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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_full_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Under full occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_full_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chanak_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chanak_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Chanak Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chanak_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al_Jazira_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_Jazira_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Al Jazira front</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Al_Jazira_front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Al Jazira front subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Al_Jazira_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahmud_Barzanji's_revolt_of_May–June_1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahmud_Barzanji's_revolt_of_May–June_1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mahmud Barzanji's revolt of May–June 1919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahmud_Barzanji's_revolt_of_May–June_1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tal_Afar_Uprising_(1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tal_Afar_Uprising_(1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tal Afar Uprising (1920)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tal_Afar_Uprising_(1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revandiz_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revandiz_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Revandiz Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revandiz_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Özdemir_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Özdemir_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Özdemir expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Özdemir_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mosul_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mosul_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>The Mosul operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mosul_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Conclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actions_against_British_troops_in_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_against_British_troops_in_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Actions against British troops in Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Actions_against_British_troops_in_Anatolia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Actions against British troops in Anatolia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Actions_against_British_troops_in_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Sea_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Sea_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Black Sea Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Sea_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eskişehir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eskişehir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eskişehir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eskişehir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Turkish_belligerency_outside_the_battlefield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Turkish_belligerency_outside_the_battlefield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anglo-Turkish belligerency outside the battlefield</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anglo-Turkish_belligerency_outside_the_battlefield-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anglo-Turkish belligerency outside the battlefield subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Turkish_belligerency_outside_the_battlefield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_diplomatic_actions_against_the_Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_diplomatic_actions_against_the_Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>British diplomatic actions against the Turks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_diplomatic_actions_against_the_Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire/Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_diplomatic_actions_against_the_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_diplomatic_actions_against_the_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Turkish diplomatic actions against the British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_diplomatic_actions_against_the_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkish–Armenian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish–Armenian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Turkish–Armenian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish–Armenian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Treaty of Moscow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_and_British_propaganda_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_and_British_propaganda_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Turkish and British propaganda campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkish_and_British_propaganda_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turkish and British propaganda campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turkish_and_British_propaganda_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_propaganda_against_the_Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_propaganda_against_the_Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>British propaganda against the Turks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_propaganda_against_the_Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Turkish_Nationalist–İttihadist_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Turkish_Nationalist–İttihadist_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>The Turkish Nationalist–İttihadist conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Turkish_Nationalist–İttihadist_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Turkish_Nationalist–Bolshevism_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Turkish_Nationalist–Bolshevism_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>The Turkish Nationalist–Bolshevism conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Turkish_Nationalist–Bolshevism_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_propaganda_against_the_British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_propaganda_against_the_British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Turkish propaganda against the British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_propaganda_against_the_British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"The_Caliph_is_Captured"_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Caliph_is_Captured"_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>"The Caliph is Captured" narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Caliph_is_Captured"_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Real_Enemy_of_Our_Struggle_is_the_British"_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Real_Enemy_of_Our_Struggle_is_the_British"_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>"The Real Enemy of Our Struggle is the British" narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Real_Enemy_of_Our_Struggle_is_the_British"_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Anglo-Turkish War (1918–1923)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg/440px-Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="795" /></a></span><br />Turkish forces enter <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Naili_G%C3%B6kberk" title="Şükrü Naili Gökberk">Şükrü Naili Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">13 November 1918</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">24 July 1923</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cebesoy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cebesoy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_straits" title="Turkish straits">Turkish straits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea</a>, and other places in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Turkish victory in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Fall of the David Lloyd George government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> Stalemate in Mosul<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish Nationalists</a> took Constantinople and the Dardanelles</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Supported by</b>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="684" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmens</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">from 1921</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from May 1919)</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from October 1921)</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_(1922-1924).