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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mandates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>British approach</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_approach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British approach subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominion_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominion_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dominion representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominion_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>French approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Italian approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Japanese approach</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japanese_approach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Japanese approach subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Japanese_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_equality_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_equality_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Racial equality proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_equality_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Territorial claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>American approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Greek approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chinese approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_nations'_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_nations'_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other nations' approach</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_nations'_approach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other nations' approach subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_nations'_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All-Russian_Government_(Whites)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-Russian_Government_(Whites)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>All-Russian Government (Whites)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-Russian_Government_(Whites)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Baltic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minority_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Minority rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>Assyrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aromanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aromanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.10</span> <span>Aromanians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aromanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Women's approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-African_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-African_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pan-African Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-African_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Historical assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariser_Friedenskonferenz_1919" title="Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_1919" title="مؤتمر باريس للسلام 1919 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤتمر باريس للسلام 1919" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Փարիզի Խաղաղութեան Վեհաժողով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փարիզի Խաղաղութեան Վեհաժողով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_S%C3%BClh_Konfrans%C4%B1" title="Paris Sülh Konfransı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris Sülh Konfransı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8,_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF" title="প্যারিস শান্তি সম্মেলন, ১৯১৯ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারিস শান্তি সম্মেলন, ১৯১৯" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Парыжская мірная канферэнцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парыжская мірная канферэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Парыская мірная канфэрэнцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парыская мірная канфэрэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Парижка мирна конференция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парижка мирна конференция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariska_mirovna_konferencija_1919." title="Pariska mirovna konferencija 1919. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pariska mirovna konferencija 1919." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%A8ncia_de_Pau_de_Par%C3%ADs_(1919)" title="Conferència de Pau de París (1919) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conferència de Pau de París (1919)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_m%C3%ADrov%C3%A1_konference_(1919)" title="Pařížská mírová konference (1919) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pařížská mírová konference (1919)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynhadledd_Heddwch_Paris_1919" title="Cynhadledd Heddwch Paris 1919 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynhadledd Heddwch Paris 1919" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredskonferencen_i_Paris_(1919-1920)" title="Fredskonferencen i Paris (1919-1920) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fredskonferencen i Paris (1919-1920)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariser_Friedenskonferenz_1919" title="Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisi_rahukonverents" title="Pariisi rahukonverents – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pariisi rahukonverents" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D_(1919)" title="Σύνοδος Ειρήνης του Παρισιού (1919) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνοδος Ειρήνης του Παρισιού (1919)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_de_Paz_de_Par%C3%ADs_(1919)" title="Conferencia de Paz de París (1919) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conferencia de Paz de París (1919)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferenco_de_Parizo_1919" title="Konferenco de Parizo 1919 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konferenco de Parizo 1919" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisko_Bake_Biltzarra_(1919)" title="Parisko Bake Biltzarra (1919) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parisko Bake Biltzarra (1919)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کنفرانس صلح پاریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنفرانس صلح پاریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_de_la_paix_de_Paris" title="Conférence de la paix de Paris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conférence de la paix de Paris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_de_Paz_de_Par%C3%ADs_(1919)" title="Conferencia de Paz de París (1919) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conferencia de Paz de París (1919)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94_%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="파리 강화 회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파리 강화 회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Փարիզի խաղաղության վեհաժողով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարիզի խաղաղության վեհաժողով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%A1ka_mirovna_konferencija_1919." title="Pariška mirovna konferencija 1919. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pariška mirovna konferencija 1919." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-konfero_en_Paris_(1919-1920)" title="Pac-konfero en Paris (1919-1920) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pac-konfero en Paris (1919-1920)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferensi_Perdamaian_Paris_1919" title="Konferensi Perdamaian Paris 1919 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konferensi Perdamaian Paris 1919" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0arr%C3%A1%C3%B0stefnan_%C3%AD_Par%C3%ADs_1919-1920" title="Friðarráðstefnan í París 1919-1920 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friðarráðstefnan í París 1919-1920" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferenza_di_pace_di_Parigi_(1919)" title="Conferenza di pace di Parigi (1919) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conferenza di pace di Parigi (1919)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96_(1919)" title="ועידת השלום בפריז (1919) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ועידת השלום בפריז (1919)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Париж мамырлыкъ конференция – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Париж мамырлыкъ конференция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პარიზის სამშვიდობო კონფერენცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარიზის სამშვიდობო კონფერენცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Париж бітім конференциясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Париж бітім конференциясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferans_lap%C3%A8_Paris_(1919)" title="Konferans lapè Paris (1919) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konferans lapè Paris (1919)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferansa_A%C5%9Ftiy%C3%AA_ya_Par%C3%AEs%C3%AA" title="Konferansa Aştiyê ya Parîsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konferansa Aştiyê ya Parîsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Париж тынчтык конференциясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Париж тынчтык конференциясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberatio_de_pace_componenda_Lutetiae_facta_(1919)" title="Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919._gada_Par%C4%ABzes_miera_konference" title="1919. gada Parīzes miera konference – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1919. gada Parīzes miera konference" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary%C5%BEiaus_taikos_konferencija" title="Paryžiaus taikos konferencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paryžiaus taikos konferencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(1919)" title="Париска мировна конференција (1919) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Париска мировна конференција (1919)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82_(1919-1920)" title="പാരിസ് സമാധാന സമ്മേളനം (1919-1920) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാരിസ് സമാധാന സമ്മേളനം (1919-1920)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_1919" title="مؤتمر باريس للسلام 1919 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مؤتمر باريس للسلام 1919" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persidangan_Damai_Paris,_1919" title="Persidangan Damai Paris, 1919 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persidangan Damai Paris, 1919" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vredesconferentie_van_Parijs_(1919)" title="Vredesconferentie van Parijs (1919) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vredesconferentie van Parijs (1919)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E8%AC%9B%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="パリ講和会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パリ講和会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredskonferansen_i_Paris_(1919)" title="Fredskonferansen i Paris (1919) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fredskonferansen i Paris (1919)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8_1919" title="ਪੈਰਸ ਅਮਨ ਕਾਨਫਰੰਸ 1919 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਰਸ ਅਮਨ ਕਾਨਫਰੰਸ 1919" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_1919%D8%A1" title="پیرس امن کانفرنس 1919ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیرس امن کانفرنس 1919ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%DB%90_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B2%DB%B0-_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B9" title="د پاریس د سولې کنفرانس ۱۹۲۰- ۱۹۱۹ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پاریس د سولې کنفرانس ۱۹۲۰- ۱۹۱۹" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferencja_pokojowa_w_Pary%C5%BCu_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Konferencja pokojowa w Paryżu (1919–1920) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konferencja pokojowa w Paryżu (1919–1920)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Paz_de_Paris_(1919)" title="Conferência de Paz de Paris (1919) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conferência de Paz de Paris (1919)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferin%C8%9Ba_de_Pace_de_la_Paris_din_1919" title="Conferința de Pace de la Paris din 1919 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conferința de Pace de la Paris din 1919" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Парижская мирная конференция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парижская мирная конференция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferenca_e_Paqes_e_Parisit_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Konferenca e Paqes e Parisit (1919–1920) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konferenca e Paqes e Parisit (1919–1920)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%A1ka_mirovna_konferenca_(1919)" title="Pariška mirovna konferenca (1919) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pariška mirovna konferenca (1919)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کۆنگرەی ئاشتیی پاریس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنگرەی ئاشتیی پاریس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(1919%E2%80%941920)" title="Париска мировна конференција (1919—1920) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Париска мировна конференција (1919—1920)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%A1ka_mirovna_konferencija_(1919)" title="Pariška mirovna konferencija (1919) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pariška mirovna konferencija (1919)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisin_rauhankonferenssi" title="Pariisin rauhankonferenssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pariisin rauhankonferenssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredskonferensen_i_Paris_(1919)" title="Fredskonferensen i Paris (1919) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fredskonferensen i Paris (1919)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81,_1919-1920" title="பாரிசு அமைதி மாநாடு, 1919-1920 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரிசு அமைதி மாநாடு, 1919-1920" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Париж тынычлык конференциясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Париж тынычлык конференциясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1919%E2%80%931920)" title="การประชุมสันติภาพปารีส (ค.ศ. 1919–1920) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประชุมสันติภาพปารีส (ค.ศ. 1919–1920)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_Konferans%C4%B1" title="Paris Barış Konferansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris Barış Konferansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(1919%E2%80%941920)" title="Паризька мирна конференція (1919—1920) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паризька мирна конференція (1919—1920)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_1919%D8%A1" title="پیرس امن کانفرنس 1919ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیرس امن کانفرنس 1919ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ngh%E1%BB%8B_h%C3%B2a_b%C3%ACnh_Paris_1919" title="Hội nghị hòa bình Paris 1919 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội nghị hòa bình Paris 1919" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%83" title="巴黎和會 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴黎和會" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%9A" title="巴黎和会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴黎和会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%83" title="巴黎和會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴黎和會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%9A" title="巴黎和会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎和会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q199820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rue_Nitot" title="Rue Nitot">Rue Nitot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Paris Peace Conference", see <a href="/wiki/Paris_meetings,_agreements_and_declarations_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris meetings, agreements and declarations (disambiguation)">Paris meetings, agreements and declarations (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors,_Versailles_1919,_Ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/280px-William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/420px-William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/560px-William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bell" title="Johannes Bell">Johannes Bell</a> of Germany is shown signing the peace treaties on 28 June 1919 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors" title="The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors">The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Orpen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Orpen">Sir William Orpen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris Peace Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/250px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/375px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War Guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II#Legacies_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millerand_letter" title="Millerand letter">Millerand letter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_sidebar" title="Template:Paris Peace Conference sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_Peace_Conference_sidebar" title="Template talk:Paris Peace Conference sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris Peace Conference sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Paris Peace Conference</b> was a set of formal and informal diplomatic meetings in 1919 and 1920 after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in which the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> set the peace terms for the defeated <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Dominated by the leaders of Britain, France, the United States and Italy, the conference resulted in five treaties that rearranged the maps of Europe and parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands, and also imposed financial penalties. