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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Indigenous peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>River commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_ecological_role_/_Function_for_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_ecological_role_/_Function_for_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Global ecological role / Function for climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_ecological_role_/_Function_for_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amazon basin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="حوض الأمازون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوض الأمازون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca_del_Amazones" title="Cuenca del Amazones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuenca del Amazones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_oval%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Amazon ovalığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amazon ovalığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conca_amaz%C3%B2nica" title="Conca amazònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conca amazònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povod%C3%AD_Amazonky" title="Povodí Amazonky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povodí Amazonky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonomr%C3%A5det" title="Amazonområdet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amazonområdet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonasbecken" title="Amazonasbecken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amazonasbecken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasoonia" title="Amasoonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amasoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Λεκάνη του Αμαζονίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεκάνη του Αμαζονίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca_del_Amazonas" title="Cuenca del Amazonas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuenca del Amazonas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonio" title="Amazonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amazonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonasen_arroa" title="Amazonasen arroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amazonasen arroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="حوضه آمازون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حوضه آمازون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassin_amazonien" title="Bassin amazonien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bassin amazonien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4negebiet" title="Amazônegebiet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amazônegebiet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhantrach_na_hAmas%C3%B3ine" title="Abhantrach na hAmasóine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhantrach na hAmasóine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C3%ADa_do_r%C3%ADo_Amazonas" title="Bacía do río Amazonas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacía do río Amazonas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B6%84%EC%A7%80" title="아마존 분지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마존 분지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Ամազոնի դաշտավայր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամազոնի դաշտավայր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="अमेज़न बेसिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेज़न बेसिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_Amazon" title="Basin Amazon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basin Amazon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacino_dell%27Amazzonia" title="Bacino dell'Amazzonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacino dell'Amazzonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="אמזוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמזוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ამაზონის აუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამაზონის აუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амазон ойпаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амазон ойпаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D2%A3%D1%83" title="Амазонка ойдуңу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Амазонка ойдуңу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ອ່າງອາເມຊອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອ່າງອາເມຊອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonia" title="Amazonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amazonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazones_l%C4%ABdzenums" title="Amazones līdzenums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amazones līdzenums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas-medence" title="Amazonas-medence – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amazonas-medence" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="ആമസോൺ തടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആമസോൺ തടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembangan_Amazon" title="Lembangan Amazon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lembangan Amazon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Амазоны нам дор газар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амазоны нам дор газар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonebekken" title="Amazonebekken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amazonebekken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="アマゾン盆地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマゾン盆地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonasbekkenet" title="Amazonasbekkenet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amazonasbekkenet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonasbekkenet" title="Amazonasbekkenet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amazonasbekkenet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonka_pasttekisligi" title="Amazonka pasttekisligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amazonka pasttekisligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacia_do_rio_Amazonas" title="Bacia do rio Amazonas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bacia do rio Amazonas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amazon basin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore%C4%8Dje_Amazonke" title="Porečje Amazonke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Porečje Amazonke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonin_allas" title="Amazonin allas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amazonin