschatological figures of Christianity and Islam, the Messiah and Mahdi, actually refer to the same person. These prophecies were fulfilled in <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a> (1835–1908), the founder of the movement;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentine2008199_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine2008199-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is held to be the Mahdi and the manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedmann198949_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedmann198949-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentine200845_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine200845-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the historical Jesus in their view, although escaped crucifixion, nevertheless died and will not be coming back. Instead, God made Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the exact alike of Jesus in character and qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedmann1989114–117_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedmann1989114–117-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentine200846_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine200846-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Mahdi is not an apocalyptic figure to launch global jihad and conquer the world, but a peaceful <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">mujaddid</a></i></span> (renewer of religion), who spreads Islam with "heavenly signs and arguments".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentine2008199_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine2008199-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mahdi_claimants">Mahdi claimants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mahdi claimants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a></div> <p>Throughout history, various individuals have claimed to be or were proclaimed to be the Mahdi. Claimants have included <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a> sect; <a href="/wiki/Ali_Muhammad_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Muhammad Shirazi">Ali Muhammad Shirazi</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State</a> in Sudan in the late 19th century; <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a>, who proclaimed that he was the promised Messiah and the Mahdi in India in the late 19th century and founded the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> movement. The Iranian dissident <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Rajavi" title="Massoud Rajavi">Massoud Rajavi</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">MEK</a>, also claimed to be a 'representative' of the Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> hold <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>, the founder of the movement, to be the Messiah and the Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishmanSoage201363_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishmanSoage201363-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Oktar" title="Adnan Oktar">Adnan Oktar</a>, a Turkish cult leader, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_ibn_Abd_al-Karim" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Muhammad Qasim ibn Abd al-Karim">Muhammad Qasim ibn Abd al-Karim</a>, a Pakistani preacher, are considered by their followers as the Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-HumanistBio_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HumanistBio-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun noted a pattern where embracing a Mahdi claimant enabled unity among tribes and/or a region, often enabled them to forcibly seize power, but the lifespan of such a force was usually limited,<sup id="cite_ref-JPFAiI2011:64-5_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPFAiI2011:64-5-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as their Mahdi had to conform to hadith prophesies—winning their battles and bringing peace and justice to the world before Judgement Day—which (so far) none have. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_religion">Comparative religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparative religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mahdi figure in Islam can be likened to the <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Both figures are seen as prophesied saviors with messianic attributes and are expected to play a future role in global leadership or spiritual renewal.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mahdi can be compared to the <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockington1998p287_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockington1998p287-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are considered eschatological saviors with spiritual significance, and each is expected to appear at the end of a cycle to restore righteousness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah in Judaism</a></div> <p>The prophesied savior duo of the Mahdi and the Messiah in Islam can be likened to the prophesied pair of the two <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> savior figures, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Mashiach ben Yosef</a> and Mashiach ben David, respectively, in the sense that both the Islamic Messiah and the Jewish figure of Mashiach ben David are viewed as central to eschatological fulfillment, while the Mahdi and Mashiach ben Yosef occupy more preparatory or supportive roles.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_messiah_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_messiah-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/60px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Signs of the appearance of Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">Moshiach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%27a_al-Faraj" title="Du'a al-Faraj">Du'a al-Faraj</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. S. Atema first dated this hadith to between Yazid's death and Ibn al-Zubayr's death. <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a> narrowed this down to 684, just after the death of Yazid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">David Cook</a> have contested Madelung's dating. It is nevertheless generally accepted that the hadith is patterned on Ibn al-Zubayr's career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2016230–232_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2016230–232-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a155_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2002a155-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Cook further states that the latter part of the hadith is totally legendary and is unrelated to Ibn al-Zubayr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a155_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2002a155-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The leaders of the movement at this stage laid no claim to the imamate as the Mahdi was thought to be the last imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013109_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extinct Zaydi sect of Husayniyya from western Yemen believed in the return of al-Husayn al-Mahdi li-din Allah (d. 1013) as the Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2004206_n._7_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2004206_n._7-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/11/86">"Surah Hud 11: 86"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+Hud+11%3A+86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F11%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikishia.net/view/Baqiyyatullah">"Baqiyyatullah"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baqiyyatullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikishia.net%2Fview%2FBaqiyyatullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 1231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2007134–136_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArjomand2007">Arjomand 2007</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2002a138–139-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a138–139_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2002a">Cook 2002a</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2009">Kohlberg 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2000_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArjomand2000">Arjomand 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA280">"Mahdi"</a>. <i>The new encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira (Rowman & Littlefield). p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6"><bdi>0-7591-0190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahdi&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=AltaMira+%28Rowman+%26+Littlefield%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7591-0190-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981292ff_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1981">Madelung 1981</a>, pp. 292ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2016230–232-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2016230–232_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2016">Cook 2016</a>, pp. 230–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2002a155-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a155_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a155_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2002a">Cook 2002a</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981291-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981291_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1981291_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1981">Madelung 1981</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861232-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861232_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 1232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231–1232-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861231–1232_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, pp. 1231–1232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/mahdi">"Mahdī Islamic concept"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Mahd%C4%AB+Islamic+concept&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmahdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861233-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861233_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 1233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986144–145-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain1986144–145_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussain1986">Hussain 1986</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1998">Amir-Moezzi 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198160-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198160_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2022-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2022_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2022_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2022">Kohlberg 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199387,_88-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199387,_88_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199387,_88_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModarressi1993">Modarressi 1993</a>, pp. 87, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009531-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009531_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2009531_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2009">Kohlberg 2009</a>, p. 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198912–13-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198912–13_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussain1989">Hussain 1989</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981151-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981151_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201367-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201367_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198179,_80-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198179,_80_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 79, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2007">Amir-Moezzi 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200511-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200511_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurnish2005">Furnish 2005</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19852-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19852_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlichfeldt1985">Blichfeldt 1985</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik201041-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201041_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19857-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19857_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlichfeldt1985">Blichfeldt 1985</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2002a140-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2002a140_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2002a">Cook 2002a</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldziher2021200-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldziher2021200_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldziher2021">Goldziher 2021</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200514-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200514_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200514_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurnish2005">Furnish 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19851-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlichfeldt19851_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlichfeldt1985">Blichfeldt 1985</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu200927-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu200927_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu200927_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiliu2009">Filiu 2009</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016428-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016428_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016">Bentlage et al. 2016</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnish200518–21-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200518–21_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnish200518–21_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurnish2005">Furnish 2005</a>, pp. 18–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011102-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011102_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalversonGoodallCorman2011">Halverson, Goodall & Corman 2011</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1978109-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1978109_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1978">Sachedina 1978</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011103-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011103_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalversonGoodallCorman2011">Halverson, Goodall & Corman 2011</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985161-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985161_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198128-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198128_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198128_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 162, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu2009127–128-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu2009127–128_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiliu2009">Filiu 2009</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm1984130–135-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm1984130–135_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm1984130–135_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlemm1984">Klemm 1984</a>, pp. 130–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlemm2007">Klemm 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981100-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981100_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986147-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain1986147_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussain1986">Hussain 1986</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalversonGoodallCorman2011104_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalversonGoodallCorman2011">Halverson, Goodall & Corman 2011</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198565-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198565_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981181-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981181_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199735-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199735_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1997">Halm 1997</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200437-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200437_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2004">Halm 