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the other losing nations were not given a voice in the deliberations; this later gave rise to political resentments that lasted for decades. The arrangements made by this conference are considered one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference involved diplomats from <a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_to_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of participants to the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">32 countries and nationalities</a>. Its major decisions were the creation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and the five peace treaties with the defeated states. Main arrangements agreed upon in the treaties were, among others, the transition of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandates</a>" from the hands of these countries chiefly into the hands of Britain and France; the imposition of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations upon Germany</a>; and the drawing of new national boundaries, sometimes involving <a href="/wiki/Plebiscites" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscites">plebiscites</a>, to reflect ethnic boundaries more closely. </p><p>US President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> in 1917 commissioned a group of about 150 academics to research topics likely to arise in diplomatic talks on the European stage, and to develop a set of principles to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace negotiation">peace negotiations</a> in order to end <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The results of this research were summarized in the so called <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> document that became the basis for the terms of the German surrender during the conference, as it had earlier been the basis of the German government's negotiations in the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>. </p><p>The main result of the conference was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> with Germany; <a href="/wiki/Article_231" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 231">Article 231</a> of that treaty placed the whole guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies". That provision proved very humiliating for German leaders, armies and citizens alike, and set the stage for the expensive reparations that Germany was intended to pay, only a small portion of which had been delivered when it stopped paying after 1931. The five great powers at that time, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, controlled the Conference. The "<a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a>" leaders were <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">French Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a>. Together with teams of diplomats and <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurists</a>, they met informally 145 times and agreed upon all major decisions before they were ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_Albrecht-Carrie_1958_p._363_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene_Albrecht-Carrie_1958_p._363-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference began on 18 January 1919. With respect to its end, Professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Neiberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Neiberg">Michael Neiberg</a> noted, "Although the senior statesmen stopped working personally on the conference in June 1919, the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923, when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> was signed."<sup id="cite_ref-Neiberg2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neiberg2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire process is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", although only the signing of the first treaty took place in the historic palace; the negotiations occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a> in Paris. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_direct_results">Overview and direct results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview and direct results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_to_Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of participants to Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">List of participants to Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Special:EditPage/Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. 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href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.592%;left:37.187%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Treaty of Sevres"><img alt="Treaty of Sevres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Documents_icon.svg/13px-Documents_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Documents_icon.svg/19px-Documents_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Documents_icon.svg/25px-Documents_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="145" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sevres" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Sevres">Treaty of Sevres</a></b></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> </a></div>The location of the signing of the five principal treaties within the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Île de France">Île de France</a> region </div> </div> </div> <p>The Conference formally opened on 18 January 1919 at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Erik_Goldstein_p49_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erik_Goldstein_p49-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This date was symbolic, as it was the anniversary of the proclamation of <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> as <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a> in 1871, in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, shortly before the end of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">Siege of Paris</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a day itself imbued with significance in Germany, as the anniversary of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in 1701.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delegates from 27 nations (delegates representing 5 nationalities were for the most part ignored) were assigned to 52 commissions, which held 1,646 sessions to prepare reports, with the help of many experts, on topics ranging from prisoners of war to undersea cables, to international aviation, to responsibility for the war. Key recommendations were folded into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> with Germany, which had 15 chapters and 440 clauses, as well as treaties for the other defeated nations. </p><p>The five major powers, France, Britain, Italy, the U.S., and Japan, controlled the Conference. Amongst the "Big Five", in practice Japan only sent a former prime minister and played a small role; and the "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a>" leaders dominated the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which were then ratified by other attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_Albrecht-Carrie_1958_p._363_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene_Albrecht-Carrie_1958_p._363-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The open meetings of all the delegations approved the decisions made by the Big Four. The conference came to an end on 21 January 1920, with the inaugural General Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five major peace treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference, with, in parentheses, the affected countries: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, 28 June 1919 (<a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a>, 10 September 1919 (<a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="First Republic of Austria">Austria</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Neuilly">Treaty of Neuilly</a>, 27 November 1919 (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, 4 June 1920 (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)">Hungary</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, 10 August 1920; subsequently revised by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, 24 July 1923 (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>).</li></ul> <p>The major decisions were the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">"mandates"</a>, chiefly to members of the British Empire and to France; reparations imposed on Germany; and the drawing of new national boundaries, sometimes with plebiscites, to better reflect the forces of nationalism. The main result was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies".<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1966_270_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1966_270-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay. Germany paid only a small portion, before reparations ended in 1931. According to British historian AJP Taylor, the treaty seemed to Germans "wicked, unfair" and "dictation, a slave treaty" but one which they would repudiate at some stage if it "did not fall to pieces of its own absurdity."<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1966_270_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1966_270-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the conference's decisions were enacted <a href="/wiki/Unilaterally" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilaterally">unilaterally</a> and largely on the whims of the Big Four, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was effectively the center of a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a> during the conference, which deliberated over and implemented the sweeping changes to the <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Most famously, the Treaty of Versailles itself weakened the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">German military</a> and placed <a href="/wiki/War_Guilt_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="War Guilt Clause">full blame for the war</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">costly reparations</a> on Germany's shoulders, and the later <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">humiliation and resentment</a> in Germany is often sometimes considered by historians to be one of the direct causes of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>'s electoral successes and one of the indirect <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">causes of World War II</a>. </p><p>The League of Nations proved controversial in the United States since critics said it subverted the powers of the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> to declare war. The <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> did not ratify any of the peace treaties and so the United States never joined the League. Instead, the 1921–1923 <a href="/wiki/Harding_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Harding administration">Harding administration</a> concluded new treaties with <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/US-Austrian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="US-Austrian Peace Treaty (1921)">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/US-Hungarian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="US-Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)">Hungary</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> was not invited to attend the conference at Versailles. Representatives of <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russia</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Russia</a> were at the conference. Numerous other nations sent delegations to appeal for various unsuccessful additions to the treaties, and parties lobbied for causes ranging from independence for the countries of the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Japan's unsuccessful proposal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a> to the other <a href="/wiki/Great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great powers">great powers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandates">Mandates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mandates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_league_of_nations_mandate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_league_of_nations_mandate.png/440px-Map_of_league_of_nations_mandate.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_league_of_nations_mandate.png/660px-Map_of_league_of_nations_mandate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_league_of_nations_mandate.png/880px-Map_of_league_of_nations_mandate.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a> of the League of Nations</figcaption></figure> <p>A central issue of the conference was the disposition of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">overseas colonies</a> of Germany (Austria-Hungary did not have major colonies, and the Ottoman Empire was a separate issue).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British dominions wanted their reward for their sacrifice. Australia wanted <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, New Zealand wanted <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">Samoa</a>, and South Africa wanted <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South West Africa</a>. Wilson wanted the League to administer all German colonies until they were ready for independence. Lloyd George realized he needed to support his dominions and so he proposed a compromise: there be three types of mandates. Mandates for the Turkish provinces were one category and would be divided up between Britain and France. </p><p>The second category, of New Guinea, Samoa, and South West Africa, were located so close to responsible supervisors that the mandates could hardly be given to anyone except Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Finally, the African colonies would need the careful supervision as "Class B" mandates, which could be provided only by experienced colonial powers: Britain, France, and Belgium although Italy and Portugal received small amounts of territory. Wilson and the others finally went along with the solution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominions received "<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Mandate">Class C Mandates</a>" to the colonies that they wanted. Japan obtained mandates over German possessions north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson wanted no mandates for the United States, but his main advisor, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel House">Colonel House</a>, was deeply involved in awarding the others.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson was especially offended by Australian demands and had some memorable clashes with Hughes (the Australian Prime Minister), this the most famous: </p> <dl><dd><b>Wilson</b>: <q>But after all, you speak for only five million people.</q><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></b>: <q>I represent sixty thousand dead.</q><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_approach">British approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Air_Section_at_the_1919_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Air_Section_at_the_1919_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/220px-British_Air_Section_at_the_1919_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Air_Section_at_the_1919_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/330px-British_Air_Section_at_the_1919_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Air_Section_at_the_1919_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/440px-British_Air_Section_at_the_1919_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>The British Air Section at the conference</figcaption></figure> <p>The maintenance of the unity, territories, and interests of the British Empire was an overarching concern for the British delegates to the conference. Still, they entered the conference with more specific goals with this order of priority: </p> <ul><li>Ensure colonial claims of Germany were redacted (taken or given to victory colonies)</li> <li>Germany was ensued with 30 billion dollars of debt, concerning interest</li> <li>Ensuring the security of France</li> <li>Removing the threat of the <a href="/wiki/German_High_Seas_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="German High Seas Fleet">German High Seas Fleet</a></li> <li>Settling territorial contentions</li> <li>Supporting the League of Nations<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Racial Equality Proposal put forth by the Japanese did not directly conflict with any core British interest, but as the conference progressed, its full implications on immigration to the <a href="/wiki/British_dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British dominions">British dominions</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> taking particular exception, became a major point of contention within the delegation. </p><p>Ultimately, the British delegation did not treat that proposal as a fundamental aim of the conference; they were willing to sacrifice the Racial Equality Proposal to placate the Australian delegation and thus help to satisfy their overarching aim of preserving the unity of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain had reluctantly consented to the attendance of separate delegations from British dominions, but the British managed to rebuff attempts by the envoys of the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> to put a case to the conference for Irish <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, diplomatic recognition, and membership in the proposed League of Nations. The Irish envoys' final "Demand for Recognition" in a letter to Clemenceau, the conference chairman, was not answered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain had been planning to renege on the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Government of Ireland Act 1914</a> and instead to replace it with a new <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1920">Government of Ireland Bill</a> which would partition Ireland into two <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a> states (which eventually was passed as the Government of Ireland Act 1920). The planned two states would both be within the United Kingdom and so neither would have dominion status. </p><p>David Lloyd George commented that he did "not do badly" at the peace conference "considering I was seated between <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>." This was a reference to the great idealism of Wilson, who desired merely to punish Germany, and the stark realism of Clemenceau, who was determined to see Germany effectively destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominion_representation">Dominion representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dominion representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_1919_Australian_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paris_1919_Australian_delegation.jpg/220px-Paris_1919_Australian_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paris_1919_Australian_delegation.jpg/330px-Paris_1919_Australian_delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paris_1919_Australian_delegation.jpg/440px-Paris_1919_Australian_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>The Australian delegation, with Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> in the center</figcaption></figure> <p>The dominion governments were not originally given separate invitations to the conference and had been expected to send representatives as part of the British delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convinced that Canada had become a nation on the battlefields of Europe, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Borden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Borden">Sir Robert Borden</a> demanded that it have a separate seat at the conference. That was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States, which saw any Dominion delegation as an extra British vote. Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60,000 men, a far larger proportion of its men than the 50,000 American men lost, it had at least the right to the representation of a "minor" power. Lloyd George eventually relented and persuaded the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of delegations from Canada, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, Australia, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, New Zealand, and South Africa, and that those countries receive their seats in the League of Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada, despite its huge losses in the war, did not ask for either reparations or mandates.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian delegation, led by Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> fought greatly for its demands: reparations, the annexation of <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>, and the rejection of the Racial Equality Proposal. He said that he had no objection to the proposal if it was stated in unambiguous terms that it did not confer any right to enter Australia. He was concerned by the increasing power of Japan. Within months of the declaration of war in 1914, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand had seized all of Germany's possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The British had given their blessing for Japan to occupy German possessions, but Hughes was alarmed by that policy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_approach">French approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/220px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/330px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and David Lloyd George confer at the Paris Peace Conference (<a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorville" title="Noël Dorville">Noël Dorville</a>, 1919)</figcaption></figure> <p>French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> controlled his delegation, and his chief goal was to weaken Germany militarily, strategically, and economically.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having personally witnessed two German attacks on French soil in the last 40 years, he was adamant for Germany not to be permitted to attack France again. Particularly, Clemenceau sought an American and British joint guarantee of French security in the event of another German attack. </p><p>Clemenceau also expressed skepticism and frustration with Wilson's <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and complained: "Mr. Wilson bores me with his fourteen points. Why, God Almighty has only ten!" Wilson gained some favour by signing a mutual defense treaty with France, but he did not present it to his country's government for ratification and so it never took effect.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible French policy was to seek a <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with Germany. In May 1919 the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Massigli" title="René Massigli">René Massigli</a> was sent on several secret missions to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. During his visits, he offered, on behalf of his government, to revise the territorial and economic clauses of the upcoming peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Trachtenberg,_Marc_pages_24-55_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trachtenberg,_Marc_pages_24-55-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massigli spoke of the desirability of "practical, verbal discussions" between French and German officials that would lead to a "Franco-German collaboration."<sup id="cite_ref-Trachtenberg,_Marc_pages_24-55_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trachtenberg,_Marc_pages_24-55-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massigli told the Germans that the French thought of the "Anglo-Saxon powers" (the United States and the British Empire) as the major threat to France in the post-war world. He argued that both France and Germany had a joint interest in opposing "Anglo-Saxon domination" of the world, and he warned that the "deepening of opposition" between the French and the Germans "would lead to the ruin of both countries, to the advantage of the Anglo-Saxon powers."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans rejected Massigli's offers because they believed that the intention was to trick them into accepting the Treaty of Versailles unchanged; also, the German Foreign Minister, Count <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau</a>, thought that the United States was more likely to reduce the severity of the penalties than France was.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Lloyd George was the one who eventually pushed for better terms for Germany.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_approach">Italian approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italian approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FochClemenceauLloydGeorgeOrlandoSonnino28374v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FochClemenceauLloydGeorgeOrlandoSonnino28374v.jpg/220px-FochClemenceauLloydGeorgeOrlandoSonnino28374v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FochClemenceauLloydGeorgeOrlandoSonnino28374v.jpg/330px-FochClemenceauLloydGeorgeOrlandoSonnino28374v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FochClemenceauLloydGeorgeOrlandoSonnino28374v.jpg/440px-FochClemenceauLloydGeorgeOrlandoSonnino28374v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5203" data-file-height="3134" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, Clemenceau, Lloyd George and the Italians <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914, Italy remained neutral despite the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> with Germany and Austria-Hungary. In 1915, it joined the Allies to gain the territories promised by the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> in the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Brenner,_South_Tyrol" title="Brenner, South Tyrol">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Coast">Dalmatian Coast</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Valona</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">protectorate over Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> (in Turkey), and possibly colonies in Africa. </p><p>Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> tried to obtain full implementation of the Treaty of London, as agreed by France and Britain before the war. He had popular support because of the loss of 700,000 soldiers and a budget deficit of 12,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Italian_lire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian lire">Italian lire</a> during the war made both the government and people feel entitled to all of those territories and even others not mentioned in the Treaty of London, particularly Fiume, which many Italians believed should be annexed to Italy because of the city's Italian population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orlando, unable to speak English, conducted negotiations jointly with his Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> of British origins who spoke the language. Together, they worked primarily to secure the partition of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. At the conference, Italy gained <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. Most of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> was given to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Fiume remained disputed territory, causing a nationalist outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-H._James_Burgwyn_1993_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._James_Burgwyn_1993-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orlando obtained other results, such as the permanent membership of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and the promise by the Allies to transfer British <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Aozou_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Aozou strip">Aozou strip</a> to Italian colonies. Protectorates over Albania and Antalya were also recognized, but nationalists considered the war to be a <a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">mutilated victory</a>, and Orlando was ultimately forced to abandon the conference and to resign. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a> took his place and signed the treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-H._James_Burgwyn_1993_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._James_Burgwyn_1993-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a general disappointment in Italy, which the nationalists and fascists used to build the idea that Italy was betrayed by the Allies and refused what had been promised. That was a cause for the general rise of Italian fascism. Orlando refused to see the war as a mutilated victory and replied to nationalists calling for a greater expansion, "Italy today is a great state... on par with the great historic and contemporary states. This is, for me, our main and principal expansion." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_approach">Japanese approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japanese approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_delegation_at_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Japanese_delegation_at_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/330px-Japanese_delegation_at_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Japanese_delegation_at_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/495px-Japanese_delegation_at_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Japanese_delegation_at_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/660px-Japanese_delegation_at_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_peace_delegates_in_1919_with_Makino_Nobuaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Japanese_peace_delegates_in_1919_with_Makino_Nobuaki.jpg/220px-Japanese_peace_delegates_in_1919_with_Makino_Nobuaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Japanese_peace_delegates_in_1919_with_Makino_Nobuaki.jpg/330px-Japanese_peace_delegates_in_1919_with_Makino_Nobuaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Japanese_peace_delegates_in_1919_with_Makino_Nobuaki.jpg/440px-Japanese_peace_delegates_in_1919_with_Makino_Nobuaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese delegation at the Conference, with (seated left to right) former Foreign Minister Baron <a href="/wiki/Makino_Nobuaki" title="Makino Nobuaki">Makino Nobuaki</a>, former Prime Minister Marquis <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a>, and Japanese Ambassador to Great Britain Viscount <a href="/wiki/Chinda_Sutemi" title="Chinda Sutemi">Chinda Sutemi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Japan sent a large delegation, headed by the former Prime Minister, Marquis <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a>. It was originally one of the "big five" but relinquished that role because of its slight interest in European affairs. Instead, it focused on two demands: the inclusion of its <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a> in the League's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies: <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shantung</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay" title="Jiaozhou Bay">Kiaochow</a>) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_ch._23_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_ch._23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former Foreign Minister Baron <a href="/wiki/Makino_Nobuaki" title="Makino Nobuaki">Makino Nobuaki</a> was <i>de facto</i> chief. Saionji's role was symbolic and limited because of his history of ill-health. The Japanese delegation became unhappy after it had received only half of the rights of Germany, and it then walked out of the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_ch._23_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_ch._23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_equality_proposal">Racial equality proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Racial equality proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></div> <p>During the negotiations, the leader of the Japanese delegation, Saionji Kinmochi, proposed the inclusion of a "<a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">racial equality clause</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a> on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality.</p></blockquote> <p>The clause quickly proved problematic to both the American and British delegations. Though the proposal itself was compatible with Britain's stance of nominal equality for all <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> as a principle for maintaining imperial unity, there were significant deviations in the stated interests of its <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>. Though both dominions could not vote on the decision individually, they were strongly opposed to the clause and pressured Britain to do likewise. Ultimately, the British delegation succumbed to imperial pressure and abstained from voting for the clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Shimazu_1998_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimazu_1998-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racial_Equality_Amendment,_Japan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racial_Equality_Amendment,_Japan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, though Wilson was indifferent to the clause, there was fierce resistance to it from the American public, and he ruled as Conference chairman that a unanimous vote was required for the Japanese proposal to pass. Ultimately, on the day of the vote, only 11 of the 17 delegates voted in favor of the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-Shimazu_1998_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimazu_1998-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racial_Equality_Amendment,_Japan_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racial_Equality_Amendment,_Japan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of the proposal influenced Japan's turn from co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, into more nationalist and militarist policies and approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_claims">Territorial claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Territorial claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">claim to Shantung</a> faced strong challenges from the Chinese patriotic student group. In 1914, at the outset of the war, Japan seized the territory that had been granted to Germany in 1897 and seized the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">German islands in the Pacific north of the equator</a>. In 1917, Japan made secret agreements with Britain, France, and Italy to guarantee their annexation of these territories. With Britain, there was an agreement to support British annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifield,_Russell_1951_pp._265_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifield,_Russell_1951_pp._265-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite a generally pro-Chinese view by the American delegation, Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles transferred German concessions in the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay" title="Jiaozhou Bay">Jiaozhou Bay</a>, China, to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. The leader of the Chinese delegation, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhengxiang" title="Lu Zhengxiang">Lu Zhengxiang</a>, demanded a reservation be inserted, before he would sign the treaty. After the reservation was denied, the treaty was signed by all the delegations except that of China. Chinese outrage over that provision led to demonstrations known as the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>. The Pacific Islands north of the equator became a class C mandate, administered by Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifield,_Russell_1951_pp._265_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifield,_Russell_1951_pp._265-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_approach">American approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg/220px-Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg/330px-Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg/440px-Big_four-1919-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>"The Big Four" made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference (from left to right, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> of Britain, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> of France, and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> of the United States).