allas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonomr%C3%A5det" title="Amazonområdet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amazonområdet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="அமேசான் படுகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமேசான் படுகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Havzas%C4%B1" title="Amazon Havzası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amazon Havzası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amazon_basin&params=2.3096_S_54.8881_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°18′35″S</span> <span class="longitude">54°53′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.3096°S 54.8881°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-2.3096; -54.8881</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major drainage basin in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the drainage basin. For the geologic feature, see <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonriverbasin_basemap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amazonriverbasin_basemap.png/220px-Amazonriverbasin_basemap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amazonriverbasin_basemap.png/330px-Amazonriverbasin_basemap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amazonriverbasin_basemap.png/440px-Amazonriverbasin_basemap.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption>Amazon River Basin (The southern <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">Guianas</a>, not marked on this map, are a part of the basin.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/220px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/330px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/440px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>The mouth of the Amazon River</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Amazon basin</b> is the part of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> drained by the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>. The Amazon <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> covers an area of about 7,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, as well as the territory of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the basin is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazonia</a>. With a 5.5 million km<sup>2</sup> (2.1 million sq mi) area of dense <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forest</a>, it is the largest <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> in the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Amazon River begins in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes Mountains</a> at the west of the basin with its main tributary the <a href="/wiki/Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River" title="Marañón River">Marañón River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apur%C3%ADmac_River" title="Apurímac River">Apurimac River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The highest point in the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> of the Amazon is the second biggest peak of <a href="/wiki/Yerupaj%C3%A1" title="Yerupajá">Yerupajá</a> at 6,635 metres (21,768 ft). </p><p>The Amazon River Basin occupies the entire central and eastern area of South America, lying to the east of the Andes mountain range and extending from the Guyana Plateau in the north to the Brazilian Plateau in the south. </p><p>With a length of about 6,400 km (4,000 mi) before it drains into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">one of the two longest rivers in the world</a>. A team of scientists has claimed that the Amazon is longer than the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but debate about its exact length continues.<sup id="cite_ref-River_Britannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River_Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amazon system transports the largest volume of water of any river system, accounting for about 20% of the total water carried to the oceans by rivers. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforests</a> are <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">deforested</a> because of an increase in cattle ranches and soybean fields. The Amazon basin formerly flowed west to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> until the Andes formed, causing the basin to flow eastward towards the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Amazon_Pacific_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazon_Pacific-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically the basin is divided into <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazonia" title="Peruvian Amazonia">Peruvian Amazonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Amazônia Legal</a> of Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Amazon natural region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)" title="Amazonas (Venezuelan state)">Amazonas (Venezuelan state)</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Distribution of the Amazon River basin area and discharge between countries<sup id="cite_ref-HyBam_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HyBam-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Região_Hidrográfica_Amazônica_—_Agência_Nacional_de_Águas_e_Saneamento_Básico_(ANA)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Região_Hidrográfica_Amazônica_—_Agência_Nacional_de_Águas_e_Saneamento_Básico_(ANA)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>State </th> <th>Area <p>(km<sup>2</sup>) </p> </th> <th>(%) </th> <th>Discharge <p>(km<sup>3</sup>) </p> </th> <th>(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>724,000 </td> <td>10.4 </td> <td>291 </td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>4,674,619 </td> <td>67.5 </td> <td>4,167.3 </td> <td>57.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11"> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)"><img alt="Acre (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bandeira_do_Acre.svg/22px-Bandeira_do_Acre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bandeira_do_Acre.svg/33px-Bandeira_do_Acre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bandeira_do_Acre.svg/43px-Bandeira_do_Acre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span><i><a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a></i> </td> <td><i>164,123</i> </td> <td><i>3.5</i> </td> <td><i>144.2</i> </td> <td><i>2.0</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá"><img alt="Amapá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bandeira_do_Amap%C3%A1.svg/22px-Bandeira_do_Amap%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bandeira_do_Amap%C3%A1.svg/33px-Bandeira_do_Amap%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bandeira_do_Amap%C3%A1.svg/43px-Bandeira_do_Amap%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><i><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a></i> </td> <td><i>44,870</i> </td> <td><i>1.0</i> </td> <td><i>57.7</i> </td> <td><i>0.8</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)"><img alt="Amazonas (Brazilian state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bandeira_do_Amazonas.svg/21px-Bandeira_do_Amazonas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bandeira_do_Amazonas.svg/32px-Bandeira_do_Amazonas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bandeira_do_Amazonas.svg/42px-Bandeira_do_Amazonas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><i><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></i> </td> <td><i>1,559,159</i> </td> <td><i>33.3</i> </td> <td><i>1,848.3</i> </td> <td><i>25.4</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeira_do_Distrito_Federal_(Brasil).