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1978 Qom protest - Wikipedia
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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Event in the lead up to the Iranian Revolution</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1978 Qom protests</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9 January 1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Publication of an article in <a href="/wiki/Ettela%27at" title="Ettela'at">Ettela'at</a> insulting <a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Khomeini">Imam Khomeini</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Demonstration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">countrywide demonstrations and strikes, subsequently leading to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5–300<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (40–200<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1978 Qom protest</b> (Persian: تظاهرات ۱۹ دی قم) was a demonstration against the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> ignited by the <i><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Red_and_Black_Colonization" title="Iran and Red and Black Colonization">Iran and Red and Black Colonization</a></i> article published on 7 January 1978 in <i><a href="/wiki/Ettela%27at" title="Ettela'at">Ettela'at</a></i> newspaper, one of the two publications with the largest circulation in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article insulted Khomeini,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later founded the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing him as an Indian <a href="/wiki/Sayyed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyed">Sayyed</a>. </p><p>The events started on 7 January 1978, followed by the closing of bazaars and seminaries, with students rallying towards the homes of religious leaders on the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 January 1978, seminary students and others held a demonstration in the city, which faced a crackdown by the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a>'s security forces, who used live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 5 and 300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9 January 1978 (19 <a href="/wiki/Dey_(month)" title="Dey (month)">Dey</a>) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Red_and_Black_Colonization" title="Iran and Red and Black Colonization">Iran and Red and Black Colonization</a></div> <p>Previously, a June 1975 protest in Qom, staged by seminary students, was violently suppressed by security forces. On 7 January 1978, an article insulting <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> was published by a pseudonymous author in <i><a href="/wiki/Ettela%27at" title="Ettela'at">Ettela'at</a></i>, an afternoon newspaper in Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article was approved for publication by <a href="/wiki/Dariush_Homayoon" title="Dariush Homayoon">Dariush Homayoon</a>, the spokesperson for the Ministry of Information at the time. He said that the article was sent to him by the Ministry of the Court under the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a>'s order, and that he was unaware of the article's content.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Menashri" title="David Menashri">David Menashri</a>, "the religious leaders equated a personal attack on Khomeini with an attack on Islam as such. Moreover, being familiar with the regime's methods of manipulating the press, they concluded that the article had been fed to <i>Ettela'at</i> by the authorities. The religious leadership, therefore, regarded the publication of the article as heralding a campaign against them by the government."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking in a press interview, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Shariatmadari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Shariatmadari">Ayatollah Shariatmadari</a> said that the article had "besmirched our faith" and "shocked all Muslims in Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7_January">7 January</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 7 January"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the newspaper had not yet reached Qom, news of the insulting article had spread across the city. Thus, on Saturday evening, 7 January 1978, when the truck carrying newspapers approached the city of Qom, a large number of people immediately attacked it and set fire to the newspapers. A report by <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>, the Shah's intelligence agency, described the event as such: "In tonight's demonstration, they tore up about 100 <i>Ettela'at</i> newspapers to show their protest. In addition, as a protest against the insult that was given to Khomeini in the <i>Ettela'at</i> newspaper, all the seminaries were closed."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of 7 January 1978, seminary students in Qom made copies of the article, with an addendum stating that a meeting was to be held the next day at the Khan Seminary to protest the contents of the article.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same night, during phone conversations and private talks with seminary professors, academics, and students, it was decided to close the seminary and classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8_January">8 January</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 8 January"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 January, seminaries and some shops were closed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students who had halted classes gathered outside the Khan Seminary and marched to the houses of religious leaders, chanting slogans in favor of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Khomeini">Imam Khomeini</a> along the way. The crowd chanted "Death to this <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazidi</a> regime", "Peace be upon Khomeini", and "Our leader is Khomeini" as they marched to the <a href="/wiki/Feyziyeh_School" title="Feyziyeh School">Feyziyeh School</a> in Astana Square, where security forces attempted to disperse the gathering. However, when the gathering dispersed, it was suggested among the protesters that they proceed to <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Golpaygani">Ayatollah Golpaygani</a>'s residence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9_January">9 January</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 9 January"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> was closed in Qom on 9 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this day, according to the previous arrangements, the students gathered in front of the Khan Seminary and Astana Square, and proceeded from there to the houses of religious leaders, much like the previous day. When more people had gathered in Astana Square in the afternoon, the crowd moved towards the house of <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Noori_Hamedani" title="Hossein Noori Hamedani">Noori</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gradually, due to the decrease in fear and panic, more people from different social classes joined the demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several thousand Khomeini followers protested on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Eram intersection and the museum's three-way intersection in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, the police and commandos were ready and waiting. Nouri addressed the audience and urged unity while defending Imam Khomeini and the student movement. Following the speech, the crowd once again began to march, but the police stopped them as they approached Safaieh Street.