CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="DzN0ukDAuAefVSM549v96NLMKdAkzGC5izEg9MeSLED2T+2db7eGPoHyaKHGFqojQj994clkWYuCa/H6dSlISQ==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2019/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="academia.edu" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dimitrios S Dendrinos, Ph.D." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This is the second paper, in a 2-paper sequence by this author, the first being that of ref. [4], where the fundamentals of a New Epistemology were set. Its major tenets are employed here in the field of Evolutionary Biology. The part of Biology that" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/26181582/7202599/49378852/s200_dimitrios.dendrinos.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW" /> <meta property="og:title" content="ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This is the second paper, in a 2-paper sequence by this author, the first being that of ref. [4], where the fundamentals of a New Epistemology were set. Its major tenets are employed here in the field of Evolutionary Biology. The part of Biology that" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://kansas.academia.edu/DimitriosDendrinos" /> <meta name="description" content="This is the second paper, in a 2-paper sequence by this author, the first being that of ref. [4], where the fundamentals of a New Epistemology were set. Its major tenets are employed here in the field of Evolutionary Biology. The part of Biology that" /> <title>(PDF) ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW | Dimitrios S Dendrinos, Ph.D. - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732442392000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732442392000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This is the second paper, in a 2-paper sequence by this author, the first being that of ref. [4], where the fundamentals of a New Epistemology were set. Its major tenets are employed here in the field of Evolutionary Biology. The part of Biology that is tied to Darwinian Evolution (species and speciation) is re-examined and critiqued. Major flaws and the hidden religiosity of Darwinism are exposed, providing the predicate for the new suggested theory. Major themes put forward include the modern Metrology based proposition that a specimen’s Architecture and Anatomy are quantitatively unique fingerprints, not exactly replicated by any other specimen. Further, they can’t be accurately measured. A thesis is advanced that specimens are the elementary units of Evolution, forming genealogical lineages. Lineages contain complex genealogical micro and macro sequences of specimens. Sequences evolve through self-structuring forming evolutionary quanta. Specimens act under decision-making quanta, according to an observer. Furthermore, specimens exhibit an ability to speculate. Core ideas are placed within the context of a New Epistemology, and rely on concepts from its four pillars: Nonlinear Dynamics, Fuzzy Sets Theory, Quantum Mechanics, and modern Metrology. The paper demonstrates how, from the extreme detail at the micro scale of an observer, a grand Theory of Nature emerges.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dimitrios S Dendrinos, Ph.D."}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2019-04-15","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2019-01-01","headline":"ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Transportation Engineering","Sociology","Psychology","Mathematics","Physics","Cosmology (Physics)","Architecture","Urban Planning","Biology","Linguistics","Recombinant DNA Technology","Anatomy"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"academia.edu","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"kansas"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "5b07fc57cee6fe0e1e9e11cd2ddd99acb2ea625e72ec4e75e184eec0acd700fa", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="uHVvVwAH4or1H+wN0VEx8tYvwNlweSp4eOKLOba2vPpBCfZwL3Dcs+u4p5X0nGY5RtyU6J3RE0pxuFo3BA3Y8w==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="hiTxDy1anxQybZ0N4DC0nw4XLxOPP65Z4wZxEdKG559/WGgoAi2hLSzK1pXF/eNUnuR7ImKXl2vqXKAfYD2Dlg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-bf3d831cde46cd0e142f29f81a3fc4ce5ab45a404c10c12a480e83de68aff851.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 26181582; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38814281%2FON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38814281%2FON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":58906415,"identifier":"Attachment_58906415","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":38814281,"created_at":"2019-04-15T05:36:28.869-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-18T05:42:36.435-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This is the second paper, in a 2-paper sequence by this author, the first being that of ref. [4], where the fundamentals of a New Epistemology were set. Its major tenets are employed here in the field of Evolutionary Biology. The part of Biology that is tied to Darwinian Evolution (species and speciation) is re-examined and critiqued. Major flaws and the hidden religiosity of Darwinism are exposed, providing the predicate for the new suggested theory. Major themes put forward include the modern Metrology based proposition that a specimen’s Architecture and Anatomy are quantitatively unique fingerprints, not exactly replicated by any other specimen. Further, they can’t be accurately measured. A thesis is advanced that specimens are the elementary units of Evolution, forming genealogical lineages. Lineages contain