CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Caspian Sea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"71175f37-a573-4342-ac21-9383f605e7f7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Caspian_Sea","wgTitle":"Caspian Sea","wgCurRevisionId":1259172601,"wgRevisionId":1259172601,"wgArticleId":19653787,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from July 2018","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users","Use Oxford spelling from May 2020", "Use dmy dates from May 2023","Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text","Articles containing Turkmen-language text","Articles containing Kazakh-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles using infobox body of water without alt","Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text","Articles containing Uzbek-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2019","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from March 2023","All articles with failed verification", "Articles with failed verification from September 2015","Commons category link from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Caspian Sea","Ancient lakes","Azerbaijan–Iran border","Azerbaijan–Russia border","Border tripoints","Endorheic lakes of Europe","Endorheic lakes of Asia","Eutrophication","Geography of Central Asia","Geography of Europe","Geography of Southern Russia","Geography of West Asia","International disputes","International lakes of Asia","International lakes of Europe","Iran–Soviet Union border","Iran–Turkmenistan border","Kazakhstan–Russia border","Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border","Lakes of Astrakhan Oblast","Lakes of Azerbaijan","Lakes of Dagestan","Lakes of Iran","Lakes of Kalmykia","Lakes of Kazakhstan","Lakes of Russia","Lakes of Turkmenistan","Landforms of Central Asia","Landforms of West Asia","Lowest points of countries","Saline lakes of Asia","Saline lakes of Europe"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Caspian_Sea","wgRelevantArticleId":19653787,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":42,"lon":50.5},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5484","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/1200px-ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/800px-ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/640px-ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Caspian Sea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Caspian_Sea rootpage-Caspian_Sea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Caspian+Sea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Caspian+Sea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Caspian+Sea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Caspian+Sea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basin_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basin_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basin countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basin_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basin countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basin_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Border countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hydrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Environmental degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_settlement_nearby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement_nearby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Early settlement nearby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement_nearby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_maximal_limit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_maximal_limit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chinese maximal limit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_maximal_limit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fossil fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography,_geology_and_navigation_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography,_geology_and_navigation_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Geography, geology and navigation studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography,_geology_and_navigation_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Oil and gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Political issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Territorial status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territorial_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territorial status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territorial_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caspian_Summit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caspian_Summit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Caspian Summit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caspian_Summit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convention_on_the_legal_status_of_the_Caspian_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convention_on_the_legal_status_of_the_Caspian_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention_on_the_legal_status_of_the_Caspian_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossborder_inflow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossborder_inflow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Crossborder inflow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossborder_inflow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caspian Sea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">190 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Хы Къарс – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы Къарс" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaspiese See" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspisches_Meer" title="Kaspisches Meer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaspisches Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Каспий талай – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Каспий талай" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%92%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ካስፒያን ባሕር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካስፒያን ባሕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspia" title="Caspia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Caspia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بحر قزوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر قزوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspia" title="Mar Caspia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar Caspia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ ܕܐܝܒܪܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ ܕܐܝܒܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarea_Caspic%C3%A2" title="Amarea Caspicâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amarea Caspicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspiu" title="Mar Caspiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar Caspiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कैस्पियन सागर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कैस्पियन सागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_K%C3%A1spio" title="Para Káspio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para Káspio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Каспий ралъад – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Каспий ралъад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99z%C9%99r_d%C9%99nizi" title="Xəzər dənizi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəzər dənizi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="خزر دنیزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خزر دنیزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Kaspia" title="Segara Kaspia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="কাস্পিয়ান সাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাস্পিয়ান সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspi_H%C3%A1i" title="Caspi Hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caspi Hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Laut Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99%D0%B5" title="Каспий диңгеҙе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каспий диңгеҙе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Каспійскае мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каспійскае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Касьпійскае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Касьпійскае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कैस्पियन सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैस्पियन सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Kaspyo" title="Dagat Kaspyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat Kaspyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспийско море – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каспийско море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspisches_Meea" title="Kaspisches Meea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kaspisches Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijsko_jezero" title="Kaspijsko jezero – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kaspijsko jezero" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Kaspia" title="Mor Kaspia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Каспиин тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Каспиин тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_C%C3%A0spia" title="Mar Càspia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar Càspia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%C4%95" title="Каспи тинĕсĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Каспи тинĕсĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dary%C4%81-ye_Khezer_(dagat_sa_Iran)" title="Daryā-ye Khezer (dagat sa Iran) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Daryā-ye Khezer (dagat sa Iran)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspick%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e" title="Kaspické moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaspické moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari_re_Kaspiya" title="Bhahari re Kaspiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari re Kaspiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Caspiu" title="Mari Caspiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mari Caspiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Caspia" title="Môr Caspia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr Caspia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiske_Hav" title="Kaspiske Hav – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaspiske Hav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspisches_Meer" title="Kaspisches Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaspisches Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiske_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Kaspiske mórjo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kaspiske mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspia_meri" title="Kaspia meri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaspia meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κασπία Θάλασσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κασπία Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Каспиянь иневедь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Каспиянь иневедь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspio" title="Mar Caspio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar Caspio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspio" title="Kaspio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaspio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Caspiu" title="Mari Caspiu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari Caspiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiar_itsasoa" title="Kaspiar itsasoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaspiar itsasoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="دریای خزر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای خزر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Caspian Sea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiska_havi%C3%B0" title="Kaspiska havið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kaspiska havið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Caspienne" title="Mer Caspienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer Caspienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspyske_See" title="Kaspyske See – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaspyske See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir_Chaisp" title="Muir Chaisp – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muir Chaisp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vooir_Chaspagh" title="Yn Vooir Chaspagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vooir Chaspagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir_Caspach" title="Muir Caspach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muir Caspach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspio" title="Mar Caspio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Caspio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Къаспий форд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Къаспий форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%A1%E6%B5%B7" title="裡海 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="裡海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A6%D9%86_%D9%9A_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کاسپئن ٚ دریا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کاسپئن ٚ دریا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કેસ્પિયન સમુદ્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેસ્પિયન સમુદ્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AE-h%C3%B3i" title="Lî-hói – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lî-hói" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%ED%95%B4" title="카스피해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카스피해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekun_Caspian" title="Tekun Caspian – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tekun Caspian" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Կասպից ծով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կասպից ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कैस्पियन सागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैस्पियन सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiske_morjo" title="Kaspiske morjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kaspiske morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijsko_jezero" title="Kaspijsko jezero – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaspijsko jezero" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspia" title="Kaspia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Kaspio" title="Baybay Kaspio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Kaspio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspie" title="Mar Caspie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar Caspie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Къаспы денджыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къаспы денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasp%C3%ADahaf" title="Kaspíahaf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaspíahaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspio" title="Mar Caspio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mar Caspio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99" title="הים הכספי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים הכספי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Laut Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasp%C9%A9y%C9%9Bnii_te%C5%8Bgu" title="Kaspɩyɛnii teŋgu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kaspɩyɛnii teŋgu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕ್ಯಾಸ್ಪಿಯನ್‌ ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಸ್ಪಿಯನ್‌ ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="კასპიის ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კასპიის ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijscz%C3%A9_M%C3%B2rz%C3%A9" title="Kaspijsczé Mòrzé – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kaspijsczé Mòrzé" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Каспий теңізі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каспий теңізі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Kaspi" title="Mor Kaspi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor Kaspi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Kaspi" title="Bahari ya Kaspi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari ya Kaspi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8_Kaspyenn" title="Lanmè Kaspyenn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmè Kaspyenn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Qezw%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Deryaya Qezwînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Qezwînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Каспий деңизи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каспий деңизи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Caspich" title="Mer Caspich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer Caspich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Каспий хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Каспий хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5_%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%8D" title="ທະເລ ແຄສເປຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລ ແຄສເປຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspium_mare" title="Caspium mare – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caspium mare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijas_j%C5%ABra" title="Kaspijas jūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaspijas jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspescht_Mier" title="Kaspescht Mier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kaspescht Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Каспи гьуьл – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Каспи гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijos_j%C5%ABra" title="Kaspijos jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaspijos jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspische_Zie%C3%AB" title="Kaspische Zieë – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaspische Zieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomb%C3%BA_Kaspi" title="Lombú Kaspi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lombú Kaspi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspio" title="Mar Caspio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Caspio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspienmeri" title="Kaspienmeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kaspienmeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspi" title="Mar Caspi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar Caspi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszpi-tenger" title="Kaszpi-tenger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaszpi-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="क्यासपियन सागर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्यासपियन सागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Касписко Езеро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Касписко Езеро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Kaspiana" title="Ranomasina Kaspiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina Kaspiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കാസ്പിയൻ കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാസ്പിയൻ കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कॅस्पियन समुद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅस्पियन समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="კასპიაშ ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კასპიაშ ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بحر قزوين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحر قزوين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مازرون دریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مازرون دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauik_Kaspia" title="Lauik Kaspia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lauik Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_C%C3%A1spio" title="Mar Cáspio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar Cáspio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Каспиянь иневедсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Каспиянь иневедсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Каспийн тэнгис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Каспийн тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကက်စပီယံပင်လယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကက်စပီယံပင်လယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspische_Zee" title="Kaspische Zee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaspische Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspische_Zee" title="Kaspische Zee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kaspische Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कश्यप सागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कश्यप सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="क्यास्पियन सागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यास्पियन सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E6%B5%B7" title="カスピ海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カスピ海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Каспий-хӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Каспий-хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspisk_Sia" title="Kaspisk Sia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaspisk Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_kaspiske_hav" title="Det kaspiske hav – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det kaspiske hav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspihavet" title="Kaspihavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaspihavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspiana" title="Mar Caspiana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar Caspiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Каспий теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Каспий теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0" title="କାସ୍ପିଆନ ସାଗର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାସ୍ପିଆନ ସାଗର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiy_dengizi" title="Kaspiy dengizi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaspiy dengizi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੈਸਪੀਅਨ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਸਪੀਅਨ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کیسپیئن سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیسپیئن سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_K%C3%A1spiko" title="Laman Káspiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman Káspiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="د کسپین سمندر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کسپین سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiaspian_Sii" title="Kiaspian Sii – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiaspian Sii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="សមុទ្រកាសព្យែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រកាសព្យែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspi" title="Mar Caspi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar Caspi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspische_See" title="Kaspische See – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kaspische See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Kaspijskie" title="Morze Kaspijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Kaspijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_C%C3%A1spio" title="Mar Cáspio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar Cáspio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiy_te%C5%84izi" title="Kaspiy teńizi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kaspiy teńizi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazar_de%C3%B1izi" title="Hazar deñizi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hazar deñizi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Caspic%C4%83" title="Marea Caspică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Caspică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspica" title="Mar Caspica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mar Caspica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspi_hatun_qucha" title="Kaspi hatun qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kaspi hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспіцьке море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Каспіцьке море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспийское море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каспийское море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каспий байҕала – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Каспий байҕала" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_C%C3%A0spiu" title="Mare Càspiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare Càspiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiske_See" title="Kaspiske See – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kaspiske See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqeni_Kaspik" title="Liqeni Kaspik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Liqeni Kaspik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspiu" title="Mar Caspiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mar Caspiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF" title="කැස්පියන් මුහුද – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැස්පියන් මුහුද" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caspian Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڪيسپئن سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيسپئن سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspick%C3%A9_more" title="Kaspické more – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaspické more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijsko_jezero" title="Kaspijsko jezero – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaspijsko jezero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijske_Morze" title="Kaspijske Morze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kaspijske Morze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bada_Qaswiin" title="Bada Qaswiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bada Qaswiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دەریای قەزوین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریای قەزوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Каспијско језеро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каспијско