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(only in Mosul with Turks)</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> "Watani" Arab volunteers<sup id="cite_ref-Optional_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Optional-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people"><img alt="Assyrian people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Levies" title="Iraq Levies">Iraq Levies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Optional_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Optional-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-sarısakal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarısakal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-sarısakal_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarısakal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>States simultaneously at war with the Turks</b>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">until September 1922</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">until October 1921</a>)</span> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg/23px-Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg/35px-Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg/45px-Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French Morocco</a><sup id="cite_ref-Society_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg/24px-Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg/36px-Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French Tunisia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Society_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Society_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Society_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia"><img alt="First Republic of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">French Armenian Legion</a> </li></ul> </div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia"><img alt="First Republic of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Turkish-Armenian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Armenian War">until December 1920</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">in 1921</a>)</span> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Supported by</b>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Russia_(1919-1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Russia (1919-1920)">Southern Russia Armed Forces</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Rebellions supported by the British</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Çapanoğlu uprising</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_A%C5%9Fireti_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Milli Aşireti Ayaklanması">Milli uprising</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr_ponto2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tr_ponto2.gif/25px-Tr_ponto2.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tr_ponto2.gif/38px-Tr_ponto2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tr_ponto2.gif/50px-Tr_ponto2.gif 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="217" /></a></span> Pontic rebellion </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Administration_of_Western_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Administration_of_Western_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Administration_of_Western_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Administration_of_Western_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Administration_of_Western_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Administration_of_Western_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Administration_of_Western_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="684" /></a></span> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ntikam_Alay%C4%B1_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:İntikam Alayı Ayaklanması">Revenge Regiment uprising</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya rebellion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87opur_Musa_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Çopur Musa Ayaklanması">Çopur Musa rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_%C5%9Eefik_%C3%96zdemir" class="extiw" title="tr:Ali Şefik Özdemir">Şefik Özdemir Bey</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_(1922-1924).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Nedim_Hendek" title="Mahmut Nedim Hendek">Mahmut Bey</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrington" title="Charles Harrington">Charles Harrington</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="George Milne">George Milne</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal ibn Hussein</a><sup id="cite_ref-Optional_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Optional-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Noel_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Edward Noel (Indian Army officer)">Major Noel</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>28,000 soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazira_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazira Front (page does not exist)">Al-Jazira Front</a>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remmants of the 13th army corps (initially)<sup id="cite_ref-gnkurs43_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnkurs43-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>6,700 (creation of the regular army, December 1920)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> ~10,000 (1922)<sup id="cite_ref-erikanakin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erikanakin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>27,419 in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> </p> <ul><li>50 artillery</li> <li>36 planes</li> <li>16 warships</li> <li>2 brigade came after the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cumhuriyet_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumhuriyet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Total in Constantinople:</b> ~38,000<sup id="cite_ref-Cumhuriyet_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumhuriyet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <p>30,000–40,000 in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazira_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazira Front (page does not exist)">Al-Jazira Front</a>:</b> </p> 20,000–30,000 (initially)<sup id="cite_ref-gnkurs43_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnkurs43-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Template:Campaignbox Theaters of the Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Theaters_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Theaters of the Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Theaters_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Theaters of the Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_War_ofIndependence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="padding:0.2em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of<br />Independence</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <dl><dt><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akba%C5%9F_arms_depot_raid" title="Akbaş arms depot raid">Akbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_clashes_(1920)" title="Samsun clashes (1920)">1920 Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">1920 Summer Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">1st Smyrna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urla_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urla Clashes">Urla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malga%C3%A7_Raid" title="Malgaç Raid">Malgaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergama" title="Battle of Bergama">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erbeyli" title="Raid on Erbeyli">Erbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erikli" title="Raid on Erikli">Erikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellidede" title="Battle of Tellidede">Tellidede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">1920 Summer Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gediz" title="Battle of the Gediz">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">1st İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">2nd İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Kütahya–Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Liberation of Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">2nd Smyrna</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa" title="Battle of Urfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Karboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kovanba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Kovanbaşı">Kovanbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanl%C4%B1_Ge%C3%A7it" title="Battle of Kanlı Geçit">Kanlıgeçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fad%C4%B1l" title="Battle of Fadıl">Fadıl</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Ahmet Anzavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">İzmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Geyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Yozgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b>Naval</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">1922 Samsun</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> sought to undermine and contain the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>. London hoped the defeated <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> would play a subservient role in its new Middle Eastern order drawn up over several diplomatic agreements during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>. Another goal of the British was to <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals_after_World_War_I" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I">prosecute Ottoman war criminals</a>, whom they believed Constantinople/Istanbul was not taking seriously. </p><p>In addition to diplomatic initiatives against the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul government (page does not exist)">Istanbul</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara governments</a>, British Empire forces directly fought the <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Nationalist Forces</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Al Jazira</a> front and in scattered actions among Anatolian occupation garrisons. With military force proving ineffective, and not wanting to commit to a potential new war, Britain provided instrumental support for Greece in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> and to the Istanbul government. In the end of the conflict, the United Kingdom almost formally declared war against the Ankara government during the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a>, and its conclusion lead to the Allies abandoning Constantinople to Ankara forces, and fall of the <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> cabinet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De-facto_occupation_of_Constantinople">De-facto occupation of Constantinople</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: De-facto occupation of Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The de-facto <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">occupation of Constantinople</a> commenced on 13 November 1918. On 7 November, under the pretext of clearing mines, the Allies' navy passed through the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and reached the city. The Allies' navy, consisting of 61 warships, anchored in front of the capital. With the addition of 11 warships and a Greek battleship, the number of ships anchored in front of Constantinople increased to 73.