complex genealogical micro and macro sequences of specimens. Sequences evolve through self-structuring forming evolutionary quanta. Specimens act under decision-making quanta, according to an observer. Furthermore, specimens exhibit an ability to speculate. Core ideas are placed within the context of a New Epistemology, and rely on concepts from its four pillars: Nonlinear Dynamics, Fuzzy Sets Theory, Quantum Mechanics, and modern Metrology. The paper demonstrates how, from the extreme detail at the micro scale of an observer, a grand Theory of Nature emerges.","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"academia.edu"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [26181582]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":58906415,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58906415/mini_magick20190415-1064-ben3zw.png?1555337174" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">ON BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: A NEW VIEW</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26181582" href="https://kansas.academia.edu/DimitriosDendrinos"><img alt="Profile image of Dimitrios S Dendrinos, Ph.D." class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/26181582/7202599/49378852/s65_dimitrios.dendrinos.jpg" />Dimitrios S Dendrinos, Ph.D.</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, academia.edu</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This is the second paper, in a 2-paper sequence by this author, the first being that of ref. [4], where the fundamentals of a New Epistemology were set. Its major tenets are employed here in the field of Evolutionary Biology. The part of Biology that is tied to Darwinian Evolution (species and speciation) is re-examined and critiqued. Major flaws and the hidden religiosity of Darwinism are exposed, providing the predicate for the new suggested theory. Major themes put forward include the modern Metrology based proposition that a specimen’s Architecture and Anatomy are quantitatively unique fingerprints, not exactly replicated by any other specimen. Further, they can’t be accurately measured. A thesis is advanced that specimens are the elementary units of Evolution, forming genealogical lineages. Lineages contain complex genealogical micro and macro sequences of specimens. Sequences evolve through self-structuring forming evolutionary quanta. Specimens act under decision-making quanta, according to an observer. Furthermore, specimens exhibit an ability to speculate. Core ideas are placed within the context of a New Epistemology, and rely on concepts from its four pillars: Nonlinear Dynamics, Fuzzy Sets Theory, Quantum Mechanics, and modern Metrology. The paper demonstrates how, from the extreme detail at the micro scale of an observer, a grand Theory of Nature emerges.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":58906415,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":58906415,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="58906415" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/38814281/ON_BIOLOGICAL_EVOLUTION_A_NEW_VIEW" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="3063598" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3063598/On_the_foundations_of_the_theory_of_evolution">On the foundations of the theory of evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="139677" href="https://vub.academia.edu/DiederikAerts">Diederik Aerts</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="492177" href="https://leicester.academia.edu/SandroSozzo">Sandro Sozzo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract In this paper we suggest an alternative to standard neodarwinian evolution theory. The problem is that Darwinism, which sees evolution as a consequence of random variation and natural selection is based on a materialistic-ie matter-based-view of science, while matter in itself is considered to be a very complex notion in modern physics.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the foundations of the theory of evolution","attachmentId":30990580,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3063598/On_the_foundations_of_the_theory_of_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3063598/On_the_foundations_of_the_theory_of_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="9239270" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9239270/A_rethink_of_evolution_and_the_construction_of_a_family_of_patterns_of_evolution_inside_and_outside_biology">A rethink of evolution, and the construction of a family of ‘patterns of evolution’ inside and outside biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21917510" href="https://alterra.academia.edu/HendrikPieterSpijkerboer">Hendrik Pieter Spijkerboer</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8137320" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GerardJagers">Gerard Jagers op Akkerhuis</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21579619" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HansPeterKoelewijn">Hans Peter Koelewijn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Science lacks a unanimous conceptualisation of what is ‘evolution’. There is of course the biological theory of Darwin. But confusion arises when people use evolution also to speak about successions of forms in relation to ideas, cars, designs, galaxies etc. In relation to existing problems with the concept of evolution, a recent study in Nature asks the question of whether, after Darwin and the Modern Synthesis, the concept of evolution is in need of a ‘rethink’. To contribute to this matter, we explore the possibility of constructing an a priori framework for the conceptualisation of evolution that is valid both inside and outside biology. We expect that such a framework will also offer a context for relating different measures of evolution. To work towards a conceptual framework, the present study includes the following steps: 1. An introduction to the problem, 2. A review of historical and modern approaches to evolution for identifying major schools of thought, 3. An analysis of “What is evolution actually?”, which leads to the suggestion that the concept of evolution combines both processes and ‘measures’, which combination we identify as a ‘pattern of evolution’. 