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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geographical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Religious and cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_(1947–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_(1947–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cold War (1947–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_(1947–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EuroVoc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EuroVoc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>EuroVoc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EuroVoc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Contemporary developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Baltic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Caucasus states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Post-Soviet states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeastern_Europe/Balkan_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeastern_Europe/Balkan_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Southeastern Europe/Balkan states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeastern_Europe/Balkan_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity_and_medieval_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity_and_medieval_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classical antiquity and medieval origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity_and_medieval_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1453_to_1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1453_to_1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1453 to 1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1453_to_1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serfdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serfdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Serfdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serfdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_industrialization_during_the_long_nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_industrialization_during_the_long_nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lack of industrialization during the long nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_industrialization_during_the_long_nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period_(1919–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period_(1919–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Interwar period (1919–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period_(1919–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_onset_of_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_onset_of_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>World War II and onset of the Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_onset_of_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Eastern Bloc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Since 1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%ABrupa_Timu" title="Iërupa Timu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Iërupa Timu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Europa" title="Oos-Europa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oos-Europa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteuropa" title="Osteuropa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Osteuropa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%83%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8D%93" title="ምሥራቃዊ አውሮፓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምሥራቃዊ አውሮፓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أوروبا الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوروبا الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_de_l%27Este" title="Europa de l'Este – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Europa de l'Este" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_du_Levant" title="Eropa du Levant – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Eropa du Levant" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Oriental" title="Europa Oriental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Europa Oriental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पूरुबी यूरोप – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पूरुबी यूरोप" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Бакъбаккул Европа – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бакъбаккул Европа" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_Avropa" title="Şərqi Avropa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərqi Avropa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="دوغو اوروپا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغو اوروپا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="পূর্ব ইউরোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব ইউরোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Au-chiu" title="Tang Au-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang Au-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_Wetan" title="Eropa Wetan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Eropa Wetan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Көнсығыш Европа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көнсығыш Европа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Усходняя Еўропа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходняя Еўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Усходняя Эўропа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходняя Эўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Източна Европа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източна Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Evropa" title="Istočna Evropa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istočna Evropa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_ar_Reter" title="Europa ar Reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Europa ar Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_de_l%27Est" title="Europa de l'Est – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Europa de l'Est" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%85%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Тухăç Европа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тухăç Европа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Evropa" title="Východní Evropa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Evropa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyrain_Ewrop" title="Dwyrain Ewrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dwyrain Ewrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98steuropa" title="Østeuropa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østeuropa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteuropa" title="Osteuropa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osteuropa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-Euroopa" title="Ida-Euroopa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida-Euroopa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Ανατολική Ευρώπη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολική Ευρώπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Oriental" title="Europa Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Europa Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_E%C5%ADropo" title="Orienta Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Europa" title="Ekialdeko Europa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Europa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="اروپای شرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپای شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysturevropa" title="Eysturevropa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eysturevropa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Est" title="Europe de l'Est – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Europe de l'Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-Jeropa" title="East-Jeropa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="East-Jeropa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirthear_na_hEorpa" title="Oirthear na hEorpa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oirthear na hEorpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnduusu_Evr%D0%BEpa" title="Günduusu Evrоpa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Günduusu Evrоpa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Oriental" title="Europa Oriental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Europa Oriental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Малхбоалера Европа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Малхбоалера Европа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng-%C3%8Au" title="Tûng-Êu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng-Êu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD" title="동유럽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동유럽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabashin_Turai" title="Gabashin Turai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gabashin Turai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Արևելյան Եվրոպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելյան Եվրոպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पूर्वी यूरोप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्वी यूरोप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchodna_Europa" title="Wuchodna Europa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuchodna Europa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Europa" title="Istočna Europa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočna Europa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estal_Europa" title="Estal Europa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Estal Europa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owuwa_Anyanwu_Obodo_Beke" title="Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akindaya_nga_Europa" title="Akindaya nga Europa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akindaya nga Europa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eropa Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%C3%A6" title="Скæсæн Европæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Скæсæн Европæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Austur-Evrópa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austur-Evrópa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_orientale" title="Europa orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Europa orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="מזרח אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזרח אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ropa_W%C3%A9tan" title="Éropa Wétan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éropa Wétan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೂರ್ವ ಯುರೋಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೂರ್ವ ಯುರೋಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="აღმოსავლეთი ევროპა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთი ევროპა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Шығыс Еуропа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шығыс Еуропа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaya_ya_Mashariki" title="Ulaya ya Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulaya ya Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronefa_Europa" title="Ronefa Europa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ronefa Europa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ew%C3%B2p_L%C3%A8s" title="Ewòp Lès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ewòp Lès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropaya_Rojhilat" title="Ewropaya Rojhilat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ewropaya Rojhilat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_Orientala" title="Evropa Orientala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Evropa Orientala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Orientalis" title="Europa Orientalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Europa Orientalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumeiropa" title="Austrumeiropa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumeiropa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Europa" title="Rytų Europa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų Europa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oas-Europa" title="Oas-Europa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oas-Europa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_este" title="Europa este – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Europa este" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelet-Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Kelet-Európa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelet-Európa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Источна Европа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источна Европа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%B4pa_Atsinanana" title="Eorôpa Atsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eorôpa Atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="കിഴക്കൻ യൂറോപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിഴക്കൻ യൂറോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropa_tal-Lvant" title="Ewropa tal-Lvant – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ewropa tal-Lvant" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पूर्व युरोप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूर्व युरोप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="ბჟაეიოლი ევროპა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟაეიოლი ევროპა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اوروبا الشرقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوروبا الشرقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah_Timur" title="Eropah Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eropah Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%95%CC%A4ng-%C4%95u" title="Dĕ̤ng-ĕu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dĕ̤ng-ĕu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Зүүн Европ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүүн Европ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Europa" title="Oost-Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oost-Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Europa" title="Oost-Europa – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oost-Europa" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91" title="東ヨーロッパ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東ヨーロッパ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uasteuroopa" title="Uasteuroopa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uasteuroopa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98st-Europa" title="Øst-Europa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øst-Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aust-Europa" title="Aust-Europa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aust-Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Brope_d%C3%A9_l%27%C3%8Ast" title="Ûrope dé l'Êst – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ûrope dé l'Êst" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Orientala" title="Euròpa Orientala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Euròpa Orientala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqiy_Yevropa" title="Sharqiy Yevropa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sharqiy