језеро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijsko_more" title="Kaspijsko more – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaspijsko more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laut Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspianmeri" title="Kaspianmeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaspianmeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiska_havet" title="Kaspiska havet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaspiska havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Kaspiyo" title="Dagat Kaspiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Kaspiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="காசுப்பியன் கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காசுப்பியன் கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspie" title="Mar Caspie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mar Caspie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Каспий диңгезе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каспий диңгезе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాస్పియన్ సముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాస్పియన్ సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ทะเลแคสเปียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลแคสเปียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Баҳри Хазар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри Хазар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazar_Denizi" title="Hazar Denizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hazar Denizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazar_de%C5%88zi" title="Hazar deňzi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hazar deňzi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспійське море – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каспійське море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحیرہ قزوین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ قزوین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Caspio" title="Mar Caspio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar Caspio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijan_meri" title="Kaspijan meri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kaspijan meri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_Caspi" title="Biển Caspi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển Caspi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspische_Z%C3%AAe" title="Kaspische Zêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kaspische Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Caspio" title="Dagat Caspio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dagat Caspio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7" title="里海 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="里海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קאספישער ים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאספישער ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%B5%B7" title="裏海 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="裏海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryay%C3%AA_Xezeri" title="Deryayê Xezeri – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deryayê Xezeri" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspische_Ze%C3%AA" title="Kaspische Zeê – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kaspische Zeê" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasp%C4%97j%C4%97s_j%C5%ABra" title="Kaspėjės jūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kaspėjės jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%B5%B7" title="裏海 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="裏海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Kasipian" title="Okwaan̄ Kasipian – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ Kasipian" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laot_Kaspi" title="Laot Kaspi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laot Kaspi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok_Kaspia" title="Lawok Kaspia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspi_dyjo" title="Kaspi dyjo – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kaspi dyjo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5484#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Caspian_Sea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Caspian_Sea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Caspian_Sea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&oldid=1259172601" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Caspian_Sea&id=1259172601&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCaspian_Sea"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCaspian_Sea"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Caspian_Sea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caspium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Caspian_Sea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5484" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caspian_Sea&params=42.0_N_50.5_E_type:waterbody_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">50°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.0°N 50.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.0; 50.5</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until November 23, 2025 at 19:42 UTC, to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lake in Eurasia – the world's largest lake</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Caspian Sea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Xəzər dənizi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">Hazar deňizi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk">Каспий теңізі</span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Каспийское море</span>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دریای کاسپین</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/264px-ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/396px-ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/528px-ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Caspian Sea taken from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, seen from the southwest</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afro-Eurasia_location_map_with_borders.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Afro-Eurasia_location_map_with_borders.svg/256px-Afro-Eurasia_location_map_with_borders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Afro-Eurasia_location_map_with_borders.svg/384px-Afro-Eurasia_location_map_with_borders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Afro-Eurasia_location_map_with_borders.svg/512px-Afro-Eurasia_location_map_with_borders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.745%;left:37.029%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Caspian Sea"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Caspian Sea</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Afro-Eurasia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.134%;left:21.379%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Caspian Sea"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Caspian Sea</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/256px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/384px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/512px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.763%;left:51.908%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Caspian Sea"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Caspian Sea</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1794" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.154%;left:50%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Caspian Sea"><img alt="Location of the Caspian Sea in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Caspian Sea</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Caspian Sea</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caspian_Sea&params=42.0_N_50.5_E_type:waterbody_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">50°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.0°N 50.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.0; 50.5</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_lake" title="Ancient lake">Ancient lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">Endorheic</a>, saline, permanent, natural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haraz_River" title="Haraz River">Haraz River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sefid-Rud" title="Sefid-Rud">Sefid-Rud</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garabogazk%C3%B6l" title="Garabogazköl">Kara-Bogaz-Gol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Catchment area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,626,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,400,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-vanderLeeden_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderLeeden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,030 km (640 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">435 km (270 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">371,000 km<sup>2</sup> (143,200 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">211 m (690 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">1,025 m (3,360 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">78,200 km<sup>3</sup> (18,800 cu mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle#Residence_times" title="Water cycle">Residence time</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250 years</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shore length<sup>1</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000 km (4,300 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">−28 m (−92 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Caspian_Sea" title="Category:Islands of the Caspian Sea">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Caspian_Sea" title="Category:Islands of the Caspian Sea">26+</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> (Azerbaijan), <a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali" title="Bandar-e Anzali">Bandar-e Anzali</a> (Iran), <a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aqtau</a> (Kazakhstan), <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a> (Russia), <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a> (Turkmenistan) (<i>see <a href="#Modern">article</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data note"><sup id="cite_ref-vanderLeeden_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderLeeden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff"><sup>1</sup> Shore length is <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">not a well-defined measure</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Caspian Sea</b> is the world's largest inland <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a>, described as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_area" title="List of lakes by area">world's largest lake</a> and usually referred to as a full-fledged <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a>, it lies between <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>: east of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, west of the broad <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, south of the fertile plains of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and north of the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>. It covers a surface area of 371,000 km<sup>2</sup> (143,000 sq mi) (excluding the highly saline lagoon of <a href="/wiki/Garabogazk%C3%B6l" title="Garabogazköl">Garabogazköl</a> to its east), an area approximately equal to that of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with a volume of 78,200 km<sup>3</sup> (19,000 cu mi).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of approximately 1.2% (12 g/L), about a third of the salinity of average <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. It is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> to the southeast. The name of the Caspian sea is derived from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a> <a href="/wiki/Caspians" title="Caspians">Caspi</a> people. </p><p>The sea stretches 1,200 km (750 mi) from north to south, with an average width of 320 km (200 mi). Its gross coverage is 386,400 km<sup>2</sup> (149,200 sq mi) and the surface is about 27 m (89 ft) below <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. Its main freshwater <a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">inflow</a>, Europe's longest river, the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, enters at the shallow north end. Two deep basins form its central and southern zones. These lead to horizontal differences in temperature, salinity, and ecology. The <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> in the south reaches 1,023 m (3,356 ft) below sea level, which is the third-lowest natural non-oceanic <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depression</a> on Earth after <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Baikal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a> lakes. </p><p>Written accounts from the ancient inhabitants of its coast perceived the Caspian Sea as an ocean, probably because of its salinity and large size. With a surface area of 371,000 square kilometres (143,000 sq mi), the Caspian Sea is nearly five times as big as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> (82,000 square kilometres (32,000 sq mi)).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caspian Sea is home to a wide range of species and is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a> and oil industries. Pollution from the oil industry and dams on rivers that drain into it have harmed its ecology. It is predicted that during the 21st century, the depth of the sea will decrease by 9–18 m (30–60 ft) due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and the process of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, leading to an <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The sea's name stems from <a href="/wiki/Caspians" title="Caspians">Caspi</a>, the ancient people who lived to the southwest of the sea in <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (died circa AD 24) wrote that "to the country of the Albanians (<a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, not to be confused with the country of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>) belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Gates">Caspian Gates</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tehran_province" title="Tehran province">Tehran province</a>, may evince such people migrated to the south. The Iranian city of <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a> shares the root of its name with this common name for the sea. The traditional and medieval Arabic name for the sea was <i>Baḥr</i> ('sea') <i><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a></i>, but in recent centuries the common and standard name in Arabic language has become <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بحر قزوين</span></span> <i>Baḥr <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></i>, the Arabized form of Caspian.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern Russian language, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Каспи́йское мо́ре</span>, <i>Kaspiyskoye more</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LPIran_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPIran-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Turkic ethnic groups refer to it with the Caspi(an) descriptor; in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Language">Kazakh</a> it is called <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">Каспий теңізі</span></span>, <i>Kaspiy teñizi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: <span lang="ky">Каспий деңизи</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kyrgyz-language romanization"><i lang="ky-Latn">Kaspiy deñizi</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <i lang="uz">Kaspiy dengizi</i>. Others refer to it as the <i><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> sea</i>: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">Hazar deňzi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Xəzər dənizi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Hazar Denizi</i>. In all these the first word refers to the historical <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate#Turkic_khanates" title="Khanate">Khaganate</a>, a large empire based to the north of the Caspian Sea between the 7th and 10th centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Iran, the lake is referred to as the <i>Mazandaran Sea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دریای مازندران</span>), after the historic <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran Province</a> at its southern shores.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old Russian sources use the <i>Khvalyn</i> or <i>Khvalis</i> Sea (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Хвалынское море / Хвалисское море</span></span>) after the name of <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmia">Khwarezmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> it was the <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcanian</a> ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renaissance European maps labelled it as the <i>Abbacuch Sea</i> (Oronce Fine's 1531 world map), <i>Mar de <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Bachu</a></i> (Ortellius' 1570 map), or <i>Mar de Sala</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_1569_world_map" title="Mercator 1569 world map">Mercator 1569 world map</a>). </p><p>It was also sometimes called the Kumyk Sea<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tarki Sea<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a> and their historical capital <a href="/wiki/Tarki" title="Tarki">Tarki</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basin_countries">Basin countries</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_countries">Border countries</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North">North</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East">East</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West">West</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South">South</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paratethys_Megalake_Infographic_23X_2_EN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paratethys_Megalake_Infographic_23X_2_EN.jpg/220px-Paratethys_Megalake_Infographic_23X_2_EN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paratethys_Megalake_Infographic_23X_2_EN.jpg/330px-Paratethys_Megalake_Infographic_23X_2_EN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paratethys_Megalake_Infographic_23X_2_EN.jpg/440px-Paratethys_Megalake_Infographic_23X_2_EN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5833" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption>Separation of the <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys Sea</a> from open seas formed a megalake, the basis of the Caspian Sea and other bodies of water in vicinity, resulting in confinements of oceanic faunas such as <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Caspian Sea is at its <i>South Caspian Basin</i>, like the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, a remnant of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys Sea</a>. Its seafloor is, therefore, a standard oceanic <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and not a continental <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> body.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaz’min_Verzhbitskii_2011_pp._131–140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaz’min_Verzhbitskii_2011_pp._131–140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated to be about 30 million years old,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became landlocked in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>, about 5.5 million years ago, due to <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> and a fall in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. The Caspian Sea was a comparatively small endorheic lake during the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, but its surface area increased fivefold around the time of the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition.<sup id="cite_ref-VanBaak2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanBaak2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During warm and dry climatic periods, the landlocked sea almost dried up, depositing <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporitic sediments</a> like <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> that were covered by wind-blown deposits and were sealed off as an <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sink_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sink (geography)">sink</a> when cool, wet climates refilled the basin. (Comparable evaporite beds underlie the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.) Due to the current inflow of fresh water in the north, the Caspian Sea water is almost fresh in its northern portions, getting more <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> toward the south. It is most saline on the Iranian shore, where the catchment basin contributes little flow.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the mean salinity of the Caspian is one third that of Earth's oceans. The <a href="/wiki/Garabogazk%C3%B6l" title="Garabogazköl">Garabogazköl</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>, which dried up when water flow from the main body of the Caspian was blocked in the 1980s but has since been restored, routinely exceeds oceanic salinity by a factor of 10.<sup id="cite_ref-web1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaspianSeaDrainage_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CaspianSeaDrainage_v1.png/270px-CaspianSeaDrainage_v1.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CaspianSeaDrainage_v1.png/405px-CaspianSeaDrainage_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CaspianSeaDrainage_v1.png/540px-CaspianSeaDrainage_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Area around the Caspian Sea. Yellow area indicates the (approximate) drainage area.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world by area and accounts for 40–44% of the total lake waters of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-irngaz_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irngaz-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and covers an area larger than <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The coastlines of the Caspian are shared by <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>. The Caspian is divided into three distinct physical regions: the Northern, Middle, and Southern Caspian.<sup id="cite_ref-hooshang1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hooshang1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northern–Middle boundary is the <a href="/wiki/Mangyshlak_Peninsula" title="Mangyshlak Peninsula">Mangyshlak</a> Threshold, which runs through <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Island" title="Chechen Island">Chechen Island</a> and Cape Tiub-Karagan. The Middle–Southern boundary is the <a href="/wiki/Apsheron_Threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsheron Threshold">Apsheron Threshold</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sill" title="Aquatic sill">sill</a> of tectonic origin between the Eurasian continent and an oceanic remnant,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that runs through Zhiloi Island and Cape Kuuli.<sup id="cite_ref-dumont1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumont1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Garabogazköl Bay is the saline eastern inlet of the Caspian, which is part of Turkmenistan and at times has been a lake in its own right due to the isthmus that cuts it off from the Caspian. </p><p>Differences between the three regions are dramatic. The Northern Caspian only includes the Caspian shelf,<sup id="cite_ref-kost1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kost1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is very shallow; it accounts for less than 1% of the total water volume with an average depth of only 5–6 m (16–20 ft). The sea noticeably drops off towards the Middle Caspian, where the average depth is 190 m (620 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-dumont1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumont1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern Caspian is the deepest, with oceanic depths of over 1,000 m (3,300 ft), greatly exceeding the depth of other regional seas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. The Middle and Southern Caspian account for 33% and 66% of the total water volume, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-hooshang1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hooshang1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern portion of the Caspian Sea typically freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters ice forms in the south as well.