4. To define individual patterns of evolution, one needs a proper context. As a context we invoke a recently developed systems theory, named the ‘operator hierarchy’. The operator hierarchy allows a stringent typing and hierarchical ranking of entities, which helps us solving questions about ‘objects’ and ‘levels’ that play a role in patterns of evolution. 5. We construct a minimal pattern of evolution and show how this can be extended to a pattern of life history evolution. 6. As a next step we integrate ‘combinatorial’ evolution (Brian Arthur 2009), by making a distinction between evolution processes in which the number of objects increases (which we refer to as diffluent evolution), and processes in which such a number decreases, because particles combine to a single product (which we refer to as confluent evolution). 7. We continue with an exploration of an abstract pattern of evolution allowing the integration of abiotic processes into what we named Big Evolution; the chain of events which connects all the particle types in the operator theory. 8. Based on the preceding steps we suggest a general conceptual framework that includes a ‘family’ of patterns of evolution. If we apply the patterns of evolution in this family, certain classical uses of ‘evolution’ no longer comply with the criteria. In relation to this, and with the aim of reducing confusion and ambiguity, we suggest a renaming of certain current uses of ‘evolution’. 9. We discuss the implications of our results and explore directions for further research. All the topics that are discussed in this study are linked by a common conceptual approach. For this reason we have chosen to publish the contents as a single manuscript, instead of distributing the ideas over a range of strongly interdependent publications. While this choice has resulted in a long text, the reader can now access all the information from a single source.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A rethink of evolution, and the construction of a family of ‘patterns of evolution’ inside and outside biology","attachmentId":35510574,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9239270/A_rethink_of_evolution_and_the_construction_of_a_family_of_patterns_of_evolution_inside_and_outside_biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9239270/A_rethink_of_evolution_and_the_construction_of_a_family_of_patterns_of_evolution_inside_and_outside_biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="43030607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43030607/On_The_Unverifiability_Of_The_Main_Premise_Of_The_Theory_Of_Evolution">On The Unverifiability Of The Main Premise Of The Theory Of Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="131719327" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HenryDalcke">Henry Dalcke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is a recognized fact that living things vary based on the recombination of parental traits according to the laws of inheritance established by Gregor Mendel in connection with epigenetic responses to the environment. This creates a very large but finite variation potential. The core problem of the theory of evolution is that the limits of this potential have so far not been clearly determined at least for a single lifeform. However, evolution would only be evidenced, if one could determine a phenotype of a lifeform that could be located >outside< of the limits of the variation potential of its respective taxonomic family. But where exactly is "outside" of unknown or blurry borders? At which morphological distance to the taxonomic core-family could we speak of a "family change" if we do not know how wide the variation-range around the core-family is? The theory of evolution assumes a taxonomic change from family to family - called the "continuity of species" - from a unicellular organism to humans. It stands and falls with the correctness of this assumption. In this paper I will prove that this assumption has still not been scientifically verified.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On The Unverifiability Of The Main Premise Of The Theory Of Evolution","attachmentId":65138279,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43030607/On_The_Unverifiability_Of_The_Main_Premise_Of_The_Theory_Of_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43030607/On_The_Unverifiability_Of_The_Main_Premise_Of_The_Theory_Of_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="14713726" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14713726/Evolutionary_Biology_and_the_Axiomatic_Method_Revisited">Evolutionary Biology and the Axiomatic Method Revisited</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33668042" href="https://ias.academia.edu/AndreeaEsanu">Andreea Esanu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Romanian Journal of Analytic Philosophy Vol. VII, 1°, 2013, pp. 19-4</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary Biology and the Axiomatic Method