Yevropa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA" title="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਯੂਰਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਯੂਰਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="چڑھدا یورپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چڑھدا یورپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ختيځه اروپا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختيځه اروپا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Wschodnia" title="Europa Wschodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Europa Wschodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leste_Europeu" title="Leste Europeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leste Europeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C4%B1%C7%B5%C4%B1s_Evropa" title="Shıǵıs Evropa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shıǵıs Evropa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_de_Est" title="Europa de Est – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Europa de Est" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Выходна Европа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Выходна Европа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Восточная Европа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточная Европа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="مشرقی یورپ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مشرقی یورپ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_orientale" title="Europa orientale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Europa orientale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastren_Europe" title="Eastren Europe – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eastren Europe" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_Lindore" title="Evropa Lindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evropa Lindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eastern Europe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%80%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="اوڀر يورپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوڀر يورپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%A1_Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Východná Európa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východná Európa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodna_Evropa" title="Vzhodna Evropa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodna Evropa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%84%D1%B5%D1%80%D1%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Въсточьна Єѵрѡпа – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Въсточьна Єѵрѡпа" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ئەورووپای ڕۆژھەڵات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەورووپای ڕۆژھەڵات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Источна Европа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источна Европа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Evropa" title="Istočna Evropa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočna Evropa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ropa_W%C3%A9tan" title="Éropa Wétan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éropa Wétan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Eurooppa" title="Itä-Eurooppa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Eurooppa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96steuropa" title="Östeuropa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östeuropa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Europa" title="Silangang Europa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Silangang Europa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="கிழக்கு ஐரோப்பா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழக்கு ஐரோப்பா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuft_Usamar" title="Turuft Usamar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turuft Usamar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Көнчыгыш Аурупа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көнчыгыш Аурупа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ยุโรปตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุโรปตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Аврупои Шарқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аврупои Шарқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Avrupa" title="Doğu Avrupa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Avrupa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCndogar_%C3%9Dewropa" title="Gündogar Ýewropa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gündogar Ýewropa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyin_Yurop" title="A̱tyin Yurop – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyin Yurop" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Східна Європа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східна Європа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="مشرقی یورپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی یورپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_%C3%82u" title="Đông Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ost-Europa" title="Ôost-Europa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ôost-Europa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinirangan_nga_Europa" title="Sinirangan nga Europa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinirangan nga Europa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27468" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eastern_Europe&params=50_N_30_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°N</span> <span class="longitude">30°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50°N 30°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50; 30</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subregion of the European continent</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Europe_from_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Eastern_Europe_from_space.png/300px-Eastern_Europe_from_space.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Eastern_Europe_from_space.png/450px-Eastern_Europe_from_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Eastern_Europe_from_space.png/600px-Eastern_Europe_from_space.png 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Digital rendering of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> focused over the continent's eastern portion</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eastern Europe</b> is a subregion of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European continent</a>. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, whilst its western boundary is defined in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastern_Europe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Europe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narrow definitions, in which <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> are counted as separate regions, include the countries of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, broader definitions include <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, but also some or all of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region represents a significant part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European culture</a>; the main socio-cultural characteristics of Eastern Europe have historically been defined by the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, as well as by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> as it developed through the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EasternEuropeHandbook_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EasternEuropeHandbook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another definition was created by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, as Europe was ideologically divided by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, with "Eastern Europe" being synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> constituting the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EasternEuropeHandbook_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EasternEuropeHandbook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheBalkans_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheBalkans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CEreview_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aarebrot2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aarebrot2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EuroVoc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroVoc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is sometimes considered to be pejorative, through stereotypes about Eastern Europe being inferior (poorer, less developed) to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>; the term <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> is sometimes used for a more neutral grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/250px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/375px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/500px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Traditional cultural borders of Europe: usage recommendation by the Standing Committee on Geographical Names, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Several definitions of Eastern Europe exist in the early 21st century, but they often lack precision and may be anachronistic. These definitions are debated across cultures and among experts, even <a href="/wiki/Political_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientists">political scientists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the term has a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a>, geographical, cultural, and <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> connotations. It has also been described as a "fuzzy" term, as the idea itself of Eastern Europe is in constant redefinition.<sup id="cite_ref-Grob_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solidification of the idea of an "Eastern Europe" dates back chiefly to the (French) <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grob_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region".<sup id="cite_ref-TheBalkans_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheBalkans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_construct" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural construct">cultural construct</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-JordanEuropaRegional_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JordanEuropaRegional-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical">Geographical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg/250px-Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg/375px-Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg/500px-Europe_subregion_map_world_factbook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>European regional grouping according to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Eastern Europe here is mainly equivalent to the European part of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007FFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Northern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Western Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0DC82; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Central Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Southwest Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66FF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Southern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D2691E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Southeast Europe</div></figcaption></figure> <p>While the eastern geographical boundaries of Europe are well defined, the boundary between Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> is not geographical but historical, religious and cultural, and is harder to designate. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between continents">geographical land border</a> of the eastern edge of Europe. E.g. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, which is mainly located in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> with the most western parts of it located west of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>, also shares a part of Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the west, however, the historical and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> boundaries of "Eastern Europe" are subject to some overlap and, most importantly, have undergone historical fluctuations, which makes a precise definition of the western geographic boundaries of Eastern Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">geographical midpoint of Europe</a> somewhat difficult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_cultural_influence">Religious and cultural influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious and cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/250px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/375px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/500px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Regions used for statistical processing purposes by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Eastern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-UN_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un.org_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4080FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Northern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Southern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Western Europe</div></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> of 1054, significant parts of Eastern Europe developed cultural unity and resistance to Catholic Western and Central Europe within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> language and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greyerz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greyerz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shape_of_europe_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shape_of_europe-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simply a geographic term) was formed by <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin of York">Alcuin of York</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> of the 9th century, limited to the territories that practised <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> at the time. "European" as a cultural term did not include many of the territories under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> until the early nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large section of <i>Eastern Europe</i> is formed by countries with dominant Orthodox churches, like <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, for instance, as well as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, which is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, followers of Eastern Orthodoxy form considerable portions of the populations of predominantly Muslim <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, both historically and presently. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To a lesser degree, forms of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a> have also been influential in Eastern Europe. Countries where Eastern Protestantism or Eastern Catholicism hold historical significance include Belarus, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Romania, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrthodoxyInEurope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/OrthodoxyInEurope.png/252px-OrthodoxyInEurope.png" decoding="async" width="252" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/OrthodoxyInEurope.png/378px-OrthodoxyInEurope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/OrthodoxyInEurope.png/504px-OrthodoxyInEurope.png 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, the borderline of which is one cultural boundary in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>The schism refers to the historical break of communion and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> between the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) churches. Later developments meant that the divide was no longer solely between Catholic and Orthodox churches. From the 16th century, both Western and Eastern forms of Protestantism began to emerge in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Eastern Catholic Churches began to spread in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> in 1596.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the concept of Eastern Catholicism itself predates this.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_of_christianity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Expansion_of_christianity.jpg/250px-Expansion_of_christianity.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Expansion_of_christianity.jpg/375px-Expansion_of_christianity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Expansion_of_christianity.jpg/500px-Expansion_of_christianity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of Christianity<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> (and later additionally <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>) churches in the West, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a> (often incorrectly labelled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons, the most prominent being that Greece's history, for the most part, was more influenced by Mediterranean cultures and dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_(1947–1991)"><span id="Cold_War_.281947.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Cold War (1947–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War (1947–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of the Iron Curtain</a> brought the end of the Cold War east–west division in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another definition was used during the 40 years of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between 1947 and 1989, and was more or less synonymous with the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></i>. A similar definition names the formerly <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> European <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-EasternEuropeHandbook_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EasternEuropeHandbook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians and social scientists generally view such definitions as outdated or relegated.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheBalkans_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheBalkans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CEreview_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aarebrot2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aarebrot2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EuroVoc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroVoc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un.org_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many former Communist states in this region, although their formal alliances were severed by the fall of the Berlin Wall, continued to feel a moral duty to support states that have not been "liberated from the tyranny of capitalism". This shared duty collapsed when most of the former Soviet satellites abandoned socialism and adopted capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: EuroVoc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Regions_EuroVoc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/250px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/375px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/500px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>European sub-regions according to <a href="/wiki/EuroVoc" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#67E863; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Western Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F6D600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Southern Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0076D3; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Northern Europe</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eurovoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovoc">EuroVoc</a>, a multilingual <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesaurus</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union" title="Publications Office of the European Union">Publications Office of the European Union</a>, classifies Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, plus the candidate countries Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia as <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_developments">Contemporary developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In broadest definition, there are 28 countries that constitute the region of Eastern Europe: <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, all of which can be classified into any of the 6 categories below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baltic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EuroVoc" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_International_Cooperation_in_National_Research_in_Demography" title="Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography">Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography</a>, and the STW Thesaurus for Economics place the Baltic states in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, whereas the CIA World Factbook places the region in Eastern Europe with a strong assimilation to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. Lithuania may alternatively be included in definitions of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> due to its historical ties to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, Estonia and Latvia are also included. However, these countries are members of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a> regional cooperation forum whereas Central European countries formed their own alliance called the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum" title="Northern Future Forum">Northern Future Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">Nordic Investment Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Battlegroup" title="Nordic Battlegroup">Nordic Battlegroup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Hanseatic_League" title="New Hanseatic League">New Hanseatic League</a> are other examples of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> cooperation that includes the three countries collectively referred to as the Baltic states. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucasus_states">Caucasus states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Caucasus states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> nations of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are included in <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between continents">definitions</a> or histories of Eastern Europe. They are located in the transition zone of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. They participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> program, the <a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a>, and are members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, which specifies that all three have political and cultural connections to Europe. In January 2002, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia and Armenia are seeking EU membership, with Georgia also seeking NATO membership alongside. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li></ul> <p>There are two de facto <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">republics with limited recognition</a> in the South Caucasus region that exist under the presence of Russian military. Both states participate in the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> <p>Former republics with limited recognition: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> (1991–2000) – existed in former Soviet territory until it was driven into exile during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> (1991–2023) – breakaway state from Azerbaijan that ceased to exist by 1 January 2024<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Soviet_states">Post-Soviet states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet States">Post-Soviet States</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states#Country_comparison" title="Post-Soviet states">European republics</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> are considered a part of Eastern Europe: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (sometimes considered a part of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Unrecognized states</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></div> <p>The term "Central Europe" is often used by historians to designate states formerly belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>In some media, "Central Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The following countries are labelled Central European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European.<sup id="cite_ref-wallace_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallace-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huntington_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntington-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (can variously be included in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (most often placed in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> but sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (can variously be included in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Europe">Northeastern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (can be included in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-eia.doe.gov_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia.doe.gov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or partially in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7_Invitees_-_Romania_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_Invitees_-_Romania-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (most often placed in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> but sometimes partially included in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_University_Press_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue_University_Press-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (most often placed in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> but sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeastern_Europe/Balkan_states"><span id="Southeastern_Europe.2FBalkan_states"></span>Southeastern Europe/Balkan states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southeastern Europe/Balkan states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></div> <p>Some countries in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> can be considered part of Eastern Europe. Some of them can sometimes, albeit rarely, be characterized as belonging to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UN_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some may also be included in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. </p><p>In some media, "Southeast Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The following countries are labelled Southeast European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following eleven countries are generally considered to be part of the Balkans by most definitions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (can variously be included in Southeastern<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Central Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Sometimes grouped in Southern Europe with countries like <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (can variously be included in Southeastern<sup id="cite_ref-eia.doe.gov_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia.doe.gov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Central Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-7_Invitees_-_Romania_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_Invitees_-_Romania-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (mostly placed in Southeastern but sometimes in Central Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_University_Press_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue_University_Press-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (most often placed in Central Europe but sometimes in Southeastern Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong2007_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>, the portion west of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>)</li></ul> <p>Additionally, although they have no territory on the Balkan Peninsula, the following countries are sometimes incorporated in the Balkans region, or Southeastern Europe, due to cultural and historical affiliations:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (most often placed in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> but sometimes in Southeastern Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (most often placed in Central Europe, sometimes considered part of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (usually grouped with the non-Baltic post-Soviet states, sometimes considered part of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans)<sup id="cite_ref-thoughtco.com_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thoughtco.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized states</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being frequently classified as a <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> country, about 4% of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s territory, situated west of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a>, geographically lies in Eastern Europe, thus technically making it a <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Factbook-Ural_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Ural-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eastern Europe">History of Eastern Europe</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Eastern_Europe#History_of_Eastern_Europe" title="Talk:Eastern Europe">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(November 2023)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity_and_medieval_origins">Classical antiquity and medieval origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity and medieval origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient kingdoms of the region included <a href="/wiki/Orontid_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orontid Armenia">Orontid Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>), of which the former two were the predecessor states of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> respectively, while the latter two were the predecessor states of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. These peripheral kingdoms were, either from the start or later on, incorporated into various Iranian empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persian">Sassanid Persian</a> Empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapp_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapp-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and some more northern areas were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persians</a> as well, including <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, and later between <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persians">Sassanid Persians</a>, the Parthians would invade the region several times, although it was never able to hold the area, unlike the Sassanids who controlled most of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> during their entire rule.