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Over 130 rivers provide inflow to the Caspian, the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> being the largest. A second affluent, the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>, flows in from the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a> from the west. In the past, the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> (Oxus) of Central Asia in the east often changed course to empty into the Caspian through a now-desiccated riverbed called the <a href="/wiki/Uzboy_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzboy River">Uzboy River</a>, as did the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> farther north. The Caspian has several small islands, primarily located in the north with a collective land area of roughly 2,000 km<sup>2</sup> (770 sq mi). Adjacent to the North Caspian is the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Depression" title="Caspian Depression">Caspian Depression</a>, a low-lying region 27 m (89 ft) below <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> stretch across the northeast coast, while the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Caucasus mountains</a> hug the western shore. The <a href="/wiki/Biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomes">biomes</a> to both the north and east are characterized by cold, continental deserts. Conversely, the climate to the southwest and south are generally warm with uneven elevation due to a mix of highlands and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>; the drastic changes in climate alongside the Caspian have led to a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-web1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>The Caspian Sea has numerous islands near the coasts, but none in the deeper parts of the sea. <a href="/wiki/Ogurja_Ada" title="Ogurja Ada">Ogurja Ada</a> is the largest island. The island is 37 km (23 mi) long, with <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a> roaming freely on it. In the North Caspian, the majority of the islands are small and uninhabited, like the <a href="/wiki/Tyuleniy_Archipelago_(Kazakhstan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyuleniy Archipelago (Kazakhstan)">Tyuleniy Archipelago</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>The climate of the Caspian Sea is variable, with the <a href="/wiki/Cold_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold desert climate">cold desert climate</a> (BWk), <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid climate</a> (BSk), and <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Dsa, Dfa) being present in the northern portions of the Caspian Sea, while the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (Csa) and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cfa) are present in the southern portions of the Caspian Sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg/220px-Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg/330px-Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg/440px-Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Caspian Sea near <a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>, Mangystau Region, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, although it is not <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>: the 1.2% salinity classes it with <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> bodies. </p><p>It contains about 3.5 times as much water, by volume, as all five of North America's <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> combined. The <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> (about 80% of the inflow) and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a> discharge into the Caspian Sea, but it has no natural outflow other than by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>. Thus the Caspian <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Closed_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed basin">closed basin</a>, with its own sea level history that is independent of the <a href="/wiki/Eustasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustasis">eustatic</a> level of the world's oceans. </p><p>The sea level of the Caspian has fallen and risen, often rapidly, many times over the centuries. Some Russian historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilev" title="Lev Gumilev">Lev Gumilev</a>, claim that the rising of the Caspian in the 10th century caused the coastal towns of <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a> to flood, resulting in the Khazars losing approximately two-thirds of their territory due to flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, Caspian Sea levels have changed in synchrony with the estimated discharge of the Volga, which in turn depends on rainfall levels in its vast catchment basin. Precipitation is related to variations in the amount of North Atlantic depressions that reach the interior, and they in turn are affected by cycles of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_oscillation" title="North Atlantic oscillation">North Atlantic oscillation</a>. Thus levels in the Caspian Sea relate to atmospheric conditions in the North Atlantic, thousands of kilometres to the northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last short-term sea-level cycle started with a sea-level fall of 3 m (10 ft) from 1929 to 1977, followed by a rise of 3 m (10 ft) from 1977 until 1995. Since then smaller oscillations have taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences">Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences</a> estimated that the level of the sea was dropping by more than six centimetres per year due to increased evaporation due to rising temperatures caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation-20190418-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_degradation">Environmental degradation</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, the longest river in Europe, drains 20% of the European land area and is the source of 80% of the Caspian's inflow. Heavy development in its lower reaches has caused numerous unregulated releases of chemical and biological pollutants. The <a href="/wiki/UN_Environment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Environment Programme">UN Environment Programme</a> warns that the Caspian "suffers from an enormous burden of pollution from oil extraction and refining, offshore oil fields, radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants and huge volumes of untreated sewage and industrial waste introduced mainly by the Volga River".<sup id="cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation-20190418-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The magnitude of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> extraction and transport activity in the Caspian also poses a risk to the environment. The island of <a href="/wiki/Vulf" title="Vulf">Vulf</a> off <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, for example, has suffered ecological damage as a result of the petrochemical industry; this has significantly decreased the number of species of marine birds in the area. Existing and planned oil and gas pipelines under the sea further increase the potential threat to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcanoes</a> under the Caspian Sea were thought to be the cause of a fire that broke out 75 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> on July 5, 2021. The State oil company of Azerbaijan <a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a> said preliminary information indicated it was a mud volcano which spewed both mud and flammable gas.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is calculated that during the 21st century, the water level of the Caspian Sea will decrease by 9–18 m (30–60 ft) due to the acceleration of evaporation due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and the process of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, causing an <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 23, 2021, Kazakhstan President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> signed the Protocol for the Protection of the Caspian Sea against Pollution from Land-based Sources in order to ensure better protection for the biodiversity of the Caspian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_(40)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg/220px-Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg/330px-Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg/440px-Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Iran's northern <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a> are maintained by moisture captured from the Caspian Sea by the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz Mountain Range</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The rising level of the Caspian Sea between 1995 and 1996 reduced the number of habitats for rare species of aquatic vegetation. This has been attributed to a general lack of seeding material in newly formed coastal <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a> and water bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many rare and endemic plant species of Russia are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">tidal areas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga delta">Volga delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riparian_forest" title="Riparian forest">riparian forests</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Samur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Samur River">Samur River</a> delta. The shoreline is also a unique refuge for plants adapted to the loose sands of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_northern_desert" title="Central Asian northern desert">Central Asian Deserts</a>. The principal limiting factors to successful establishment of plant species are hydrological imbalances within the surrounding deltas, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, and various land reclamation activities. The water level change within the Caspian Sea is an indirect reason for which plants may not get established. </p><p>These affect aquatic plants of the Volga Delta, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aldrovanda_vesiculosa" title="Aldrovanda vesiculosa">Aldrovanda vesiculosa</a></i> and the native <i><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo" title="Nelumbo">Nelumbo caspica</a></i>. About 11 plant species are found in the Samur River delta, including the unique <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">liana</a> forests that date back to the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2019 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has admitted the lush <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian_forests" title="Hyrcanian forests">Hyrcanian forests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a>, Iran as World Heritage Site under category (ix).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benthophilus_granulosus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Benthophilus_granulosus.jpg/220px-Benthophilus_granulosus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Benthophilus_granulosus.jpg/330px-Benthophilus_granulosus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Benthophilus_granulosus.jpg/440px-Benthophilus_granulosus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Most <a href="/wiki/Tadpole_goby" title="Tadpole goby">tadpole gobies</a> (<i>Benthophilus</i>) are found only in the Caspian Sea basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_turtle" title="Caspian turtle">Caspian turtle</a> (<i>Mauremys caspica</i>), although found in neighboring areas, is a wholly freshwater species. The <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussel</a> is native to the Caspian and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basins, but has become an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> elsewhere, when introduced. The area has given its name to several species, including the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_gull" title="Caspian gull">Caspian gull</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tern" title="Caspian tern">Caspian tern</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal</a> (<i>Pusa caspica</i>) is the only aquatic mammal <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> to the Caspian Sea, being one of very few <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seal species</a> that live in inland waters, but it is different from <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_seal" title="Freshwater seal">those inhabiting freshwaters</a> due to the hydrological environment of the sea. A century ago the Caspian was home to more than one million <a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">seals</a>. Today, fewer than 10% remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation-20190418-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological studies of <a href="/wiki/Gobustan_Rock_Art" title="Gobustan Rock Art">Gobustan Rock Art</a> have identified what may be oceanic species including <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> from <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a> most likely <a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_murre" title="Thick-billed murre">Brunnich's Guillemot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GH_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the rock art on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kichikdash_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kichikdash Mountain (page does not exist)">Kichikdash Mountain</a> which is assumed to depict either a <a href="/wiki/Beaked_whale" title="Beaked whale">beaked whale</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GH_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it may represent the famous <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga sturgeon</a> instead due to its size (430 cm in length). These <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> may suggest potential presences of oceanic faunas in the Caspian Sea presumably until the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> or even the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> due to historic marine inflow between the current Caspian Sea and either the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> or <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. This is supported by the existences of current endemic, oceanic species such as <a href="/wiki/Cerastoderma_glaucum" title="Cerastoderma glaucum">lagoon cockles</a> which was genetically identified to originate in the Caspian and Black Seas regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea's <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a> (including associated waters such as rivers) has 160 native species and <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of fish in more than 60 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 62% of the species and subspecies are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, as are 4–6 genera (depending on <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> treatment). The lake proper has 115 natives, including 73 endemics (63.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the more than 50 genera in the lake proper, 3–4 are endemic: <i><a href="/wiki/Anatirostrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatirostrum">Anatirostrum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caspiomyzon" title="Caspiomyzon">Caspiomyzon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ponticola_bathybius" title="Ponticola bathybius">Chasar</a></i> (often included in <i><a href="/wiki/Ponticola" title="Ponticola">Ponticola</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanogobius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyrcanogobius">Hyrcanogobius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By far the most numerous families in the lake proper are <a href="/wiki/Gobies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobies">gobies</a> (35 species and subspecies), <a href="/wiki/Cyprinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid">cyprinids</a> (32) and <a href="/wiki/Clupeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Clupeid">clupeids</a> (22). Two particularly rich genera are <i><a href="/wiki/Alosa" title="Alosa">Alosa</a></i> with 18 endemic species/subspecies and <i><a href="/wiki/Benthophilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthophilus">Benthophilus</a></i> with 16 endemic species.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of endemics are four species of <i><a href="/wiki/Clupeonella" title="Clupeonella">Clupeonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gobio_volgensis" title="Gobio volgensis">Gobio volgensis</a></i>, two <i><a href="/wiki/Rutilus" title="Rutilus">Rutilus</a></i>, three <i><a href="/wiki/Sabanejewia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabanejewia">Sabanejewia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stenodus_leucichthys" title="Stenodus leucichthys">Stenodus leucichthys</a></i>, two <i><a href="/wiki/Salmo" title="Salmo">Salmo</a></i>, two <i><a href="/wiki/Mesogobius" title="Mesogobius">Mesogobius</a></i> and three <i><a href="/wiki/Neogobius" title="Neogobius">Neogobius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most non-endemic natives are either shared with the Black Sea basin or widespread <a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> species such as <a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_carp" title="Prussian carp">Prussian carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_bream" title="Common bream">common bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_bleak" title="Common bleak">common bleak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asp_(fish)" title="Asp (fish)">asp</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_bream" class="mw-redirect" title="White bream">white bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunbleak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunbleak">sunbleak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_dace" title="Common dace">common dace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_roach" title="Common roach">common roach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_rudd" title="Common rudd">common rudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_chub" class="mw-redirect" title="European chub">European chub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelecus_cultratus" title="Pelecus cultratus">sichel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tench" title="Tench">tench</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_weatherfish" class="mw-redirect" title="European weatherfish">European weatherfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wels_catfish" title="Wels catfish">wels catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_perch" title="European perch">European perch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zander" title="Zander">zander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 30 non-indigenous, <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> fish species have been reported from the Caspian Sea, but only a few have become established.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> species, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_sturgeon" title="Russian sturgeon">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bastard_sturgeon" title="Bastard sturgeon">bastard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_sturgeon" title="Persian sturgeon">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterlet" title="Sterlet">sterlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starry_sturgeon" title="Starry sturgeon">starry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga</a>, are native to the Caspian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of these is arguably the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">largest freshwater fish in the world</a>. The sturgeon yield <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> (eggs) that are processed into <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> has depleted a number of the historic fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, overfishing has threatened the sturgeon population to the point that <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a> advocate banning sturgeon fishing completely until the population recovers. The high price of sturgeon caviar – more than 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manats</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation-20190418-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (US$880 as of April 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) per kilo – allows fishermen to afford bribes to ensure the authorities look the other way, making regulations in many locations ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caviar harvesting further endangers the fish stocks, since it targets reproductive females. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg/220px-Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg/330px-Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Extantigerturanianwksciam97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of two <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tigers</a>, extinct in the region since the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a> native to the region include the <a href="/wiki/Spur-thighed_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur-thighed tortoise">spur-thighed tortoise</a> (<i>Testudo graeca buxtoni</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Russian_tortoise" title="Russian tortoise">Horsfield's tortoise</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Asiatic cheetah</a> used to occur in the Trans-Caucasus and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, but is today restricted to Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geptner1972-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys1999-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> used to occur in the Trans-Caucasus, Iran, and possibly the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geptner1972-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys1999-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tiger</a> used to occur in northern Iran, the Caucasus and Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geptner1972-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys1999-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The endangered <a href="/wiki/Persian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian leopard">Persian leopard</a> is found in Iran, the Caucasus and Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geptner1972-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys1999-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowen,_Emanuel;_Orbeliani,_Sulxan-Saba._A_new_and_accurate_map_of_the_Caspian_Sea._1747._(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Caspian Sea in the mid-1700s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bowen%2C_Emanuel%3B_Orbeliani%2C_Sulxan-Saba._A_new_and_accurate_map_of_the_Caspian_Sea._1747._%28A%29.jpg/170px-Bowen%2C_Emanuel%3B_Orbeliani%2C_Sulxan-Saba._A_new_and_accurate_map_of_the_Caspian_Sea._1747._%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bowen%2C_Emanuel%3B_Orbeliani%2C_Sulxan-Saba._A_new_and_accurate_map_of_the_Caspian_Sea._1747._%28A%29.jpg/255px-Bowen%2C_Emanuel%3B_Orbeliani%2C_Sulxan-Saba._A_new_and_accurate_map_of_the_Caspian_Sea._1747._%28A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bowen%2C_Emanuel%3B_Orbeliani%2C_Sulxan-Saba._A_new_and_accurate_map_of_the_Caspian_Sea._1747._%28A%29.jpg/340px-Bowen%2C_Emanuel%3B_Orbeliani%2C_Sulxan-Saba._A_new_and_accurate_map_of_the_Caspian_Sea._1747._%28A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>A New and Accurate Map of the Caspian Sea by the Soskam Sabbus & <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Bowen" title="Emanuel Bowen">Emanuel Bowen</a>, 1747</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_sea_Ibn_Hawqal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Caspian_sea_Ibn_Hawqal.JPG/170px-Caspian_sea_Ibn_Hawqal.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Caspian_sea_Ibn_Hawqal.JPG/255px-Caspian_sea_Ibn_Hawqal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Caspian_sea_Ibn_Hawqal.JPG/340px-Caspian_sea_Ibn_Hawqal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1846" /></a><figcaption>Caspian Sea (Bahr ul-Khazar). 10th century map by Ibn Hawqal.</figcaption></figure><p>The main geologic history locally had two stages. The first is the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, determined by <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> events that correlate with the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Sea</a>. The second is the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> noted for its <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glaciation</a> cycles and the full run of the present Volga. During the first stage, the Tethys Sea had evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> Lake, that was created from the modern Black Sea and south Caspian, when the collision of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> with <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> pushed up the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, lasting south and west limits to the basin. This <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic</a> movement was continuous, while the Caspian was regularly disconnected from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. In the late <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_stage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian stage (page does not exist)">Pontian stage</a>, a mountain arch rose across the south basin and divided it into the <a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_District" title="Khachmaz District">Khachmaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a> Lakes (or early <a href="/wiki/Balaxan%C4%B1" title="Balaxanı">Balaxani</a>). The period of restriction to the south basin was reversed during the Akchagylian – the lake became more than three times its size today and took again the first of a series of contacts with the Black Sea and <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. A recession of Lake Akchagyl completed stage one.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenka_Razin_by_Vasily_Surikov_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stenka_Razin_by_Vasily_Surikov_1906.jpg/220px-Stenka_Razin_by_Vasily_Surikov_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stenka_Razin_by_Vasily_Surikov_1906.jpg/330px-Stenka_Razin_by_Vasily_Surikov_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stenka_Razin_by_Vasily_Surikov_1906.jpg/440px-Stenka_Razin_by_Vasily_Surikov_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>The 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> rebel and pirate <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stenka Razin</a>, on a raid in the Caspian (<a href="/wiki/Vasily_Surikov" title="Vasily Surikov">Vasily Surikov</a>, 1906)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement_nearby">Early settlement nearby</h3></div> <p>The earliest hominid remains found around the Caspian Sea are from <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a> dating back to around 1.8 Ma and yielded a number of skeletal remains of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a>. More later evidence for human occupation of the region came from a number of caves in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Azerbaijan such as Kudaro and <a href="/wiki/Azykh_Cave" title="Azykh Cave">Azykh Caves</a>. There is evidence for <a href="/wiki/Lower_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Palaeolithic">Lower Palaeolithic</a> human occupation south of the Caspian from western Alburz. These are Ganj Par and <a href="/wiki/Darband_Cave" title="Darband Cave">Darband Cave</a> sites. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> remains also have been discovered at a cave in Georgia. Discoveries in the Hotu cave and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Hotu_and_Kamarband_Caves" title="Hotu and Kamarband Caves">Kamarband cave</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Behshahr" title="Behshahr">Behshahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a> south of the Caspian in Iran, suggest human habitation of the area as early as 11,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greeks focused on the civilization on the south shore – they call it the (H)yr(c/k)anian Sea (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Υρκανία θάλαττα</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with sources noting the latter word was evolving then to today's <i>Thelessa</i>: late <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">θάλασσα</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a>, a fourteenth century <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> geographer, recorded that the destruction of the Oxus river dam and irrigation works diverted the river flow towards the Caspian Sea, which caused the Aral sea to nearly disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_on_Sand_Environmental_Histories_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa;_Alan_Mikhail_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_on_Sand_Environmental_Histories_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa;_Alan_Mikhail-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silk_Road_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk_Road-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_maximal_limit">Chinese maximal limit</h3></div> <p>Later, in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), the sea was the western limit of the Chinese Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Caspian_Sea#Tang_empire_connection" title="Talk:Caspian Sea">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel">Fossil fuel</h3></div> <p>The area is rich in <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. Oil wells were being dug in the region as early as the 10th century to reach oil "for use in everyday life, both for medicinal purposes and for heating and lighting in homes".<sup id="cite_ref-SOCAR1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOCAR1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century, Europeans were aware of the rich oil and gas deposits locally. English traders <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bannister" title="Thomas Bannister">Thomas Bannister</a> and Jeffrey Duckett described the area around <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> as "a strange thing to behold, for there issueth out of the ground a marvelous quantity of oil, which serveth all the country to burn in their houses. This oil is black and is called <a href="/wiki/Naphtha#Etymology" title="Naphtha">nefte</a>. There is also by the town of Baku, another kind of oil which is white and very precious [i.e., <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>]."<sup id="cite_ref-SOCAR2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOCAR2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, oil and gas platforms abound along the edges of the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography,_geology_and_navigation_studies"><span id="Geography.2C_geology_and_navigation_studies"></span>Geography, geology and navigation studies</h3></div> <p>During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I the Great">Peter I the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Ivanovich_Soimonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov">Fedor I. Soimonov</a> was a pioneering explorer of the sea. He was a hydrographer who charted and greatly expanded knowledge of the sea. He drew a set of four maps and wrote <i>Pilot of the Caspian Sea</i>, the first lengthy report and modern maps. These were published in 1720 by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bak%C3%BC_gece_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bak%C3%BC_gece_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.jpg/220px-Bak%C3%BC_gece_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bak%C3%BC_gece_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.jpg/330px-Bak%C3%BC_gece_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bak%C3%BC_gece_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.jpg/440px-Bak%C3%BC_gece_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, is the largest city by the Caspian Sea.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient">Ancient</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>, ancient state in the north of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Sari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran Province</a> of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali" title="Bandar-e Anzali">Anzali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan Province</a> of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astara,_Iran" title="Astara, Iran">Astara</a>, Gilan Province of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Astarabad">Astarabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan Province</a> of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar_Kalateh-ye_Kharab_Shahr" title="Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr">Tamisheh</a>, Golestan Province of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atil,_Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Atil, Khazaria">Atil, Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazaran" title="Khazaran">Khazaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a>, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5087" data-file-height="3391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, the capital of the Russian republic of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, is the third-largest city on the Caspian Sea.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliabad-e_Katul" title="Aliabad-e Katul">Ali Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astaneh-ye_Ashrafiyeh" title="Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh">Astane-ye Ashrafiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astara,_Iran" title="Astara, Iran">Astara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babolsar" title="Babolsar">Babolsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali" title="Bandar-e Anzali">Bandar-e Anzali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Gaz_County" title="Bandar-e Gaz County">Bandar-e-Gaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Torkaman" title="Bandar Torkaman">Bandar Torkaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behshahr" title="Behshahr">Behshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalus,_Iran" title="Chalus, Iran">Chalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenderesk_District" title="Fenderesk District">Fenderesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomishan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomishan">Gomishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Kavus" title="Gonbad-e Kavus">Gonbad-e Kavus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juybar" title="Juybar">Juybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordkuy" title="Kordkuy">Kordkuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahijan" title="Lahijan">Lahijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langarud" title="Langarud">Langarud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudabad,_Mazandaran" title="Mahmudabad, Mazandaran">Mahmudabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neka" title="Neka">Neka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshahr" title="Nowshahr">Nowshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur,_Iran" title="Nur, Iran">Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar,_Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar, Mazandaran">Ramsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudbar" title="Rudbar">Rudbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudsar" title="Rudsar">Rudsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhrud" title="Sorkhrud">Sorkhrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talesh_County" title="Talesh County">Talesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonekabon" title="Tonekabon">Tonekabon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astara,_Azerbaijan" title="Astara, Azerbaijan">Astara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobustan_District" title="Gobustan District">Gobustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudat" title="Khudat">Khudat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_(city)" title="Khachmaz (city)">Khachmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masall%C4%B1" title="Masallı">Masallı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabran" title="Nabran">Nabran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neft%C3%A7ala" title="Neftçala">Neftchala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabran_District" title="Shabran District">Shabran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siazan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siazan District">Siyazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Rocks">Oil Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumqayit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumqayit">Sumqayit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestanskiye_Ogni" title="Dagestanskiye Ogni">Dagestanskiye Ogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izberbash" title="Izberbash">Izberbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspiysk" title="Kaspiysk">Kaspiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a> (formerly Krasnovodsk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazar,_Turkmenistan" title="Hazar, Turkmenistan">Hazar</a> (formerly Çeleken)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esenguly" title="Esenguly">Esenguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabogaz" title="Garabogaz">Garabogaz</a> (formerly Bekdaş)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_pipelines_in_the_Caspian_region.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Oil_pipelines_in_the_Caspian_region.gif/220px-Oil_pipelines_in_the_Caspian_region.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Oil_pipelines_in_the_Caspian_region.gif/330px-Oil_pipelines_in_the_Caspian_region.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Oil_pipelines_in_the_Caspian_region.gif 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Oil pipelines in the Caspian region. September 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Countries in the Caspian region, particularly <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, have high-value natural-resource-based economies, where the oil and gas compose more than 10 percent of their <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and 40 percent of their exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalyuzhnova_2008_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalyuzhnova_2008-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the Caspian region economies are highly dependent on this type of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> wealth. The <a href="/wiki/World_energy_market" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy market">world energy markets</a> were influenced by Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, as they became strategically crucial in this sphere, thus attracting the largest share of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI). </p><p>All of the countries are rich in solar energy and harnessing potential, with the highest rainfall much less than the mountains of central Europe in the mountains of the west, which are also rich in <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> sources. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has high fossil fuel energy potential. It has reserves of 137.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a>, the fourth largest in the world, producing around four million barrels a day. Iran has an estimated 988.4 trillion cubic feet of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, around 16 percent of world reserves, thus key to current paradigms in global energy security.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalyuzhnova_2008_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalyuzhnova_2008-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia's economy</a> ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">twelfth largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">sixth largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the second leading <a href="/wiki/Oil_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil producer">producer of oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas producer">natural gas</a> globally.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caspian <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> states join efforts to develop infrastructure, tourism and trade in the region. The first <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Economic_Forum" title="Caspian Economic Forum">Caspian Economic Forum</a> was convened on August 12, 2019, in Turkmenistan and brought together representatives of Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran and that state. It hosted several meetings of their ministers of economy and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caspian countries develop robust cooperation in the tech and digital field as part of the Caspian Digital Hub. The project helps expand data transmission capabilities in Kazakhstan as well as data transit capabilities between Asia and Europe. The project generated interest from investors from all over the world, including the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil production using drilling platform, on the offshore of Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/220px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/330px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/440px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Drilling platform "Iran Khazar" in use at a Dragon Oil production platform in the <a href="/wiki/Hazar,_Turkmenistan" title="Hazar, Turkmenistan">Cheleken</a> field (<a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>)</figcaption></figure><p> The Caspian Sea region presently is a significant, but not major, supplier of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a> to world markets, based upon estimates by <a href="/wiki/BP-Amoco" class="mw-redirect" title="BP-Amoco">BP Amoco</a> and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. The region output about 1.4–1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Barrels_of_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrels of oil">barrels</a> per day plus natural <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gas</a> liquids in 2001, 1.9% of total world output. More than a dozen countries output more than this top figure. Caspian region production has been higher, but waned during and after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> accounts for 55% and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> for about 20% of the states' <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">oil output.</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/220px-Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/330px-Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/440px-Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Caspian region oil and natural gas infrastructure. August 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>The world's first offshore wells and machine-drilled wells were made in Bibi-Heybat Bay, near <a href="/wiki/Baku,_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku, Azerbaijan">Baku, Azerbaijan</a>. In 1873, exploration and development of oil began in some of the largest fields known to exist in the world at that time on the <a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a> near the villages of <a href="/wiki/Balaxan%C4%B1" title="Balaxanı">Balakhanli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabanchi,_Yanaulsky_District,_Republic_of_Bashkortostan" title="Sabanchi, Yanaulsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan">Sabunchi</a>, Ramana, and Bibi Heybat. Total recoverable reserves were more than 500 million tons. By 1900, Baku had more than 3,000 oil wells, 2,000 of which were producing at industrial levels. By the end of the 19th century, Baku became known as the "black gold capital", and many skilled workers and specialists flocked to the city. </p><p>By the beginning of the 20th century, Baku was the center of the international oil industry. In 1920, when the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> captured Azerbaijan, all private property, including oil wells and factories, was confiscated. Rapidly the republic's oil industry came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. By 1941, Azerbaijan was producing a record 23.5 million tons of oil per year – its Baku region output was nearly 72 percent of the Soviet Union's oil.<sup id="cite_ref-SOCAR1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOCAR1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, the "<a href="/wiki/Contract_of_the_Century_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract of the Century (Azerbaijan)">Contract of the Century</a>" was signed, heralding extra-regional development of the Baku oil fields. The large <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a> conveys Azeri oil to the Turkish Mediterranean port of <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a> and opened in 2006. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Filanovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Filanovsky (page does not exist)">Vladimir Filanovsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Филановский, Владимир Юрьевич">ru</a>]</span> oil field in the Russian section of the body of water was discovered in 2005. It is reportedly the largest found in 25 years. It was announced in October 2016 that <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a> would start production from it.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> has the main moorings of all large vessels, such as oil tankers, in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. It is the largest port of the Caspian Sea. The port (and tankers) have access to the oceans along the Caspian Sea–Volga–<a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Canal</a>, and the Don–<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. A northern alternate is the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic</a> (a sea which has a connection to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> of the Atlantic, as the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> does via the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">White Sea-Baltic</a> canal). Baku Sea Trade Port and Caspian Shipping Company CJSC, have a big role in the sea transportation of Azerbaijan. The Caspian Sea Shipping Company CJSC has two fleets plus shipyards. Its transport fleet has 51 vessels: 20 tankers, 13 ferries, 15 universal dry cargo vessels, 2 Ro-Ro vessels, as well as 1 technical vessel and 1 floating workshop. Its specialized fleet has 210 vessels: 20 cranes, 25 towing and supplying vehicles, 26 passenger, two pipe-laying, six fire-fighting, seven engineering-geological, two diving and 88 auxiliary vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caspian Sea Shipping Company of Azerbaijan, which acts as a liaison in the Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRACECA), simultaneously with the transportation of cargo and passengers in the Trans-Caspian direction, also performs work to fully ensure the processes of oil and gas production at sea. In the 19th century, the sharp increase in oil production in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> gave a huge impetus to the development of shipping in the Caspian Sea, and as a result, there was a need to create fundamentally new floating facilities for the transportation of oil and oil products.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_issues">Political issues</h3></div> <p>Many of the islands along the Azerbaijani coast retain great geopolitical and economic importance for demarcation-line oil fields relying on their national status. <a href="/wiki/Bulla_Island" title="Bulla Island">Bulla Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirallah%C4%B1_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirallahı Island">Pirallahı Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nargin_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nargin (island)">Nargin</a>, which is still used as a former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> base and is the largest island in the <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> bay, hold oil reserves. </p><p>The collapse of the Soviet Union allowed the market opening of the region. This led to intense investment and development by international oil companies. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> commented that "I can't think of a time when we've had a region emerge as suddenly to become as strategically significant as the Caspian."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key problem to further local development is arriving at precise, agreed demarcation lines among the five <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> states. The current disputes along Azerbaijan's maritime borders with Turkmenistan and Iran could impinge future development. </p><p>Much controversy currently exists over the proposed <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_Oil_Transport_System" title="Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System">Trans-Caspian oil and gas pipelines</a>. These projects would allow Western markets easier access to Kazakh oil and, potentially, Uzbek and Turkmen gas as well. Russia officially opposes the project on environmental grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-scuttle_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scuttle-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, analysts note that the pipelines would bypass Russia completely, thereby denying the country valuable transit fees, as well as destroying its current <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on westward-bound <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> exports from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-scuttle_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scuttle-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, both Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have expressed their support for the Trans-Caspian Pipeline.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Leaked U.S. diplomatic cables</a> revealed that <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> covered up a gas leak and <a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">blowout</a> incident in September 2008 at an operating gas field in the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshi area of the Azerbaijan Caspian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_status">Territorial status</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_Bulvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Baku_Bulvar.jpg/220px-Baku_Bulvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Baku_Bulvar.jpg/330px-Baku_Bulvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Baku_Bulvar.jpg/440px-Baku_Bulvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline">Coastline</h3></div> <p>Five states are located along about 4,800 km (3,000 mi) of Caspian coastline. The length of the coastline of these countries:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> – 1,422 km (884 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> – 1,035 km (643 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> – 865 km (537 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> – 813 km (505 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> – 692 km (430 mi)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h3></div> <p>The nations of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> & the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> split the Caspian sea's surface 50/50 and the sea's volume 75/25 with Iran getting more, between themselves in 1931. In 2000, negotiations as to the <a href="/wiki/Demarcation_line" title="Demarcation line">demarcation</a> of the sea had been going on for nearly a decade among all the states bordering it. Whether it was by law a sea, a lake, or an agreed hybrid, the decision would set the demarcation rules and was heavily debated.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to mineral resources (<a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>), access for fishing, and access to <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> (through Russia's <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> river and the canals connecting it to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>) all rest on the negotiations' outcome. Access to the Volga is key for market efficiency and economic diversity of the <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a> states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. This concerns Russia as more traffic seeks to use – and at some points congest – its inland <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a>. If the body of water is, by law, a sea, many precedents and international treaties oblige free access to foreign vessels. If it is a lake there are no such obligations. </p><p>Resolving and improving some <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environmental</a> issues properly rests on the status and <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> issue. </p><p>All five Caspian littoral states maintain naval forces on the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Caspian_Sea.jpg/220px-Caspian_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Caspian_Sea.jpg/330px-Caspian_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Caspian_Sea.jpg/440px-Caspian_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Caspian Sea shore, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a treaty signed between Iran and the Soviet Union, the sea is technically a lake and was divided into two sectors (Iranian and Soviet), but the resources (then mainly fish) were commonly shared. The line between the two sectors was considered an international border in a common lake, like <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a>. The Soviet sector was sub-divided into the four littoral republics' administrative sectors. </p><p>Russia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan have bilateral agreements with each other based on <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> lines. Because of their use by the three nations, median lines seem to be the most likely method of delineating territory in future agreements. However, Iran insists on a single, multilateral agreement among the five nations (aiming for a one-fifth share). Azerbaijan is at odds with Iran over some of the sea's <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a>. Occasionally, Iranian patrol boats have fired at vessels sent by Azerbaijan for exploration into the disputed region. There are similar tensions between Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (the latter claims that the former has pumped more oil than agreed from a field, recognized by both parties as shared). </p><p>The Caspian littoral states' meeting in 2007 signed an accord that only allows littoral-state flag-bearing ships to enter the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Negotiations among the five states ebbed and flowed, from about 1990 to 2018. Progress was notable in the fourth Caspian Summit held in <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caspian_Summit">Caspian Summit</h3></div> <p>The Caspian Summit is a head of state-level meeting of the five littoral states.