Revisited","attachmentId":38400183,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14713726/Evolutionary_Biology_and_the_Axiomatic_Method_Revisited","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14713726/Evolutionary_Biology_and_the_Axiomatic_Method_Revisited"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="111851914" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111851914/Evolutionism_and_Holism_Two_Different_Paradigms_for_the_Phenomenon_of_Biological_Evolution">Evolutionism and Holism: Two Different Paradigms for the Phenomenon of Biological Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15961325" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertoFondi">Roberto Fondi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">WIT transactions on state-of-the-art in science and engineering, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionism and Holism: Two Different Paradigms for the Phenomenon of Biological Evolution","attachmentId":109263842,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111851914/Evolutionism_and_Holism_Two_Different_Paradigms_for_the_Phenomenon_of_Biological_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111851914/Evolutionism_and_Holism_Two_Different_Paradigms_for_the_Phenomenon_of_Biological_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="69744603" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69744603/From_Belief_to_Facts_in_Evolutionary_Theory">From Belief to Facts in Evolutionary Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11507755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PSchuster">Peter Schuster</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In science the opponents of Darwin&#x27;s principle of evolutionary optimization through variation and selection raised the claim that this concept of evolution is based on mere tautology and is not falsifi able. It allows only for explanations a posteriori and thus cannot make predictions. This criticism has been uphold against evolutionary biology for very long time too and even ve?ry famous philosophers like Sir Karl Popper considered Darwin&#x27;s theory as non-scientif- ic therefore. More than one hundred sixty years after the Origin, evolutionary theory has changed its ap- pearance entirely: (i) The mechanism of inheritance, completely unknown and wrongly guessed by Charles Darwin, is now fairly well understood, (ii) As chemistry has been rooted in physics by quantum mechanics in the fi rst half of twentieth century, biology has been tied into chemis- try by the development of biochemistry, structural biology, and molecular genetics, and the pro- cesses going on in cells and o...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From Belief to Facts in Evolutionary Theory","attachmentId":79722228,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69744603/From_Belief_to_Facts_in_Evolutionary_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69744603/From_Belief_to_Facts_in_Evolutionary_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="73901827" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73901827/On_the_Nature_of_Evolution_An_Explicative_Model">On the Nature of Evolution: An Explicative Model</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30043130" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/ArcadioMonroyAta">Arcadio Monroy-Ata</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">TIP, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Nature of Evolution: An Explicative Model","attachmentId":82248726,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73901827/On_the_Nature_of_Evolution_An_Explicative_Model","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73901827/On_the_Nature_of_Evolution_An_Explicative_Model"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="261351" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/261351/Evolutionary_epistemology_as_a_scientific_method_a_new_look_upon_the_units_and_levels_of_evolution_debate">Evolutionary epistemology as a scientific method: a new look upon the units and levels of evolution debate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103763" href="https://lisboa.academia.edu/NathalieGontier">Nathalie Gontier</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary epistemology as a scientific method: a new look upon the units and levels of evolution debate","attachmentId":1095102,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/261351/Evolutionary_epistemology_as_a_scientific_method_a_new_look_upon_the_units_and_levels_of_evolution_debate","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/261351/Evolutionary_epistemology_as_a_scientific_method_a_new_look_upon_the_units_and_levels_of_evolution_debate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="43029261" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43029261/Philosophical_Perspectives_on_Evolutionary_Theory_A_Sketch_of_the_History">Philosophical Perspectives on Evolutionary Theory: A Sketch of the History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7015892" href="https://curtin.academia.edu/AlanTapper">Alan Tapper</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Discussion of Darwinian evolutionary theory by philosophers has gone through a number of historical phases, from indifference (in the first hundred years), to criticism (in the 1960s and 70s), to enthusiasm and expansionism (since about 1980). This paper documents these phases and speculates about what, philosophically speaking, underlies them. It concludes with some comments on the present state of the evolutionary debate, where rapid and important changes within evolutionary theory may