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bandeira_do_Distrito_Federal_%28Brasil%29.svg/25px-Bandeira_do_Distrito_Federal_%28Brasil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bandeira_do_Distrito_Federal_%28Brasil%29.svg/38px-Bandeira_do_Distrito_Federal_%28Brasil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bandeira_do_Distrito_Federal_%28Brasil%29.svg/50px-Bandeira_do_Distrito_Federal_%28Brasil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></i> </td> <td><i>1,010</i> </td> <td><i>0.02</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás"><img alt="Goiás" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Goi%C3%A1s.svg/22px-Flag_of_Goi%C3%A1s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Goi%C3%A1s.svg/33px-Flag_of_Goi%C3%A1s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Goi%C3%A1s.svg/43px-Flag_of_Goi%C3%A1s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></i> </td> <td><i>212,131</i> </td> <td><i>4.5</i> </td> <td><i>96.7</i> </td> <td><i>1.3</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão"><img alt="Maranhão" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandeira_do_Maranh%C3%A3o.svg/23px-Bandeira_do_Maranh%C3%A3o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandeira_do_Maranh%C3%A3o.svg/35px-Bandeira_do_Maranh%C3%A3o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandeira_do_Maranh%C3%A3o.svg/45px-Bandeira_do_Maranh%C3%A3o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></i> </td> <td><i>39,396</i> </td> <td><i>0.8</i> </td> <td><i>9.4</i> </td> <td><i>0.1</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso"><img alt="Mato Grosso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg/22px-Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg/33px-Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg/43px-Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></i> </td> <td><i>723,470</i> </td> <td><i>15.5</i> </td> <td><i>490.6</i> </td> <td><i>6.7</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará"><img alt="Pará" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg/23px-Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg/35px-Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg/45px-Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a></i> </td> <td><i>1,190,147</i> </td> <td><i>25.5</i> </td> <td><i>1,053.1</i> </td> <td><i>14.5</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia"><img alt="Rondônia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandeira_de_Rond%C3%B4nia.svg/22px-Bandeira_de_Rond%C3%B4nia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandeira_de_Rond%C3%B4nia.svg/33px-Bandeira_de_Rond%C3%B4nia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandeira_de_Rond%C3%B4nia.svg/43px-Bandeira_de_Rond%C3%B4nia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></i> </td> <td><i>237,591</i> </td> <td><i>5.08</i> </td> <td><i>140.6</i> </td> <td><i>1.9</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima"><img alt="Roraima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bandeira_de_Roraima.svg/22px-Bandeira_de_Roraima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bandeira_de_Roraima.svg/33px-Bandeira_de_Roraima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bandeira_de_Roraima.svg/43px-Bandeira_de_Roraima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a></i> </td> <td><i>224,301</i> </td> <td><i>4.8</i> </td> <td><i>211.6</i> </td> <td><i>2.9</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins"><img alt="Tocantins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bandeira_do_Tocantins.svg/22px-Bandeira_do_Tocantins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bandeira_do_Tocantins.svg/33px-Bandeira_do_Tocantins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bandeira_do_Tocantins.svg/43px-Bandeira_do_Tocantins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a></i> </td> <td><i>278,421</i> </td> <td><i>6.0</i> </td> <td><i>115.1</i> </td> <td><i>1.6</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <td>146,688 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>258.4 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td>12,224 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>345,293 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>755 </td> <td>10.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>967,176 </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td>1,739.5 </td> <td>23.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>53,000 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>60.0 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><b>Amazon basin</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>6,923,000</b></i> </td> <td><i>100.0</i> </td> <td><i><b>7,280</b></i> </td> <td><i>100.0</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_life">Plant life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plant life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campo12Foto_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campo12Foto_2.JPG/220px-Campo12Foto_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campo12Foto_2.JPG/330px-Campo12Foto_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campo12Foto_2.JPG/440px-Campo12Foto_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of part of the Amazon rainforest</figcaption></figure> <p>Plant growth is quite dense and its variety of animal inhabitants is comparatively high due to the heavy rainfall and the dense and extensive <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">evergreen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coniferous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous forest">coniferous forests</a>. Little <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> reaches the ground due to the dense roof of canopy by plants. The ground remains dark and damp and only shade-tolerant vegetation will grow here. <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromeliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromeliad">bromeliads</a> exploit trees and other plants to get closer to the sunlight. They grow hanging onto the branches or tree trunks with <a href="/wiki/Aerial_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial roots">aerial roots</a>, not as parasites but as <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>. Species of tropical trees native to the Amazon include <a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber tree">rubber tree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assai_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Assai palm">Assai palm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_in_Pantanal_Brazil_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jaguar_in_Pantanal_Brazil_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jaguar_in_Pantanal_Brazil_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jaguar_in_Pantanal_Brazil_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jaguar_in_Pantanal_Brazil_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jaguar_in_Pantanal_Brazil_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jaguar_in_Pantanal_Brazil_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar</a> in the area of Miranda near Amazon basin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 1,400 species of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> are found in the Amazon, the majority of which are species of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>. Its larger mammals include the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">puma</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_American_tapir" title="South American tapir">South American tapir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_Amazon" title="Birds of the Amazon">Birds of the Amazon</a></div> <p>About 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species inhabit the Amazon basin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of the Amazon and the sheer number of diverse bird species is given by the number of different bird families that reside in these humid forests. An example of such would be the <a href="/wiki/Cotinga" title="Cotinga">cotinga</a> family, to which the <a href="/wiki/Guianan_cock-of-the-rock" title="Guianan cock-of-the-rock">Guianan cock-of-the-rock</a> belong. Birds such as <a href="/wiki/Toucan" title="Toucan">toucans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> are also found here. <a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">Macaws</a> are famous for duck gathering by the hundreds along the clay cliffs of the Amazon River. In the western Amazon hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">macaws</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> descend to exposed river banks to consume clay on an almost daily basis,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the exception being rainy days.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Green_anaconda" title="Green anaconda">green anaconda</a> inhabits the shallow waters of the Amazon and the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_tree_boa" title="Emerald tree boa">emerald tree boa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boa_constrictor" title="Boa constrictor">boa constrictor</a> live in the Amazonian tree tops. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> species are illegally collected and exported for the international pet trade. Live animals are the fourth largest commodity in the smuggling industry after drugs, diamonds and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 1,500 species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> swim and are found in the Amazon. Unlike temperate <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> which are mostly limited to <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> near the water, tropical frogs are most abundant in the trees and relatively few are found near bodies of water on the <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">forest floor</a>. The reason for this occurrence is quite simple: frogs must always keep their <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> moist since almost half of their <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a> is carried out through their skin. The high <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> of the rainforest and frequent <a href="/wiki/Rainstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainstorm">rainstorms</a> gives tropical frogs infinitely more freedom to move into the trees and escape the many <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> of rainforest waters. The differences between temperate and tropical frogs extend beyond their habitat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_Moine_-_Red_bellied_Piranha_(by).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gregory_Moine_-_Red_bellied_Piranha_%28by%29.jpg/220px-Gregory_Moine_-_Red_bellied_Piranha_%28by%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gregory_Moine_-_Red_bellied_Piranha_%28by%29.jpg/330px-Gregory_Moine_-_Red_bellied_Piranha_%28by%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gregory_Moine_-_Red_bellied_Piranha_%28by%29.jpg/440px-Gregory_Moine_-_Red_bellied_Piranha_%28by%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red-bellied_piranha" title="Red-bellied piranha">Red-bellied piranha</a> (<i>Pygocentrus nattereri</i>) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranha</a>. This species lives in the Amazon River basin, coastal rivers of northeastern Brazil, and the basins of the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_River" title="Paraguay River">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_River" title="Essequibo River">Essequibo Rivers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> species are known from the Amazon basin and it is estimated that more than 1,000 additional <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undescribed species</a> exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Junk2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junk2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is more than any other river basin on Earth, and Amazonia is the center of diversity for <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_fish" title="Neotropical fish">Neotropical fishes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlbertReis2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlbertReis2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 45% (more than 1,000 species) of the known Amazonian fish species are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Reis2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reis2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remarkable species richness can in part be explained by the large differences between the various parts of the Amazon basin, resulting in many fish species that are endemic to small regions. For example, fauna in <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">clearwater rivers</a> differs from fauna in <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">blackwater rivers</a>, fauna in slow moving sections show distinct differences compared to that in <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a>, fauna in small streams differ from that in major rivers, and fauna in shallow sections show distinct differences compared to that in deep parts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By far the most diverse orders in the Amazon are <a href="/wiki/Characiformes" title="Characiformes">Characiformes</a> (43% of total fish species in the Amazon) and <a href="/wiki/Siluriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Siluriformes">Siluriformes</a> (39%), but other groups with many species include <a href="/wiki/Cichlidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichlidae">Cichlidae</a> (6%) and <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> (3%).