<sup id="cite_ref-summit_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifth Caspian Summit took place on August 12, 2018, in the Kazakh port city of <a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-summit_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five leaders signed the 'Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea'.<sup id="cite_ref-signed_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signed-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representatives of the Caspian littoral states held a meeting in the capital of Kazakhstan on September 28, 2018, as a follow-up to the Aktau Summit. The conference was hosted by the Kazakh Ministry of Investment and Development. The participants in the meeting agreed to host an investment forum for the Caspian region every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convention_on_the_legal_status_of_the_Caspian_Sea">Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_legal_status_of_the_Caspian_Sea" title="Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea">Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea</a></div> <p>The five littoral states build consensus on legally binding governance of the Caspian Sea through Special Working Groups of a Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-convlegalstatus_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convlegalstatus-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In advance of a Caspian Summit, the 51st Special Working Group took place in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> in May 2018 and found consensus on multiple agreements: Agreements on cooperation in the field of transport; trade and economic cooperation; prevention of incidents on the sea; combating terrorism; fighting against organized crime; and border security cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-51agreement_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51agreement-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention grants jurisdiction over 24 km (15 mi) of territorial waters to each neighboring country, plus an additional 16 km (10 mi) of exclusive fishing rights on the surface, while the rest is <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>. The seabed, on the other hand, remains undefined, subject to bilateral agreements between countries. Thus, the Caspian Sea is legally neither fully a sea nor a lake.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the convention addresses caviar production, oil and gas extraction, and military uses, it does not touch on environmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation-20190418-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossborder_inflow">Crossborder inflow</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/UNECE" class="mw-redirect" title="UNECE">UNECE</a> recognizes several rivers that cross international borders which flow into the Caspian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>River </th> <th>Countries </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atrek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrek River">Atrek River</a> </td> <td>Iran, Turkmenistan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a> </td> <td>Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Turkey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a> </td> <td>Kazakhstan, Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Samur River">Samur River</a> </td> <td>Azerbaijan, Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulak_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulak River">Sulak River</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Georgia, Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek River</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <p>Although the Caspian Sea is <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a>, its main tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, is connected by important shipping canals <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">with the Don River</a> (and thus the Black Sea) and <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">with the Baltic Sea</a>, with branch canals <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina_Canal" title="Northern Dvina Canal">to Northern Dvina</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">to the White Sea</a>. </p><p>Another Caspian tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Kuma_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuma River (Russia)">Kuma River</a>, is connected by <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Canal" title="Kuma–Manych Canal">an irrigation canal</a> with the Don basin as well. </p><p>Scheduled <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> services (including <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">train ferries</a>) across the sea chiefly are between: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, (formerly <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Krasnovodsk</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>, Kazakhstan and Baku.</li> <li>Cities in Iran and Russia (chiefly for cargo.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3></div> <p>As an <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a>, the Caspian Sea basin has no natural connection with the ocean. Since the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Period">medieval period</a>, traders reached the Caspian via a number of <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portages</a> that connected the Volga and its tributaries with the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> (which flows into the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>) and various rivers that flow into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway#History" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Primitive canals</a> connecting the Volga Basin with the Baltic were constructed as early as the early 18th century. Since then, a number of canal projects have been completed. </p><p>The two modern canal systems that connect the Volga Basin, and hence the Caspian Sea, with the ocean are the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic Waterway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a>. </p><p>The proposed <a href="/wiki/Pechora%E2%80%93Kama_Canal" title="Pechora–Kama Canal">Pechora–Kama Canal</a> was a project that was widely discussed between the 1930s and 1980s. Shipping was a secondary consideration. Its main goal was to <a href="/wiki/Northern_river_reversal" title="Northern river reversal">redirect some of the water</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pechora_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pechora River">Pechora River</a> (which flows into the Arctic Ocean) via the <a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama River</a> into the Volga. The goals were both irrigation and the stabilization of the water level in the Caspian, which was thought to be falling dangerously fast at the time. During 1971, some <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_nuclear_explosion" title="Peaceful nuclear explosion">peaceful nuclear construction experiments</a> were carried out in the region by the U.S.S.R. </p><p>In June 2007, in order to boost his oil-rich country's access to markets, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> proposed a 700 km (435 mi) link between the Caspian Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. It is hoped that the "<a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Canal" title="Eurasia Canal">Eurasia Canal</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Manych_Ship_Canal" title="Manych Ship Canal">Manych Ship Canal</a>) would transform landlocked Kazakhstan and other <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian countries</a> into maritime states, enabling them to significantly increase trade volume. Although the canal would traverse Russian territory, it would benefit Kazakhstan through its Caspian Sea ports. The most likely route for the canal, the officials at the Committee on Water Resources at Kazakhstan's Agriculture Ministry say, would follow the <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Kuma–Manych Depression</a>, where currently a chain of rivers and lakes is already connected by an irrigation canal (the <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Canal" title="Kuma–Manych Canal">Kuma–Manych Canal</a>). Upgrading the Volga–Don Canal would be another option.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspians" title="Caspians">Caspians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_languages" title="Caspian languages">Caspian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea_Monster" title="Caspian Sea Monster">Caspian Sea Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_oil_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku oil fields">Baku oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_Extreme_Inundations" title="Epoch of Extreme Inundations">Epoch of Extreme Inundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Canal" title="Eurasia Canal">Eurasia Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Marine_Environment_of_the_Caspian_Sea" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea">Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranrud" title="Iranrud">Iranrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Deniz_gas_field" title="Shah Deniz gas field">Shah Deniz gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Pipeline" title="South Caucasus Pipeline">South Caucasus Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gas_Corridor" title="Southern Gas Corridor">Southern Gas Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Field" title="Tengiz Field">Tengiz Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_Gas_Pipeline" title="Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline">Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_Oil_Transport_System" title="Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System">Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kazakhstan" title="Wildlife of Kazakhstan">Wildlife of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkmenistan" title="Wildlife of Turkmenistan">Wildlife of Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife of Russia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vanderLeeden-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanderLeeden_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderLeeden_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., <i>The Water Encyclopedia</i>. Second Edition. Chelsea F.C., MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5328">"Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea"</a>. <i>President Of Russia</i>. 12 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312030539/http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5328">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=President+Of+Russia&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Legal+Status+of+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.kremlin.ru%2Fsupplement%2F5328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/16/is-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake">"Is the Caspian a sea or a lake?"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 16 August 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819221847/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/16/is-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Is+the+Caspian+a+sea+or+a+lake%3F&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2018%2F08%2F16%2Fis-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimnitskayavon_Geldern2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zimnitskaya, Hanna; von Geldern, James (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euras.2010.10.009">"Is the Caspian Sea a sea; and why does it matter?"</a>. <i>Journal of Eurasian Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euras.2010.10.009">10.1016/j.euras.2010.10.009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-3665">1879-3665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154951201">154951201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+the+Caspian+Sea+a+sea%3B+and+why+does+it+matter%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154951201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1879-3665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.euras.2010.10.009&rft.aulast=Zimnitskaya&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft.au=von+Geldern%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.euras.2010.10.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeong1995" class="citation book cs1">Leong, Goh Cheng (27 October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhJ4RAAACAAJ&q=certificate+physical+and+human+geography"><i>Certificate Physics And Human Geography; Indian Edition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562816-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562816-6"><bdi>978-0-19-562816-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016144552/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhJ4RAAACAAJ&q=certificate+physical+and+human+geography">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Certificate+Physics+And+Human+Geography%3B+Indian+Edition&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562816-6&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.aufirst=Goh+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhJ4RAAACAAJ%26q%3Dcertificate%2Bphysical%2Band%2Bhuman%2Bgeography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029215637/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html">"Great Lakes – Physical Facts"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes+%E2%80%93+Physical+Facts&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fglnpo%2Fphysfacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dumont, Henri (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/377673a0">"Ecocide in the Caspian Sea"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>377</b> (6551): 673–674. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.377..673D">1995Natur.377..673D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F377673a0">10.1038/377673a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4363852">4363852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Ecocide+in+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6551&rft.pages=673-674&rft.date=1995-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F377673a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4363852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.377..673D&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F377673a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesselinghLattuada2020" class="citation web cs1">Wesselingh, Frank; Lattuada, Matteo (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-caspian-sea-is-set-to-fall-by-9-metres-or-more-this-century-an-ecocide-is-imminent-152229">"The Caspian Sea is set to fall by 9 metres or more this century – an ecocide is imminent"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+Caspian+Sea+is+set+to+fall+by+9+metres+or+more+this+century+%E2%80%93+an+ecocide+is+imminent&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.aulast=Wesselingh&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Lattuada%2C+Matteo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-caspian-sea-is-set-to-fall-by-9-metres-or-more-this-century-an-ecocide-is-imminent-152229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeWilkeWesselingh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Prange, Matthias; Wilke, Thomas; Wesselingh, Frank P. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-020-00075-6">"The other side of sea level change"</a>. <i>Communications Earth & Environment</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ComEE...1...69P">2020ComEE...1...69P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-020-00075-6">10.1038/s43247-020-00075-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229357523">229357523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=The+other+side+of+sea+level+change&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229357523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43247-020-00075-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ComEE...1...69P&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Wilke%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Wesselingh%2C+Frank+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43247-020-00075-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110540">Caspian Sea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107011626/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110540">Archived</a> 2008-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Encyclopædia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=11:chapter=4&highlight=caspiane">"Strabo. Geography. 11.3.1"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134502/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=11:chapter=4&highlight=caspiane">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo.+Geography.+11.3.1&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D4%26highlight%3Dcaspiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008115712/http://parssea.org/?p=2106">"موضوع : بررسی تطبیقی رژیم حقوقی بزگترین دریاچه های جهان و دریای خزر /کسپین/نام های دریاچه خزر | پژوهشهای ایرانی.دریای پارس"</a> [Topic: Comparative study of the legal regime of the world's largest lakes and the Caspian Sea / Caspian / Caspian Lake names | Iranian researches. Pars sea]. <i>parssea.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parssea.org/?p=2106">the original</a> on 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parssea.org&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9+%3A+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C+%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85+%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1+%2F%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%2F%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1+%26%23124%3B+%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparssea.org%2F%3Fp%3D2106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPIran-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LPIran_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iran</i> (5th ed., 2008), by Andrew Burke and Mark Elliott, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/shop_pickandmix/previews/iran-5-history-preview.pdf">p. 28</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607152838/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/shop_pickandmix/previews/iran-5-history-preview.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lonely Planet Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-293-1">978-1-74104-293-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZonnKosarevGlantzKostianoy2010" class="citation book cs1">Zonn, I.S.; Kosarev, A.N.; Glantz, M.; Kostianoy, A.G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvqYSoRvAI4C&pg=PA290"><i>The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia</i></a>. Encyclopedia of Seas. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11524-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11524-0"><bdi>978-3-642-11524-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018022516/https://books.google.com/books?id=fvqYSoRvAI4C&pg=PA290">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caspian+Sea+Encyclopedia&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Seas&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-11524-0&rft.aulast=Zonn&rft.aufirst=I.S.&rft.au=Kosarev%2C+A.N.&rft.au=Glantz%2C+M.&rft.au=Kostianoy%2C+A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvqYSoRvAI4C%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Vasmer, <i>Etimologicheskii slovar' russkogo yazyka</i>, Vol. IV (Moscow: Progress, 1973), p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ho-hz/hyrcania/hyrcania.html">Hyrcania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604173748/https://www.livius.org/ho-hz/hyrcania/hyrcania.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. www.livius.org. Retrieved 2012-05-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Абдулгаффар Кырыми. Умдет ал-ахбар. Книга 2: Перевод. Серия «Язма Мирас. Письменное Наследие. (<i>tr. "Abdulgaffar Crimea. Umdet al-ahbar. Book 2: Translation. Series "Written Heritage. Written Heritage."</i>) Textual Heritage». Вып. 5 / Пер. с османского Ю. Н. Каримовой, И. М. Миргалеева; общая и научная редакция, предисловие и комментарии И. М. Миргалеева. — Казань: Институт истории им. Ш. Марджани АН РТ, 2018. — 200 с</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Гусейнов Г.-Р., "Султан-Мут и западные пределы кумыкского государства", материалы научной конференции, (<i>tr. " "Sultan-Mut and the western limits of the Kumyk state", materials of the scientific conference"</i>) journal Средневековые тюрко-татарские государства, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaz’min_Verzhbitskii_2011_pp._131–140-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaz’min_Verzhbitskii_2011_pp._131–140_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaz’minVerzhbitskii2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kaz’min, V. G.; Verzhbitskii, E. V. (2011). "Age and origin of the South Caspian Basin". <i>Oceanology</i>. <b>51</b> (1). Pleiades Publishing Ltd: 131–140. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Ocgy...51..131K">2011Ocgy...51..131K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2Fs0001437011010073">10.1134/s0001437011010073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4370">0001-4370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129203844">129203844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanology&rft.atitle=Age+and+origin+of+the+South+Caspian+Basin&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-140&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2Fs0001437011010073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129203844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-4370&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Ocgy...51..131K&rft.aulast=Kaz%E2%80%99min&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.au=Verzhbitskii%2C+E.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/57999-caspian-sea-facts.html">Caspian Sea: Largest Inland Body of Water - Live Science</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanBaak2019-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanBaak2019_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_BaakGrotheRichardsStoica2019" class="citation journal cs1">Van Baak, Christiaan G. C.; Grothe, Arjen; Richards, Keith; Stoica, Marius; Aliyeva, Elmira; Davies, Gareth R.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Krijgsman, Wout (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818118305319">"Flooding of the Caspian Sea at the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_and_Planetary_Change" title="Global and Planetary Change">Global and Planetary Change</a></i>. <b>174</b>: 153–163. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GPC...174..153V">2019GPC...174..153V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2019.01.007">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.01.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2F00574e4b-fd93-4b99-8364-ff5e466c9c2d">1871.1/00574e4b-fd93-4b99-8364-ff5e466c9c2d</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134219493">134219493</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+and+Planetary+Change&rft.atitle=Flooding+of+the+Caspian+Sea+at+the+intensification+of+Northern+Hemisphere+Glaciations&rft.volume=174&rft.pages=153-163&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871.1%2F00574e4b-fd93-4b99-8364-ff5e466c9c2d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134219493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2019.01.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GPC...174..153V&rft.aulast=Van+Baak&rft.aufirst=Christiaan+G.+C.&rft.au=Grothe%2C+Arjen&rft.au=Richards%2C+Keith&rft.au=Stoica%2C+Marius&rft.au=Aliyeva%2C+Elmira&rft.au=Davies%2C+Gareth+R.&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+Klaudia+F.&rft.au=Krijgsman%2C+Wout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0921818118305319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caspinfo.net/content/content.asp?menu=0130000_000000">"Sea Facts"</a>. <i>Casp Info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132449/http://www.caspinfo.net/content/content.asp?menu=0130000_000000">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casp+Info&rft.atitle=Sea+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caspinfo.net%2Fcontent%2Fcontent.asp%3Fmenu%3D0130000_000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130703213331/http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-Background.htm">"Caspian Sea – Background"</a>. Caspian Environment Programme. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caspian+Sea+%E2%80%93+Background&rft.pub=Caspian+Environment+Programme&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caspianenvironment.org%2Fnewsite%2FCaspian-Background.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irngaz-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irngaz_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122212158/http://irangazette.com/12.html">"Caspian Sea"</a>. <i>Iran Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irangazette.com/12.