be passing by unnoticed by philosophers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Philosophical Perspectives on Evolutionary Theory: A Sketch of the History","attachmentId":63291505,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43029261/Philosophical_Perspectives_on_Evolutionary_Theory_A_Sketch_of_the_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43029261/Philosophical_Perspectives_on_Evolutionary_Theory_A_Sketch_of_the_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="62300598" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62300598/From_external_to_internal_measurement_a_form_theory_approach_to_evolution">From external to internal measurement: a form theory approach to evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="298474" href="https://unal.academia.edu/EugenioAndrade">Eugenio Andrade</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biosystems, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From external to internal measurement: a form theory approach to evolution","attachmentId":75113155,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62300598/From_external_to_internal_measurement_a_form_theory_approach_to_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62300598/From_external_to_internal_measurement_a_form_theory_approach_to_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58906415,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58906415,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_58906415" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2631192" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2631192/From_External_to_Internal_Measurement_Form_Theory_Approach_to_Evolution_BioSystems_57_2000_49_62">From External to Internal Measurement Form Theory Approach to Evolution BioSystems 57 (2000) 49–62</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1025767" href="https://unal-co.academia.edu/LuisEugenioAndradePerez">Luis Eugenio Andrade Perez</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From External to Internal Measurement Form Theory Approach to Evolution BioSystems 57 (2000) 49–62","attachmentId":30632846,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2631192/From_External_to_Internal_Measurement_Form_Theory_Approach_to_Evolution_BioSystems_57_2000_49_62","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2631192/From_External_to_Internal_Measurement_Form_Theory_Approach_to_Evolution_BioSystems_57_2000_49_62"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="91085714" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91085714/Science_as_a_Way_of_Knowing_Evolution_The_Biology_of_Whole_Organisms1">Science as a Way of Knowing—Evolution: The Biology of Whole Organisms1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32620339" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarvaleeWake">Marvalee Wake</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Integrative and Comparative Biology, 1984</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Science as a Way of Knowing—Evolution: The Biology of Whole Organisms1","attachmentId":94471956,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91085714/Science_as_a_Way_of_Knowing_Evolution_The_Biology_of_Whole_Organisms1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91085714/Science_as_a_Way_of_Knowing_Evolution_The_Biology_of_Whole_Organisms1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="42115575" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42115575/Introduction_Universality_and_Inexhaustibility_of_Evolution">Introduction. Universality and Inexhaustibility of Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1547747" href="https://hse-ru.academia.edu/AndreyKorotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1785118" href="https://scopus.academia.edu/LeonidGrinin">Leonid Grinin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction. Universality and Inexhaustibility of Evolution","attachmentId":62248964,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42115575/Introduction_Universality_and_Inexhaustibility_of_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42115575/Introduction_Universality_and_Inexhaustibility_of_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="36590445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36590445/From_Darwinian_Metaphysics_towards_Understanding_the_Evolution_of_Evolutionary_Mechanisms">From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution of Evolutionary Mechanisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="81503841" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/MommevonSydow">Momme von Sydow</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution of Evolutionary Mechanisms","attachmentId":56517830,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36590445/From_Darwinian_Metaphysics_towards_Understanding_the_Evolution_of_Evolutionary_Mechanisms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36590445/From_Darwinian_Metaphysics_towards_Understanding_the_Evolution_of_Evolutionary_Mechanisms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="11141829" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11141829/A_New_Look_at_Evolution">A New Look at Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2327519" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardChirko">Richard Chirko</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A New Look at Evolution","attachmentId":36794613,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11141829/A_New_Look_at_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11141829/A_New_Look_at_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="49643925" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49643925/On_the_Theory_of_Species_Evolution_Through_Natural_Selection">On