<sup id="cite_ref-Junk2007_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junk2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to major differences in behavior and ecology, Amazonian fish vary extensively in form and size. The largest, the <a href="/wiki/Arapaima" title="Arapaima">arapaima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piraiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Piraiba">piraiba</a> can reach 3 m (9.8 ft) or more in length and up to 200 kg (440 lb) in weight, making them some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">largest strict freshwater fish</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_sawfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Common sawfish">common sawfish</a>, which have been recorded far up the Amazon, may reach even greater sizes, but they are <a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">euryhaline</a> and often seen in marine waters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the giants, there are Amazonian fish from several families that are less than 2 cm (0.8 in) long. The smallest are likely the <i><a href="/wiki/Leptophilypnion" title="Leptophilypnion">Leptophilypnion</a></i> sleeper gobies, which do not surpass 1 cm (0.4 in) and are among the <a href="/wiki/Smallest_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallest fish">smallest fish</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amazon supports very large fisheries, including well-known species of large catfish (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brachyplatystoma" title="Brachyplatystoma">Brachyplatystoma</a></i>, which perform long breeding <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrations</a> up the Amazon), <a href="/wiki/Arapaima" title="Arapaima">arapaima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tambaqui" title="Tambaqui">tambaqui</a>, and is also home to many species that are important in the <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarium trade">aquarium trade</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_(fish)" title="Oscar (fish)">oscar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discus_(fish)" title="Discus (fish)">discus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterophyllum" title="Pterophyllum">angelfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corydoras" title="Corydoras"><i>Corydoras</i> catfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neon_tetra" title="Neon tetra">neon tetra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Junk2007_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junk2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the true danger they represent often is greatly exaggerated, the Amazon basin is home to several feared fish species such as <a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranhas</a> (including the famous <a href="/wiki/Red-bellied_piranha" title="Red-bellied piranha">red-bellied</a>), <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">electric eel</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_stingray" class="mw-redirect" title="River stingray">river stingrays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candiru_(fish)" title="Candiru (fish)">candiru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleen2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleen2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">cavefish</a> species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phreatobius" title="Phreatobius">Phreatobius</a></i> are found in the Amazon, as is the cave-dwelling <i><a href="/wiki/Astroblepus_pholeter" title="Astroblepus pholeter">Astroblepus pholeter</a></i> in the far western part of the basin (Andean region).<sup id="cite_ref-Aldemarp2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldemarp2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tocantins_River" title="Tocantins River">Tocantins</a> basin, arguably not part of the Amazon basin, has several other cavefish species.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldemarp2001_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldemarp2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deeper part of the major Amazonian rivers are always dark and a few species have adaptions similar to cavefish (reduced pigment and eyes). Among these are the knifefish <i><a href="/wiki/Compsaraia" title="Compsaraia">Compsaraia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Orthosternarchus" title="Orthosternarchus">Orthosternarchus</a></i>, some <i><a href="/wiki/Cetopsis" title="Cetopsis">Cetopsis</a></i> whale catfish (especially <i>C. oliveirai</i>), some <i><a href="/wiki/Xyliphius" title="Xyliphius">Xyliphius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Micromyzon" title="Micromyzon">Micromyzon</a></i> banjo catfish,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the loricariid catfish <i><a href="/wiki/Loricaria" title="Loricaria">Loricaria</a> spinulifera</i>, <i>L. pumila</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peckoltia_pankimpuju" title="Peckoltia pankimpuju">Peckoltia pankimpuju</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panaque_bathyphilus" title="Panaque bathyphilus">Panaque bathyphilus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Panaqolus" title="Panaqolus">Panaqolus</a> nix</i> (these five also occur in "normal" forms of shallower waters).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perhaps most unusual habitat used by Amazonian fish is land. The <a href="/wiki/Splash_tetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Splash tetra">splash tetra</a> is famous for laying its eggs on plants above water, keeping them moist by continuously splashing on them,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/South_American_lungfish" title="South American lungfish">South American lungfish</a> can survive underground in a mucous cocoon during the dry season,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some small <a href="/wiki/Rivulidae" title="Rivulidae">rivulid</a> killifish can jump over land between water sources (sometimes moving relatively long distances, even uphill) and may deliberately jump onto land to escape aquatic predators,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undescribed species</a> of worm-like <i>Phreatobius</i> catfish lives in waterlogged <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> near (not in) streams.