<sup id="cite_ref-Zekeriya_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zekeriya-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3626 soldiers, mostly British from the Allied Fleet, landed.<sup id="cite_ref-Zekeriya_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zekeriya-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were stationed in various official and unofficial buildings in Constantinople. <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pera_(Beyo%C4%9Flu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pera (Beyoğlu)">Pera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelian</a> coast were left under the control of the British, the <a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a> district under the control of the French, and the Anatolian coast under the control of the Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupation Commander Maitland Wilson established a headquarters with a ceremony at the British Girls' High School in Beyoğlu. The number of ships anchored in front of Constantinople increased to 167 by 15 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Zekeriya_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zekeriya-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_in_Constantinople">Politics in Constantinople</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics in Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_National_Pact_and_the_start_of_the_occupation">The National Pact and the start of the occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The National Pact and the start of the occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg/250px-Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg/375px-Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Allied occupation forces in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers#Second_Constitutional_Monarchy_(1908–1920)" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a> on 3 October 1919 following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferit Pasha</a>. The nationalist tendencies of some members of this cabinet were known to the Allied representatives in Constantinople. Chief among these members was the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersinli_Cemal_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersinli Cemal Paşa">Mersinli Cemal Pasha</a>. Cemal Pasha was quick to enter into a conflict over the Allies' military control in Anatolia, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As soon as Rıza's cabinet was established, he announced elections to be held for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. Following the elections, the Chamber of Deputies held its first meeting on 12 January 1920, which was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">nationalist</a> deputies loyal to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal Pasha">Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)</a>. Parliament secretly passed the <a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">National Pact</a> (Misak-ı Millî) on January 28 which became a political manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish Nationalists</a>. The Turkish Nationalists challenged the allies, and more importantly, at a time when the Allies were preparing peace terms, the Turks themselves were determining the peace terms they would accept. Moreover, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a> was far from being in control of all these events. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE_Beyannamesi.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE_Beyannamesi.pdf/page1-200px-Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE_Beyannamesi.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE_Beyannamesi.pdf/page1-300px-Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE_Beyannamesi.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE_Beyannamesi.pdf/page1-400px-Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE_Beyannamesi.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The original text of the Misak-ı Millî</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Pact was declared to the public on 17 February 1920, which angered the Allies. They pressed the Ottoman government for the declaration to be reversed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Failure to revoke the decision resulted in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">British raiding of the Şehzadebaşı barracks</a>. The British high commissioner announced that would fully occupy Constantinople at 10 A.M.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the W. S. Edmons, the only true way to punish Turks was "invading Constantinople fully".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_full_occupation">Under full occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under full occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until September 1922, no serious events occurred in Constantinople. But in Constantinople, some Turkish secret services was founded like "M. M. Grubu" (M. M. Organization). The British also learned of the <a href="/wiki/Karakol_society" title="Karakol society">Karakol group</a>. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Battle of the Sakarya</a>, the position of Turkish army was not good. All the supplies that the Ankara army needed were stored in depots in Constantinople, which were now guarded by Allied soldiers. The secret organizations which were founded by Turkish nationalists raided those depots and brought those materials to the Ankara government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chanak_Crisis">The Chanak Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Chanak Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a>, the Turkish army advanced on the Dardanelles. The British Councils of Ministers met on 15 September 1922 and said that British soldiers must defend their positions. The next day, in the absence of Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, some cabinet ministers threatened Turkey with a declaration of war by Britain and its dominions, on the grounds that Turkey had violated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>. Curzon, who returned to his country after discussing this issue in France on 18 September, was recalled by French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>. Poincaré informed Curzon, who came to France again on 20 September, that the French troops in Chanak had started to withdraw immediately and harshly rebuked him for a ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British people did not want to go to war with the Turks again in the Dardanelles. The Dominions announced that they would not send any forces after Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> did not consult on the issue. Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> announced that the situation was different from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which broke out 8 years ago, and that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canadian Parliament</a> had to decide in order to send troops. </p><p>The UK Council of Ministers, meeting on 23 September, decided to leave Constantinople and <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> to Turkey. Thereupon, the Commander-in-Chief of the Turkish Armies, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, ordered the army to stop. He offered to negotiate in <a href="/wiki/Mudanya" title="Mudanya">Mudanya</a> for ceasefire talks. The parties met in Mudanya on October 3. On October 11, the terms of the ceasefire were accepted by the United Kingdom with a 2-hour delay after the British received reinforcements. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> was convinced that this reinforcement would not cause any resistance. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartoon_Drawn_After_David_Lloyd_George%27s_Resignation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cartoon_Drawn_After_David_Lloyd_George%27s_Resignation.jpg/225px-Cartoon_Drawn_After_David_Lloyd_George%27s_Resignation.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cartoon_Drawn_After_David_Lloyd_George%27s_Resignation.jpg/338px-Cartoon_Drawn_After_David_Lloyd_George%27s_Resignation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cartoon_Drawn_After_David_Lloyd_George%27s_Resignation.jpg/450px-Cartoon_Drawn_After_David_Lloyd_George%27s_Resignation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon drawn after David Lloyd George's resignation</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> left the government with the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a> on 19 October 1922,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and declared that it would enter the next elections separately from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. Thus Lloyd George was left without significant support. Additionally, Lord Curzon announced that he was withdrawing his support from Lloyd George. Lloyd George subsequently resigned as prime minister, never to return as a key figure in British politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al_Jazira_front">Al Jazira front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Al Jazira front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> was continuing in Anatolia, Mustafa Kemal expressed interest in the <b>Al Jazira front</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>El Cezire Cephesi</i>), also known as the <b>Mosul front</b>. The most important example of this is undoubtedly the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Cevat (Çobanlı) Pasha</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Al Jazira</a> Front. It is obvious that Cevat Pasha, who served on the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian Front</a> in World War I, was appointed to the position because he knew the region well. Cevat immediately went to <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> to set up a headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Güztoklusu1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Güztoklusu1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following dates, Özdemir Bey and many Turkish officers were sent to <a href="/wiki/Rawandiz" title="Rawandiz">Revandiz</a> (Rawandiz) by Mustafa Kemal to manage the ongoing resistance in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Güztoklusu2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Güztoklusu2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> erupting in revolt on 26 May 1919, four days before the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k_Cephesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Ayvalık Cephesi">Battle of Ayvalık</a>, it is there that the Turkish resistance first began and where resistance last ended.