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Gazette&rft.atitle=Caspian+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firangazette.com%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hooshang1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hooshang1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hooshang1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooshang_Amirahmadi2000" class="citation book cs1">Hooshang Amirahmadi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMQp4_Shq90C&pg=PA112"><i>The Caspian Region at a Crossroad: Challenges of a New Frontier of Energy and Development</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 112–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22351-9"><bdi>978-0-312-22351-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528022143/http://books.google.com/books?id=zMQp4_Shq90C&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caspian+Region+at+a+Crossroad%3A+Challenges+of+a+New+Frontier+of+Energy+and+Development&rft.pages=112-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22351-9&rft.au=Hooshang+Amirahmadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMQp4_Shq90C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhain_V.E._Gadjiev_A.N._Kengerli_T.N.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Khain V.E. Gadjiev A.N. Kengerli T.N. (2007). "Tectonic origin of the Apsheron Threshold in the Caspian Sea". <i>Doklady Earth Sciences</i>. <b>414</b> (1): 552–556. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007DokES.414..552K">2007DokES.414..552K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1028334X07040149">10.1134/S1028334X07040149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129017738">129017738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doklady+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tectonic+origin+of+the+Apsheron+Threshold+in+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.volume=414&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=552-556&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129017738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1028334X07040149&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007DokES.414..552K&rft.au=Khain+V.E.+Gadjiev+A.N.+Kengerli+T.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dumont1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dumont1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumont1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenri_J._DumontTamara_A._ShiganovaUlrich_Niermann2004" class="citation book cs1">Henri J. Dumont; Tamara A. Shiganova; Ulrich Niermann (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZqnCfulHwC"><i>Aquatic Invasions in the Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean Seas</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1869-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-1869-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528030026/http://books.google.com/books?id=CFZqnCfulHwC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquatic+Invasions+in+the+Black%2C+Caspian%2C+and+Mediterranean+Seas&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1869-5&rft.au=Henri+J.+Dumont&rft.au=Tamara+A.+Shiganova&rft.au=Ulrich+Niermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFZqnCfulHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kost1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kost1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._G._Kostianoi_and_A._Kosarev2005" class="citation book cs1">A. G. Kostianoi and A. Kosarev (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C1ajCHzI9OEC"><i>The Caspian Sea Environment</i></a>. Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28281-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28281-5"><bdi>978-3-540-28281-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528012336/http://books.google.com/books?id=C1ajCHzI9OEC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caspian+Sea+Environment&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-540-28281-5&rft.au=A.+G.+Kostianoi+and+A.+Kosarev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1ajCHzI9OEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ann.az/en/?p=19304">"News Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>ann.az</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512051506/http://ann.az/en/?p=19304">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ann.az&rft.atitle=News+Azerbaijan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fann.az%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D19304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumilev1967" class="citation journal cs1">Gumilev, Lev Nikolayevich (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102224342/http://real-j.mtak.hu/188/1/ACTAARCHEOLOGICA_19.pdf">"New Data On The History Of The Khazars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>: 80. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://real-j.mtak.hu/188/1/ACTAARCHEOLOGICA_19.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Archaeologica+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=New+Data+On+The+History+Of+The+Khazars&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Gumilev&rft.aufirst=Lev+Nikolayevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F188%2F1%2FACTAARCHEOLOGICA_19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grida.no/resources/5762">"Temperature and precipitation in the Caspian Sea Region | GRID-Arendal"</a>. <i>www.grida.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526160858/https://www.grida.no/resources/5762">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grida.no&rft.atitle=Temperature+and+precipitation+in+the+Caspian+Sea+Region+%7C+GRID-Arendal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fresources%2F5762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171008/http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html">"Welcome to the Caspian Sea Level Project Site"</a>. Caspage.citg.tudelft.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Caspian+Sea+Level+Project+Site&rft.pub=Caspage.citg.tudelft.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl%2Fproject.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nation-20190418-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nation-20190418_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/opinion/30367864">"Caviar pool drains dry as Caspian Sea slides towards catastrophe"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. Bangkok. Agence France-Presse. 18 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417191035/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/opinion/30367864">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Caviar+pool+drains+dry+as+Caspian+Sea+slides+towards+catastrophe&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fdetail%2Fopinion%2F30367864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100413172855/http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-EnvironmentalIssues.htm">"Caspian Environment Programme"</a>. caspianenvironment.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caspian+Environment+Programme&rft.pub=caspianenvironment.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caspianenvironment.org%2Fnewsite%2FCaspian-EnvironmentalIssues.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-caspian-fire-explosion/31341309.html">"Azerbaijan Investigates Large Fire In Caspian Sea"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 5 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705065617/https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-caspian-fire-explosion/31341309.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+Investigates+Large+Fire+In+Caspian+Sea&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fazerbaijan-caspian-fire-explosion%2F31341309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes2020" class="citation web cs1">Times, The Moscow (25 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/12/25/scientists-sound-the-alarm-over-fast-shrinking-caspian-sea-a72484">"Scientists Sound the Alarm Over Fast-Shrinking Caspian Sea"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Sound+the+Alarm+Over+Fast-Shrinking+Caspian+Sea&rft.date=2020-12-25&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=The+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2020%2F12%2F25%2Fscientists-sound-the-alarm-over-fast-shrinking-caspian-sea-a72484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovember_20212021" class="citation web cs1">November 2021, Assel Satubaldina in Central Asia on 3 (3 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/president-tokayev-pledges-to-better-protect-caspian-sea-biodiversity-by-signing-caspian-sea-protection-protocol/">"President Tokayev Pledges to Better Protect Caspian Sea Biodiversity by Signing Caspian Sea Protection Protocol"</a>. <i>The Astana Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103123928/https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/president-tokayev-pledges-to-better-protect-caspian-sea-biodiversity-by-signing-caspian-sea-protection-protocol/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=President+Tokayev+Pledges+to+Better+Protect+Caspian+Sea+Biodiversity+by+Signing+Caspian+Sea+Protection+Protocol&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft.aulast=November+2021&rft.aufirst=Assel+Satubaldina+in+Central+Asia+on+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2Fpresident-tokayev-pledges-to-better-protect-caspian-sea-biodiversity-by-signing-caspian-sea-protection-protocol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zin.ru/projects/caspdiv/biodiversity_report.html">"Caspian Sea Biodiversity Project - Biodiversity Report"</a>. <i>www.zin.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116045240/http://zin.ru/projects/CaspDiv/biodiversity_report.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zin.ru&rft.atitle=Caspian+Sea+Biodiversity+Project+-+Biodiversity+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zin.ru%2Fprojects%2Fcaspdiv%2Fbiodiversity_report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrilloVenora2011" class="citation book cs1">Grillo, Oscar; Venora, Gianfranco (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XSfDwAAQBAJ&q=lack+of+seeding+material+in+newly+formed+coastal+lagoons+and+water+bodies+reducing+habitat+caspian+sea&pg=PA174"><i>Ecosystems Biodiversity</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-307-417-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-307-417-7"><bdi>978-953-307-417-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018022526/https://books.google.com/books?id=-XSfDwAAQBAJ&q=lack+of+seeding+material+in+newly+formed+coastal+lagoons+and+water+bodies+reducing+habitat+caspian+sea&pg=PA174">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecosystems+Biodiversity&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.isbn=978-953-307-417-7&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Venora%2C+Gianfranco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-XSfDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlack%2Bof%2Bseeding%2Bmaterial%2Bin%2Bnewly%2Bformed%2Bcoastal%2Blagoons%2Band%2Bwater%2Bbodies%2Breducing%2Bhabitat%2Bcaspian%2Bsea%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1308">"Western Asia: Along the coast of the Caspian Sea in Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Iran | Ecoregions | WWF"</a>. <i>World Wildlife Fund</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501055700/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1308">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wildlife+Fund&rft.atitle=Western+Asia%3A+Along+the+coast+of+the+Caspian+Sea+in+Russia%2C+Kazakhstan%2C+Turkmenistan%2C+and+Iran+%7C+Ecoregions+%7C+WWF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa1308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1584/">"Hyrcanian Forests"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. 1 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712015840/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1584/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Hyrcanian+Forests&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naseka2009-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naseka2009_42-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Naseka, A.M. and Bogutskaya, N.G. (2009). "Fishes of the Caspian Sea: zoogeography and updated check-list". <i>Zoosystematica Rossica</i> 18(2): 295–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher2_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2011" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, Ronnie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45573774">"The Ice Age Rise and Fall of the Ponto Caspian: Ancient Mariners and the Asiatic Mediterranean"</a>. <i>Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Oil-gas Basins (pp. 48-68) on <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stratigraphy+and+Sedimentology+of+Oil-gas+Basins+%28pp.+48-68%29+on+Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Ice+Age+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Ponto+Caspian%3A+Ancient+Mariners+and+the+Asiatic+Mediterranean&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45573774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFФараджева2015" class="citation journal cs1">Фараджева, Малахат (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25303267">"Культурно-исторический контекст археологического комплекса Гобустан"</a>. <i>Российская Археология</i> (4): 50–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111930/https://www.academia.edu/25303267/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span> – via Acedemia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=50-63&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25303267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GH-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GH_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GH_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428044339/http://gobustan.si.edu/subject_matter">"Gobustan Petroglyphs – Subject Matter"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gobustan.si.edu/subject_matter">the original</a> on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gobustan+Petroglyphs+%E2%80%93+Subject+Matter&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgobustan.si.edu%2Fsubject_matter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428044511/http://gobustan.si.edu/dating_methods_chronology">"Gobustan Petroglyphs – Methods & Chronology"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gobustan.si.edu/dating_methods_chronology">the original</a> on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gobustan+Petroglyphs+%E2%80%93+Methods+%26+Chronology&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgobustan.si.edu%2Fdating_methods_chronology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. "Overfishing". <i>Encyclopedia of Earth</i>. eds. Sidney Draggan and Cutler Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905160627/http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2757/html/focus.htm">"Fishing Prospects"</a>. <i>Iran Daily</i>. 14 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2757/html/focus.htm">the original</a> on 5 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Daily&rft.atitle=Fishing+Prospects&rft.date=2007-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1385%2F2757%2Fhtml%2Ffocus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geptner1972-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geptner1972_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeptner,_V.G.,_Sludskij,_A.A.1992" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V.G., Sludskij, A.A. (1992) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/83/mode/2up"><i>Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola</i></a> [<i>Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)</i>]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 1–732. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020124842/https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/83/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mlekopitaju%C5%A1%C4%8Die+Sovetskogo+Soiuza.+Moskva%3A+Vys%C5%A1aia+%C5%A0kola&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=1-732&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+and+the+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Heptner%2C+V.G.%2C+Sludskij%2C+A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmammalsofsov221992gept%23page%2F83%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys1999-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys1999_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphreys, P., Kahrom, E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esV0hccod0kC&pg=PA77">Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430220559/https://books.google.com/books?id=esV0hccod0kC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA77">Archived</a> 2016-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Images Publishing, Avon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dumont, H. J. (22 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1998.43.1.0044">"The Caspian Lake: History, biota, structure, and function"</a>. <i>Limnology and Oceanography</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 44–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998LimOc..43...44D">1998LimOc..43...44D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1998.43.1.0044">10.4319/lo.1998.43.1.0044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3590">0024-3590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=The+Caspian+Lake%3A+History%2C+biota%2C+structure%2C+and+function&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-52&rft.date=2003-12-22&rft.issn=0024-3590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1998.43.1.0044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998LimOc..43...44D&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4319%252Flo.1998.43.1.0044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranair.com/site/779/default.aspx">"Major Monuments"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514134103/http://www.iranair.com/site/779/default.aspx">Archived</a> May 14, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Iranair.com. Retrieved 2012-05-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603170833/http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2717/html/focus.htm">"Safeguarding Caspian Interests"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2717/html/focus.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safeguarding+Caspian+Interests&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1385%2F2717%2Fhtml%2Ffocus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span>. iran-daily.com (2006-11-26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.5.14">"Strabo, Geography, § 2.5.14"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413132509/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc%3Durn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.5.14">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+%C2%A7+2.5.14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A2.5.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0500-0600-_Cosmas_Indicopleustis.html">"Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography, §132"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422034610/http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0500-0600-_Cosmas_Indicopleustis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmas+Indicopleustes%2C+Christian+Topography%2C+%C2%A7132&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentacatholicaomnia.eu%2F30_20_0500-0600-_Cosmas_Indicopleustis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Water_on_Sand_Environmental_Histories_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa;_Alan_Mikhail-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Water_on_Sand_Environmental_Histories_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa;_Alan_Mikhail_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Mikhail2013" class="citation book cs1">Alan Mikhail (2013). "6". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUTi38KaMsgC"><i>Water on Sand Environmental Histories of the Middle East and North Africa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Paperback)</span>. OUP USA. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199768660" title="Special:BookSources/9780199768660"><bdi>9780199768660</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>... Sea but identified an old bed that led to the Caspian. Writing in the fifteenth century, following the destruction of dams and irrigation works on the Oxus that diverted the river's flow toward the Caspian Sea, the Timurid geographer ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Water+on+Sand+Environmental+Histories+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199768660&rft.au=Alan+Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUTi38KaMsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silk_Road-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silk_Road_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2019" class="citation book cs1">Sala, Renato (28 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-00728-7_5">"Quantitative Evaluation of the Impact on Aral Sea Levels by Anthropogenic Water Withdrawal and Syr Darya Course Diversion During the Medieval Period (1.0–0.8 ka BP)"</a>. In Yang, Lian Emlyn; Bork, Hans-Rudolf; Fang, Xuiqi; Mishke, Steffen (eds.). <i>Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road</i>. Springer, Cham. p. 95-121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-00728-7_5">10.1007/978-3-030-00728-7_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00727-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00727-0"><bdi>978-3-030-00727-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134377831">134377831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Impact+on+Aral+Sea+Levels+by+Anthropogenic+Water+Withdrawal+and+Syr+Darya+Course+Diversion+During+the+Medieval+Period+%281.0%E2%80%930.8+ka+BP%29&rft.btitle=Socio-Environmental+Dynamics+along+the+Historical+Silk+Road&rft.pages=95-121&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Cham&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134377831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-00728-7_5&rft.isbn=978-3-030-00727-0&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-00728-7_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tang1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tang1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2003" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Leo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5oPBC2AfgAC&q=tang+dynasty+caspian+sea&pg=PA285"><i>One Into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042008151" title="Special:BookSources/9789042008151"><bdi>9789042008151</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204223611/https://books.google.com/books?id=o5oPBC2AfgAC&q=tang+dynasty+caspian+sea&pg=PA285">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Into+Many%3A+Translation+and+the+Dissemination+of+Classical+Chinese+Literature&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789042008151&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5oPBC2AfgAC%26q%3Dtang%2Bdynasty%2Bcaspian%2Bsea%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tang2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tang2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockard2020" class="citation book cs1">Lockard, Craig (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xW7LDwAAQBAJ&q=caspian+sea+tang+dynasty&pg=PA260"><i>Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780357365472" title="Special:BookSources/9780357365472"><bdi>9780357365472</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204223615/https://books.google.com/books?id=xW7LDwAAQBAJ&q=caspian+sea+tang+dynasty&pg=PA260">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780357365472&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxW7LDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcaspian%2Bsea%2Btang%2Bdynasty%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOCAR1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOCAR1_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOCAR1_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/42_folder/42_articles/42_socarkhoshbakht.html">"The Development of the Oil and Gas Industry in Azerbaijan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103109/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/42_folder/42_articles/42_socarkhoshbakht.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". SOCAR<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOCAR2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOCAR2_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/63_folder/63_articles/63_adams.html">"Back to the Future: Britain, Baku Oil and the Cycle of History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120716/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/63_folder/63_articles/63_adams.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". SOCAR<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/caspiansea.htm">"Caspian Sea Map, Caspian Sea Location Facts History, Major Bodies of Water"</a>. <i>World Atlas</i>. 29 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222063412/https://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/caspiansea.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas&rft.atitle=Caspian+Sea+Map%2C+Caspian+Sea+Location+Facts+History%2C+Major+Bodies+of+Water&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Faatlas%2Finfopage%2Fcaspiansea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/767183/Fedor-I-Soimonov">"Fedor I. Soimonov"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022921/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/767183/Fedor-I-Soimonov">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fedor+I.+Soimonov&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F767183%2FFedor-I-Soimonov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalyuzhnova_2008-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalyuzhnova_2008_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalyuzhnova_2008_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalyuzhnova2008" class="citation book cs1">Kalyuzhnova, Y. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ouHDAAAQBAJ&q=yelena+kalyuzhnova+economics+of+the+caspian&pg=PR1"><i>Economics of the Caspian Oil and Gas Wealth: Companies, Governments, Policies</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-22755-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-22755-2"><bdi>978-0-230-22755-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020215046/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ouHDAAAQBAJ&q=yelena+kalyuzhnova+economics+of+the+caspian&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+of+the+Caspian+Oil+and+Gas+Wealth%3A+Companies%2C+Governments%2C+Policies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-22755-2&rft.aulast=Kalyuzhnova&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ouHDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyelena%2Bkalyuzhnova%2Beconomics%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcaspian%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193,273,223,156,924,922,132,184,134,534,536,136,158,112,111,542&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP&grp=0&a=">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918120812/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C273%2C223%2C156%2C924%2C922%2C132%2C184%2C134%2C534%2C536%2C136%2C158%2C112%2C111%2C542&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2015%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D83%26pr.y%3D16%26sy%3D2015%26ey%3D2015%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D193%2C273%2C223%2C156%2C924%2C922%2C132%2C184%2C134%2C534%2C536%2C136%2C158%2C112%2C111%2C542%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.ru/en/?module=pages&action=view&id=1">"Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO"</a>. <i>www.unesco.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110323113010/http://www.unesco.ru/en/?module=pages&action=view&id=1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.ru&rft.atitle=Commission+of+the+Russian+Federation+for+UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.ru%2Fen%2F%3Fmodule%3Dpages%26action%3Dview%26id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315051210/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html">the original</a> on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2249rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2019/08/first-caspian-economic-forum-discusses-regional-economic-cooperation-infrastructure-development/">"The Astana Times"</a>. <i>astanatimes.com</i>. 13 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813073954/https://astanatimes.com/2019/08/first-caspian-economic-forum-discusses-regional-economic-cooperation-infrastructure-development/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=astanatimes.com&rft.atitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2Ffirst-caspian-economic-forum-discusses-regional-economic-cooperation-infrastructure-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2020/05/british-investors-consider-plan-to-create-caspian-digital-hub-in-aktau/">"British Investors Consider Plan to Create Caspian Digital Hub in Aktau"</a>. <i>The Astana Times</i>. 26 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193700/https://astanatimes.com/2020/05/british-investors-consider-plan-to-create-caspian-digital-hub-in-aktau/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=British+Investors+Consider+Plan+to+Create+Caspian+Digital+Hub+in+Aktau&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fbritish-investors-consider-plan-to-create-caspian-digital-hub-in-aktau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeld2002" class="citation web cs1">Geld, Bernard (9 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102330/http://wvvw.iwar.org.uk/news-archive/crs/9652.pdf">"Caspian Oil and Gas: Production and Prospects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>wvvw.iwar.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvvw.iwar.org.uk/news-archive/crs/9652.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wvvw.iwar.org.uk&rft.atitle=Caspian+Oil+and+Gas%3A+Production+and+Prospects&rft.date=2002-04-09&rft.aulast=Geld&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwvvw.iwar.org.uk%2Fnews-archive%2Fcrs%2F9652.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2016/10/lukoil-starts-up-v-filanovsky-in-the-caspian-sea.html">"LUKOIL starts up V. Filanovsky in the Caspian Sea"</a>. 31 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235201/http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2016/10/lukoil-starts-up-v-filanovsky-in-the-caspian-sea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUKOIL+starts+up+V.+Filanovsky+in+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.offshore-mag.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F10%2Flukoil-starts-up-v-filanovsky-in-the-caspian-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azernews.az/business/131345.html">"Volume of oil tanker transportation in Caspian Sea to increase"</a>. <i>AzerNews.az</i>. 1 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206145334/https://www.azernews.az/business/131345.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AzerNews.az&rft.atitle=Volume+of+oil+tanker+transportation+in+Caspian+Sea+to+increase&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azernews.az%2Fbusiness%2F131345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiatoday.ge/news/11589/Caspian-Sea-Black-Sea-Transport">"Caspian Sea-Black Sea Transport"</a>. <i>Georgia Today on the Web</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102830/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/11589/Caspian-Sea-Black-Sea-Transport">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Today+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=Caspian+Sea-Black+Sea+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiatoday.ge%2Fnews%2F11589%2FCaspian-Sea-Black-Sea-Transport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1025/p8s1-comv.html">The Great Gas Game</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608034437/http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1025/p8s1-comv.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Christian Science Monitor</i> (2001-10-25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scuttle-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scuttle_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scuttle_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergei Blagov, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav032806.shtml">Russia Tries to Scuttle Proposed Trans-Caspian Pipeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610044226/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav032806.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Eurasianet (2006-03-27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/articles/eav121107.shtml">Russia Seeking To Keep Kazakhstan Happy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512131038/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/articles/eav121107.shtml">Archived</a> 2008-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Eurasianet (2007-12-10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Webb2010" class="citation news cs1">Tim Webb (15 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/15/wikileaks-bp-azerbaijan-gulf-spill">"WikiLeaks cables: BP suffered blowout on Azerbaijan gas platform"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216102041/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/15/wikileaks-bp-azerbaijan-gulf-spill">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+cables%3A+BP+suffered+blowout+on+Azerbaijan+gas+platform&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.au=Tim+Webb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fdec%2F15%2Fwikileaks-bp-azerbaijan-gulf-spill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalt2010" class="citation news cs1">Walt, Vivienne (18 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325061352/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2037830,00.html">"WikiLeaks Reveals BP's 'Other' Offshore Drilling Disaster"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2037830,00.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+Reveals+BP%27s+%27Other%27+Offshore+Drilling+Disaster&rft.date=2010-12-18&rft.aulast=Walt&rft.aufirst=Vivienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2037830%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsaz.az/en/articles/view/105/Characteristics-of-Caspian-Sea">"Characteristics of Caspian Sea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018190201/https://gsaz.az/en/articles/view/105/Characteristics-of-Caspian-Sea">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Characteristics+of+Caspian+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsaz.az%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fview%2F105%2FCharacteristics-of-Caspian-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoshbakht_B._Yusifzade" class="citation web cs1">Khoshbakht B. Yusifzade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/83_folder/83_articles/83_yusifzade.html">"8.3 The Status of the Caspian Sea – Dividing Natural Resources Between Five Countries"</a>. Azer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202025049/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/83_folder/83_articles/83_yusifzade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8.3+The+Status+of+the+Caspian+Sea+%E2%80%93+Dividing+Natural+Resources+Between+Five+Countries&rft.pub=Azer.com&rft.au=Khoshbakht+B.+Yusifzade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2F83_folder%2F83_articles%2F83_yusifzade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/22/the_great_caspian_arms_race">"The great Caspian arms race"</a>, <i>Foreign Policy</i>, June 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009234202/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/22/the_great_caspian_arms_race">archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+great+Caspian+arms+race&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F06%2F22%2Fthe_great_caspian_arms_race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120180954/http://www.brtsis.com/rrubbbb.htm">"Russia Gets Way in Caspian Meet"</a>. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Gets+Way+in+Caspian+Meet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brtsis.com%2Frrubbbb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Contessi2015" class="citation cs2">Nicola Contessi (April 2015), "Traditional Security in Eurasia: The Caspian caught between Militarisation and Diplomacy", <i>The RUSI Journal</i>, vol. 160, no. 2, pp. 50–57, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071847.2015.1031525">10.1080/03071847.2015.1031525</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152614480">152614480</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Traditional+Security+in+Eurasia%3A+The+Caspian+caught+between+Militarisation+and+Diplomacy&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071847.2015.1031525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152614480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nicola+Contessi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-summit-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summit_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-summit_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/caspian-summit-arrivals/29428780.html">"Five Leaders Attend Caspian Summit"</a>. RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075806/https://www.rferl.org/a/caspian-summit-arrivals/29428780.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+Leaders+Attend+Caspian+Summit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fcaspian-summit-arrivals%2F29428780.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-signed-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-signed_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-iran-azerbaijan-kazakhstan-turkmenistan-caspian-sea-summit/29428300.html">"Five States Sign Convention On Caspian Legal Status"</a>. Radio Free Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514205024/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-iran-azerbaijan-kazakhstan-turkmenistan-caspian-sea-summit/29428300.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+States+Sign+Convention+On+Caspian+Legal+Status&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-iran-azerbaijan-kazakhstan-turkmenistan-caspian-sea-summit%2F29428300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2018/10/caspian-sea-states-to-host-sea-related-investment-forum-every-two-years/">"Caspian Sea states to host sea-related investment forum every two years"</a>. <i>astanatimes.com</i>. 3 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425202109/https://astanatimes.com/2018/10/caspian-sea-states-to-host-sea-related-investment-forum-every-two-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=astanatimes.com&rft.atitle=Caspian+Sea+states+to+host+sea-related+investment+forum+every+two+years&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2Fcaspian-sea-states-to-host-sea-related-investment-forum-every-two-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-convlegalstatus-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-convlegalstatus_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/littoral-states-close-signing-agreement-legal-status-caspian-sea/">"Are the Littoral States Close to Signing an Agreement on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea?"</a>. <i>Jamestown</i>. The Jamestown Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713174019/https://jamestown.org/program/littoral-states-close-signing-agreement-legal-status-caspian-sea/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Are+the+Littoral+States+Close+to+Signing+an+Agreement+on+the+Legal+Status+of+the+Caspian+Sea%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Flittoral-states-close-signing-agreement-legal-status-caspian-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51agreement-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51agreement_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caspianbarrel.org/en/2018/05/the-working-group-agreed-on-the-provisional-agenda-of-the-caspian-summit-and-the-draft-of-final-document/">"The working group agreed on the provisional agenda of the Caspian summit and the draft of final document"</a>. <i>caspianbarrel.org</i>. 30 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713230521/http://caspianbarrel.org/en/2018/05/the-working-group-agreed-on-the-provisional-agenda-of-the-caspian-summit-and-the-draft-of-final-document/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caspianbarrel.org&rft.atitle=The+working+group+agreed+on+the+provisional+agenda+of+the+Caspian+summit+and+the+draft+of+final+document&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaspianbarrel.org%2Fen%2F2018%2F05%2Fthe-working-group-agreed-on-the-provisional-agenda-of-the-caspian-summit-and-the-draft-of-final-document%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/16/is-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake">"Is the Caspian a sea or a lake?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 16 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819221847/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/16/is-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Is+the+Caspian+a+sea+or+a+lake%3F&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2018%2F08%2F16%2Fis-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/env/water/blanks/assessment/caspian.pdf">"Drainage basin of the Caspian Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">UNECE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731085742/http://www.unece.org/env/water/blanks/assessment/caspian.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drainage+basin+of+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.pub=UNECE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Fenv%2Fwater%2Fblanks%2Fassessment%2Fcaspian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jul2007/gb2007079_528939.htm">"Caspian Canal Could Boost Kazakh Trade"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090119021137/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jul2007/gb2007079_528939.htm">Archived</a> 2009-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Week">Business Week</a></i> (2007-07-09)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caspian_Sea" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caspian_Sea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caspian Sea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caspian_Sea">"Caspian Sea" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 452–455.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caspian+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=452-455&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspian+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/names_of_caspian_sea.php">Names of the Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parstimes.com/caspian/">Caspian Sea Region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171008/http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html">Dating Caspian sea level changes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islands_of_the_Caspian_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caspian_Sea_Islands" title="Template:Caspian Sea Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Caspian_Sea_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Caspian Sea Islands (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caspian_Sea_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caspian Sea Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_of_the_Caspian_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islands of the Caspian Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li> <li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span></li> <li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></li> <li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li> <li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsiz_Ada" title="Adsiz Ada">Adsiz Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashuradeh" title="Ashuradeh">Ashuradeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baburi_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Baburi Islands">Baburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_Archipelago" title="Baku Archipelago">Baku Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batkachny_Island" title="Batkachny Island">Batkachny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinov_Island" title="Blinov Island">Blinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshiye_Peshnye_Islands" title="Bolshiye Peshnye Islands">Bolshiye Peshnye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshoy_Zyudostinskiy_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshoy Zyudostinskiy Island (page does not exist)">Bolshoy Zyudostinskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Setnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshoy Setnoy">Bolshoy Setnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyuk_Zira" title="Boyuk Zira">Boyuk Zira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Island" title="Bulla Island">Bulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%27_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen' Island">Chechen'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikil" title="Chikil">Chikil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilov" title="Chilov">Chilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chistoy_Banki" title="Chistoy Banki">Chistoy Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashli_ada" title="Dashli ada">Dashli ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durneva_Island" title="Durneva Island">Durneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Island_(Azerbaijan)" title="Gil Island (Azerbaijan)">Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichik_Zira" class="mw-redirect" title="Kichik Zira">Kichik Zira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_Island" title="Kura Island">Kura Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_Rock" title="Kura Rock">Kura Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malyy_Zhemchuzhnyy" class="mw-redirect" title="Malyy Zhemchuzhnyy">Malyy Zhemchuzhnyy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morskaya_Chapura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morskaya Chapura (page does not exist)">Morskaya Chapura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morskoy_Biryuchek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morskoy Biryuchek (page does not exist)">Morskoy Biryuchek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morskoy_Ivan-Karaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morskoy Ivan-Karaul (page does not exist)">Morskoy Ivan-Karaul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morskoy_Setnoy_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morskoy Setnoy Island (page does not exist)">Morskoy Setnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhniy_Oseredok" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhniy Oseredok">Nizhniy Oseredok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordovy" title="Nordovy">Nordovy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordvestinskiy_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordvestinskiy Island (page does not exist)">Nordvestinskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogurja_Ada" title="Ogurja Ada">Ogurja Ada / Ogurchinskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osushnoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osushnoy (page does not exist)">Osushnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirallahi_Island" title="Pirallahi Island">Pirallahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podvodnyye_Islands" title="Podvodnyye Islands">Qutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Su" title="Qara Su">Qara Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qum_Island" title="Qum Island">Qum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedmoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedmoy">Sedmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Island">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirkin_Oseredok_Island" title="Spirkin Oseredok Island">Spirkin Oseredok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinoy,_Caspian_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Svinoy, Caspian Sea">Sangi-Mugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tava_Island" title="Tava Island">Tava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyuleniy_Archipelago_(Kazakhstan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyuleniy Archipelago (Kazakhstan)">Tyuleniy Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyuleny_Island_(Caspian_Sea)" title="Tyuleny Island (Caspian Sea)">Tyuleny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukatny_Island" title="Ukatny Island">Ukatnyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhny_Oseredok_Island" title="Verkhny Oseredok Island">Verkhny Oseredok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulf" title="Vulf">Kichik Zira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanbil" title="Zanbil">Zanbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanbay_Island" title="Zhanbay Island">Zhanbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhestkiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhestkiy">Zhestkiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyudev_Island" title="Zyudev Island">Zyudev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kazakhstan&#124;link=Kazakhstan_Lakes_of_Kazakhstan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lakes_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Lakes of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lakes_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Lakes of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lakes_of_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lakes of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kazakhstan&#124;link=Kazakhstan_Lakes_of_Kazakhstan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kazakhstan" title="List of lakes of Kazakhstan">Lakes of Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkol_(lake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkol (lake)">Akkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Akkol" title="Lake Akkol">Akkol (Talas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksuat_(lake)" title="Aksuat (lake)">Aksuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akysh" class="mw-redirect" title="Akysh">Akysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akzhar" title="Akzhar">Akzhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akzhaykyn" title="Akzhaykyn">Akzhaykyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Alakol" title="Lake Alakol">Alakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakol_(Astrakhan_District)" title="Alakol (Astrakhan District)">Alakol (Astrakhan Dist.