</figcaption></figure> <p>Until Wilson's arrival in Europe in December 1918, no sitting American president had ever visited the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's 1918 <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> had helped win many <a href="/wiki/Winning_hearts_and_minds" title="Winning hearts and minds">hearts and minds</a> as the war ended, not only in America but all over Europe, including Germany, as well as its allies in and the former subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>Wilson's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it to be his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations. High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the postwar era. In doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy of the United States</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionism</a>, a move that has been strongly resisted in some United States circles ever since. </p><p>Once Wilson arrived, however, he found "rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged."<sup id="cite_ref-law.fsu.edu_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.fsu.edu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked mostly at trying to influence both the French, led by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, and the British, led by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, in their treatment of Germany and its allies in Europe and the former Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Wilson's attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed; France and Britain each refused to adopt specific points as well as certain core principles. </p><p>Several of the Fourteen Points conflicted with the desires of European powers. The United States did not consider it fair or warranted that <a href="/wiki/Article_231" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 231">Article 231</a> of the Treaty of Versailles declared Germany solely responsible for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The United States did not sign peace treaties with the Central Powers until 1921 under President <a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Warren Harding</a>, when separate documents were signed with Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hungary<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively.) </p><p>In the Middle East, negotiations were complicated by competing aims and claims, and the new mandate system. The United States expressed a hope to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world as stated in the Fourteen Points, in which democracy, sovereignty, liberty and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> would be respected. France and Britain, on the other hand, already controlled empires through which they wielded power over their subjects around the world, and aspired to maintain and expand their colonial power rather than relinquish it. </p><p>In light of the previously-secret <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> and following the adoption of the mandate system on the Arab provinces of the former Ottoman Empire, the conference heard statements from competing Zionists and Arabs. Wilson then recommended an international commission of inquiry to ascertain the wishes of the local inhabitants. The idea, first accepted by Great Britain and France, was later rejected, but became the purely-American <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a> which toured all Syria and Palestine during the summer of 1919 taking statements and sampling opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-law.fsu.edu_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.fsu.edu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its report, presented to Wilson, was kept secret from the public until <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> broke the story in December 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pro-Zionist joint resolution on Palestine was passed by the United States Congress in September 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France and Britain tried to appease Wilson by consenting to the establishment of his <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. However, because isolationist sentiment in the United States was strong, and because some of the articles in the League Charter conflicted with the <a href="/wiki/US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US Constitution">US Constitution</a>, the United States never ratified the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> or joined the League<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Wilson had helped to create to further peace by diplomacy, rather than war, and the conditions that can breed peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_approach">Greek approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greek approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> took part in the conference as Greece's chief representative. Wilson was said to have placed Venizelos first for personal ability among all delegates in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venizelos proposed Greek expansion in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, which had been part of the defeated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imvros" class="mw-redirect" title="Imvros">Imvros</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> for the realization of the <i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i>. He also reached the <a href="/wiki/Venizelos-Tittoni_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Venizelos-Tittoni agreement">Venizelos-Tittoni agreement</a> with the Italians on the cession of the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (apart from Rhodes) to Greece. For the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, he proposed a common Pontic-Armenian state. </p><p>As a liberal politician, Venizelos was a strong supporter of the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_approach">Chinese approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chinese approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese delegation was led by <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhengxiang" title="Lu Zhengxiang">Lu Zhengxiang</a>, who was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rulin" title="Cao Rulin">Cao Rulin</a>. Koo demanded Germany's concessions on <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">be returned to China</a>. He also called for an end to imperialist institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">legation</a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Legation_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Legation Quarter">guards</a>, and foreign leaseholds. Despite American support and the ostensible spirit of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, the Western powers refused his claims but instead transferred the German concessions to Japan. That sparked widespread student protests in China on 4 May, later known as the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>, which eventually pressured the government into refusing to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Thus, the Chinese delegation at the conference was the only one not to sign the treaty at the signing ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_nations'_approach"><span id="Other_nations.27_approach"></span>Other nations' approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other nations' approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-Russian_Government_(Whites)"><span id="All-Russian_Government_.28Whites.29"></span>All-Russian Government (Whites)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: All-Russian Government (Whites)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Russia was formally excluded from the Conference<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it had fought against the Central Powers for three years. However the Russian Provincial Council (chaired by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Prince Lvov</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> and the political arm of the Russian <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> attended the conference and was represented by the former tsarist minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Erik_Goldstein_p49_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erik_Goldstein_p49-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, if the tsar had not been overthrown, would most likely have attended the conference anyway. The Council maintained the position of an indivisible Russia, but some were prepared to negotiate over the loss of Poland and Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council suggested all matters relating to territorial claims or demands for autonomy within the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> be referred to a new All-Russian Constituent Assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baltic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delegations from the Baltic states of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, led respectively by <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Poska" title="Jaan Poska">Jaan Poska</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_%C4%8Cakste" title="Jānis Čakste">Jānis Čakste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustinas_Voldemaras" title="Augustinas Voldemaras">Augustinas Voldemaras</a>, also participated in the conference, and successfully achieved international recognition of the independence of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia#Historical_and_juridical_background" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston20103_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAston20103-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/330px-Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/495px-Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/660px-Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Ukraine map presented by the Ukrainian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in a bid that was ultimately rejected, which led to the incorporation of Ukraine into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> was then mostly Ukrainian.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> had its best opportunity to win recognition and support from foreign powers at the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting of the Big Five on 16 January, Lloyd George called Ukrainian leader <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a> (1874–1926) an adventurer and dismissed Ukraine as an anti-Bolshevik stronghold. Sir <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Crowe" title="Eyre Crowe">Eyre Crowe</a>, British Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, spoke against a union of East Galicia and Poland. The British cabinet never decided whether to support a united or dismembered Russia. The United States was sympathetic to a strong, united Russia, as a counterpoise to Japan, but Britain feared a threat to India. Petliura appointed Count Tyshkevich as his representative to the Vatican, and Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a> recognized Ukrainian independence, but Ukraine was effectively ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A delegation of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>, under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anton_%C5%81uckievi%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Łuckievič">Anton Łuckievič</a>, also participated in the conference, and attempted to gain international recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Belarus">independence of Belarus</a>. On the way to the conference, the delegation was received by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> President <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. During the conference, Łuckievič had meetings with the exiled foreign minister of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a>'s Russian government, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a>, and Polish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minority_rights">Minority rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Minority rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the insistence of Wilson, the Big Four required Poland to sign a treaty on 28 June 1919 that guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a> in the new nation. Poland signed under protest and made little effort to enforce the specified rights for Germans, Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities. Similar treaties were signed by Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria and later by Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. Estonia had already given cultural autonomy to minorities in its declaration of independence. Finland and Germany were not asked to sign a minority treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Poland, the key provisions were to become fundamental laws, which would override any national legal codes or legislation. The new country pledged to assure "full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals... without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race, or religion." Freedom of religion was guaranteed to everyone. Most residents were given citizenship, but there was considerable ambiguity on who was covered. The treaty guaranteed basic civil, political, and cultural rights and required all citizens to be equal before the law and enjoy identical rights of citizens and workers. <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> was to be the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, but the treaty provided for <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages">minority languages</a> to be freely used privately, in commerce, in religion, in the press, at public meetings, and before all courts. Minorities were to be permitted to establish and control at their own expense private charities, churches, social institutions, and schools, without interference from the government, which was required to set up <a href="/wiki/German-language" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language">German-language</a> public schools in districts that had been German before the war. All education above the primary level was to be conducted exclusively in the national language. Article 12 was the enforcement clause and gave the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_League_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of the League of Nations">Council of the League of Nations</a> the responsibility to monitor and enforce the treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/290px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/435px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/580px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>European Theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and three South Caucasian republics in the summer of 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The three South Caucasian republics of <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a> all sent a delegation to the conference. Their attempts to gain protection from threats posed by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> largely failed since none of the major powers was interested in taking a mandate over the Caucasian territories. After a series of delays, the three South Caucasian countries ultimately gained <i>de facto</i> recognition from the Supreme Council of the Allied powers but only after all European troops had been withdrawn from the Caucasus, except for a British contingent in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>. Georgia was recognized <i>de facto</i> on 12 January 1920, followed by Azerbaijan the same day and Armenia on 19 January 1920. The Allied leaders decided to limit their assistance to the Caucasian republics to the supply of arms, munitions, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian delegation included <a href="/wiki/Avetis_Aharonyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetis Aharonyan">Avetis Aharonyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Ohanjanyan" title="Hamo Ohanjanyan">Hamo Ohanjanyan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Armen Garo</a>. The Azerbaijani mission was headed by <a href="/wiki/Alimardan_Topchubashev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimardan Topchubashev">Alimardan Topchubashev</a> and included <a href="/wiki/Mammad_Hasan_Hajinski" title="Mammad Hasan Hajinski">Mammad Hasan Hajinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_agha_Sheykhulislamov" title="Akbar agha Sheykhulislamov">Akbar agha Sheykhulislamov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade" title="Mahammad Amin Rasulzade">Mahammad Amin Rasulzade</a>, first president of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The Georgian delegation included <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli" title="Irakli Tsereteli">Irakli Tsereteli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Avalishvili" title="Zurab Avalishvili">Zurab Avalishvili</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Korean_Congress" title="First Korean Congress">First Korean Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a></div> <p>After a failed attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Association" title="Korean National Association">Korean National Association</a> to send a three-man delegation to Paris, a delegation of Koreans from China and Hawaii made it there. It included a representative from the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Provisional Government">Korean Provisional Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were aided by the Chinese, who were eager for the opportunity to embarrass Japan at the international forum. Several top Chinese leaders at the time, including <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, told US diplomats that the conference should take up the question of <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean independence">Korean independence</a>. However, the Chinese, already locked in a struggle against the Japanese, could do little else for Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than China, no nation took the Koreans seriously at the conference because it already had the status of a Japanese colony.