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Al Jazira front was the longest-lasting front of the Turkish War of Independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahmud_Barzanji's_revolt_of_May–June_1919"><span id="Mahmud_Barzanji.27s_revolt_of_May.E2.80.93June_1919"></span>Mahmud Barzanji's revolt of May–June 1919</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mahmud Barzanji's revolt of May–June 1919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 May 1919 <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Mahmud Barzanji</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-David_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revolted against British forces with 300 men.<sup id="cite_ref-David_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first stages of the rebellion, Barzanji had some success. Sheikh Mahmut was previously appointed by <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Kut Pasha</a> to manage of Suleymaniye,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a>. </p><p>Mustafa Kemal and Barzanji were in correspondence during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resistance, which started in Sulaymaniyah, took Kemal Pasha's attention. After the <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a>, Kemal congratulated Sheikh Mahmut, who was carrying out military activities in the region, but his message could not reach him. Mahmud and his men were ambushed and captured by the British in the Bazyan pass between Sulaymaniyah and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British, who were worried that Mosul would be completely occupied by the Turks after the Battle of Derbent, brought Sheikh Mahmut back to Sulaymaniyah and officially established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> as a British mandate on 10 October 1922. Thus, the British wished to prevent Mosul and its surroundings from being connected to Turkey and wished to maintain their economic interests in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the Sheikh again revolted, being a thorn in the British side until 1924, when the kingdom was forcibly dissolved, and the region eventually ended up under <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tal_Afar_Uprising_(1920)"><span id="Tal_Afar_Uprising_.281920.29"></span>Tal Afar Uprising (1920)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tal Afar Uprising (1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar uprising</a></div> <p>With the capture of Sheikh Mahmud and his exile to <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, the first period of the <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a> movement in Sulaymaniyah in 1919 ended. After this, resistance efforts shifted to <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. Various organizations, especially the <i>Cemiyet-i Hilaliye</i> were established there, which gained support of Arabs opposed to British occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many uprisings flared up in 1920, but the most important of these is the <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar Uprising</a> which took place in late June. Due the leaderships' ties with Ankara government, this rebellion and the following ones were known as the "Hareketü'l-Kemaliye" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Movement of Kemal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tel Afar was captured by a group of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> rebels led by Lieutenant Colonel Cemil Muhammed Halil Efendi. With the delay in the reinforcements coming from Anatolia, a forward operation to retake Mosul remained inconclusive. Learning about the situation, British troops entered Tal Afar with the support of the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Iraq_Command" title="RAF Iraq Command">RAF Iraq Command</a> and recaptured the town, putting an end to the rebellion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revandiz_Rebellion">Revandiz Rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revandiz Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After what happened in Tal Afar, the resistance continued in <a href="/wiki/Rawandiz" title="Rawandiz">Revandiz</a>. On 1 May 1920, Mustafa Kemal Pasha drew attention to the National Pact and the importance of Mosul in a speech before the Grand National Assembly. According to him Turkey's national borders started from the south of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Iskenderun</a> and extended towards the east, including Mosul, Sulaymaniyah and Kirkuk. The British were concerned that Mustafa Kemal Pasha would target Mosul after defeating the Greeks. Tribes in the Revandiz region asked for help from the Ankara government for their rebellion against the British, and Ankara sent a company of three officers and 100 privates to Mosul; On 9 August 1921, Major Şevki Bey was appointed as the commander of Sulaymaniyah. This force was ordered to avoid conflict with the British unless necessary. Despite this order, the company united with the forces of Revandiz Turkmen and raided the British whenever the opportunity arose; To the British who attacked Revandiz with a large force with air support on 16 December 1921;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Babaçiçek suffered great losses in the strait.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Özdemir_expedition"><span id="The_.C3.96zdemir_expedition"></span>The Özdemir expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Özdemir expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Mahmoud_-_Kurdistan%27s_King_(1918-1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sheikh_Mahmoud_-_Kurdistan%27s_King_%281918-1922%29.jpg/200px-Sheikh_Mahmoud_-_Kurdistan%27s_King_%281918-1922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sheikh_Mahmoud_-_Kurdistan%27s_King_%281918-1922%29.jpg/300px-Sheikh_Mahmoud_-_Kurdistan%27s_King_%281918-1922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Sheikh_Mahmoud_-_Kurdistan%27s_King_%281918-1922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A photo of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Mahmud Barzanji</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the attacks by the British against <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> and Revandiz increased in January 1922, Mustafa Kemal Pasha ordered a militia unit to be sent to Mosul. The General Staff focused on the appointment of a commander who knew the local terrain, tribal relations, traditions, and banditry, and appointed Militia Lieutenant Colonel Şefik Özdemir Bey, who was the commander of the National Forces in <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Antep</a>, to this position. Mustafa Kemal as Speaker of the Ankara government, delivered a personal instruction to Özdemir, ordering him to undertake the mission as a private individual for the sake of <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Özdemir Bey was a capable officer, and organized a successful insurgency in the Mosul region. Departing from Ankara to Revandiz with a skeleton staff, he hoped to fill his ranks with Turkmen and other tribes loyal to the Turkish administration in the region, and from Tunisian and Algerian soldiers who escaped from the French army in <a href="/wiki/Nizip" title="Nizip">Nizip</a> that took refuge with the Turks. Özdemir arrived in Diyarbakır on 22 April where he met with Al Jazira Front commander Cevat Pasha. After some financial problems were resolved, an instruction was given regarding the operation to be carried out by Özdemir Bey. Wherever he went, Özdemir immediately organized on behalf of the Ankara government and reestablished order where government wasn't functioning before. The detachment reached Revandiz on 22 June 1922, after an arduous journey. The detachment entered the town amidst the enthusiastic welcome of the people, festivities were held, the tribes around came to the city and greeted Özdemir and the detachment; Sacrifices were made and prayers were said. Özdemir immediately established an organization in the region and acted in line with the general wishes of the people. The Revandizians, who had been without a functioning government for a long time, were delighted with Özdemir as the representative of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, affectionately called him Özdemir Pasha.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tal_Afar_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tal_Afar_Castle.jpg/150px-Tal_Afar_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tal_Afar_Castle.jpg/225px-Tal_Afar_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tal_Afar_Castle.jpg/300px-Tal_Afar_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tal Afar Castle, 2007.</figcaption></figure><p>Özdemir Bey expanded his organization day by day in the region. It went beyond Northern Iraq and into the Lahican region in the south of Rumiye Lake.