the Theory of Species Evolution Through Natural Selection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9606119" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MVitas">Marko Vitas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Theory of Species Evolution Through Natural Selection","attachmentId":67943204,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49643925/On_the_Theory_of_Species_Evolution_Through_Natural_Selection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49643925/On_the_Theory_of_Species_Evolution_Through_Natural_Selection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2587630" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2587630/On_the_Theory_of_Evolution_Versus_the_Concept_of_Evolution_Three_Observations">On the Theory of Evolution Versus the Concept of Evolution: Three Observations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2990705" href="https://rwu.academia.edu/AvelinaEspinosa">Avelina Espinosa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Theory of Evolution Versus the Concept of Evolution: Three Observations","attachmentId":37692273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2587630/On_the_Theory_of_Evolution_Versus_the_Concept_of_Evolution_Three_Observations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2587630/On_the_Theory_of_Evolution_Versus_the_Concept_of_Evolution_Three_Observations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="5802652" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5802652/Hughes_P_W_2013_The_Theory_of_Evolution_and_its_Impact_BR_Philosophy_in_Review_33_6_455_457">Hughes P.W. (2013) The Theory of Evolution and its Impact. (BR) Philosophy in Review. 33:6 455-457</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8504964" href="https://mpiz-koeln-mpg.academia.edu/PWilliamHughes">P. William Hughes</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hughes P.W. (2013) The Theory of Evolution and its Impact. (BR) Philosophy in Review. 33:6 455-457","attachmentId":32818511,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5802652/Hughes_P_W_2013_The_Theory_of_Evolution_and_its_Impact_BR_Philosophy_in_Review_33_6_455_457","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5802652/Hughes_P_W_2013_The_Theory_of_Evolution_and_its_Impact_BR_Philosophy_in_Review_33_6_455_457"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="34476531" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34476531/A_philosophical_perspective_on_a_metatheory_of_biological_evolution_Map_and_Territory_Springer_Switzerland_2018_">A philosophical perspective on a metatheory of biological evolution (Map & Territory, Springer, Switzerland, 2018)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1709676" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VirginiaChaitin">Virginia Chaitin</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A philosophical perspective on a metatheory of biological evolution (Map \u0026 Territory, Springer, Switzerland, 2018)","attachmentId":54348181,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34476531/A_philosophical_perspective_on_a_metatheory_of_biological_evolution_Map_and_Territory_Springer_Switzerland_2018_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34476531/A_philosophical_perspective_on_a_metatheory_of_biological_evolution_Map_and_Territory_Springer_Switzerland_2018_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="67607834" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67607834/Evolution_A_Theory_in_Crisis">Evolution: A Theory in Crisis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36936510" href="https://independent.academia.edu/michaeldenton1">michael denton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1986</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution: A Theory in Crisis","attachmentId":78363201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67607834/Evolution_A_Theory_in_Crisis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67607834/Evolution_A_Theory_in_Crisis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="34122392" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34122392/There_is_Grandeur_in_This_View_of_Life_The_Bio_Philosophical_Implications_of_Convergent_Evolution">There is Grandeur in This View of Life: The Bio-Philosophical Implications of Convergent Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66849302" href="https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/CarlosMariscal">Carlos Mariscal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"There is Grandeur in This View of Life: The Bio-Philosophical Implications of Convergent Evolution","attachmentId":54111754,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34122392/There_is_Grandeur_in_This_View_of_Life_The_Bio_Philosophical_Implications_of_Convergent_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34122392/There_is_Grandeur_in_This_View_of_Life_The_Bio_Philosophical_Implications_of_Convergent_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="8492525" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8492525/NEW_ARGUMENTS_IN_EVOLUTIONARY_EPISTEMOLOGY">NEW ARGUMENTS IN EVOLUTIONARY EPISTEMOLOGY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17349112" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidVelasquez9">David Velasquez</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NEW ARGUMENTS IN EVOLUTIONARY