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the major fish groups of the Amazon basin include:<sup id="cite_ref-Sleen2017_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleen2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a>: Neotropical electric fishes</li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Characiformes" title="Characiformes">Characiformes</a>: characins, tetras and relatives</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Potamotrygonidae" title="Potamotrygonidae">Potamotrygonidae</a>: river stingrays</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Arapaimidae" title="Arapaimidae">Arapaimidae</a>: bonytongues</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">Loricariidae</a>: suckermouth catfishes</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Callichthyidae" title="Callichthyidae">Callichthyidae</a>: armored catfishes</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Pimelodidae" title="Pimelodidae">Pimelodidae</a>: pimelodid catfishes</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a>: pencil catfishes</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Auchenipteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Auchenipteridae">Auchenipteridae</a>: driftwood catfishes</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Cichlinae" title="Cichlinae">Cichlinae</a>: pike cichlids, peacock cichlids and relatives</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Geophaginae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophaginae">Geophaginae</a>: Eartheaters and Neotropical dwarf cichlid</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Poeciliinae" title="Poeciliinae">Poeciliinae</a>: guppies and relatives</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_the_Amazon_River_basin_and_the_Andes" title="List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes">List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes</a></div> <p>More than 90% of the animal species in the Amazon are <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which about 40% are <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> (Coleoptera constituting almost 25% of all known types of animal life-forms.)<sup id="cite_ref-insenc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insenc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas all of Europe has some 321 <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> species, the <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%BA_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Manú National Park">Manú National Park</a> in Peru (4,000 hectare-survey) has 2,300 species, while <a href="/wiki/Tambopata_National_Reserve" title="Tambopata National Reserve">Tambopata National Reserve</a> (5,500 hectare-survey) has at least 1,231 species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> basin has a low-water season (known popularly as summer), and a wet season (known popularly as winter) during which, the rivers <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> the adjacent, low-lying forests. The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of the basin is <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">generally hot and humid</a>. In some areas, however, the summer months (June–September) can bring cold snaps, fueled by Antarctic winds traveling along the adjacent mountain range. The average annual temperature is around 25-degree and 28 degree Celsius with little to no distinction between summer and winter season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_lifestyle">Human lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonas_floating_village,_Iquitos,_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amazonas_floating_village%2C_Iquitos%2C_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg/250px-Amazonas_floating_village%2C_Iquitos%2C_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amazonas_floating_village%2C_Iquitos%2C_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg/375px-Amazonas_floating_village%2C_Iquitos%2C_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amazonas_floating_village%2C_Iquitos%2C_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg/500px-Amazonas_floating_village%2C_Iquitos%2C_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>A floating village in <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Amazonia is <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">scarcely populated</a>. There are scattered settlements inland, but most of the population lives in a few larger cities on the banks of the Amazon and other major rivers, such as in <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> – <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>-<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>, <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>. In many regions, the forest has been cleared for <a href="/wiki/Soya_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Soya bean">soya bean</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a> (the most extensive non-forest use of the land); some of the inhabitants harvest wild <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazilian nuts</a>. This is a form of extractive farms, where the trees are not cut down. These are relatively sustainable operations in contrast to lumbering or agriculture dependent on clearing the rainforest. The people live in thatched houses shaped liked beehives. They also build apartment-like houses called "<a href="/wiki/Maloca" title="Maloca">Maloca</a>", with a steeply slanting roof. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely spoken languages in the Amazon are <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. There are hundreds of <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native languages</a> still spoken in the Amazon, most of which are critically <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many tribal groups live in the Amazon Basin, often in relative isolation. It is estimated 400 or more tribal groups have lived in the Amazon Basin for hundreds of years with their own culture, language, and lifestyle. Today total population of Amazon basin is 1.5 million distributed. There are an estimated 100 uncontacted tribal groups. The largest organization fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> in this area is <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">COICA</a>. It is a supra organization encompassing all <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">indigenous rights</a> organizations working in the Amazon basin area, and covers the people living in several countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="River_commerce">River