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of <a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean nationalists</a> to gain support from the conference ended their hopes of foreign support.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Palestine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a></div> <p>After the conference's decision to separate the former Arab provinces from the Ottoman Empire and to apply the new mandate-system to them, the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> submitted its draft resolutions for consideration by the conference. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png/220px-Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png/330px-Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png/440px-Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>The Zionist state claimed at the conference</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Memorandum_on_Palestine_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/British_Memorandum_on_Palestine_1919.jpg/220px-British_Memorandum_on_Palestine_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/British_Memorandum_on_Palestine_1919.jpg/330px-British_Memorandum_on_Palestine_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/British_Memorandum_on_Palestine_1919.jpg/440px-British_Memorandum_on_Palestine_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>British memorandum on Palestine before the conference</figcaption></figure> <p>The February 1919 statement included the following main points: recognition of Jewish "title" over the land, a declaration of the borders (significantly larger than in the prior <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot agreement">Sykes-Picot agreement</a>), and League of Nations sovereignty under British mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-Zionist_statement_1919_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zionist_statement_1919-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An offshoot of the conference was <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">convened at San Remo</a> in 1920, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>, which was to come into force in 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrians">Assyrians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Assyrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up to 300 000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> died during the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a> in the years before the conference. Several delegations of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> participated to fulfill wishes of a free <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a>. The delegations came from different parts of the world. <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I" title="Ignatius Aphrem I">Aphrem Barsoum</a> (b. 1887), later <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East">Patriarch</a> of the church, has often been depicted as a leader of the "Assyro-Chaldean delegation". An Assyrian delegation from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was also present, representing the Assyrian National Association in America. A delegation from Constantinople represented the Assyro-Chaldean National Council, formed in 1919 after <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac-Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Catholic">Syriac Catholics</a> had united and declared their basic political and national unity under the "Assyro-Chaldean" name. There was also one delegation from Caucasia and one from Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELundgren202063–73_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELundgren202063–73-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aromanians">Aromanians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aromanians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Peace Conference, a delegation of <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> participated in order to fulfill autonomist wishes for the Aromanian people in the same vein as the <a href="/wiki/Samarina_Republic" title="Samarina Republic">Samarina Republic</a> attempt two years earlier, but failed to accomplish any recognition for the self-rule desires of their people.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idea_for_autonomous_Pind_after_ww1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idea_for_autonomous_Pind_after_ww1.jpg/220px-Idea_for_autonomous_Pind_after_ww1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idea_for_autonomous_Pind_after_ww1.jpg/330px-Idea_for_autonomous_Pind_after_ww1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idea_for_autonomous_Pind_after_ww1.jpg/440px-Idea_for_autonomous_Pind_after_ww1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Proposal of the autonomous or independent region by the Aromanian delegation, known as "Terra Vlachorum", "Vlach" being another term used by the Aromanian to identify themselves</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_approach"><span id="Women.27s_approach"></span>Women's approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Women's approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unprecedented aspect of the conference was concerted pressure brought to bear on delegates by a committee of women, who sought to establish and entrench women's fundamental social, economic, and political rights, such as that of suffrage, within the peace framework. Although they were denied seats at the Paris Conference, the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Witt-Schlumberger" title="Marguerite de Witt-Schlumberger">Marguerite de Witt-Schlumberger</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="French Union for Women's Suffrage">French Union for Women's Suffrage</a>, caused an <a href="/wiki/Inter-Allied_Women%27s_Conference" title="Inter-Allied Women's Conference">Inter-Allied Women's Conference</a> (IAWC) to be convened, which met from 10 February to 10 April 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Avalon_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IAWC lobbied Wilson and then the other delegates of the Paris Conference to admit women to its committees, and it was successful in achieving a hearing from the conference's Commissions for International Labour Legislation and then the League of Nations Commission. One key and concrete outcome of the IAWC's work was Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a>: "All positions under or in connection with the League, including the Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women." More generally, the IAWC placed the issue of women's rights at the center of the new world order that was established in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Avalon_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pan-African_Congress">Pan-African Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pan-African Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a>, unsuccessfully petitioned the Paris Conference to turn Germany's colonies over to an international organization instead of to other colonial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:Gao_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gao-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessments">Historical assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historical assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></div><p> The remaking of the world map at the conferences gave birth to a number of critical conflict-prone contradictions internationally that would become some of the causes of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> claimed: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[N]o equally systematic attempt has been made before or since, in Europe or anywhere else, to redraw the political map on national lines.... The logical implication of trying to create a continent neatly divided into coherent territorial states each inhabited by separate ethnically and linguistically homogeneous population, was the mass expulsion or extermination of minorities. Such was and is the <i><a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a></i> of nationalism in its territorial version, although this was not fully demonstrated until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Hobsbawm and other left-wing historians have argued that Wilson's Fourteen Points, particularly the principle of self-determination, were measures that were primarily against the Bolsheviks and designed, by playing the nationalist card, to tame the revolutionary fever that was sweeping across Europe in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and the end of the war: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he first Western reaction to the Bolsheviks' appeal to the peoples to make peace – and their publication of the secret treaties in which the Allies had carved up Europe among themselves – had been President Wilson's Fourteen Points, which played the nationalist card against <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>'s international appeal. A zone of small nation-states was to form a sort of quarantine belt against the Red virus.... [T]he establishment of new small nation-states along Wilsonian lines, though far from eliminating national conflicts in the zone of revolutions,... diminished the scope for Bolshevik revolution. That, indeed, had been the intention of the Allied peacemakers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The right-wing historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a> agreed: "When Woodrow Wilson made the principle of self-determination one of his Fourteen Points his intent had been to undercut the appeal of Bolshevism."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That view has a long history and can be summarised by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</a>'s famous remark: "Paris cannot be understood without Moscow."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The British historian Antony Lentin viewed Lloyd George's role in Paris as a major success:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unrivaled as a negotiator, he had powerful combative instincts and indomitable determinism, and succeeded through charm, insight, resourcefulness, and simple pugnacity. Although sympathetic to France's desires to keep Germany under control, he did much to prevent the French from gaining power, attempted to extract Britain from the Anglo-French entente, inserted the war-guilt clause, and maintained a liberal and realist view of the postwar world. By doing so, he managed to consolidate power over the House [of Commons], secured his power base, expanded the empire, and sought a European balance of power.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>British official artists <a href="/wiki/William_Orpen" title="William Orpen">William Orpen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a> were present at the Conference.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_End_(Sinclair_novel)" title="World's End (Sinclair novel)"><i>World's End</i></a> (1940), the first novel in <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s Pulitzer Prize-winning <a href="/wiki/Lanny_Budd" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanny Budd">Lanny Budd</a> series, describes the political machinations and consequences of the Paris Peace Conference through much of the book's second half, with Sinclair's narrative including many historically accurate characters and events.</li> <li>The first two books of novelist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goddard_(novelist)" title="Robert Goddard (novelist)">Robert Goddard</a>'s <i>The Wide World</i> trilogy (<i>The Ways of the World</i> and <i>The Corners of the Globe</i>) are centered around the diplomatic machinations which form the background to the conference.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_1919_(album)" title="Paris 1919 (album)"><i>Paris 1919</i></a> (1973), the third studio album by Welsh musician <a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a>, is named after the Paris Peace Conference, and its title song explores various aspects of early-20th-century culture and history in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Man:_Lawrence_After_Arabia" title="A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia">A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia</a></i> (1992) is a British television film starring <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a> as T. E. Lawrence and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Siddig" title="Alexander Siddig">Alexander Siddig</a> as Emir Faisal, depicting their struggles to secure an independent Arab state at the conference.</li> <li>"Paris, May 1919" is a 1993 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a>,</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hales" title="Jonathan Hales">Jonathan Hales</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(playwright)" title="David Hare (playwright)">David Hare</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Indiana Jones</a> is shown working as a translator with the American delegation at the Paris Peace Conference.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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Treaties">Minority Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Oppressed_Nationalities_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_Empire" title="Congress of Oppressed Nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire">Congress of Oppressed Nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Twins_(Sumner_and_Cunliffe)" title="Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe)">The Heavenly Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Delegation" title="Armenian National Delegation">Armenian National Delegation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShowalterRoyde-Smith2023" class="citation web cs1">Showalter, Dennis E.; Royde-Smith, John Graham (30 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I">"World War I | History, Summary, Causes, Combatants, Casualties, Map, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=World+War+I+%7C+History%2C+Summary%2C+Causes%2C+Combatants%2C+Casualties%2C+Map%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Dennis+E.&rft.au=Royde-Smith%2C+John+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWorld-War-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene_Albrecht-Carrie_1958_p._363-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_Albrecht-Carrie_1958_p._363_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_Albrecht-Carrie_1958_p._363_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rene Albrecht-Carrie, <i>Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna</i> (1958) p. 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neiberg2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neiberg2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Neiberg, Michael S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShonDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP10"><i>The Treaty of Versailles: A Concise History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065918-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065918-9"><bdi>978-0-19-065918-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065918-9&rft.aulast=Neiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShonDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erik_Goldstein_p49-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erik_Goldstein_p49_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erik_Goldstein_p49_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik Goldstein <i>The <b>First</b> World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925</i> p. 49 Routledge (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsson2019" class="citation news cs1">Nelsson, compiled by Richard (9 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2019/jan/09/paris-peace-conference-first-world-war-1919">"The Paris peace conference begins – archive, January 1919"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Paris+peace+conference+begins+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+January+1919&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Nelsson&rft.aufirst=compiled+by+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Ffrom-the-archive-blog%2F2019%2Fjan%2F09%2Fparis-peace-conference-first-world-war-1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2013" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Erik (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WZUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317883678" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317883678"><bdi>978-1317883678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+Peace+Settlements%2C+1919%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317883678&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WZUAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ziolkowski" title="Theodore Ziolkowski">Ziolkowski, Theodore</a> (2007). "6: The God That Failed". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UR2q5bV6xcC"><i>Modes of Faith: Secular Surrogates for Lost Religious Belief</i></a>. Accessible Publishing Systems PTY, Ltd (published 2011). p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1459627376" title="Special:BookSources/978-1459627376"><bdi>978-1459627376</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>[...] Ebert persuaded the various councils to set elections for 19 January 1919 (the day following a date symbolic in Prussian history ever since the Kingdom of Prussia was established on 18 January 1701).