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/220px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/330px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/440px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> at the death of Theodosius I in 395. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 while the Eastern lasted until 1453.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known distinctions between east and west in Europe originate in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. As the Roman domain expanded, a cultural and linguistic division appeared. The mainly <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek-speaking</a> eastern provinces had formed the highly urbanized <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic civilization</a>. In contrast, the western territories largely adopted the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually reinforced by the later political east–west division of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The division between these two spheres deepened during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> due to a number of events. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> collapsed in the 5th century, marking the start of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire—the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>—had a survival strategy that kept it alive for another 1,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Frankish Empire</a> in the west, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> that formally divided <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> in 1054, heightened the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. Much of Eastern Europe <a href="/wiki/Mongol_occupation_of_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol occupation of Eastern Europe">was invaded and occupied by the Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span>, towns founded under <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a> became centers of economic development and <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">scattered German settlements</a> were founded in parts of Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduction of German town law is often seen as a second great step after introduction of Christianity at the turn of the first and second millennia. The ensuing modernization of society and economy allowed the increased role played by the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1453_to_1918">1453 to 1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1453 to 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, center of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (which had replaced the Frankish empire) led to a change of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> concept in Europe. Armour points out that <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>-alphabet use is not a strict determinant for Eastern Europe, where from Croatia to Poland and everywhere in between, the Latin alphabet is used.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece's status as the cradle of Western civilization and an integral part of the Western world in the political, cultural and economic spheres has led to it being nearly always classified as belonging not to Eastern, but Southern or Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries, Eastern Europe enjoyed a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. This period is also called the east-central European golden age of around 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">numeracy</a> levels in eastern Europe were relatively low, although regional differences existed. During the 18th century, the regions began to catch up with western Europe, but did not develop as rapidly. Areas with stronger female autonomy developed more quickly in terms of numeracy.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serfdom">Serfdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Serfdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> was a prevalent status of agricultural workers until the 19th century. It resembled slavery in terms of lack of freedom, with the distinction that the landowners could not buy and sell serfs separately from the specific plots of land that they were permanently attached to. The system emerged in the 14th and 15th century, the same time it was declining in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climax came in the 17th and 18th century. The early 19th century saw its decline, marked especially by the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. Emancipation meant that the ex-serfs paid for their freedom with annual cash payments to their former masters for decades. The system varied widely country by country and was not as standardized as in Western Europe. Historians, until the 20th century, focused on master-serf economic and labor relations, portraying the serfs as slave-like, passive, and isolated. 20th century scholars downplayed the evils and emphasized the complexities.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_industrialization_during_the_long_nineteenth_century">Lack of industrialization during the long nineteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lack of industrialization during the long nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1870 and to some extent until World War I (the end of the <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">long nineteenth century</a>), the industrialization that had started to develop in Northwestern and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the world. Even in Eastern Europe, industrialization lagged far behind. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, for example, remained largely rural and agricultural, and its autocratic rulers kept the peasants largely in serfdom.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period_(1919–1939)"><span id="Interwar_period_.281919.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Interwar period (1919–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interwar period (1919–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interwar_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar era">Interwar era</a></div> <p>A major result of the First World War was the breakup of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires, as well as partial losses to the German Empire. A surge of ethnic nationalism created a series of new states in Eastern Europe, validated by the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty of 1919">Versailles Treaty of 1919</a>. <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland was reconstituted</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of the 1790s</a> had divided it between Germany, Austria, and Russia. New or renewed countries included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine (which was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#Ukraine_and_the_world_wars" title="History of Ukraine">soon absorbed</a> by the Soviet Union), Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Austria and Hungary had much-reduced boundaries. The new states included sizeable ethnic minorities, which were to be protected according to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> minority protection regime.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout Eastern Europe, ethnic Germans constituted by far the largest single ethnic minority.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas, as in the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, regions of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Styria_(Slovenia)" title="Styria (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a>, German speakers constituted the local majority, creating conflict regarding demands of self-determination. </p><p>Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania likewise was independent. Many of the countries were still largely rural, with little industry and only a few urban centres. Nationalism was the dominant force but most of the countries had ethnic or religious minorities who felt threatened by majority elements. Nearly all became democratic in the 1920s, but all of them (except Czechoslovakia and Finland) gave up democracy during the depression years of the 1930s, in favour of autocratic, strong-man or single-party states. The new states were unable to form stable military alliances, and one by one were too weak to stand up against Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union, which took them over between 1938 and 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_onset_of_the_Cold_War">World War II and onset of the Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World War II and onset of the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia ended its participation in the First World War in March 1918 and lost territory, as the Baltic countries and Poland became independent. The region was the main battlefield in the Second World War (1939–45), with German and Soviet armies sweeping back and forth, with millions of Jews and others killed by the Nazis in the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, and millions of others killed by disease, starvation, and military action, or executed after being deemed as politically dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final stages of World War II the future of Eastern Europe was decided by the overwhelming power of the Soviet Red Army, as it swept the Germans aside. It did not reach Yugoslavia and Albania, however. Finland was free but forced to be neutral in the upcoming Cold War. </p><p>Throughout Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">German-speaking populations</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">were expelled</a> to the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">reduced borders of Germany</a> (or even <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>) in one of the largest ethnic cleansing operations in history.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regions where Germans had formed the local population majority were re-settled with Polish- or Czech-speakers. </p><p>The region fell to Soviet control and Communist governments were imposed. Yugoslavia, Albania (and later Romania) had their own Communist regimes independent of Moscow. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> at the onset of the Cold War in 1947 was far behind the Western European countries in economic rebuilding and economic progress. Winston Churchill, in his well-known "<a href="/wiki/Sinews_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinews of Peace">Sinews of Peace</a>" address of 5 March 1946, at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_College,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster College, Missouri">Westminster College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton</a>, Missouri, stressed the geopolitical impact of the "iron curtain": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> an <i>iron curtain</i> has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern-Europe-small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Eastern-Europe-small.png/220px-Eastern-Europe-small.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Eastern-Europe-small.png/330px-Eastern-Europe-small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Eastern-Europe-small.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Pre-1989 division between the "West" (grey) and "Eastern Bloc" (orange) superimposed on current borders: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CB8807; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Russia (the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federated_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EAB34D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other countries formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EEC77F; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E9D2A5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other former Communist states not aligned with Moscow</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Bloc">Eastern Bloc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eastern Bloc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div> <p>Eastern Europe after 1945 usually meant all the European countries liberated from Nazi Germany and then occupied by the Soviet army. It included the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (also known as East Germany), formed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">Soviet occupation zone</a> of Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe adopted communist modes of control by 1948. These countries were officially independent of the Soviet Union, but the practical extent of this independence was quite limited. Yugoslavia and Albania had Communist control that was independent of the Kremlin. </p><p>The communists had a natural reservoir of popularity in that they had destroyed the Nazi invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their goal was to guarantee long-term working-class solidarity. The Soviet secret police, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, working in collaboration with local communists, created secret police forces using leadership trained in Moscow. This new secret police arrived to arrest political enemies according to prepared lists.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national Communists then took power in a gradualist manner, backed by the Soviets in many, but not all, cases. For a while, cooperative non-Communist parties were tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Applebaum,_p._xxx_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Applebaum,_p._xxx-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist governments nationalized private businesses, placing them under state ownership, and monitored the media and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Applebaum,_p._xxx_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Applebaum,_p._xxx-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When dividing up government offices with coalition partners, the Communists took control of the interior ministries, which controlled the local police.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also took control of the mass media, especially radio,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the education system.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They confiscated and redistributed farmland,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seized control of or replaced the organizations of civil society, such as church groups, sports, youth groups, trade unions, farmers' organizations, and civic organizations. In some countries, they engaged in large-scale ethnic cleansing, moving ethnic groups such as Germans, Poles, Ukrainians and Hungarians far away from where they previously lived, often with high loss of life, to relocate them within the new post-war borders of their respective countries.