EPISTEMOLOGY","attachmentId":34873395,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8492525/NEW_ARGUMENTS_IN_EVOLUTIONARY_EPISTEMOLOGY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8492525/NEW_ARGUMENTS_IN_EVOLUTIONARY_EPISTEMOLOGY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="59301275" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59301275/A_review_of_Origination_of_organismal_form_beyond_the_gene_in_developmental_and_evolutionary_biology_the_Vienna_Series_in_Theoretical_Biology_edited_by_Gerd_B_Muller_and_Stuart_A_Newman">A review of Origination of organismal form: beyond the gene in developmental and evolutionary biology (the Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology) edited by Gerd B. Muller and Stuart A. Newman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="153486341" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlessandroMinelli3">Alessandro Minelli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution and Development, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A review of Origination of organismal form: beyond the gene in developmental and evolutionary biology (the Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology) edited by Gerd B. Muller and Stuart A. Newman","attachmentId":73295931,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59301275/A_review_of_Origination_of_organismal_form_beyond_the_gene_in_developmental_and_evolutionary_biology_the_Vienna_Series_in_Theoretical_Biology_edited_by_Gerd_B_Muller_and_Stuart_A_Newman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59301275/A_review_of_Origination_of_organismal_form_beyond_the_gene_in_developmental_and_evolutionary_biology_the_Vienna_Series_in_Theoretical_Biology_edited_by_Gerd_B_Muller_and_Stuart_A_Newman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="8603680" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8603680/Evolutionary_Biology_Redux">Evolutionary Biology Redux</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17812343" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/johntorday">john torday</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary Biology Redux","attachmentId":34969843,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8603680/Evolutionary_Biology_Redux","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8603680/Evolutionary_Biology_Redux"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="83239740" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83239740/Recent_Work_in_the_Philosophy_of_Biology">Recent Work in the Philosophy of Biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65880079" href="https://independent.academia.edu/kimsterelny">kim sterelny</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophical Books, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recent Work in the Philosophy of Biology","attachmentId":88652736,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83239740/Recent_Work_in_the_Philosophy_of_Biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83239740/Recent_Work_in_the_Philosophy_of_Biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="39714163" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39714163/A_Modest_Proposal_for_Resolving_the_Apparently_Never_Ending_Evolution_Debate_Reconsidering_the_Question">A Modest Proposal for Resolving the Apparently Never-Ending Evolution Debate: Reconsidering the Question</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="77862876" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StudiaGilsoniana">Studia Gilsoniana</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Gilsoniana, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Modest Proposal for Resolving the Apparently Never-Ending Evolution Debate: Reconsidering the Question","attachmentId":59888062,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39714163/A_Modest_Proposal_for_Resolving_the_Apparently_Never_Ending_Evolution_Debate_Reconsidering_the_Question","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39714163/A_Modest_Proposal_for_Resolving_the_Apparently_Never_Ending_Evolution_Debate_Reconsidering_the_Question"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="47435317" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47435317/The_Epistemic_Status_of_Evolutionary_Theory">The Epistemic Status of Evolutionary Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33731391" href="https://vu-nl.academia.edu/GijsbertvandenBrink">Gijsbert van den Brink</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Theology and Science</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Epistemic Status of Evolutionary Theory","attachmentId":66529135,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47435317/The_Epistemic_Status_of_Evolutionary_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47435317/The_Epistemic_Status_of_Evolutionary_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="1214216" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1214216/An_Evolutionist_in_an_Epistemological_Wonderland_Preface_1979_to_Cascades_and_Sinks">An Evolutionist in an Epistemological Wonderland: Preface (1979) to Cascades and Sinks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="218733" href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/WilliamHall">William P. Hall</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Evolutionist in an Epistemological Wonderland: Preface (1979) to Cascades and Sinks","attachmentId":7557475,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1214216/An_Evolutionist_in_an_Epistemological_Wonderland_Preface_1979_to_Cascades_and_Sinks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1214216/An_Evolutionist_in_an_Epistemological_Wonderland_Preface_1979_to_Cascades_and_Sinks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="39708447" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39708447/Evolutionary_theodicies_an_attempt_to_overcome_some_impasses">Evolutionary