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkamergen" title="Alkamergen">Alkamergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altybaysor" title="Altybaysor">Altybaysor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alua_(lake)" title="Alua (lake)">Alua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angren_(lake)" title="Angren (lake)">Angren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barsakelmes_Lake" title="Barsakelmes Lake">Barsakelmes Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aral_Sea" title="North Aral Sea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Aral_Sea" title="South Aral Sea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralsor" title="Aralsor">Aralsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arys_(lake)" title="Arys (lake)">Arys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashchykol" title="Ashchykol">Ashchykol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atansor" title="Atansor">Atansor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atygay_(lake)" title="Atygay (lake)">Atygay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auliekol_(lake)" title="Auliekol (lake)">Auliekol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aydabol" title="Aydabol">Aydabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayke" title="Ayke">Ayke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitakkol" title="Baitakkol">Baitakkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Balkhash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balykty_(Burabay_District)" title="Balykty (Burabay District)">Balykty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balykty_Sarkyl" title="Balykty Sarkyl">Balykty Sarkyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balyktykol_(Abai_Region)" title="Balyktykol (Abai Region)">Balyktykol (Abai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balyktykol_(Shortandy_District)" title="Balyktykol (Shortandy District)">Balyktykol (Akmola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balyktykol_(Karasor_Basin)" title="Balyktykol (Karasor Basin)">Balyktykol (Karasor Basin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Kol_(lake)" title="Barak Kol (lake)">Barakkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargana" title="Bargana">Bargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barshyn" title="Barshyn">Barshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartogay_Lake" title="Bartogay Lake">Bartogay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Almaty_Lake" title="Big Almaty Lake">Big Almaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilikol" title="Bilikol">Bilikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borli" title="Borli">Borli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botakara_(lake)" title="Botakara (lake)">Botakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botkul" title="Botkul">Botkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_(lake)" title="Bura (lake)">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Burabay" title="Lake Burabay">Burabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buralkynyn_Tuzy" title="Buralkynyn Tuzy">Buralkynyn Tuzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylkyldak_(lake)" title="Bylkyldak (lake)">Bylkyldak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imantau_(lake)" title="Imantau (lake)">Imantau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inder_(lake)" title="Inder (lake)">Inder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Issyk" title="Lake Issyk">Issyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itemgen" title="Itemgen">Itemgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itishpes" title="Itishpes">Itishpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jasybay" title="Lake Jasybay">Jasybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyrshakty" title="Kabyrshakty">Kabyrshakty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kaindy" title="Lake Kaindy">Kayindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kak_(Kishi_Kak)" title="Kak (Kishi Kak)">Kak (Kishi Kak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kak_(Ulken_Kak)" title="Kak (Ulken Kak)">Kak (Ulken Kak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalatuz" title="Kalatuz">Kalatuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalibek" title="Kalibek">Kalibek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkaman_(lake)" title="Kalkaman (lake)">Kalkaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmakkol" title="Kalmakkol">Kalmakkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamkalykol" title="Kamkalykol">Kamkalykol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamys-Samar_Lakes" title="Kamys-Samar Lakes">Kamys-Samar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyslybas" title="Kamyslybas">Kamyslybas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamysty_(lake)" title="Kamysty (lake)">Kamysty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakaska" title="Karakaska">Karakaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoin" title="Karakoin">Karakoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol_(Chu_basin)" title="Karakol (Chu basin)">Karakol (Chu basin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol,_Shalkar_District" title="Karakol, Shalkar District">Karakol (Shalkar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol_(Shalkarteniz)" title="Karakol (Shalkarteniz)">Karakol (Shalkarteniz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasor" title="Karasor">Karasor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasor_(lake,_Ekibastuz)" title="Karasor (lake, Ekibastuz)">Karasor (Ekibastuz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasor,_May_District" title="Karasor, May District">Karasor (Pavlodar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaungir" title="Karaungir">Karaungir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashkanteniz" title="Kashkanteniz">Kashkanteniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katpagan" title="Katpagan">Katpagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katynkol" title="Katynkol">Katynkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazy" title="Kazy">Kazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerey_(lake)" title="Kerey (lake)">Kerey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi-Karoy" title="Kishi-Karoy">Kishi-Karoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_Koskopa" title="Kishi Koskopa">Kishi Koskopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_Shabakty" title="Kishi Shabakty">Kishi Shabakty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_Tobylzhan" title="Kishi Tobylzhan">Kishi Tobylzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_Torangyl" title="Kishi Torangyl">Kishi Torangyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyakty" title="Kiyakty">Kiyakty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobeituz" title="Kobeituz">Kobeituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koksengirsor" title="Koksengirsor">Koksengirsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokshetau_Lakes" title="Kokshetau Lakes">Kokshetau Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktinkoli" title="Koktinkoli">Koktinkoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuydynkol" title="Kokuydynkol">Kokuydynkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kopa" title="Lake Kopa">Kopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korgalzhyn_(lake)" title="Korgalzhyn (lake)">Korgalzhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryakovka_(lake)" title="Koryakovka (lake)">Koryakovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshkar-Ata_(lake)" title="Koshkar-Ata (lake)">Koshkar-Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotyrkol" title="Kotyrkol">Kotyrkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koybagar" title="Koybagar">Koybagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhakol" title="Kozhakol">Kozhakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudaikol" title="Kudaikol">Kudaikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulykol" title="Kulykol">Kulykol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumdykol_(Burabay_District)" title="Kumdykol (Burabay District)">Kumdykol (Burabay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdym" title="Kurdym">Kurdym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmurun" title="Kushmurun">Kushmurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kypshak" title="Kypshak">Kypshak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkak" title="Kyzylkak">Kyzylkak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkol" title="Kyzylkol">Kyzylkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyltuz_(Akkuly_District)" title="Kyzyltuz (Akkuly District)">Kyzyltuz (Akkuly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyltuz_(Zhelezin_District)" title="Kyzyltuz (Zhelezin District)">Kyzyltuz (Zhelezin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_the_lower_Turgay_and_Irgiz" title="Lakes of the lower Turgay and Irgiz">Lower Turgay and Irgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malybay_(lake)" title="Malybay (lake)">Malybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamay_(lake)" title="Mamay (lake)">Mamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraldy_(lake)" title="Maraldy (lake)">Maraldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Markakol" title="Lake Markakol">Markakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysor" title="Maysor">Maysor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysor_(Irtysh_basin)" title="Maysor (Irtysh basin)">Maysor (Irtysh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkeser" title="Menkeser">Menkeser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshkeysor" title="Meshkeysor">Meshkeysor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudnichnoye" title="Rudnichnoye">Rudnichnoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabyndykol" title="Sabyndykol">Sabyndykol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryaydyn" title="Saryaydyn">Saryaydyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarykopa" title="Sarykopa">Sarykopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sasykkol" title="Lake Sasykkol">Sasykkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saumalkol,_Aiyrtau_District" title="Saumalkol, Aiyrtau District">Saumalkol (Aiyrtau)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saumalkol,_Bayanaul_District" title="Saumalkol, Bayanaul District">Saumalkol (Bayanaul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saumalkol,_Bukhar-Zhyrau_District" title="Saumalkol, Bukhar-Zhyrau District">Saumalkol (Bukhar-Zhyrau)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saumalkol,_N_Karkaraly_District" title="Saumalkol, N Karkaraly District">Saumalkol (N Karkaraly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saumalkol_(Karasor_Basin)" title="Saumalkol (Karasor Basin)">Saumalkol (Karasor Basin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiten" title="Seiten">Seiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagan_(lake)" title="Shagan (lake)">Shagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaglyteniz" title="Shaglyteniz">Shaglyteniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalkar_(lake,_Aktobe_Region)" title="Shalkar (lake, Aktobe Region)">Shalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalkar_(Kokshetau)" title="Shalkar (Kokshetau)">Shalkar (Kokshetau)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalkar_(Terekti_District)" title="Shalkar (Terekti District)">Shalkar (Terekti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalkarkol" title="Shalkarkol">Shalkarkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalkarteniz" title="Shalkarteniz">Shalkarteniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandaksor" title="Shandaksor">Shandaksor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbakty_(lake)" title="Sharbakty (lake)">Sharbakty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchuchye_(lake)" title="Shchuchye (lake)">Shchuchye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelegino" title="Shelegino">Shelegino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholakshalkar" title="Sholakshalkar">Sholakshalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholaksor" title="Sholaksor">Sholaksor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshkakol" title="Shoshkakol">Shoshkakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshkaly_(Abai_Region)" title="Shoshkaly (Abai Region)">Shoshkaly (Abai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshkaly_(Akmola_Region)" title="Shoshkaly (Akmola Region)">Shoshkaly (Akmola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubarteniz" title="Shubarteniz">Shubarteniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuga_(lake)" title="Shuga (lake)">Shuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shureksor" title="Shureksor">Shureksor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shybyndy" title="Shybyndy">Shybyndy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyganak" title="Shyganak">Shyganak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siletiteniz" title="Siletiteniz">Siletiteniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorasha" title="Sorasha">Sorasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbulak" title="Sorbulak">Sorbulak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkol_(Chu_basin)" title="Sorkol (Chu basin)">Sorkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sormoildy" title="Sormoildy">Sormoildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanovoye" title="Stanovoye">Stanovoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikonyr" title="Taikonyr">Taikonyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldyaral" title="Taldyaral">Taldyaral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldykol_(lake)" title="Taldykol (lake)">Taldykol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebez" title="Tebez">Tebez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_(lake)" title="Teke (lake)">Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telikol" title="Telikol">Telikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tengiz" title="Lake Tengiz">Tengiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniz" title="Teniz">Teniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniz,_Mendykara_District" title="Teniz, Mendykara District">Teniz, Mendykara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniz,_Yereymentau_District" title="Teniz, Yereymentau District">Teniz, Yereymentau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraigyr" title="Toraigyr">Toraigyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuz_(Akkuly_District)" title="Tuz (Akkuly District)">Tuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzdy" title="Tuzdy">Tuzdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzdysor" title="Tuzdysor">Tuzdysor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzkol,_Raiymbek_District" title="Tuzkol, Raiymbek District">Tuzkol (Almaty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzkol,_Mendykara_District" title="Tuzkol, Mendykara District">Tuzkol (Kostanay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzkol,_Bayanaul_District" title="Tuzkol, Bayanaul District">Tuzkol (Pavlodar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyuntyugur" title="Tyuntyugur">Tyuntyugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken_Azhbolat" title="Ulken Azhbolat">Ulken Azhbolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken_Kamkaly" title="Ulken Kamkaly">Ulken Kamkaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken-Karoy" title="Ulken-Karoy">Ulken-Karoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken_Koskol" title="Ulken Koskol">Ulken Koskol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken_Koskopa" title="Ulken Koskopa">Ulken Koskopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken_Shabakty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulken Shabakty">Ulken Shabakty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken_Tobylzhan" title="Ulken Tobylzhan">Ulken Tobylzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulken_Torangyl" title="Ulken Torangyl">Ulken Torangyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulykol" title="Ulykol">Ulykol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkash" title="Urkash">Urkash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urymkay" title="Urymkay">Urymkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyaly" title="Uyaly">Uyaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzynkol" title="Uzynkol">Uzynkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Lake" title="Wooden Lake">Wooden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Zaysan" title="Lake Zaysan">Zaysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Zerendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Zerendi">Zerendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaksy-Zhalgyztau_(lake)" title="Zhaksy-Zhalgyztau (lake)">Zhaksy-Zhalgyztau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaksybay_(lake)" title="Zhaksybay (lake)">Zhaksybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaksykylysh" title="Zhaksykylysh">Zhaksykylysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaksytuz" title="Zhaksytuz">Zhaksytuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhalanash_(lake)" title="Zhalanash (lake)">Zhalanash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Zhalanashkol" title="Lake Zhalanashkol">Zhalanashkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhalauly" title="Zhalauly">Zhalauly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaltyrsor" title="Zhaltyrsor">Zhaltyrsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz_(lake,_Akmola_Region)" title="Zhamantuz (lake, Akmola Region)">Zhamantuz (Akmola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz,_Aksu_City_Administration" title="Zhamantuz, Aksu City Administration">Zhamantuz (Aksu CA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz,_Aktogay_District" title="Zhamantuz, Aktogay District">Zhamantuz (Aktogay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz,_May_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhamantuz, May District">Zhamantuz (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz,_Shalkar_District" title="Zhamantuz, Shalkar District">Zhamantuz (Shalkar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz,_Taiynsha_District" title="Zhamantuz, Taiynsha District">Zhamantuz (Taiynsha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz,_Ualikhanov_District" title="Zhamantuz, Ualikhanov District">Zhamantuz (Ualikhanov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhamantuz,_Zhangeldi_District" title="Zhamantuz, Zhangeldi District">Zhamantuz (Zhangeldi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zharagash" title="Zharagash">Zharagash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zharman" title="Zharman">Zharman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhasylkol_Lake" title="Zhasylkol Lake">Zhasylkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhokey" title="Zhokey">Zhokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zholdybay" title="Zholdybay">Zholdybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhyngyldy_(lake)" title="Zhyngyldy (lake)">Zhyngyldy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Azerbaijan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan culture">Mughan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran (Caucasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Independent_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Independent Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_name_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the name Azerbaijan">History of the name Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Fire" title="The Land of Fire">The Land of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geology of Azerbaijan">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of Azerbaijan">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mountains of Azerbaijan">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Azerbaijan" title="Borders of Azerbaijan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Children's rights in Azerbaijan">Children's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Migration policy of Azerbaijan">Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of companies of Azerbaijan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Metallurgy in Azerbaijan">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mineral industry of Azerbaijan">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Azerbaijan" title="Natural resources of Azerbaijan">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mythology" title="Azerbaijani mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz (New Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Azerbaijan" title="Gender equality in Azerbaijan">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_Azerbaijan" title="Medicine in Azerbaijan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Azerbaijan" title="National symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">National emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Caucasus#Azerbaijan" title="Bibliography of the history of the Caucasus">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5484#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235067119">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5317151898626424190001">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4110033-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020611">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15322350n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15322350n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01135352">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kaspické moře"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138205&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjh6cn5jv40t7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284873005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/884130">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028231511">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&oldid=1259172601">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&oldid=1259172601</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caspian_Sea" title="Category:Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_lakes" title="Category:Ancient lakes">Ancient lakes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Iran_border" title="Category:Azerbaijan–Iran border">Azerbaijan–Iran border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Category:Azerbaijan–Russia border">Azerbaijan–Russia border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_tripoints" title="Category:Border tripoints">Border tripoints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endorheic_lakes_of_Europe" title="Category:Endorheic lakes of Europe">Endorheic lakes of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endorheic_lakes_of_Asia" title="Category:Endorheic lakes of Asia">Endorheic lakes of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eutrophication" title="Category:Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Geography of Central Asia">Geography of Central Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Europe" title="Category:Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Southern_Russia" title="Category:Geography of Southern Russia">Geography of Southern Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Geography of West Asia">Geography of West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_disputes" title="Category:International disputes">International disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_lakes_of_Asia" title="Category:International lakes of Asia">International lakes of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_lakes_of_Europe" title="Category:International lakes of Europe">International lakes of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_border" title="Category:Iran–Soviet Union border">Iran–Soviet Union border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_border" title="Category:Iran–Turkmenistan border">Iran–Turkmenistan border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Category:Kazakhstan–Russia border">Kazakhstan–Russia border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_border" title="Category:Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border">Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Category:Lakes of Astrakhan Oblast">Lakes of Astrakhan Oblast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Dagestan" title="Category:Lakes of Dagestan">Lakes of Dagestan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iran" title="Category:Lakes of Iran">Lakes of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Kalmykia" title="Category:Lakes of Kalmykia">Lakes of Kalmykia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Kazakhstan" title="Category:Lakes of Kazakhstan">Lakes of Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Russia" title="Category:Lakes of Russia">Lakes of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Turkmenistan" title="Category:Lakes of Turkmenistan">Lakes of Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Landforms of Central Asia">Landforms of Central Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Landforms of West Asia">Landforms of West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lowest_points_of_countries" title="Category:Lowest points of countries">Lowest points of countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saline_lakes_of_Asia" title="Category:Saline lakes of Asia">Saline lakes of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saline_lakes_of_Europe" title="Category:Saline lakes of Europe">Saline lakes of Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from July 2018">Articles with incomplete citations from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_from_banned_users" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users">Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from May 2020">Use Oxford spelling from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Azerbaijani-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text">Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkmen-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkmen-language text">Articles containing Turkmen-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kazakh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kazakh-language text">Articles containing Kazakh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt">Articles using infobox body of water without alt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_image_bathymetry" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry">Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kyrgyz-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text">Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Uzbek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Uzbek-language text">Articles containing Uzbek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from March 2023">Articles with disputed statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_September_2015" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from September 2015">Articles with failed verification from September 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 19:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4dtrt","wgBackendResponseTime":233,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.690","walltime":"2.214","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12087,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":524702,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":50512,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":61,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":374101,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1701.190 1 -total"," 30.16% 513.037 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.98% 339.928 1 Template:Infobox_body_of_water"," 18.94% 322.164 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.38% 176.598 2 Template:Country_topics"," 9.10% 154.804 12 Template:Navbox"," 8.42% 143.288 14 Template:Langx"," 8.07% 137.322 39 Template:Cite_web"," 7.15% 121.692 10 Template:Cite_news"," 7.01% 119.297 1 Template:Azerbaijan_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.903","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19754388,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sw5fn","timestamp":"20241123225423","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caspian_Sea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5484","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5484","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T01:41:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T19:42:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b3\/ISS056-E-13641_-_View_of_Azerbaijan.jpg","headline":"largest of the salt lake between Europe and Asia"}</script> </body> </html>