2004</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161–166-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161–166_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161–166_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 161–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171–172-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171–172_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861236-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861236_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19861236_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 1236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981174-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981174_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199737-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199737_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1997">Halm 1997</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176–178-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176–178_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 176–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013106-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013106_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013108-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013108_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013109-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013109_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mahdi+%7C+Definition%2C+Islam%2C+%26+Eschatology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmahdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArjomand2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Amir_Arjomand" title="Saïd Amir Arjomand">Arjomand, Saïd Amir</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oslo2000.uio.no/program/mt2b.htm">"Origins and Development of Apocalypticism and Messianism in Early Islam: 610–750 CE"</a>. <i>Oslo: Congress of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oslo%3A+Congress+of+the+International+Committee+of+the+Historical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+Apocalypticism+and+Messianism+in+Early+Islam%3A+610%E2%80%93750+CE&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Sa%C3%AFd+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslo2000.uio.no%2Fprogram%2Fmt2b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArjomand2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vi-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-sunni-islam">"The Concept of Mahdi in Sunni Islam"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 14, Fasc. 2. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Mahdi+in+Sunni+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Sa%C3%AFd+Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fislam-in-iran-vi-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-sunni-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBashir2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shahzad_Bashir_(scholar)" title="Shahzad Bashir (scholar)">Bashir, Shahzad</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uom79HNFPGgC"><i>Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nūrbakhshīya Between Medieval and Modern Islam</i></a>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1570034958" title="Special:BookSources/1570034958"><bdi>1570034958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messianic+Hopes+and+Mystical+Visions%3A+The+N%C5%ABrbakhsh%C4%ABya+Between+Medieval+and+Modern+Islam&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1570034958&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Shahzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duom79HNFPGgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016" class="citation book cs1">Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)" title="Stefan Reichmuth (academic)">Reichmuth, Stefan</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ"><i>Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004329003" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004329003"><bdi>978-9004329003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Dynamics+under+the+Impact+of+Imperialism+and+Colonialism%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9004329003&rft.aulast=Bentlage&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Eggert%2C+Marion&rft.au=Kr%C3%A4mer%2C+Hans-Martin&rft.au=Reichmuth%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtY6DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlichfeldt1985" class="citation book cs1">Blichfeldt, Jan-Olaf (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hATYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Early Mahdism: Politics and Religion in the Formative Period of Islam</i></a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004076433" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004076433"><bdi>978-9004076433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mahdism%3A+Politics+and+Religion+in+the+Formative+Period+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-9004076433&rft.aulast=Blichfeldt&rft.aufirst=Jan-Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhATYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2002a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">Cook, David</a> (2002a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxfYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic</i></a>. Princeton: The Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878501427" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878501427"><bdi>978-0878501427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Muslim+Apocalyptic&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=The+Darwin+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0878501427&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2002b" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, David (2002b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1911/70538">"Ḥadīth, Authority and the End of the World: Traditions in Modern Muslim Apocalyptic Literature"</a>. <i>Oriente Moderno</i>. <b>82</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22138617-08201004">10.1163/22138617-08201004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1911%2F70538">1911/70538</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817811">25817811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriente+Moderno&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth%2C+Authority+and+the+End+of+the+World%3A+Traditions+in+Modern+Muslim+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1911%2F70538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25817811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22138617-08201004&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1911%2F70538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Cook, Michael</a> (2016). "Eschatology and the Dating of Traditions". In Motzki, Harald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjqoDQAAQBAJ"><i>Ḥadīth: Origins and Developments</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138247796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138247796"><bdi>978-1138247796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eschatology+and+the+Dating+of+Traditions&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth%3A+Origins+and+Developments&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138247796&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjqoDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC"><i>The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2"><bdi>978-0-521-61636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61636-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvr5ngEACAAJ"><i>A History of Shi'i Islam</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780768410" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780768410"><bdi>978-1780768410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780768410&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvr5ngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoi1971" class="citation journal cs1">Doi, A. R. I. (1971). "The Yoruba Mahdī". <i>Journal of Religion in Africa</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006671x00070">10.1163/157006671x00070</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1594738">1594738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Yoruba+Mahd%C4%AB&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006671x00070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1594738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Doi&rft.aufirst=A.