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Stalin's direct instructions, these nations rejected grants from the American <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. Instead, they joined the <a href="/wiki/Molotov_Plan" title="Molotov Plan">Molotov Plan</a>, which later evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)</a>. When <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> was created in 1949, most countries of Eastern Europe became members of the opposing <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, forming a geopolitical concept that became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></i>. This consisted of: </p> <ul><li>First and foremost was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (which included the modern-day territories of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and the illegally occupied <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>). Other countries dominated by the Soviet Union were the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">People's Republic of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (SFRY; formed after World War II and before its later dismemberment) was not a member of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. It was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, an organization created in an attempt to avoid being assigned to either the NATO or Warsaw Pact blocs. The movement was demonstratively independent of both the Soviet Union and the Western bloc for most of the Cold War period, allowing Yugoslavia and its other members to act as a business and political mediator between the blocs.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania">Socialist People's Republic of Albania</a> broke with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, aligning itself instead with China. Albania formally left the Warsaw pact in September 1968 after the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>. When China established diplomatic relations with the United States in 1978, Albania also broke away from China. Albania and especially Yugoslavia were not unanimously appended to the Eastern Bloc, as they were neutral for a large part of the Cold War period.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1989">Since 1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Since 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:387px;max-width:387px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><b>2004–2013 EU enlargements</b></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EU25-2004_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EU25-2004_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/125px-EU25-2004_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EU25-2004_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/188px-EU25-2004_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EU25-2004_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/250px-EU25-2004_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> existing members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> new members in 2004</div><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EU27-2007_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/EU27-2007_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/125px-EU27-2007_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/EU27-2007_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/188px-EU27-2007_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/EU27-2007_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/250px-EU27-2007_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> existing members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> new members in 2007</div><br /><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/125px-EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/188px-EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg/250px-EU28-2013_European_Union_map_enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> existing members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> new members in 2013</div><br /><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> in 1989, the political landscape of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, and indeed the world, changed. In the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, the Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic in 1990. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">COMECON</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, and the Soviet Union were dissolved. Many European nations that had been part of the Soviet Union declared or regained their independence (<a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>). <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">peacefully separated</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> in 1993. Many countries of this region joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, Estonia, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, Latvia, Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. The term "EU11 countries" refer to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern European member states, including the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, that accessed in 2004 and after: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia. </p><p>The economic changes were in harmony with the constitutional reforms: constitutional provisions on public finances can be identified and, in some countries, a separate chapter deals with public finances. Generally, they soon encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low economic growth, and high government debt. By 2000 these economies were stabilized, and between 2004 and 2013 all of them joined the European Union. Most of the constitutions define directly or indirectly the economic system of the countries parallel to the democratic transition of the 1990s: free-market economy (sometimes complemented with the socially [and ecologically] oriented sector), economic development, or only economic rights are included as a ground for the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of fiscal policy, the legislative, the executive and other state organs (Budget Council, Economic and Social Council) define and manage the budgeting. The average government debt in the countries is nearly 44%, but the deviation is great because the lowest figure is close to 10% but the highest is 97%. The trend shows that the sovereign debt ratio to GDP in most countries has been rising. Only three countries are affected by high government debt: Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia (over 70% of the GDP), while Slovakia and Poland fulfill the Maastricht requirement but only 10% below the threshold. The contribution to cover the finances for common needs is declared, the principle of just tax burden-sharing is supplemented sometimes with special aspects. Tax revenues expose typically 15–19 % of the GDP, and rates above 20% only rarely can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state audit of the government budget and expenditures is an essential control element in public finances and an important part of the concept of checks and balances. The central banks are independent state institutions, which possess a monopoly on managing and implementing a state's or federation's monetary policy. Besides monetary policy, some of them even perform the supervision of the financial intermediary system. In the case of a price stability function, the inflation rate, in the examined area, relatively quickly dropped to below 5% by 2000. In monetary policy the differences are based on the euro-zone: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia use the common currency. The economies of this decade – similar to the previous one – show a moderate inflation. As a new phenomenon, a slight negative inflation (deflation) appeared in this decade in several countries (Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia), which demonstrates sensitivity regarding international developments. The majority of the constitutions determine the national currency, legal tender or monetary unit. The local currency exchange rate to the U.S. dollar shows that drastic interventions were not necessary. National wealth or assets are the property of the state or local governments and, as an exclusive property, the management and protection of them aim at serving the public interest.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eastern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg/250px-Eastern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eastern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg/375px-Eastern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eastern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg/500px-Eastern_Europe_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Eastern Europe in 2023 (UN geoscheme classification)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovoc">Eurovoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">Future enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Eastern_Europe" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe">List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Eastern_Europe" title="List of political parties in Eastern Europe">List of political parties in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet States">Post-Soviet States</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European subregions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurovoc#Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovoc">Eurovoc#Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographical midpoint of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eastern_Europe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Europe_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-four-european-regions-as-defined-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-for-europe.html">"Regions of Europe: Eastern Europe"</a>. 10 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125054803/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-four-european-regions-as-defined-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-for-europe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regions+of+Europe%3A+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-four-european-regions-as-defined-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-for-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html">"Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien"</a> [The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria]. <i>Europa Regional</i>. <b>13</b> (4). Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227012144/http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span> – via Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europa+Regional&rft.atitle=Gro%C3%9Fgliederung+Europas+nach+kulturr%C3%A4umlichen+Kriterien&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stagn.de%2FDE%2F1_Der_StAGN%2FPublikationen%2FStAGN_GGEuropa%2Fgrosseu_node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerglee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Berglee, Royal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-4-eastern-europe/">"Traditional Regions of Europe"</a>. <i>University of Minnesota</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035124/https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-4-eastern-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Minnesota&rft.atitle=Traditional+Regions+of+Europe&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Berglee&rft.aufirst=Royal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fworldgeography%2Fchapter%2F2-4-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/">"Geographic Regions"</a>. <i>U.N. Statistics Division</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170949/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.N.+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Geographic+Regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethodology%2Fm49%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-countries-are-in-eastern-europe.htm">"What countries are in Eastern Europe?"</a>. <i>World Atlas</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas&rft.atitle=What+countries+are+in+Eastern+Europe%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-countries-are-in-eastern-europe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/#geo-regions">"United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)-Geographic Regions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170949/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/#geo-regions">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division-+Standard+Country+and+Area+Codes+Classifications+%28M49%29-Geographic+Regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethodology%2Fm49%2F%23geo-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EasternEuropeHandbook-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EasternEuropeHandbook_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EasternEuropeHandbook_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EasternEuropeHandbook_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamet1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWmDAd6vr5sC&q=eastern+europe+definition&pg=PA15"><i>Eastern Europe: politics, culture, and society since 1939</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253212566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253212566"><bdi>978-0253212566</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041416/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWmDAd6vr5sC&q=eastern+europe+definition&pg=PA15#v=snippet&q=eastern%20europe%20definition&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+politics%2C+culture%2C+and+society+since+1939&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0253212566&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWmDAd6vr5sC%26q%3Deastern%2Beurope%2Bdefinition%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheBalkans-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheBalkans_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheBalkans_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheBalkans_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotf.edu/earthinfo/balkans/BKdef.html">"The Balkans"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210020555/http://www.cotf.edu/earthinfo/balkans/BKdef.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Global Perspectives: A Remote Sensing and World Issues Site</i>. Wheeling Jesuit University/Center for Educational Technologies, 1999–2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/15213108">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Eastern Europe" Wrongly labelled"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 7 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211084759/https://www.economist.com/europe/2010/01/07/wrongly-labelled">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=%22Eastern+Europe%22+Wrongly+labelled&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15213108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEreview-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEreview_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEreview_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031132532/http://www.ce-review.org/99/1/hanley1.html">"A New Journal for Central Europe"</a>. <i>www.ce-review.org</i>. 