commerce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: River commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river is the principal path of transportation for people and produce in the regions, with transport ranging from balsa <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">rafts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoes</a> to hand built wooden river craft and <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">modern steel</a> hulled craft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seasonal floods excavate and redistribute nutrient-rich silt onto beaches and islands, enabling dry-season riverside agriculture of rice, beans, and corn on the river's shoreline without the addition of fertilizer, with additional <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> agriculture on higher floodplains. Fishing provides additional food year-round, and <a href="/wiki/Pastured_poultry" title="Pastured poultry">free-range chickens</a> need little or no food beyond what they can forage locally. <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> made largely from forest and shoreline deadfall is produced for use in urban areas. Exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> is common. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonie_deforestation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amazonie_deforestation.jpg/220px-Amazonie_deforestation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amazonie_deforestation.jpg/330px-Amazonie_deforestation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amazonie_deforestation.jpg/440px-Amazonie_deforestation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and increased road-building bring human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and threats to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Extensive <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, is leading to the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of known and unknown species, reducing <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biological diversity</a> and adversely impacting soil, water, and air quality. A final part of the deforestation process is the large-scale production of charcoal for industrial processes such as steel manufacturing. Soils within the region are generally shallow and cannot be used for more than a few seasons without the addition of imported fertilizers and chemicals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_ecological_role_/_Function_for_climate_change"><span id="Global_ecological_role_.2F_Function_for_climate_change"></span>Global ecological role / Function for climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Global ecological role / Function for climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"Over past 20 years (2021), the Brazilian Amazon emitted 13% more CO<sub>2</sub> than it absorbed".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Amazon biodiversity also plays a critical role as part of global systems, influencing the global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> and thus <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, as well as hemispheric hydrological systems, serving as an important anchor for South American climate and rainfall. It also produces 20% oxygen of the Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_biome" title="Amazon biome">Amazon biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Conservation_Association" title="Amazon Conservation Association">Amazon Conservation Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Conservation_Team" title="Amazon Conservation Team">Amazon Conservation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos" title="Llanos de Moxos">Llanos de Moxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucayali_Peneplain" title="Ucayali Peneplain">Ucayali Peneplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_agriculture_in_the_Amazon_Basin" title="Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon Basin">Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon Basin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Amazon-River">"Amazon River"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Amazon+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAmazon-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goulding, M., Barthem, R. B. and Duenas, R. (2003). <i>The Smithsonian Atlas of the Amazon</i>, Smithsonian Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-135-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58834-135-6">1-58834-135-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/amazon">"Amazon"</a>. World Wildlife Fund. 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon&rft.pub=World+Wildlife+Fund&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fplaces%2Famazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoach,_John2007" class="citation web cs1">Roach, John (18 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822042725/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-amazon-river.html">"Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-amazon-river.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon+Longer+Than+Nile+River%2C+Scientists+Say&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007-06-18&rft.au=Roach%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F070619-amazon-river.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-River_Britannica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-River_Britannica_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_E._CristAlarich_R._SchultzJames_J._Parsons2018" class="citation web cs1">Raymond E. Crist; Alarich R. Schultz; James J. Parsons (16 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Amazon-River">"Amazon River"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon+River&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft.au=Raymond+E.+Crist&rft.au=Alarich+R.+Schultz&rft.au=James+J.+Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAmazon-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amazon_Pacific-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amazon_Pacific_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103204147/http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1024-amazon.html">"Amazon river flowed into the Pacific millions of years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mongabay" title="Mongabay">Mongabay</a></i>. 24 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1024-amazon.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=Amazon+river+flowed+into+the+Pacific+millions+of+years+ago&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2006%2F1024-amazon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HyBam-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HyBam_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ore-hybam.org">"HyBam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HyBam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ore-hybam.