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+The+God+That+Failed&rft.btitle=Modes+of+Faith%3A+Secular+Surrogates+for+Lost+Religious+Belief&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Accessible+Publishing+Systems+PTY%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1459627376&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UR2q5bV6xcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan2005" class="citation book cs1">Meehan, John David (2005). "4: Failure at Geneva". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B44vlexZBrkC"><i>The Dominion and the Rising Sun: Canada Encounters Japan, 1929–41</i></a>. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774811217" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774811217"><bdi>978-0774811217</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>As the first non-European nation to achieve great-power status, Japan took its place alongside the other Big Five at Versailles, even if it was often a silent partner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Failure+at+Geneva&rft.btitle=The+Dominion+and+the+Rising+Sun%3A+Canada+Encounters+Japan%2C+1929%E2%80%9341&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0774811217&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=John+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB44vlexZBrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Lentin, "Germany: a New Carthage?" <i>History Today</i> (2012) 62#1 pp. 22–27 online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Birdsall, <i>Versailles Twenty Years After</i> (1941) is a convenient history and analysis of the conference. Longer and more recent is Margaret Macmillan, <i>Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War</i> (2002), also published as <i>Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World</i> (2003); a good short overview is Alan Sharp, <i>The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923</i> (2nd ed. 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1966_270-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1966_270_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1966_270_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1966" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A.J.P (1966). <i>The First World War</i> (Penguin ed.). Harmondsworth (London): Penguin. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-002481-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-002481-6"><bdi>0-14-002481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=Harmondsworth+%28London%29&rft.pages=270&rft.edition=Penguin&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-14-002481-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.J.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Sharp, <i> The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking After the First World War, 1919–1923</i> (2nd ed. 2008) ch 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew J. Crozier, "The Establishment of the Mandates System 1919–25: Some Problems Created by the Paris Peace Conference", <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1979) 14#3 pp 483–513, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260018">260018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1975" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Peter (1975). "The Man at the Top, 1918-1922". <i>Lloyd George</i>. London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0214200493" title="Special:BookSources/0214200493"><bdi>0214200493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Man+at+the+Top%2C+1918-1922&rft.btitle=Lloyd+George&rft.place=London&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins+Ltd&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0214200493&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWm_Louis1966" class="citation journal cs1">Wm Louis, Roger (1966). "Australia and the German Colonies in the Pacific, 1914–1919". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 407–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F239953">10.1086/239953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1876683">1876683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143884972">143884972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Australia+and+the+German+Colonies+in+the+Pacific%2C+1914%E2%80%931919&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=407-421&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143884972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1876683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F239953&rft.aulast=Wm+Louis&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Birdsall, <i>Versailles Twenty Years After</i> (1941) pp. 58–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, <i>Paris 1919</i>, pp. 98–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scot David Bruce, <i>Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungo_MacCallum2013" class="citation book cs1">Mungo MacCallum (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrAWcW8eslsC&pg=PA1916"><i>The Good, the Bad and the Unlikely: Australia's Prime Ministers</i></a>. Black Inc. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1863955874" title="Special:BookSources/978-1863955874"><bdi>978-1863955874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good%2C+the+Bad+and+the+Unlikely%3A+Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Black+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1863955874&rft.au=Mungo+MacCallum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrAWcW8eslsC%26pg%3DPA1916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZara_S._Steiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Zara S. Steiner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANwTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA894"><i>The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933</i></a>. Oxford UP. pp. 481–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199226863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199226863"><bdi>978-0199226863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lights+that+Failed%3A+European+International+History%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.pages=481-82&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199226863&rft.au=Zara+S.+Steiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANwTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimazu (1998), pp. 14–15, 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.difp.ie/volume-1/1919/sean-t-oceallaigh-and-george-gavan-duffy-to-georges-clemenceau/14/#section-documentpage">"Documents on Irish Foreign Policy – Volume 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+on+Irish+Foreign+Policy+%E2%80%93+Volume+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.difp.ie%2Fvolume-1%2F1919%2Fsean-t-oceallaigh-and-george-gavan-duffy-to-georges-clemenceau%2F14%2F%23section-documentpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Hulsman2009" class="citation book cs1">John C. Hulsman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0qo6c2pOgQC&pg=PA120"><i>To Begin the World Over Again: Lawrence of Arabia from Damascus to Baghdad</i></a>. St. Martin's Publishing. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230100909" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230100909"><bdi>978-0230100909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Begin+the+World+Over+Again%3A+Lawrence+of+Arabia+from+Damascus+to+Baghdad&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230100909&rft.au=John+C.+Hulsman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0qo6c2pOgQC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelling1975" class="citation journal cs1">Snelling, R. 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"Peacemaking, 1919: Australia, New Zealand and the British Empire Delegation at Versailles". <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 15–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086537508582446">10.1080/03086537508582446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Peacemaking%2C+1919%3A+Australia%2C+New+Zealand+and+the+British+Empire+Delegation+at+Versailles&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-28&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086537508582446&rft.aulast=Snelling&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzhardinge1968" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzhardinge, L. F. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr-049-02-03">"Hughes, Borden, and Dominion Representation at the Paris Peace Conference"</a>. <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 160–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr-049-02-03">10.3138/chr-049-02-03</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Hughes%2C+Borden%2C+and+Dominion+Representation+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160-169&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fchr-049-02-03&rft.aulast=Fitzhardinge&rft.aufirst=L.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%252Fchr-049-02-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret McMillan, "Canada and the Peace Settlements", in David Mackenzie, ed., <i>Canada and the First World War</i> (2005) pp. 379–408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelling1975" class="citation journal cs1">Snelling, R. C. (1975). "Peacemaking, 1919: Australia, New Zealand and the British Empire delegation at Versailles". <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 15–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086537508582446">10.1080/03086537508582446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Peacemaking%2C+1919%3A+Australia%2C+New+Zealand+and+the+British+Empire+delegation+at+Versailles&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-28&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086537508582446&rft.aulast=Snelling&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacMillan, <i>Paris 1919</i> pp. 26–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Robin Watson, <i>Georges Clemenceau</i> (1974) pp. 338–365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrosius1972" class="citation journal cs1">Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (1972). "Wilson, the Republicans, and French Security after World War I". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 341–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1890194">10.2307/1890194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1890194">1890194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+the+Republicans%2C+and+French+Security+after+World+War+I&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341-352&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1890194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1890194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ambrosius&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trachtenberg,_Marc_pages_24-55-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trachtenberg,_Marc_pages_24-55_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trachtenberg,_Marc_pages_24-55_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachtenberg1979" class="citation journal cs1">Trachtenberg, Marc (1979). "Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 24–55 [p. 42]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F241847">10.1086/241847</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877867">1877867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145777701">145777701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Reparation+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-55+p.+42&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145777701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1877867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F241847&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trachtenberg (1979), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, ch 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._James_Burgwyn_1993-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._James_Burgwyn_1993_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._James_Burgwyn_1993_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. James Burgwyn, <i>Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919</i> (1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan,_ch._23-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_ch._23_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_ch._23_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, ch. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Lauren1978" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon Lauren, Paul (1978). "Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 257–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154765654">154765654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+History%3A+Diplomacy+and+Racial+Equality+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-278&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154765654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gordon+Lauren&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shimazu_1998-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shimazu_1998_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shimazu_1998_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimazu1998" class="citation book cs1">Shimazu, Naoko (1998). <i>Japan, Race and Equality</i>. 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"Japanese Policy toward the Shantung Question at the Paris Peace Conference", <i>Journal of Modern History</i> (1951) 23:3 pp. 265–272. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1872711">1872711</a>, reprint primary Japanese sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacMillan (2001), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law.fsu.edu-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law.fsu.edu_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law.fsu.edu_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327062139/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf">"US Dept of State; International Boundary Study, Jordan – Syria Boundary, No. 94 – 30 December 1969, p. 10"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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The Aromanians until World War I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 252–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5901%2Fmjss.2011.v2n3p252">10.5901/mjss.2011.v2n3p252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2039-2117">2039-2117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Fight+for+Balkan+Latinity.+The+Aromanians+until+World+War+I&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=252-260&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5901%2Fmjss.2011.v2n3p252&rft.issn=2039-2117&rft.aulast=Motta&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcser.org%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F2_journal%2Fmjssso203september2011%2F28.%2520motta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHA-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHA_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHA_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2019" class="citation conference cs1">Siegel, Mona L. (6 January 2019). <i>In the Drawing Rooms of Paris: The Inter-Allied Women's Conference of 1919</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aha.confex.com/aha/2019/webprogram/Paper25304.html">American Historical Association 133rd Meeting</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=In+the+Drawing+Rooms+of+Paris%3A+The+Inter-Allied+Women%27s+Conference+of+1919&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Mona+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avalon-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avalon_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avalon_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp#art7">"The Covenant of the League of Nations"</a>. <i>Avalon project</i>. Yale Law School – Lillian Goldman Law Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avalon+project&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fleagcov.asp%23art7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Gao-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2021" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Yunxiang (2021). <i>Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469664606" title="Special:BookSources/9781469664606"><bdi>9781469664606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arise%2C+Africa%21+Roar%2C+China%21+Black+and+Chinese+Citizens+of+the+World+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781469664606&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Yunxiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willmott-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willmott_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>First World War</i> – Willmott, H. P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, pp. 292–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobsbawm1992">Hobsbawm 1992</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobsbawm1992">Hobsbawm 1992</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis2005">Gaddis 2005</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcFadden1993">McFadden 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm0JK3cJ_dIC&pg=PA191">191</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Lentin, "Several types of ambiguity: Lloyd George at the Paris peace conference." <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 6.1 (1995): 223–251.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston2010" class="citation book cs1">Aston, Charlotte (2010). <i>Makers of the Modern World: Antonius Piip, Zigfrĩds Meierovics and Augustus Voldemaras</i>. London, UK: Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905791-71-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905791-71-2"><bdi>978-1905791-71-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Modern+World%3A+Antonius+Piip%2C+Zigfr%C4%A9ds+Meierovics+and+Augustus+Voldemaras&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1905791-71-2&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Albrecht-Carrie, Rene. <i>Italy at the Paris Peace Conference</i> (1938) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ambrosius, Lloyd E. <i>Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition: The Treaty Fight in Perspective</i> (1990)</li> <li>Andelman, David A. <i>A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today</i> (2007) popular history that stresses multiple long-term disasters caused by Treaty.