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2024)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Defense of Law Associations</a> founded by Turkmens also emerged from behind the scenes and began to conduct their activities in the open. After taking control in Revandiz, Özdemir Bey tried to increase his influence noticeably in centers such as Kirkuk, Sulaymaniyah, Akra, and Mosul. In addition to providing a communication network with the telegraph line drawn from Revandiz to Diyarbakır, control was gained in the Akra, <a href="/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranya</a>, Erbil and <a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq" title="Koy Sanjaq">Köysancak</a> regions, making great use of the power of the tribes in the region. Seeing that Turkish influence was increasing, the British attacked Revandiz with 12 planes on 10 July 1922, but they were unsuccessful. Özdemir's troops, who completed their supplies in the region,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> attacked the British on 31 August 1922. Özdemir Bey's platoon won the Battle of Derbent despite British air superiority, shooting down four British planes and capturing six machine guns, two cannons, and many supplies, in exchange for fourteen killed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eefik_%C3%96zdemir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/%C5%9Eefik_%C3%96zdemir.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Şefik Özdemir Bey</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mosul_operation">The Mosul operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Mosul operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 September 1922 Chief of General Staff <a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak)</a> ordered that Mosul be taken by arms if necessary. The Al Jazira Front was to attack with all its strength from both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> towards Mosul. The Eastern Front would be tasked with attacking Mosul-Kirkuk via the <a href="/wiki/Imadiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Imadiye">Imadiye</a> and Suleymaniye line. Fevzi and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Kâzım Pasha</a> were assembling a force consisting of an infantry division reinforced by mountain batteries made up of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, Hakkari and <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r" title="Iğdır">Iğdır</a> border units, a cavalry brigade, cavalry consisting of tribes, and an aircraft squadron consisting of fast reconnaissance and war planes. Meanwhile, in the telegram sent from Özdemir to the Al Jazira Front Command on 6 November 1922, it was proposed that after the reinforcements reached Revandiz, they would take <a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a>, and then one branch would descend on <a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Dohuk</a> from the south, while the other branch would march on Imadiye. Within the framework of the answers received, Özdemir was ordered to complete the necessary preparations for the Al Jazira Front by 10 November 1922. </p><p>The British started bombing Köysancak, İmadiye and Dinart from the air on 17 October 1922. The issue that attracted the most attention among the efforts of the Turkish General Staff of the Al Jazira front was reinforcing aircraft divisions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163650.jpg/250px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163650.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163650.jpg/375px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163650.jpg/500px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4100" /></a><figcaption>British pilots of 203 Squadron in Gallipoli in 1922.</figcaption></figure><p>While these developments were taking place, the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Lausanne Conference</a> was under way. The <a href="/wiki/Mosul_question" title="Mosul question">Mosul Question</a> proved to be the most contentious issue of the conference. In his statements in the Grand National Assembly on 2 January and 30 January 1923, Mustafa Kemal Pasha stated that the province of Mosul was within the national borders of the Turkish state; He stated that it would not be possible to tear these places away from the motherland and give them as gifts to others. Judging by the news coming from Lausanne, there was a possibility that the conference would collapse, whereupon the Mosul operation would commence. Kemal's statements about Mosul and his request for a plebiscite mobilized the locals against the British. The British aircraft fleet bombarded cities, tribal areas, their herds and cultivated areas; angering the locals of the region. British air attacks continued intermittently until February and March 1923. With negotiations in Lausanne going otherwise well, Turkish government requested the planned military operation against Mosul be shelved, where it was hoped the city could be retaken through diplomatically later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Özdemir and his organization were caught off-guard when news reached them. The movement in Revandiz and its surroundings suddenly took a different shape and color. In his report sent to the front command on 5 April 1923, Özdemir Bey asked for a ceasefire to be signed with the British so that at least the Revandiz region would remain under Turkish control; He stated that he did not find the diplomatic movement initiated appropriate in this situation. While the Lausanne negotiations were continuing, British-Iraqi troops in Mosul took forward action again in two directions on 8 April 1923, one towards the Devil's Strait via the Hodran River and the other towards Serderya from the Great Zap River Valley.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2024)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> The British were inflicted casualties with the raids carried out by Özdemir Bey's detachment on the night of 11/12 April. On the night of 20/21 April, the battle between Özdemir Bey's detachment and the British became even more intense; Unable to hold their own against the British, the detachment decided to withdraw to Iranian territory on 23 April 1923. Özdemir Bey's detachment crossed the steep mountains and reached the town of <a href="/wiki/Ushnuiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushnuiyeh">Ushnu</a> in Iran with its weapons on 29 April 1923. Özdemir Bey asked for his asylum to be accepted in the letter he sent to Yusuf Han, the Iranian military officer in the Savcıbulak area. Özdemir Bey and his platoon entered Turkey from Van's <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A7esaray,_Van" title="Bahçesaray, Van">Bahçesaray</a> district on 10 May 1923. The military operation, which was initiated to achieve the National Pact goals, did not yield the expected results due to the lack of necessary support.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actions_against_British_troops_in_Anatolia">Actions against British troops in Anatolia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Actions against British troops in Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Sea_Region">Black Sea Region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Black Sea Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Clashes_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsun Clashes (1920)">Samsun Clashes (1920)</a></div> <p>On 9 March 1919, when 15th Division Commander Mustafa Asım Bey and <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> Governor İbrahim Ethem Bey declared martial law in the city, the city was occupied by a 200-man British military detachment, citing the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sarısakal_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarısakal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the 150-person <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Corps</a> forces that arrived later settled in the barracks and some settled in the Samsun Sultani building.<sup id="cite_ref-sarısakal_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarısakal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Şefik Avni Pasha, who came to Samsun on 7 May 1920, assumed the command of the 15th Division and the division was rearmed with the help of the Grand National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure by the 15th Division, British and French troops had to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_Militia_Topal_Osman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lieutenant_Colonel_of_Militia_Topal_Osman.jpg/200px-Lieutenant_Colonel_of_Militia_Topal_Osman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Lieutenant_Colonel_of_Militia_Topal_Osman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Topal Osman, the leader of the 15th Division.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eskişehir"><span id="Eski.C5.9Fehir"></span>Eskişehir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eskişehir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British forces occupied <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_railway_station" title="Eskişehir railway station">Eskişehir Station</a> on 23 January 1919, to inspect the railway line after World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a> forces led by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy)</a> ended the occupation on 20 March 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Cebesoy_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cebesoy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy_1.jpg/200px-Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy_1.jpg/300px-Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy_1.jpg/400px-Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha</a> (1882–1968)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Turkish_belligerency_outside_the_battlefield">Anglo-Turkish belligerency outside the battlefield</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anglo-Turkish belligerency outside the battlefield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_diplomatic_actions_against_the_Turks">British diplomatic actions against the Turks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: British diplomatic actions against the Turks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)">Greco-Turkish war</a>, British government supported Greece against the Turks diplomatically and financially. During the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> made territorial demands from Anatolia at the conference. He used the power of propaganda, his oratory skills, and ethnographic maps (some less than reliable) to justify his demands. Venizelos were supported by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, despite the objections of some British statesmen and military administrators. According to Lloyd George, for geopolitical reasons, England had to support Greece to fill the power vacuum that would arise in the Eastern Mediterranean with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War. As a result of Lloyd George's support, the Supreme Council at the Paris Conference allowed Greece to invade Western Anatolia on May 6.