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstrations turned violent when someone threw stones, breaking the window of a nearby bank, which resulted in the security forces using live ammunition on the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toll">Toll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 5 and 300 of the demonstrating people were consequently killed by the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a>'s security forces in the protest.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hossein Bashiriyeh, the peaceful demonstration by the religious students was cracked down on by police, leading to the death of between 40 and 200 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by the CIA's National Foreign Assessment Center stated that the death toll was greater than what was stated in the government's reports.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious and secular opposition organizations were galvanized into action against the Shah in response to the article and the violent persecution of Khomeini's supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-ranking scholars in Qom released a statement describing the Shah's government as "anti-Islamic and illegitimate" and announced public mourning for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, news of the incident spread throughout Iran and quickly became a landmark event, triggering a revolutionary mobilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurz_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Society of Merchants and Guild of Tehran Bazaar, the Isfahani and Tabarizi bazaaris in Tehran, the National Front, the Toiler's party," and the Left all expressed opposition to the regime's violent behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tehran Bazaar went on strike on 12 January. On 17 and 18 February, additional demonstrations and conflicts with police occurred. The most intense conflicts occurred in Tabriz on 27 and 28 March and 7 and 8 May. In May, the scale of the demonstrations in Tehran prompted the government to deploy tanks on the streets. On 10 and 11 August, similar events to those in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Qom_protest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGanji2002" class="citation book cs1">Ganji, Manouchehr (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C&dq=%229+january+1978%22+uprising+Qom&pg=PA10"><i>Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97187-8"><bdi>978-0-275-97187-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9661143M">9661143M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defying+the+Iranian+Revolution%3A+From+a+Minister+to+the+Shah+to+a+Leader+of+Resistance&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9661143M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97187-8&rft.aulast=Ganji&rft.aufirst=Manouchehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNboVl-CeYs0C%26dq%3D%25229%2Bjanuary%2B1978%2522%2Buprising%2BQom%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kurzman, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/qum-protests-and-the-coming-of-the-iranian-revolution-1975-and-1978/A1EE9BD1496A4DDBAED00C945B05B8CF">"The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978"</a>. <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 287–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0145553200012554">10.1017/S0145553200012554</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8034">1527-8034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144804416">144804416</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=The+Qum+Protests+and+the+Coming+of+the+Iranian+Revolution%2C+1975+and+1978&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-325&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144804416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-8034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0145553200012554&rft.aulast=Kurzman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fsocial-science-history%2Farticle%2Fqum-protests-and-the-coming-of-the-iranian-revolution-1975-and-1978%2FA1EE9BD1496A4DDBAED00C945B05B8CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashiriyeh2012" class="citation book cs1">Bashiriyeh, Hossein (27 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9u7lyTLF4oUC&dq=%229+january+1978%22+uprising+Qom&pg=PA113"><i>The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D)</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82089-2"><bdi>978-1-136-82089-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL33630091M">33630091M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Revolution+in+Iran+%28RLE+Iran+D%29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL33630091M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82089-2&rft.aulast=Bashiriyeh&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9u7lyTLF4oUC%26dq%3D%25229%2Bjanuary%2B1978%2522%2Buprising%2BQom%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modern_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddieRichard2006" class="citation book cs1">Keddie, Nikki R.; Richard, Yann (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderniranrootsr00kedd"><i>Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderniranrootsr00kedd/page/225">225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300121056" title="Special:BookSources/9780300121056"><bdi>9780300121056</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9866586M">9866586M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Iran%3A+Roots+and+Results+of+Revolution&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9866586M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780300121056&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikki+R.&rft.au=Richard%2C+Yann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderniranrootsr00kedd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovsepian-Bearce2015" class="citation book cs1">Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwkXCgAAQBAJ&dq=19+day+qom&pg=PA10"><i>The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317605829" title="Special:BookSources/9781317605829"><bdi>9781317605829</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL33567239M">33567239M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Ideology+of+Ayatollah+Khamenei%3A+Out+of+the+Mouth+of+the+Supreme+Leader+of+Iran&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL33567239M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781317605829&rft.aulast=Hovsepian-Bearce&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwkXCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D19%2Bday%2Bqom%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2018" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Luman (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMRlDwAAQBAJ&dq=%229+january+1978%22+uprising+Qom&pg=PA68"><i>British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978–1981</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94406-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94406-7"><bdi>978-3-319-94406-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27764279M">27764279M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Diplomacy+and+the+Iranian+Revolution%2C+1978%E2%80%931981&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27764279M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-3-319-94406-7&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Luman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMRlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25229%2Bjanuary%2B1978%2522%2Buprising%2BQom%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irdc.ir/fa/news/5441/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%82%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B119%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-1356">"روایتی از قیام مردم قم در19دی ماه 1356"</a> [A narrative of the uprising of the people of Qom on the 19th of Dey, 1356 SH]. <i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution_Document_Center" title="Islamic Revolution Document Center">Islamic Revolution Document Center</a></i> (in Persian). 