</li> <li>Bailey; Thomas A. <i>Wilson and the Peacemakers: Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal</i> (1947)</li> <li>Birdsall, Paul. <i>Versailles twenty years after</i> (1941) well balanced older account</li> <li>Boemeke, Manfred F., <i>et al.</i>, eds. <i>The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years</i> (1998). A major collection of important papers by scholars</li> <li>Bruce, Scot David, <i>Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 2013).</li> <li>Clements, Kendrick, A. <i>Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman</i> (1999).</li> <li>Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting">Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present</a></i> (2020); full coverage for major countries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper,_John_Milton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper, John Milton">Cooper, John Milton</a>. <i>Woodrow Wilson: A Biography</i> (2009), scholarly biography; pp 439–532 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZVsyO4K2cC">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Dillon, Emile Joseph. <i>The Inside Story of the Peace Conference</i>, (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14477">online</a></li> <li>Dockrill, Michael, and John Fisher. <i>The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: Peace Without Victory?</i> (Springer, 2016).</li> <li>Ferguson, Niall. <i>The Pity of War: Explaining World War One</i> (1999), economics issues at Paris pp 395–432</li> <li>Doumanis, Nicholas, ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945</i> (2016) ch 9.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace" title="A Peace to End All Peace">A Peace to End All Peace</a>, The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East</i>, Macmillan 1989.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarnewhistor00gadd"><i>The Cold War</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99912-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99912-9"><bdi>978-0-713-99912-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99912-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarnewhistor00gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gelfand, Lawrence Emerson. <i>The Inquiry: American Preparations for Peace, 1917–1919</i> (Yale UP, 1963).</li> <li>Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. <i>Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations</i> (2006)\</li> <li>Greene, Theodore, ed. <i>Wilson At Versailles</i> (1949) short excerpts from scholarly studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WilsonAtVersailles">online free</a></li> <li>Henderson, W. O. "The Peace Settlement, 1919" <i>History</i> 26.101 (1941): 60–69.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24401765">online</a> historiography</li> <li>Henig, Ruth. <i>Versailles and After: 1919–1933</i> (2nd ed. 1995), 100 pages; brief introduction by scholar</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm, E. J.</a> (1992). <i>Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality</i>. Canto (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43961-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43961-9"><bdi>978-0-521-43961-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism+since+1780%3A+Programme%2C+Myth%2C+Reality&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Canto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43961-9&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1994" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, E.J. (1994). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes:_The_Short_Twentieth_Century,_1914%E2%80%931991" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991">The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_(publisher)" title="Michael Joseph (publisher)">Michael Joseph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718133078" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718133078"><bdi>978-0718133078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Extremes%3A+The+Short+Twentieth+Century%2C+1914%E2%80%931991&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0718133078&rft.au=Hobsbawm%2C+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keynes, John Maynard, <i>The Economic Consequences of the Peace</i> (1920) famous criticism by leading economist <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VcKN-RbPnoC&q=intitle:Economic+intitle:Consequences+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Peace">full text online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a>, <i>Le rôle des experts à la Conférence de la Paix de 1919</i>, Ottawa, éditions de l'université d'Ottawa, 1972.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a>, <i>Propagande et pressions en politique internationale. La Grèce et ses revendications à la Conférence de la Paix, 1919–1920</i>, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1963.</li> <li>Knock, Thomas J. <i>To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order</i> (1995)</li> <li>Lederer, Ivo J., ed. <i>The Versailles Settlement—Was It Foredoomed to Failure?</i> (1960) short excerpts from scholars</li> <li>Lentin, Antony. <i>Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement</i> (1985)</li> <li>Lentin, Antony. <i>Lloyd George and the Lost Peace: From Versailles to Hitler, 1919–1940</i> (2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_George1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George, David</a> (1938). <i>The Truth About the Peace Treaties (2 volumes)</i>. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+the+Peace+Treaties+%282+volumes%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+Ltd&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Lloyd+George&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundgren2020" class="citation book cs1">Lundgren, Svante (2020). <i>Why did the Assyrian lobbying at the Paris Peace Conference fail?</i>. Chronos : Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand. pp. 63–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+did+the+Assyrian+lobbying+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference+fail%3F&rft.pages=63-73&rft.pub=Chronos+%3A+Revue+d%27Histoire+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Balamand&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lundgren&rft.aufirst=Svante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Macalister-Smith, Peter, Schwietzke, Joachim: <i>Diplomatic Conferences and Congresses. A Bibliographical Compendium of State Practice 1642 to 1919</i>, W. Neugebauer, Graz, Feldkirch 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85376-325-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85376-325-4">978-3-85376-325-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden1993" class="citation book cs1">McFadden, David W. (1993). <i>Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917–1920</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-36115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-36115-5"><bdi>978-0-195-36115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Paths%3A+Soviets+and+Americans%2C+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-195-36115-5&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MacMillan, Margaret. <i><a href="/wiki/Peacemakers:_The_Paris_Peace_Conference_of_1919_and_Its_Attempt_to_End_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War">Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War</a></i> (2001), also published as <i>Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World</i> (2003); influential survey</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arno_J._Mayer" title="Arno J. Mayer">Mayer, Arno J.</a> (1967). <i>Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Diplomacy+of+Peacemaking%3A+Containment+and+Counterrevolution+at+Versailles%2C+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Arno+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Nicolson, Harold</a> (2009) [1933]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330150743/http://www.faber.co.uk/work/peacemaking-1919/9780571256044/"><i>Peacemaking, 1919</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25604-4"><bdi>978-0-571-25604-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faber.co.uk/work/peacemaking-1919/9780571256044/">the original</a> on 30 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacemaking%2C+1919&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-571-25604-4&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faber.co.uk%2Fwork%2Fpeacemaking-1919%2F9780571256044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paxton, Robert O., and Julie Hessler. <i>Europe in the Twentieth Century</i> (2011) pp 141–78</li> <li>Marks, Sally. <i>The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918–1933</i> (2nd ed. 2003)</li> <li>Marks, Sally. "Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the versailles treaty, 1918–1921." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 85.3 (2013): 632–659. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670825">online</a></li> <li>Mayer, Arno J., <i>Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter-revolution at Versailles, 1918–1919</i> (1967), leftist</li> <li>Newton, Douglas. <i>British Policy and the Weimar Republic, 1918–1919</i> (1997). 484 pgs.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellegrinoDean_LeeAlex2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pellegrino, Anthony; Dean Lee, Christopher; Alex (2012). "Historical Thinking through Classroom Simulation: 1919 Paris Peace Conference". <i>The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas</i>. <b>85</b> (4): 146–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00098655.2012.659774">10.1080/00098655.2012.659774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142814294">142814294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Clearing+House%3A+A+Journal+of+Educational+Strategies%2C+Issues+and+Ideas&rft.atitle=Historical+Thinking+through+Classroom+Simulation%3A+1919+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=146-152&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00098655.2012.659774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142814294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pellegrino&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Dean+Lee%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roberts, Priscilla. "Wilson, Europe's Colonial Empires, and the Issue of Imperialism", in Ross A. Kennedy, ed., <i>A Companion to Woodrow Wilson</i> (2013) pp: 492–517.</li> <li>Schwabe, Klaus. <i>Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918–1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power</i> (1985)</li> <li>Sharp, Alan. <i>The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923</i> (2nd ed. 2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp, Alan (2005). "The Enforcement Of The Treaty Of Versailles, 1919–1923". <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 423–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290500207677">10.1080/09592290500207677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154493814">154493814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+and+Statecraft&rft.atitle=The+Enforcement+Of+The+Treaty+Of+Versailles%2C+1919%E2%80%931923&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-438&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290500207677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154493814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Naoko Shimazu (1998), <i>Japan, Race and Equality</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17207-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17207-1">0-415-17207-1</a></li> <li>Steiner, Zara. <i>The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933</i> (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (2007), pp 15–79; major scholarly work</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachtenberg1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Trachtenberg" title="Marc Trachtenberg">Trachtenberg, Marc</a> (1979). "Reparations at the Paris Peace Conference". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 24–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F241847">10.1086/241847</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877867">1877867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145777701">145777701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Reparations+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-55&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145777701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1877867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F241847&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walworth, Arthur. <i>Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919</i> (1986) 618pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalworth1958" class="citation book cs1">Walworth, Arthur (1958). <i>Woodrow Wilson, Volume I, Volume II</i>. Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woodrow+Wilson%2C+Volume+I%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Walworth&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Peace+Conference+%281919%E2%80%931920%29" class="Z3988"></span>; 904pp; full scale scholarly biography; winner of Pulitzer Prize; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilson00walw">online free; 2nd ed. 1965</a></li> <li>Watson, David Robin. <i>George Clemenceau: A Political Biography</i> (1976) 463 pgs.</li> <li>Xu, Guoqi. <i>Asia and the Great War – A Shared History</i> (Oxford UP, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford-universitypressscholarship-com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658190.001.0001/acprof-9780199658190?rskey=rZxsjk&result=1">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; 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International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061016/http://nfb.ca/film/paris_1919_clip_1/">Excerpts from the NFB documentary <i>Paris 1919</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=versailles&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP2=exact&CISOBOX2=&CISOFIELD2=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP3=any&CISOBOX3=&CISOFIELD3=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP4=none&CISOBOX4=&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=/agdm&t=a">Sampling of maps</a> used by the American delegates held by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624075413/http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/index.cfm">American Geographical Society Library</a>, UW Milwaukee</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_Commission" title="Reparation Commission">Reparation Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsequent treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="List of participants in the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">List of participants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_Conference_at_the_Quai_d%27Orsay" title="A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay">A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors" title="The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors">The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Unknown_British_Soldier_in_France" title="To the Unknown British Soldier in France">To the Unknown British Soldier in France</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="David_Lloyd_George" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:David_Lloyd_George" title="Template:David Lloyd George"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:David_Lloyd_George" title="Template talk:David Lloyd George"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:David_Lloyd_George" title="Special:EditPage/Template:David Lloyd George"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="David_Lloyd_George" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premiership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">1916–1922</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Right_Hon._David_Lloyd_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Right_Hon._David_Lloyd_George.jpg/100px-The_Right_Hon._David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Right_Hon._David_Lloyd_George.jpg/150px-The_Right_Hon._David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Right_Hon._David_Lloyd_George.jpg/200px-The_Right_Hon._David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1890_Caernarvon_Boroughs_by-election" title="1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election">1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_scandal" title="Marconi scandal">Marconi scandal</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">Shell Crisis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Debate" title="Maurice Debate">Maurice Debate</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Clemenceau%E2%80%93Lloyd_George_Agreement_(Middle_East)" title="1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)">Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement</a> (1918)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris Peace Conference</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_Memorandum" title="Fontainebleau Memorandum">Fontainebleau Memorandum</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_Conference_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa Conference (1922)">Genoa Conference</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a> (1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1922)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)">National Liberal Party</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberals_(UK,_1931)" title="Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)">Independent Liberals</a> (1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Caernarfon (UK Parliament constituency)">Carnarvon Boroughs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lloyd_George" title="Margaret Lloyd George">Margaret Lloyd George</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Stevenson" title="Frances Stevenson">Frances Stevenson</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lloyd_George,_2nd_Earl_Lloyd-George_of_Dwyfor" title="Richard Lloyd George, 2nd Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor">Richard Lloyd George</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Gwilym Lloyd