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British and French government promised to send the Greeks 850,000,000 Golden Frank,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">King Constantine</a>'s ascension in Greece and heavily losses in <a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Cilicia</a>, the French stopped supporting Greece shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya-Eski%C5%9Fehir" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir">Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government were also uneasy about the fall of Venizelos, which came with Constantine's elevation. In return for not liquidating some Venizelist officers, the British continued supporting Greece and its campaign into Inner Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anexartitos_merarxia_vari_pirovolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Anexartitos_merarxia_vari_pirovolo.jpg/220px-Anexartitos_merarxia_vari_pirovolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Anexartitos_merarxia_vari_pirovolo.jpg/330px-Anexartitos_merarxia_vari_pirovolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Anexartitos_merarxia_vari_pirovolo.jpg/440px-Anexartitos_merarxia_vari_pirovolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>The British-made <a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_30_cwt_howitzer" title="BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer">BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer</a> is in the service of the Greeks during <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second Battle of İnönü</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British government supplied Greeks with <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9" title="Airco DH.9">Airco DH.9s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel_F.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopwith Camel F.1">Sopwith Camel F.1s</a>, and Gotha WD.13 seaplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Greek operations (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Greek Summer Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second Battle of İnönü</a> etc.) were carried out by British permission and support. On 17 February 1920, Lord Curzon wrote to <a href="/wiki/John_de_Robeck" title="John de Robeck">Admiral John de Robeck</a> that he had "given the necessary order for the Greek army to attack the Turks."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joseph_Toynbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Joseph Toynbee">Toynbee</a>'s words, the Greeks were equipped with never-used weapons given by the British and French. The amount of British aid to Greece between 1914 and 1920 exceeded 16 million pounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As there were no cannon or rifle factories in Greece, most of the weapons and ammunition used by the Greek army were supplied from English arms corporations. Before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sakarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sakarya">Battle of Sakarya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> opened a short-term credit to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British supplied the Greek army with 6 inch Howitzers in <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second Battle of İnönü</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Empire also supported Greeks with winter equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/175px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/263px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/350px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>David Lloyd George, pro-Greek<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Prime Minister who supported Greeks against Turks in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye"><span id="Ottoman_Empire.2FKuva-yi_Inzibatiye"></span>Ottoman Empire/Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire/Kuva-yi Inzibatiye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Battle of Geyve</a> (15–17 May 1920), Britain supported the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate Army">Caliphate army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Anzavur">Ahmet Anzavur</a>, against Turkish <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a> which led by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Philip Jowett, the British supported the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate Army">Caliphate Army</a> with uniforms and guns.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_diplomatic_actions_against_the_British_Empire">Turkish diplomatic actions against the British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turkish diplomatic actions against the British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish–Armenian_War"><span id="Turkish.E2.80.93Armenian_War"></span>Turkish–Armenian War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Turkish–Armenian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottoman Caucasian had to demobilize. The British supported the newly declared <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenian Republic</a> in their military campaign to take Armenian-majority cities in the Ottoman Empire. 40,000 rifles were sent to the Armenian army.<sup id="cite_ref-KLAB_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLAB-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> which the Ankara government did not recognize, the Armenians were awarded <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F" title="Muş">Muş</a>. The Turks launched a campaign against Armenia between 24 September and 2 December, which concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a>. According to the treaty, the Armenians had to hand over their arms and munitions, including the 40,000 British rifles. Mustafa Kemal Pasha wrote a gloating letter to Lloyd George, thanking him for the rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-KLAB_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLAB-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Moscow">Treaty of Moscow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Treaty of Moscow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ankara government were dealing with Armenians at <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Armenian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Armenian War">east</a>, French and <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">French-backed Armenian legion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">south</a>, Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)">west</a>, Pontic rebels in <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Pontus Ayaklanması">north</a>, British in Southeastern Anatolia as well as uprisings instigated by Istanbul government. The Russian Bolsheviks were similarly fighting Allied interventions and uprisings across the former Russian Empire. As they were fighting common enemies, Ankara and Moscow reproached each other following the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">First Battle of İnönü</a>. The Bolsheviks and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish Nationalists</a> signed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow</a>. According to the treaty, the Bolsheviks supplied 10,000,000 Rubles and arms to Ankara for 800 tons of grain and diplomatic recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Şemsutdinov_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Şemsutdinov-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, these two states supported each other against the British. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Turkish delegation in Moscow also encountered an Afghan delegation with a similar mission. The two states signed a defensive alliance and mutual assistance treaty against the British, which had just concluded a <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">war with Afghanistan</a> while supporting the Greeks in their war against the Turks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish_and_British_propaganda_campaigns">Turkish and British propaganda campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Turkish and British propaganda campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Turkish War of Independence, both British and Turks done propaganda against each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_propaganda_against_the_Turks">British propaganda against the Turks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: British propaganda against the Turks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Turkish_Nationalist–İttihadist_conspiracy"><span id="The_Turkish_Nationalist.E2.80.93.C4.B0ttihadist_conspiracy"></span>The Turkish Nationalist–İttihadist conspiracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Turkish Nationalist–İttihadist conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_Avc%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Doğan Avcıoğlu">Doğan Avcıoğlu</a>, a central tension between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire was <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. The Turks declared a holy war in their <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_declaration_of_Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman declaration of Jihad">jihad</a> against the UK, and they launched a "crusade" against the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British propaganda both during the First World War and after the Armistice of Mudros, primarily targeted the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> cadres, and described them as the enemy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The greatest support to Britain came from <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferit Pasha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>, and elements in the Istanbul government. </p><p>At the end of the war, the Allies wanted to capture the leaders of the CUP to try them as <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war criminals</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. In the first days of the occupation of Constantinople, some members of the CUP started an anti-British propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British documents during the Turkish War of Independence conflated Bolshevism and İttihadism (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">Unionism</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In an attempt to discredit the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, British propaganda accused them as a new iteration of the CUP, a sentiment shared by the anti-Unionists. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The British also accused the Turkish nationalists of being Bolsheviks. With this propaganda, the United Kingdom aimed to both remind Europe of the Bolshevik danger and to bolster support for their Turkish allies. This didn't stop Turkish nationalists from using Socialist geopolitical outlooks. According to an article without signatures in Hakimiyet-i Milliye, communism represented a war against the British Empire and their global hegemony. The world was divided into two great forces, represented on one side by oppressed nations and on the other side by capitalist nations such as Britain. The Russians were included in the category of oppressed nations.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Turkish_Nationalist–Bolshevism_conspiracy"><span id="The_Turkish_Nationalist.E2.80.93Bolshevism_conspiracy"></span>The Turkish Nationalist–Bolshevism conspiracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Turkish Nationalist–Bolshevism conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg/175px-Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg/263px-Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg/350px-Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Damad Ferit Pasha, pro-British Ottoman politician and opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish national movement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in a 14 August 1920 speech to parliament, stated that he took into account the victimized classes of people, stating, "Our nation, as a whole, is the victim and the oppressed."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some reports in the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Archives">British National Archives</a>, military intelligence personally testified about the accuracy of this accusation. Units about this topic were reported to London.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the report of the British Military Intelligence Directorate dated 19–20 February 1920: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bolshevism of Turkish politicians is a national danger. There is ample evidence to show that they understood that the successes of the Bolsheviks were mentioned in Turkish propaganda (…) by Great Britain. It is clear that this was done to emphasize that he was defeated. In this way, Turkish Pan-Islamists can hope to find additional material for anti-allied propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_propaganda_against_the_British">Turkish propaganda against the British</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Turkish propaganda against the British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""The_Caliph_is_Captured"_narrative"><span id=".22The_Caliph_is_Captured.22_narrative"></span>"The Caliph is Captured" narrative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: "The Caliph is Captured" narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American journalist <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Streit" title="Clarence Streit">Clarence K. Streit</a>, who came to Ankara during the War of Independence and interviewed Mustafa Kemal Pasha, says that he did not see any effort to incite religious bigotry in Ankara's propaganda. Streit said that the only issue in which religious sentiment was invoked was to remind the villagers that "the Caliph is a prisoner in British hands and must be rescued as soon as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""The_Real_Enemy_of_Our_Struggle_is_the_British"_narrative"><span id=".22The_Real_Enemy_of_Our_Struggle_is_the_British.22_narrative"></span>"The Real Enemy of Our Struggle is the British" narrative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: "The Real Enemy of Our Struggle is the British" narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the important topics of the Ankara government's propaganda was to instill the idea of 'England as the Real Enemy' into society. This was an easy task, because, there was already anti-British sentiment because of the First World War. Since the day of the arrival of the Allied Navy to Constantinople, this reaction gradually increased. Sunata<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> explains one of the reasons for this in his memoirs by saying that among the victorious states that occupied Istanbul, the British showed the most "hostility" towards the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information, see <a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States during the Turkish War of Independence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Mosul_question" title="Mosul question">Mosul question</a> couldn't solved in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, the problem continues until <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1926)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1926)">1926</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irregular forces are not included.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu 2008, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewalich, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&pg=PA131">History of the Balkans-Twentieth Century</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221125926/http://www.camilhasanli.com/files/P46P3OLay7vK.pdf">Archived</a>, Camil Hasanlı.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224073430/http://www.turksolu.com.tr/kitap/17.htm">Atatürk, Nerimanov ve Kurtuluş Savaşımız</a>- Hüseyin Adıgüzel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andican, A. Ahat (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGqMQAACAAJ">Turkestan Struggle Abroad From Jadidism to Independence.</a> SOTA Publications. p. 78–81. ISBN 908-0-740-365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082103/http://www.tika.gov.tr/tr/haber/ozbekistandan_gelen_bir_haber-2465">Özbekistan'dan Gelen Bir Haber</a>, 8 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riyadakpinar.blogspot.com/2019/01/mustafa-kemal-pasa-kont-sforza-ve.html">Mustafa Kemal Paşa-Kont Sforza Görüşmesi</a>, 19 January 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sforza, Diario, November 28, 1920, page 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lloyd George, The Truth about the Peace Treaties, v. 2 (Gollancz, London: 1938), page 1348-1349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Smith, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922, University of Michigan Press, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gingeras, Ryan (2022). The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire. Dublin: Random House. ISBN 978-0-241-44432-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1920/03/18/archives/allies-occupy-constatinople-seize-ministries-turkish-and-british-in.html">Allies occupy Constantinople seize ministries Turkish and British...</a>, 1920/03/18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Optional-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Optional_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Optional_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Optional_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu 2008, pp. 120–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarısakal-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarısakal_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarısakal_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarısakal_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarısakal_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarısakal, Baki (2002), Bir Kentin Tarihi: Samsun, Samsun: Samsun Valiliği İl Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Society_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Western Society for French History. Meeting: Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, New Mexico State University Press, 1996, page 206 Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meydan, Sinan. Cumhuriyet Tarihi Yalanları</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9403E3DD1338EE32A25754C1A9639C946896D6CF"><i>Smyrna is taken away from Turkey</i></a>, 17 May 1919</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCevizoğlu2007" class="citation book cs1">Cevizoğlu, Hulki (2007). <i>1919'un Şifresi (Gizli ABD İşgalinin Belge ve Fotoğrafları)</i>. Ceviz Kabuğu Yayınları. pp. 66, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789756613238" title="Special:BookSources/9789756613238"><bdi>9789756613238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1919%27un+%C5%9Eifresi+%28Gizli+ABD+%C4%B0%C5%9Fgalinin+Belge+ve+Foto%C4%9Fraflar%C4%B1%29&rft.pages=66%2C+77&rft.pub=Ceviz+Kabu%C4%9Fu+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789756613238&rft.aulast=Cevizo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Hulki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalçın2014" class="citation web cs1">Yalçın, Soner (19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odatv.com/analiz/abd-turkiyenin-paylasilmasinda-nasil-rol-almisti-55646">"ABD "Türkiye'nin paylaşılması"nda nasıl rol almıştı?