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Região_Hidrográfica_Amazônica_—_Agência_Nacional_de_Águas_e_Saneamento_Básico_(ANA)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Região_Hidrográfica_Amazônica_—_Agência_Nacional_de_Águas_e_Saneamento_Básico_(ANA)_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/ana/pt-br/as-12-regioes-hidrograficas-brasileiras/amazonica">"Região Hidrográfica Amazônica — Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regi%C3%A3o+Hidrogr%C3%A1fica+Amaz%C3%B4nica+%E2%80%94+Ag%C3%AAncia+Nacional+de+%C3%81guas+e+Saneamento+B%C3%A1sico+%28ANA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fana%2Fpt-br%2Fas-12-regioes-hidrograficas-brasileiras%2Famazonica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmazon" class="citation web cs1">Amazon, Plants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/wildlife_amazon/plants/">"Amazon plants and trees"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon+plants+and+trees&rft.aulast=Amazon&rft.aufirst=Plants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fwhat_we_do%2Fwhere_we_work%2Famazon%2Fabout_the_amazon%2Fwildlife_amazon%2Fplants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rainforestcruises.com/jungle-blog/coolest-plants-in-the-amazon">"The Coolest Plants in the Amazon Rainforest"</a>. <i>Rainforest Cruises</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rainforest+Cruises&rft.atitle=The+Coolest+Plants+in+the+Amazon+Rainforest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rainforestcruises.com%2Fjungle-blog%2Fcoolest-plants-in-the-amazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler2012" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Rhett (31 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0305.htm">"Diversities of Image"</a>. <i>Mongabay.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explainer%3A+Role+of+the+Amazon+in+global+climate+change&rft.pub=phys.org&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Anna+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-08-role-amazon-global-climate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/05/22/why-the-amazons-biodiversity-is-critical-for-the-globe">"Why the Amazon's Biodiversity is Critical for the Globe: An Interview with Thomas Lovejoy"</a>. <i>World Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Center for InterAmerican Studies, University Bielefeld.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDematteisSzymczak2008" class="citation book cs1">Dematteis, Lou; Szymczak, Kayana (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YW0oAQAAIAAJ"><i>Crude Reflections/Cruda Realidad: Oil, Ruin and Resistance in the Amazon Rainforest</i></a>. City Lights Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-472-6"><bdi>978-0-87286-472-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crude+Reflections%2FCruda+Realidad%3A+Oil%2C+Ruin+and+Resistance+in+the+Amazon+Rainforest&rft.pub=City+Lights+Publishers&rft.date=2008-06&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-472-6&rft.aulast=Dematteis&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft.au=Szymczak%2C+Kayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYW0oAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+basin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazon_basin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwestcom.com/amazon">Herndon and Gibbon Lieutenants United States Navy</a>—An except from the book <i>The First North American Explorers of the Amazon Valley</i>, by historian Normand E. Klare. Actual reports from the explorers are compared with present Amazon basin conditions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/03/AR2010090302302_pf.html">"Scientists find Evidence Discrediting Theory Amazon Was Virtually Unlivable"</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668298/">"The Course of the River of the Amazons, Based on the Account of Christopher d'Acugna"</a> from 1680 (map</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Brazil" title="Continental shelf of Brazil">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jurisdictional_waters" title="Brazilian jurisdictional waters">Jurisdictional waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_South_America218" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_South_America" title="Template:Geography of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Geography of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_South_America218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_America" title="Geography of South America">Geography of South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina" title="Geography of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chile" title="Geography of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guyana" title="Geography of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Paraguay" title="Geography of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Suriname" title="Geography of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uruguay" title="Geography of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Geography of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_French_Guiana" title="Geography of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southeastern31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Other regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Himalayan27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian region</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caribbean" title="Greater Caribbean">Greater Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Am.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Americas12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Rim">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By direction: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244451#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244451#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244451#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6211150325590410090006">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1239764/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085668-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004136">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amazonka (řeka : oblast)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134016&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amazonka (řeka : povodí)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1141343&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575424">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000273948&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294753105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046682">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output 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