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Aarebrot (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EmC92rp4joC&pg=PA1"><i>The handbook of political change in Eastern Europe</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78195-429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78195-429-4"><bdi>978-1-78195-429-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041417/https://books.google.com/books?id=2EmC92rp4joC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+political+change+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-78195-429-4&rft.au=Frank+H.+Aarebrot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EmC92rp4joC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuroVoc-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EuroVoc_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EuroVoc_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/?q=node%7CEuroVoc">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403010617/http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/?q=node">Archived</a> 3 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Eurovoc.europa.eu. Retrieved on 4 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un.org-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un.org_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un.org_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un.org_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/96annexii.pdf">"Population Division, DESA, United Nations: World Population Ageing 1950-2050"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/96annexii.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Division%2C+DESA%2C+United+Nations%3A+World+Population+Ageing+1950-2050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fworldageing19502050%2Fpdf%2F96annexii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMälksoo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mälksoo, Maria (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314">"The normative threat of subtle subversion: the return of 'Eastern Europe' as an ontological insecurity trope"</a>. <i>Cambridge Review of International Affairs</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09557571.2019.1590314">10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-7571">0955-7571</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159184190">159184190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041418/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+normative+threat+of+subtle+subversion%3A+the+return+of+%27Eastern+Europe%27+as+an+ontological+insecurity+trope&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159184190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0955-7571&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09557571.2019.1590314&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09557571.2019.1590314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTwardzisz2018" class="citation book cs1">Twardzisz, Piotr (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUVYDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+europe+pejorative&pg=PR7"><i>Defining 'Eastern Europe': A Semantic Inquiry into Political Terminology</i></a>. Springer. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-77374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-77374-2"><bdi>978-3-319-77374-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629015114/https://books.google.com/books?id=qUVYDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+europe+pejorative&pg=PR7">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+%27Eastern+Europe%27%3A+A+Semantic+Inquiry+into+Political+Terminology&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-77374-2&rft.aulast=Twardzisz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUVYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Deast%2Beurope%2Bpejorative%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Derek (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F135676679900500303">"Destination branding, niche marketing and national image projection in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Vacation Marketing</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F135676679900500303">10.1177/135676679900500303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-7667">1356-7667</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154698941">154698941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vacation+Marketing&rft.atitle=Destination+branding%2C+niche+marketing+and+national+image+projection+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154698941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-7667&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F135676679900500303&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F135676679900500303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZarycki2014" class="citation book cs1">Zarycki, Tomasz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315819006/ideologies-eastness-central-eastern-europe-tomasz-zarycki"><i>Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315819006">10.4324/9781315819006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317818571" title="Special:BookSources/9781317818571"><bdi>9781317818571</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129401740">129401740</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116045112/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315819006/ideologies-eastness-central-eastern-europe-tomasz-zarycki">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Eastern+promise+and+Western+pretension+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+09%2F07%2F2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmy-europe-eastern-promise-and-western-pretension%2Fa-45403613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan_2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html">"Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien"</a> [The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria]. <i>Europa Regional</i>. <b>13</b> (4). Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227012144/http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNI+NOVA&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+%22Eastern+Europe%22+in+past+and+present&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Grob&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibas.ch%2Fen%2FResearch%2FUni-Nova%2FUni-Nova-126%2FUni-Nova-126-The-concept-of-Eastern-Europe-in-past-and-present.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JordanEuropaRegional-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JordanEuropaRegional_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195751/http://141.74.33.52/stagn/JordanEuropaRegional/tabid/71/Default.aspx">"Jordan Europa Regional"</a>. 4 April 2014. 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8486-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8486-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150672781">150672781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041418/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxHdcNYhiMC&pg=PP20#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Europe&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150672781&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8486-6&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoxHdcNYhiMC%26pg%3DPP20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greyerz-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greyerz_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasper_von_Greyerz2007" class="citation book cs1">Kasper von Greyerz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmEpMnfYZ-oC&q=%22all+of+central+Europe%22"><i>Religion and Culture in Early Modern Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804384-3"><bdi>978-0-19-804384-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041419/https://books.google.com/books?id=SmEpMnfYZ-oC&q=%22all+of+central+Europe%22#v=snippet&q=%22all%20of%20central%20Europe%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Culture+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=38-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804384-3&rft.au=Kasper+von+Greyerz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSmEpMnfYZ-oC%26q%3D%2522all%2Bof%2Bcentral%2BEurope%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean_W_Sedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Jean W Sedlar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=%22estrangement+to+be+permanent%22"><i>East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97291-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97291-2"><bdi>0-295-97291-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041420/https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=%22estrangement+to+be+permanent%22#v=snippet&q=%22estrangement%20to%20be%20permanent%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-295-97291-2&rft.au=Jean+W+Sedlar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o5lrvuwOVwC%26q%3D%2522estrangement%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bpermanent%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shape_of_europe-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shape_of_europe_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDumitran2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumitran, Adriana (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblio.hiu.cas.cz/documents/161327">"Uspořádání Evropy – duch kulturní jednoty na prahu vzniku novověké Evropy"</a></span> [The shape of Europe. The spirit of unity through culture in the eve of Modern Europe] (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands, The Institute of History, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518094501/http://biblio.hiu.cas.cz/documents/161327">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uspo%C5%99%C3%A1d%C3%A1n%C3%AD+Evropy+%E2%80%93+duch+kulturn%C3%AD+jednoty+na+prahu+vzniku+novov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9+Evropy&rft.place=Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Bibliography+of+the+History+of+the+Czech+Lands%2C+The+Institute+of+History%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dumitran&rft.aufirst=Adriana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.hiu.cas.cz%2Fdocuments%2F161327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Kumar2021" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay Kumar (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ"><i>A Handbook of Political Geography</i></a>. K.K. Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Political+Geography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Sanjay+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGc9EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. May 10, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918142547/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Freligious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantaserbs.com/learnmore/history/gruzija-church.htm">"The History of Georgian Orthodox Church"</a>. <i>www.atlantaserbs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304215419/https://www.atlantaserbs.com/learnmore/history/gruzija-church.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atlantaserbs.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Georgian+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantaserbs.com%2Flearnmore%2Fhistory%2Fgruzija-church.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWare1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy)</a> (29 April 1993), <i>The Orthodox Church</i> (new ed.), New York: Penguin Books, p. 8, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1"><bdi>978-0-14-014656-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993-04-29&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014656-1&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Bishop+Kallistos+%28Timothy%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-rite-church">"Eastern rite church | History, Beliefs & Practices | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119183658/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-rite-church">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Eastern+rite+church+%7C+History%2C+Beliefs+%26+Practices+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEastern-rite-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Rodríguez, José Manuel (28 November 2016). "Eastern Protestant and Reformed Churches "a historical and ecumenical look"". <i>Theologica Xaveriana</i>. 66 (182): 345–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.11144/javeriana.tx66-182.ioproh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milovanović, Aleksandra Djurić; Radić, Radmila (2017-10-11). "Parts I, II, III". <i>Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe</i>. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-63354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-63354-1">978-3-319-63354-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParushevApollo2004" class="citation book cs1">Parushev, Parush; Apollo, Toivo (2004). McGrath, Alister E.; Marks, Darren C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470999196"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999196">10.1002/9780470999196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23278-0"><bdi>978-0-631-23278-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228180113/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470999196">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Protestantism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999196&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23278-0&rft.aulast=Parushev&rft.aufirst=Parush&rft.au=Apollo%2C+Toivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470999196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichols2010" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Aidan (2010). <i>Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism</i> (2nd ed.). Ignatius Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586172824" title="Special:BookSources/9781586172824"><bdi>9781586172824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches%3A+A+Study+in+Schism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781586172824&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaladza2007" class="citation book cs1">Galadza, Peter (2007-07-04). Parry, Ken (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470690208"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">291–</span>309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470690208">10.1002/9780470690208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23423-4"><bdi>978-0-631-23423-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228180115/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470690208">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2007-07-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470690208&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23423-4&rft.aulast=Galadza&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470690208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Union-of-Brest-Litovsk">"Union of Brest-Litovsk | Polish-Soviet, Treaty, 1918 | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629070216/https://www.britannica.com/event/Union-of-Brest-Litovsk">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/SE_Europe/Background.html">the original</a> on February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eia.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FSE_Europe%2FBackground.