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307143551/https://irdc.ir/fa/news/5441/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%82%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B119%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-1356">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Revolution+Document+Center&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85+%D9%82%D9%85+%D8%AF%D8%B119%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87+1356&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firdc.ir%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F5441%2F%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D9%2582%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585-%25D9%2582%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B119%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587-1356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5990151/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85-%DB%B1%DB%B9-%D8%AF%DB%8C">"آیت الله نوری همدانی حلقه وصل مردم و روحانیون در قیام ۱۹ دی"</a>. <i>mehrnews</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mehrnews&rft.atitle=%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87+%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85+%D9%88+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85+%DB%B1%DB%B9+%D8%AF%DB%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F5990151%2F%25D8%25A2%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D9%2587-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B5%25D9%2584-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2582%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B9-%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman2016" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, Stanford M. (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAm_DAAAQBAJ&dq=%229+january+1978%22+uprising+Qom&pg=PA263"><i>Social Movements: Critiques, Concepts, Case-studies</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23747-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23747-0"><bdi>978-1-349-23747-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL15000488M">15000488M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Movements%3A+Critiques%2C+Concepts%2C+Case-studies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL15000488M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-349-23747-0&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Stanford+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAm_DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25229%2Bjanuary%2B1978%2522%2Buprising%2BQom%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJervis2010" class="citation book cs1">Jervis, Robert (15 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4qwreIHR_MC&q=NFAC"><i>Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801457616" title="Special:BookSources/9780801457616"><bdi>9780801457616</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL34593494M">34593494M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Intelligence+Fails%3A+Lessons+from+the+Iranian+Revolution+and+the+Iraq+War&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL34593494M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780801457616&rft.aulast=Jervis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4qwreIHR_MC%26q%3DNFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Qom+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template talk:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ruhollah_Khomeini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">1963 demonstrations in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_life_in_exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile">Life in exile</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1978 Qom protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Neauphle-le-Château">Neauphle-le-Château</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Return to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Aftermath of the Iranian revolution">Aftermath of the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran" title="Cultural Revolution in Iran">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Council of the Islamic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">1979 Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Revolution_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory">Iranian revolution conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Israeli support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="Satanic Verses controversy">Satanic Verses controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roollah-khomeini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/75px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/113px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/150px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Positions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Shiite clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Sex segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran" title="Hijab in Iran">compulsory hijab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam%27s_Line" title="Imam's Line">Imam's Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_letter_to_Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev">Letter to Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_8-article_command" title="Khomeini's 8-article command">Khomeini's 8-article command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Wasilah" title="Tahrir al-Wasilah">Tahrir al-Wasilah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Asrar" title="Kashf al-Asrar">Kashf al-Asrar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Revolution" title="Islam and Revolution">Islam and Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Jihad" title="The Greatest Jihad">The Greatest Jihad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeini_family" title="Khomeini family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khadijeh_Saqafi" title="Khadijeh Saqafi">Khadijeh Saqafi</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khomeini" title="Mostafa Khomeini">Mostafa Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini">Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farideh_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini">Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Khomeini" title="Hussein Khomeini">Hussein Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Khomeini" title="Hassan Khomeini">Hassan Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Eshraghi" title="Zahra Eshraghi">Zahra Eshraghi</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Ahmad_Musavi_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi">Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaran_Hussainiya" title="Jamaran Hussainiya">Jamaran Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alef-Laam_Khomeini" title="Alef-Laam Khomeini">Alef-Laam Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_decade" title="Fajr decade">Fajr decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refah_School" title="Refah School">Refah School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homafaran_Allegiance" title="Homafaran Allegiance">Homafaran Allegiance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport" title="Imam Khomeini International Airport">Imam Khomeini International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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