theodicies -an attempt to overcome some impasses</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2819192" href="https://mf.academia.edu/AtleOttesenS%C3%B8vik">Atle Ottesen Søvik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neue Zeitschrift für Systematiche Theologie und Religionsphilosophie, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary theodicies -an attempt to overcome some impasses","attachmentId":59880873,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39708447/Evolutionary_theodicies_an_attempt_to_overcome_some_impasses","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39708447/Evolutionary_theodicies_an_attempt_to_overcome_some_impasses"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="68010436" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68010436/The_philosophical_basis_of_biological_classification">The philosophical basis of biological classification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40264964" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnDupre">John Dupre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The philosophical basis of biological classification","attachmentId":78642758,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68010436/The_philosophical_basis_of_biological_classification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68010436/The_philosophical_basis_of_biological_classification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="22337262" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22337262/The_metaphysics_of_evolution">The metaphysics of evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36286395" href="https://ucalgary.academia.edu/MarcEreshefsky">Marc Ereshefsky</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The metaphysics of evolution","attachmentId":42970775,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22337262/The_metaphysics_of_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22337262/The_metaphysics_of_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="79169584" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79169584/Evolution_Theory_as_a_Conceptual_Revolution_in_Our_View_of_the_World">Evolution Theory as a Conceptual Revolution in Our View of the World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="214297991" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DiegoalfonsoMu%C3%B1ozgranados">Diego alfonso Muñoz granados</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">INTERdisciplina, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution Theory as a Conceptual Revolution in Our View of the World","attachmentId":85976522,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79169584/Evolution_Theory_as_a_Conceptual_Revolution_in_Our_View_of_the_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79169584/Evolution_Theory_as_a_Conceptual_Revolution_in_Our_View_of_the_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="34605376" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34605376/Evolutionary_Systems_A_Manifesto">Evolutionary Systems. A Manifesto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68721843" href="https://independent.academia.edu/XiaomengZhang3">Xiaomeng Zhang</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68742522" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnetteGrathoff">Annette Grathoff</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136797" href="https://udima.academia.edu/JoseMariaDiazNafria">Jose Maria Diaz Nafria</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary Systems. A Manifesto","attachmentId":54471346,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34605376/Evolutionary_Systems_A_Manifesto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34605376/Evolutionary_Systems_A_Manifesto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="35174627" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35174627/The_Evolution_Impasse_1">The Evolution Impasse 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="69001000" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarunYahya12">Harun Yahya Books</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution Impasse 1","attachmentId":55036007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35174627/The_Evolution_Impasse_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35174627/The_Evolution_Impasse_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="74" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transportation_Engineering">Transportation Engineering</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="300" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="498" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="888" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmology_Physics_">Cosmology (Physics)</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture">Architecture</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="4808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning">Urban Planning</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="15674" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics">Linguistics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="41012" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_DNA_Technology">Recombinant DNA Technology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="54589" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy">Anatomy</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>