George</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen_Carey_Evans" title="Olwen Carey Evans">Olwen Carey Evans</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Lloyd_George" title="Megan Lloyd George">Megan Lloyd George</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_(solicitor)" title="William George (solicitor)">William George</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_Story_of_David_Lloyd_George" title="The Life Story of David Lloyd George">The Life Story of David Lloyd George</a></i> (film, 1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Edwardians_(anthology_series)" title="The Edwardians (anthology series)">The Edwardians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Seventh" title="Edward the Seventh">Edward the Seventh</a></i> (TV, 1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_David_Lloyd_George" title="The Life and Times of David Lloyd George">The Life and Times of David Lloyd George</a></i> (TV, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_10_(TV_series)" title="Number 10 (TV series)">Number 10</a></i> (TV, 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anzacs" title="Anzacs">Anzacs</a></i> (TV, 1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Man:_Lawrence_After_Arabia" title="A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia">A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia</a></i> (TV, 1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Treaty_(film)" title="The Treaty (film)">The Treaty</a></i> (TV, 1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_(TV_serial)" title="Mosley (TV serial)">Mosley</a></i> (TV, 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Prince" title="The Lost Prince">The Lost Prince</a></i> (TV, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Lloyd_George,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of David Lloyd George, Parliament Square">Parliament Square statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Industrial_Future" title="Britain's Industrial Future">Britain's Industrial Future</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bron-y-de" title="Bron-y-de">Bron-y-de</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%B7_Newydd" title="Tŷ Newydd">Tŷ Newydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_of_David_Lloyd_George" title="Grave of David Lloyd George">Grave of David Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_Museum" title="Lloyd George Museum">Lloyd George Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_Society" title="Lloyd George Society">Lloyd George Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_Knew_My_Father_(song)" title="Lloyd George Knew My Father (song)">Lloyd George Knew My Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George%27s_Beer_Song" title="Lloyd George's Beer Song">Lloyd George's Beer Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_Suburb" title="The Garden Suburb">The Garden Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Lloyd-George_of_Dwyfor" title="Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor">Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:David_Lloyd_George" title="Category:David Lloyd George">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodrow_Wilson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodrow_Wilson" title="Template:Woodrow Wilson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodrow_Wilson" title="Template talk:Woodrow Wilson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodrow_Wilson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodrow Wilson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodrow_Wilson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">28th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1913–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of governors of New Jersey">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">Governor of New Jersey</a> (1911–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13th <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Princeton_University" title="List of presidents of Princeton University">President of Princeton University</a> (1902–1910)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidential transition of Woodrow Wilson">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1913 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1917 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_desk" title="Theodore Roosevelt desk">Roosevelt desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Woodrow Wilson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination">Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Woodrow Wilson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates#Laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">1919 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1913 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1914 State of the Union Address">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1915 State of the Union Address">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1916 State of the Union Address">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1917 State of the Union Address">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1918 State of the Union Address">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1920 State of the Union Address">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidential transition of Warren G. Harding">Harding transition</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilsonianism" title="Wilsonianism">Wilsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan%E2%80%93Chamorro_Treaty" title="Bryan–Chamorro Treaty">Bryan–Chamorro Treaty</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Appropriations_Act_of_1916" title="Army Appropriations Act of 1916">Army Appropriations Act of 1916</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Defense" title="Council of National Defense">Council of National Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Philippine Autonomy Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li>1917–1918; <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_campaigns_in_World_War_I" title="United States campaigns in World War I">campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I#United_States" title="Home front during World War I">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information">Committee on Public Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Minute_Men" title="Four Minute Men">Four Minute Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_Measure_Act_of_1918" title="Wartime Measure Act of 1918">Wartime Measure Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li>1919–1920; <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_speech" title="Pueblo speech">Pueblo speech</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> <ul><li>1919; <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)#Woodrow_Wilson" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li>1920; <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" title="Wilsonian Armenia">Wilsonian Armenia</a> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom">New Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_and_race" title="Woodrow Wilson and race">Federal racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> <ul><li>1913; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Labor_Act" title="Newlands Labor Act">Newlands Labor Act</a> <ul><li>1913; <a href="/wiki/National_Mediation_Board" title="National Mediation Board">Board of Mediation and Conciliation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raker_Act" title="Raker Act">Raker Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">Revenue Act of 1913</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">Federal income tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act" title="Rivers and Harbors Act">Rivers and Harbors Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1913" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1913">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_and_Harbors_Act_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="River and Harbors Act of 1914">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_and_Harbors_Act_of_1915" title="River and Harbors Act of 1915">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_and_Harbors_Act_of_1916" title="River and Harbors Act of 1916">1916</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabath_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabath Act">Sabath Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914" title="Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914">Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Futures_Act" title="Cotton Futures Act">Cotton Futures Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_Service_Act" title="Cutter Service Act">Cutter Service Act</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Internal_Revenue_Tax_Act" title="Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act">Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Legislative Reference Service</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lever_Act_of_1914" title="Smith–Lever Act of 1914">Smith–Lever Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Risk_Insurance_Act" title="War Risk Insurance Act">War Risk Insurance Act</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_Inspection_Act" title="Locomotive Inspection Act">Locomotive Inspection Act</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy_Permits_Act" title="Occupancy Permits Act">Occupancy Permits Act</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamson_Act" title="Adamson Act">Adamson Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Disposal_Act_of_1916" title="Brush Disposal Act of 1916">Brush Disposal Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Futures_Act_of_1916" title="Cotton Futures Act of 1916">Cotton Futures Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916" title="Federal Aid Road Act of 1916">Federal Aid Road Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Employees%27_Compensation_Act" title="Federal Employees' Compensation Act">Federal Employees' Compensation Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Loan_Act" title="Federal Farm Loan Act">Federal Farm Loan Act</a> <ul><li>1916; <a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_System" title="Farm Credit System">Farm Credit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Loan Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraudulent_Advertising_Act_of_1916" title="Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916">Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keating%E2%80%93Owen_Act" title="Keating–Owen Act">Keating–Owen Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Organic_Act" title="National Park Service Organic Act">National Park Service Organic Act</a> <ul><li>1916; <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1916" title="Revenue Act of 1916">Revenue Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Post_Roads_Act_of_1916" title="Rural Post Roads Act of 1916">Rural Post Roads Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_District_Act_of_1916_(Smith_Act)" title="Irrigation District Act of 1916 (Smith Act)">Smith Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act" title="Stock-Raising Homestead Act">Stock-Raising Homestead Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Grain_Standards_Act_of_1916" title="United States Grain Standards Act of 1916">United States Grain Standards Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_Act_of_1916" title="Warehouse Act of 1916">Warehouse Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Game_Refuges_Act_of_1916" title="Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916">Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1917" title="Flood Control Act of 1917">Flood Control Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Hughes_Act" title="Smith–Hughes Act">Smith–Hughes Act</a> <ul><li>1917; <a href="/wiki/U.S._Federal_Board_for_Vocational_Education" title="U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education">U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Railroad_Administration" title="United States Railroad Administration">United States Railroad Administration</a> <ul><li>1917; <a href="/wiki/USRA_standard" title="USRA standard">USRA standard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Revenue_Act_of_1917" title="War Revenue Act of 1917">War Revenue Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1918" title="Revenue Act of 1918">Revenue Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia National Park Act of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Price_Guarantee_Act" title="Wheat Price Guarantee Act">Wheat Price Guarantee Act</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esch%E2%80%93Cummins_Act" title="Esch–Cummins Act">Esch–Cummins Act</a> <ul><li>1920; <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Labor_Board" title="Railroad Labor Board">Railroad Labor Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act">Federal Power Act</a> <ul><li>1920; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission" title="Federal Power Commission">Federal Power Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Merchant Marine Act of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Leasing_Act_of_1920" title="Mineral Leasing Act of 1920">Mineral Leasing Act of 1920</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Presidential_Library" title="Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library">Birthplace and Presidential Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seeley_G._Mudd_Manuscript_Library" title="Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library">papers and manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Boyhood_Home" title="Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home">Boyhood home in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Boyhood_Home_(Columbia,_South_Carolina)" title="Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home (Columbia, South Carolina)">Boyhood home in South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Princeton_University#Woodrow_Wilson" title="History of Princeton University">Princeton University president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlakenden" title="Harlakenden">Summer White House (Harlakenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Lawn_(New_Jersey)" title="Shadow Lawn (New Jersey)">Shadow Lawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Woodrow Wilson House (Washington, D.C.)">Woodrow Wilson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral#Burials" title="Washington National Cathedral">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Congressional Government</i> (1900)</li> <li><i>When a Man Comes to Himself</i> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom"><i>The New Freedom</i> (1913)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_History_of_Woodrow_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral History of Woodrow Wilson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1910_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election">1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of memorials to Woodrow Wilson">memorials</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Awards" title="Woodrow Wilson Awards">Woodrow Wilson Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Foundation" title="Woodrow Wilson Foundation">Woodrow Wilson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Quarterly" title="The Wilson Quarterly">The Wilson Quarterly</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Princeton School of Public and International Affairs">Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_High_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Woodrow Wilson High School (disambiguation)">High schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Woodrow Wilson Junior College</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Woodrow_Wilson_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Statue of Woodrow Wilson (Austin, Texas)">Woodrow Wilson</a></i> (Austin statue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Square" title="Wilson Square">Wilson Square</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Monument" title="Woodrow Wilson Monument">Woodrow Wilson Monument</a> (Prague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Bridge" title="Woodrow Wilson Bridge">Woodrow Wilson Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_National_Fellowship_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation">Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-thousand-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill">United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_(1944_film)" title="Wilson (1944 film)"><i>Wilson</i></a> (1944 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)"><i>Profiles in Courage</i></a> (1965 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_and_the_Birth_of_the_American_Century" title="Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century">Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century</a></i> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_(book)" title="Wilson (book)"><i>Wilson</i></a> (2013 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Axson_Wilson" title="Ellen Axson Wilson">Ellen Axson Wilson</a> (wife, 1885–1914, death)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Bolling Wilson</a> (wife, 1915–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a> (daughter, acting first lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Woodrow_Wilson_Sayre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre">Jessie Wilson Sayre</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Wilson_McAdoo" title="Eleanor Wilson McAdoo">Eleanor Wilson McAdoo</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bowes_Sayre_Jr." title="Francis Bowes Sayre Jr.">Francis Sayre Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ruggles_Wilson" title="Joseph Ruggles Wilson">Joseph Ruggles Wilson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(journalist)" title="James Wilson (journalist)">James Wilson</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Woodrow_Bones" title="Helen Woodrow Bones">Helen Woodrow Bones</a> (cousin, secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William McAdoo</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a 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