+R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlhxoTHLxeMC"><i>Islam and Politics</i></a> (4th ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815627742" title="Special:BookSources/0815627742"><bdi>0815627742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=Syracuse&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0815627742&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlhxoTHLxeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiliu2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Filiu" title="Jean-Pierre Filiu">Filiu, Jean-Pierre</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520112534/https://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1316/current_trends_volume_8">"The Return of Political Mahdism"</a>. <i>Current Trends in Islamist Ideology</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">26–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-834X">1940-834X</a>. 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Berkely: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520264311" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520264311"><bdi>978-0520264311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+in+Islam&rft.place=Berkely&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0520264311&rft.aulast=Filiu&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapocalypseinisla0852fili_W3CSK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFishmanSoage2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12032">10.1111/rec3.12032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Nation+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World%3A+Theologically+Divorced+and+Politically+United&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12032&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Jason+Eric&rft.au=Soage%2C+Ana+Bel%C3%A9n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Friedmann" title="Yohanan Friedmann">Friedmann, Yohanan</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NjzbzQEACAAJ"><i>Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background</i></a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520057724" title="Special:BookSources/0520057724"><bdi>0520057724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophecy+Continuous%3A+Aspects+of+Ahmadi+Religious+Thought+and+its+Medieval+Background&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0520057724&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNjzbzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFurnish2005" class="citation book cs1">Furnish, Timothy R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGjMWnS5yK8C"><i>Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, Jihad and Osama Bin Laden</i></a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275983838" title="Special:BookSources/0275983838"><bdi>0275983838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holiest+Wars%3A+Islamic+Mahdis%2C+Jihad+and+Osama+Bin+Laden&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0275983838&rft.aulast=Furnish&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGjMWnS5yK8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Goldziher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignaz Goldziher">Goldziher, Ignaz</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOUXEAAAQBAJ"><i>Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400843510" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400843510"><bdi>978-1400843510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Islamic+Theology+and+Law&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1400843510&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ignaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOUXEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalm1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (1991). <i>Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden</i> [<i>The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids</i>] (in German). 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Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3406354977" title="Special:BookSources/978-3406354977"><bdi>978-3406354977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Reich+des+Mahdi%3A+Der+Aufstieg+der+Fatimiden&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3406354977&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalm1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiaislamfromrel0000halm"><i>Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution</i></a></span>. Translated by Brown, Allison. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558761349" title="Special:BookSources/1558761349"><bdi>1558761349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27a+Islam%3A+From+Religion+to+Revolution&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1558761349&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiaislamfromrel0000halm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalm2004" class="citation book cs1">Halm, Heinz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiism0000halm_l8s2"><i>Shi'ism</i></a>. Translated by Watson, Janet; Hill, Marian (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748618880" title="Special:BookSources/0748618880"><bdi>0748618880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ism&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0748618880&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiism0000halm_l8s2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalm2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2014). <i>Kalifen und Assassinen: Ägypten und der vordere Orient zur Zeit der ersten Kreuzzüge, 1074–1171</i> [<i>Caliphs and Assassins: Egypt and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusades, 1074–1171</i>] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-66163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-66163-1"><bdi>978-3-406-66163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalifen+und+Assassinen%3A+%C3%84gypten+und+der+vordere+Orient+zur+Zeit+der+ersten+Kreuzz%C3%BCge%2C+1074%E2%80%931171&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-406-66163-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalversonGoodallCorman2011" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R.; Goodall, H. L. Jr.; Corman, Steven R. 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230108967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230108967"><bdi>978-0230108967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+Narratives+of+Islamist+Extremism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230108967&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft.au=Goodall%2C+H.+L.+Jr.&rft.au=Corman%2C+Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQ9dAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemm1984" class="citation journal cs1">Klemm, Verena (1984). "Die vier sufarā' des Zwölften Imām: Zur formativen Periode der Zwölferšīʽa". <i>Die Welt des Orients</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">126–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25683146">25683146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Orients&rft.atitle=Die+vier+sufar%C4%81%27+des+Zw%C3%B6lften+Im%C4%81m%3A+Zur+formativen+Periode+der+Zw%C3%B6lfer%C5%A1%C4%AB%CA%BDa&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25683146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klemm&rft.aufirst=Verena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemm2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Klemm, Verena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-ix-the-deputies-of-mahdi">"Islam in Iran ix. The Deputies of Mahdi"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. XIV/2. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Iran+ix.+The+Deputies+of+Mahdi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Klemm&rft.aufirst=Verena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fislam-in-iran-ix-the-deputies-of-mahdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeirvik2010" class="citation book cs1">Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gzd_I2AFswwC"><i>Images of Jesus Christ in Islam</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441177391" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441177391"><bdi>978-1441177391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Jesus+Christ+in+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1441177391&rft.aulast=Leirvik&rft.aufirst=Oddbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzd_I2AFswwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1981). "ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr and the Mahdi". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>40</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372899">10.1086/372899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161061748">161061748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd+All%C4%81h+b.