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7_Invitees_-_Romania-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7_Invitees_-_Romania_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7_Invitees_-_Romania_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm">"7 Invitees - Romania"</a>. <i>www.nato.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029052253/https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nato.int&rft.atitle=7+Invitees+-+Romania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Finvitees2004%2Fromania%2Fglance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purdue_University_Press-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_University_Press_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_University_Press_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Tötösy_de_ZepetnekLouise_Olga_Vasvári2011" class="citation book cs1">Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek; Louise Olga Vasvári (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFCzty0P4UcC&q=central+europe+serbia+culture&pg=PA24"><i>Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557535931" title="Special:BookSources/9781557535931"><bdi>9781557535931</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041420/https://books.google.com/books?id=pFCzty0P4UcC&q=central+europe+serbia+culture&pg=PA24#v=snippet&q=central%20europe%20serbia%20culture&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Hungarian+Cultural+Studies&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781557535931&rft.au=Steven+T%C3%B6t%C3%B6sy+de+Zepetnek&rft.au=Louise+Olga+Vasv%C3%A1ri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFCzty0P4UcC%26q%3Dcentral%2Beurope%2Bserbia%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong2007-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong2007_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong2007_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_WerwickAnderson,_James2007" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Werwick; Anderson, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWA3ppuOgK4C&pg=PA165">"Borders in Central Europe: From Conflict to Cooperation"</a>. <i>Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire</i>. Routledge. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-30132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-30132-4"><bdi>978-1-134-30132-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330041921/https://books.google.com/books?id=FWA3ppuOgK4C&pg=PA165#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borders+in+Central+Europe%3A+From+Conflict+to+Cooperation&rft.btitle=Geopolitics+of+European+Union+Enlargement%3A+The+Fortress+Empire&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-30132-4&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Werwick&rft.au=Anderson%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWA3ppuOgK4C%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bideleux and Jeffries (1998) <i>A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pccseesecretariat.si/index.php?item=9&page=static#:~:text=The%20PCC%20SEE%20is%20a,threat%20analysis%2C%20liaison%20officers%2C%20hot">"Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe (PCC SEE)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124191128/https://www.pccseesecretariat.si/index.php?item=9&page=static#:~:text=The%20PCC%20SEE%20is%20a,threat%20analysis%2C%20liaison%20officers%2C%20hot">Archived</a> 2024-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>PCC SEE Secretariat</i>. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodorova1997" class="citation book cs1">Todorova, Maria (1997). <i>Imagining the Balkans</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508750-5"><bdi>978-0-19-508750-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+the+Balkans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508750-5&rft.aulast=Todorova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolstø2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kolstø, Pål (2016-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668136.2016.1219979">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Western Balkans' as the New Balkans: Regional Names as Tools for Stigmatisation and Exclusion"</a>. <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1245–</span>1263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1219979">10.1080/09668136.2016.1219979</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Western+Balkans%27+as+the+New+Balkans%3A+Regional+Names+as+Tools+for+Stigmatisation+and+Exclusion&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1245-%3C%2Fspan%3E1263&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1219979&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft.aulast=Kolst%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1219979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/81047/html/">"BUB0028 - Evidence on Beyond Brexit: the UK and the Balkans"</a>. <i>committees.parliament.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=committees.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=BUB0028+-+Evidence+on+Beyond+Brexit%3A+the+UK+and+the+Balkans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommittees.parliament.uk%2Fwrittenevidence%2F81047%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDjurdjevic" class="citation web cs1">Djurdjevic, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iemed.org/publication/the-balkans-past-and-present-of-cultural-pluralism/">"The Balkans: Past and Present of Cultural Pluralism"</a>. <i>European Institute of the Mediterranean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Institute+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.atitle=The+Balkans%3A+Past+and+Present+of+Cultural+Pluralism&rft.aulast=Djurdjevic&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iemed.org%2Fpublication%2Fthe-balkans-past-and-present-of-cultural-pluralism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2001" class="citation web cs1">Detrez, Raymond (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kakanien-revisited.at/beitr/theorie/RDetrez1.pdf">"Colonialism in the Balkans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonialism+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kakanien-revisited.at%2Fbeitr%2Ftheorie%2FRDetrez1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuhász2015" class="citation journal cs1">Juhász, József (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-4acf4d74-0230-4935-89ff-5cd70c155701">"Hungary and the Balkans in the 20th Century — From the Hungarian Perspective"</a>. <i>Prague Papers on the History of International Relations</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>119 – via CEJSH. <q>After 1918, with the massive reduction of Hungary's territory and influence, many Western observers held Hungary to be one of the nations of the Balkans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prague+Papers+on+the+History+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Hungary+and+the+Balkans+in+the+20th+Century+%E2%80%94+From+the+Hungarian+Perspective&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Juh%C3%A1sz&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.desklight-4acf4d74-0230-4935-89ff-5cd70c155701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans">"Balkans"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 2024-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>. <q>Moldova—although located north of the Danube River, which is frequently cited as the region's northeastern geographic dividing line—is included in the Balkans under some definitions by virtue of its long-standing historical and cultural connections with Romania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Balkans&rft.date=2024-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBalkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hötte, Hans; Mihalik, Béla (2016). <i>Atlas of Southeast Europe</i>. Boston: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thoughtco.com-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thoughtco.com_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/where-are-the-balkan-states-4070249">"A List of Countries That Make up the Balkan Peninsula"</a>. <i>www.ThoughtCo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014111414/https://www.thoughtco.com/where-are-the-balkan-states-4070249">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ThoughtCo.com&rft.atitle=A+List+of+Countries+That+Make+up+the+Balkan+Peninsula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhere-are-the-balkan-states-4070249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorterLye2008" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXn6qEGYv0QC&q=area+of+kazakhstan+in+europe+sq+km&pg=PA14"><i>Asia</i></a>. Cherrytree Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84234-461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84234-461-3"><bdi>978-1-84234-461-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112032648/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXn6qEGYv0QC&q=area+of+kazakhstan+in+europe+sq+km&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cherrytree+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84234-461-3&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Lye%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXn6qEGYv0QC%26q%3Darea%2Bof%2Bkazakhstan%2Bin%2Beurope%2Bsq%2Bkm%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-Ural-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Ural_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/"><i>World Factbook</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 29 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132304/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> Kazakhstan: Geography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapp-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rapp_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), <i>Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts</i>, pp. 292-294. Peeters Bvba <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5">90-429-1318-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860641-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860641-9">0-19-860641-9</a>, "page 1515, "The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345"><i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351637" title="Special:BookSources/9781444351637"><bdi>9781444351637</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042424/https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345#v=snippet&q=Achaemenid%20Persians%20ruled%20balkans&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.isbn=9781444351637&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC%26q%3DAchaemenid%2BPersians%2Bruled%2Bbalkans%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlsonPappasPappasPappas1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&q=sassanids+rule+most+of+the+caucasus&pg=PA27"><i>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313274978" title="Special:BookSources/9780313274978"><bdi>9780313274978</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042425/https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&q=sassanids+rule+most+of+the+caucasus&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780313274978&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Lee+Brigance&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+Charles&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCquTz6ps5YgC%26q%3Dsassanids%2Brule%2Bmost%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcaucasus%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Luttwak, <i>The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire</i> (Harvard UP, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West." <i>Journal of Asian History</i> 33.1 (1999): 1-44 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-hosseini.ir/mongol/articles-1/43.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190741/http://www.m-hosseini.ir/mongol/articles-1/43.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martyn Rady, "The German Settlement in Central and Eastern Europe during the High Middle Ages." in <i>The German Lands and Eastern Europe</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) pp. 11-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJan_M._Pisorski2008" class="citation book cs1">Jan M. Pisorski (2008). "Medieval Colonization in East Central Europe". In Ingrao; Szabo (eds.). <i>The Germans and the East</i>. Purdue University Press. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+Colonization+in+East+Central+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Germans+and+the+East&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Jan+M.+Pisorski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armour, Ian D. 2013. <i>A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation</i>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849664882" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849664882">978-1849664882</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>inter alia</i>, Norman Davies, Europe: a History, 2010, Eve Johansson, Official Publications of Western Europe, Volume 1, 1984, Thomas Greer and Gavin Lewis, A Brief History of the Western World, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). <i>A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107507180" title="Special:BookSources/9781107507180"><bdi>9781107507180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107507180&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatenSzołtysek2017" class="citation journal cs1">Baten, Joerg; Szołtysek, Mikołaj (2017). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Girl Power" in Eastern Europe? The human capital development of Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries and its determinants". <i>European Review of Economic History</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=%22Girl+Power%22+in+Eastern+Europe%3F+The+human+capital+development+of+Central-Eastern+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+seventeenth+to+nineteenth+centuries+and+its+determinants&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=Joerg&rft.au=Szo%C5%82tysek%2C+Miko%C5%82aj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Blum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Blum">Jerome Blum</a>, "The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe" <i>American Historical Review</i> 62#4 (1957), pp. 807-836 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845515">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207063533/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845515">Archived</a> 2020-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris B. Gorshkov, "Serfdom: Eastern Europe" in Peter Stearns, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of European Social History</i> (2001) 2:379-88; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3460500100/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=e29075bb">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042426/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCX3460500100&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=e29075bb">Archived</a> 2024-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Moon, "Reassessing Russian Serfdom." <i>European History Quarterly</i> 26 (1996): 483–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson J. Spielvogel: <i>Western Civilization: Alternate Volume: Since 1300</i>. p. 618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. de Azcarate, <i>League of Nations and National Minorities</i> (1945) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55314/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._M._Douglas" class="citation book cs1">R. M. Douglas. <i>Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War</i>. Yale University Press. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orderly+and+Humane.+The+Expulsion+of+the+Germans+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.au=R.+M.+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Snyder, <i>Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bloodlands-Europe-Between-Hitler-Stalin/dp/0465031471/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919203522/https://www.amazon.com/Bloodlands-Europe-Between-Hitler-Stalin/dp/0465031471">Archived</a> 2017-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregor_Thum" class="citation book cs1">Gregor Thum. <i>Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw during the Century of Expulsions</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uprooted%3A+How+Breslau+Became+Wroclaw+during+the+Century+of+Expulsions&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.au=Gregor+Thum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum, pp. 312–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Applebaum, <i>Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956</i> (2012) p. xxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Applebaum,_p._xxx-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Applebaum,_p._xxx_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Applebaum,_p._xxx_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum, p. xxx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum, pp. 174–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum, pp. 223–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum, pp. 1162–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeronim Perović, "The Tito-Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence." <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i> 9.2 (2007): 32-63 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/62735/1/Perovic_Tito.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704114441/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/62735/1/Perovic_Tito.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stavro Skendi, "Albania and the Sino-Soviet Conflict." <i>Foreign affairs</i> 40.3 (1962): 471-478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVértesy2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vértesy, László (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812055105/https://www.dialogcampus.hu/users/default/dialogcampus/uploads/elektronikus_konyvek/pga2018_01_09_vertesy.pdf">"Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review</i>. 3. No. 1. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialogcampus.hu/users/default/dialogcampus/uploads/elektronikus_konyvek/pga2018_01_09_vertesy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Governance%2C+Administration+and+Finances+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Macroeconomic+Legal+Trends+in+the+EU11+Countries&rft.volume=3.+No.+1.+2018&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9rtesy&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialogcampus.hu%2Fusers%2Fdefault%2Fdialogcampus%2Fuploads%2Felektronikus_konyvek%2Fpga2018_01_09_vertesy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a>. <i>Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956</i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_T._Berend" title="Iván T. Berend">Berend, Iván T.</a> <i>Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II</i> (2001)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2020" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, John (2020). <i>From Peoples Into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16712-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16712-1"><bdi>978-0-691-16712-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Peoples+Into+Nations%3A+A+History+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16712-1&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Day, Alan J. et al. <i>A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe</i> (2nd ed 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dt2TXexiKTgC">abstract</a></li> <li>Donert, Celia, Emily Greble, and Jessica Wardhaugh. "New Scholarship on Central and Eastern Europe." <i>Contemporary European History</i> 26.3 (2017): 507-507. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777317000224">New Scholarship on Central and Eastern Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042430/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/abs/new-scholarship-on-central-and-eastern-europe/D023692C1DD115ABE17997C7D307150D">Archived</a> 2024-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Frankel, Benjamin. <i>The Cold War 1945-1991. Vol. 2, Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World</i> (1992), 379pp of biographies.</li> <li>Frucht, Richard, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism</i> (2000)</li> <li>Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola, and Matthias Schündeln. "The long-term effects of communism in Eastern Europe." <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i> 34.2 (2020): 172–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.34.2.172">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202152/https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.34.2.172">Archived</a> 2021-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gal, Susan and Gail Kligman, <i>The Politics of Gender After Socialism</i> (Princeton University Press, 2000).</li> <li>Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfdom: Eastern Europe." in <i>Encyclopedia of European Social History,</i> edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 2: 2001), pp. 379–388. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3460500100/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=e29075bb">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042426/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCX3460500100&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=e29075bb">Archived</a> 2024-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_R._Ghodsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen R. Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen R.</a> <i>Lost in Transition: Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism</i> (Duke University Press, 2011).</li> <li>Held, Joseph, ed. <i>The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century</i> (1993)</li> <li>Jeffries, Ian, and Robert Bideleux. <i>The Balkans: A Post-Communist History</i> (2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C"><i>History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521274586" title="Special:BookSources/9780521274586"><bdi>9780521274586</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132943/https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Eighteenth+and+Nineteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521274586&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR4EeOrTm-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jelavich, Barbara. <i>History of the Balkans, Vol. 1: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries</i> (1983)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC"><i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521274593" title="Special:BookSources/9780521274593"><bdi>9780521274593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521274593&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazower2007" class="citation book cs1">Mazower, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWgfMZhi-x0C"><i>The Balkans: A Short History</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43196-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43196-7"><bdi>978-0-307-43196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-43196-7&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWgfMZhi-x0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyantDrahokoupil2010" class="citation book cs1">Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010). <i>Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59619-7"><bdi>978-0-470-59619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transition+Economies%3A+Political+Economy+in+Russia%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-59619-7&rft.aulast=Myant&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Drahokoupil%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nachtigal, Reinhard. "Current Historiography on Eastern Europe during the First World War: A Review." <i>War & Society</i> 41.4 (2022): 323–339. doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2117908</li> <li>Ramet, Sabrina P. <i>Eastern Europe: Politics, Culture, and Society Since 1939</i> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roskin" title="Michael Roskin">Roskin, Michael G.</a> <i>The Rebirth of East Europe</i> (4th ed. 2001); 204pp</li> <li>Schenk, Frithjof Benjamin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/theories-and-methods/mental-maps/frithjof-benjamin-schenk-mental-maps-the-cognitive-mapping-of-the-continent-as-an-object-of-research-of-european-history?set_language=en&-C=">Mental Maps: The Cognitive Mapping of the Continent as an Object of Research of European History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115154302/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/theories-and-methods/mental-maps/frithjof-benjamin-schenk-mental-maps-the-cognitive-mapping-of-the-continent-as-an-object-of-research-of-european-history?set_language=en&-C=">Archived</a> 2021-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO - European History Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208042444/http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">Archived</a> 2013-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Archived</a> 2016-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2013, retrieved: March 4, 2020 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1043735844/34">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124050858/https://d-nb.info/1043735844/34">Archived</a> 2022-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Schevill, Ferdinand. <i>The History of the Balkan Peninsula; From the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i> (1966)</li> <li>Seton-Watson, Hugh. <i>Eastern Europe Between the Wars 1918-1941</i> (1945) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183358">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Simons,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas W. Simons, Jr.">Simons, Thomas W.</a> <i>Eastern Europe in the Postwar World</i> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloodlands" title="Bloodlands">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanković,_Vlada2016" class="citation book cs1">Stanković, Vlada, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avTADAAAQBAJ"><i>The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1326-5"><bdi>978-1-4985-1326-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042427/https://books.google.com/books?id=avTADAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+and+the+Byzantine+World+before+and+after+the+Captures+of+Constantinople%2C+1204+and+1453&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-1326-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavTADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stavrianos, L.S. <i> The Balkans Since 1453</i> (1958), major scholarly history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Swain, Geoffrey and Nigel Swain, <i>Eastern Europe Since 1945</i> (3rd ed. 2003)</li> <li>Verdery, Katherine. <i>What Was Socialism and What Comes Next?</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWachtel2008" class="citation book cs1">Wachtel, Andrew Baruch (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkansinworldhi00wach"><i>The Balkans in World History</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988273-1"><bdi>978-0-19-988273-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988273-1&rft.aulast=Wachtel&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkansinworldhi00wach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walters, E. Garrison. <i>The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945</i> (1988) 430pp; country-by-country coverage</li> <li>Wolchik, Sharon L. and Jane L. Curry, eds. <i>Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy</i> (2nd ed. 2010), 432pp</li> <li>Wolff, Larry: <i>Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2702-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2702-3">0-8047-2702-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Eastern Europe Unmapped: Beyond Borders and Peripheries</i> (1 ed.). Berghahn Books. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvw049zd">10.2307/j.ctvw049zd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-685-0"><bdi>978-1-78533-685-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvw049zd">j.ctvw049zd</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+Unmapped%3A+Beyond+Borders+and+Peripheries&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvw049zd%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvw049zd&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-685-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/East/Central_Europe" class="extiw" title="q:East/Central Europe">East/Central Europe</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phe8s55YA84">Interview with historian Larry Wolff on "Inventing Eastern Europe"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805130513/http://www.databasece.com/en/macro-summary">Eastern Europe Economic Data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emerging-europe.com">Emerging Europe - A new narrative for the region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231005606/https://emerging-europe.com/">Archived</a> 2019-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a><sup>3</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas<br />of internal<br />sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li><sup>4</sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles591" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles591" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Europe" title="Rail transport in Europe">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_E-road_network" title="International E-road network">Road</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southeastern31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Other regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Himalayan27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian region</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caribbean" title="Greater Caribbean">Greater Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Am.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Americas12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Rim">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By direction: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27468#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27468#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27468#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075739-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045765">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Evropa východní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge137881&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cbfdh145s6j0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560192505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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