+al-Zubayr+and+the+Mahdi&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161061748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Al%E2%80%93Mahdi&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Al–Mahdi"</a>. 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Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">1230–</span>1238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al%E2%80%93Mahdi&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1230-%3C%2Fspan%3E1238&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07819-2&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DAl%25E2%2580%2593Mahdi%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300034998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300034998"><bdi>978-0300034998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam%3A+the+history+and+doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0300034998&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Sachedina, Abdulaziz A.</a> (1978). 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(1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zUIYGQT4DwC"><i>Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873954426" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873954426"><bdi>978-0873954426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Messianism%3A+The+Idea+of+Mahdi+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0873954426&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zUIYGQT4DwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSonn2004" class="citation book cs1">Sonn, Tamarra (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis0000sonn"><i>A Brief History of Islam</i></a></span>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405121743" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405121743"><bdi>978-1405121743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1405121743&rft.aulast=Sonn&rft.aufirst=Tamarra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofis0000sonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValentine2008" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC"><i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231700948" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231700948"><bdi>978-0231700948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+Jama%27at%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0231700948&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdRth02Q6nAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir_Moezzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vii-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-twelver-shiism">"Islam in Iran vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shiʿism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. XIV/2. pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Iran+vii.+The+Concept+of+Mahdi+in+Twelver+Shi%CA%BFism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fislam-in-iran-vii-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-twelver-shiism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eschatology-iii">"Eschatology iii. Imami Shiʿism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. VIII/6. pp. <span class="nowrap">575–</span>581.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eschatology+iii.+Imami+Shi%CA%BFism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E581&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feschatology-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHussain1986" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/occultation-twelfth-imam-historical-background-jassim-m-hussain"><i>Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background</i></a>. Routledge Kegan & Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710301581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710301581"><bdi>978-0710301581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occultation+of+the+Twelfth+Imam%3A+A+Historical+Background&rft.pub=Routledge+Kegan+%26+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0710301581&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Jassim+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Foccultation-twelfth-imam-historical-background-jassim-m-hussain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&pg=PA258"><i>Shi'ite Islam</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Sayyid Hossein Nasr</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873953908" title="Special:BookSources/0873953908"><bdi>0873953908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0873953908&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe5DeNM8d1EC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kohlberg, Etan (24 December 2009). "From Imamiyya to Ithna-ashariyya". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">521–</span>534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00050989">10.1017/S0041977X00050989</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155070530">155070530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Imamiyya+to+Ithna-ashariyya&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E534&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00050989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155070530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=Etan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kohlberg, E. (2022). "Rad̲j̲ʿa". In Bearman, P. (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rad%CC%B2j%CC%B2%CA%BFa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHussain1989" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Jassim M. (1989). "Messianism and the Mahdi". In Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (eds.). <i>Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887068447" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887068447"><bdi>978-0887068447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messianism+and+the+Mahdi&rft.btitle=Expectation+of+the+Millennium%3A+Shi%27ism+in+History&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0887068447&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Jassim+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSobhani2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Sobhani, Ja'far</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijtihadnet.com/wp-content/uploads/Doctrines-of_Shii-Islam.pdf"><i>Doctrines of Shi'i Islam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijtihadnet.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDoctrines-of_Shii-Islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModarressi1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Modarressi" title="Hossein Modarressi">Modarressi, Hossein</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/2752/Crisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi'ite_Islam_Abu_Ja'far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi'ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf"><i>Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878500956" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878500956"><bdi>978-0878500956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Consolidation+in+the+Formative+Period+of+Shi%27ite+Islam%3A+Ab%C5%AB+Ja%27far+Ibn+Qiba+Al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB+and+His+Contribution+to+Im%C4%81mite+Sh%C4%AB%27ite+Thought&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0878500956&rft.aulast=Modarressi&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febookshia.com%2Fupload%2FbookFiles%2F2752%2FCrisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi%27ite_Islam_Abu_Ja%27far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi%27ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNanjiDaftary2006" class="citation book cs1">Nanji, Azim; Daftary, Farhad (2006). "What is Shiite Islam?". In Cornell, Vincent J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0001unse/mode/"><i>Voices of Islam</i></a>. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275987329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275987329"><bdi>978-0275987329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Shiite+Islam%3F&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Islam&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0275987329&rft.aulast=Nanji&rft.aufirst=Azim&rft.au=Daftary%2C+Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicesofislam0001unse%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Plant or animal species extinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Rogue star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posttribulation_rapture" title="Posttribulation rapture">Posttribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_world_hypothesis" title="Vulnerable world hypothesis">Vulnerable world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> 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