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Odatv" class="mw-redirect" title="Odatv">Odatv</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABD+%22T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+payla%C5%9F%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1%22nda+nas%C4%B1l+rol+alm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1%3F&rft.pub=Odatv&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n&rft.aufirst=Soner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odatv.com%2Fanaliz%2Fabd-turkiyenin-paylasilmasinda-nasil-rol-almisti-55646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Türk İstiklal Harbi Serisi, 6th Volume, “İstiklal Harbinde Ayaklanmalar”, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenan ESENGİN; “Millî Mücadelede Ayaklanmalar, pp.175–189,Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Şevki YAZMAN, "Anadolu'nun İşgali", pp.83–84,Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006, Istanbul</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Nedim ÇAKMAK; “İşgal Günlerinde İşbirlikçiler Hüsnüyadis Hortladı”, s.54–55, Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006, İstanbul.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/forgotten-peace-world-war-i-lausanne-treaty-0724">The Forgotten Peace Treaty of World War One</a>, July 24, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sozcu.com.tr/turk-ingiliz-savasi-wp5790907#:~:text=1922%20Haziran'%C4%B1ndan%201922%20Eyl%C3%BCl,kar%C5%9F%C4%B1%20Derbent%20Zaferi'ni%20kazand%C4%B1.">Türk-İngiliz Savaşı</a> "From June 1922 to the end of September 1922, there were serious clashes in Mosul between the troops under the command of Özdemir Bey, personally appointed by Atatürk, and the British. On 31 August 1922, the Revandiz Detachment won the Derbent Victory against the British.", 4 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cebesoy-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cebesoy_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cebesoy_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Cebesoy</a>, Milli Mücadele Hatıraları, pp. 357-358: "The second Eskişehir operation lasted a week... The British troops could not stand the violence and certainty of the national operation and retreated in haste. They lost very little in terms of people but a lot in terms of goods."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErcivan2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Ercivan, Ahmet (March 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2244738">"Operation Revanduz and Mr. Ali Şefik (Özdemir)"</a>. <i>Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi</i>. Bolu: DergiPark<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tarih+ve+Gelecek+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Operation+Revanduz+and+Mr.+Ali+%C5%9Eefik+%28%C3%96zdemir%29&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.aulast=Ercivan&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F2244738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnkurs43-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnkurs43_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnkurs43_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Türk İstiklal Harbi Güney cephesi", Türk İstiklal Harbi Serisi, p. 43, Genelkurmay ATASE başkanlığı</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi, C.II, 2. Kısım, Ankara 1999, page 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erikanakin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-erikanakin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: <i>Kurtuluş Savaşı tarihi</i>, Türkiye İş̧ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2008, ISBN 9944884472, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=4TExAQAAIAAJ&q=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&dq=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=i1d2Uca6N4T64QSbkoDIAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA">sayfa 339</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232219/http://books.google.de/books?id=4TExAQAAIAAJ&q=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&dq=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=i1d2Uca6N4T64QSbkoDIAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumhuriyet-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cumhuriyet_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumhuriyet_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Özakman, Turgut. Cumhuriyet Türk mucizesi, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1920/06/19/archives/british-in-turkey-may-be-increased-cabinet-considers-attack-on.html">British In Turkey May Be Increased</a>, 1920/06/19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald L. Tarnstrom: Balkan battles, Trogen Books, 1999, ISBN 0922037140, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zekeriya-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zekeriya_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zekeriya_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zekeriya_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517053902/http://www.atam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/Zekeriya-T%C3%9CRKMEN-%C4%B0stanbulun-%C4%B0%C5%9Fgali-ve-%C4%B0%C5%9Fgal-D%C3%B6nemindeki-Uygulamalar-13-Kas%C4%B1m-1918-16-Mart-1920.pdf">Türkmen, Zekeriya. İstanbul'un İşgali ve İşgal Dönemindeki Uygulamalar (30 Kasım 1918-16 Mart 1920)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farajova, Turan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116222010/http://www.academia.edu/30899028/%C4%B0STANBUL_UN_%C4%B0%C5%9EGAL%C4%B0_18_KASIM_1918-16_MART_1920_">Istanbul'un İşgali (18 Kasım 1918-16 Mart 1920)</a> İstanbul Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, 16 January 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harp Tarihi Vesikaları Dergisi, p. 22, and p. 557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salâhi R. Sonyel, Turkish War of Independence and Foreign Policy, Volume I, Ankara 1978, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macfie, A. L. "The Chanak Affair (September–October 1922)", Balkan Studies 1979, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp 309–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Kenneth O. (1979). "The Downfall of the Coalition: Foreign Policy". Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government 1918–1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. 302–330. ISBN 0198224974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Güztoklusu1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Güztoklusu1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu 2008, p.91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Güztoklusu2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Güztoklusu2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu 2008, pp. 101–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu 2008, pp. 41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David (1997). A Modern History of the Kurds. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 155–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ATATÜRK, Kemal Mustafa(2015) 51. Vesika, Nutuk Vesikalar Cildi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu 2008, p. 37-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu 2008, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ABOŞ, Kahtan Ahmet from Tal Afar, El Tavratul Tal Afar (Tal Afar revolution)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güztoklusu, 2008, p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atatürk’ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, Cilt I, Ankara 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gnkur. ATASE Başkanlığı Arşivi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ÖKE, Mim Kemal, Musul Meselesi Kronolojisi (1918–1926), İstanbul 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Türk İstiklal Harbi, Güney Cephesi, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Arşivi, Şefik Özdemir Bey Dosyası.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TÜRKMEN, Zekeriya, “Özdemir Bey’in Musul Harekâtı ve İngilizlerin Karşı Tedbirleri (1922–1923)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, S 49, Ankara 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TÜRKMEN, Zekeriya, Musul Meselesi, Askerî Yönden Çözüm Arayışları (1922–1925), Ankara 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TÜRKMEN, Zekeriya, Yeni Devletin Şafağında Mustafa Kemal, Ankara 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ÜZEL, Sahir, İstiklal Savaşımız Esnasında Kürtlük Cereyanları ve Irak-Revandiz Harekâtı, Resmî Vesaike Müstenit Harp Tarihi (Daktilo Metin), ATASE Bşk.lığı Kütüphanesi, İstiklal nr: 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarısakal, Baki (2002), Bir Kentin Tarihi: Samsun, Samsun: Samsun Valiliği İl Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nutku, Emrullah (1962). "Giresunlu Osman Ağa". Yakın Tarihimiz. Volume 4. p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223202921/http://www.eskisehir.gov.tr/esktarih2.asp">Kurtuluş Savaşında Eskişehir</a>, 5 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/326475/yunanistanin-izmiri-isgalinde-ingilterenin-rolu">The British Role In Greek Landing at Smyrna</a>, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veremis, T. (1983). "Two letters – Memoranda of E. Venizelos to Winston Churchill", p. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)#Cite_Note-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)#Cite Note-17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turgut Özakman, Şu Çılgın Türkler (115th edition, September 2005), p. 23: Sevr Antlaşması'nı ve tabii Üçlü Anlaşma'yı milliyetçilere silah zoruyla kabul ettirmek görevi, İngilizlerin aracılığıyla Yunan ordusuna önerilir, o da kabul eder. Yunan hükümeti, bu hizmetine karşılık, İzmir ve Doğu Trakya'dan başka, İstanbul'un da Yunanistan'a verileceği ümidine kapılır. Fakat beklenilmeyen bir olay Yunanistan'ı karıştıracaktır. Kral Aleksandros ölür. Venizelos, Konstantin'in tahta geri dönmesini engellemek için seçimleri yenilemeye karar verir ve seçime "ya Konstantin, ya ben!" sloganıyla girer. Halk Konstantin'i ve onu destekleyen partiyi seçer. Venizelos yurtdışına kaçar. Vaktiyle Konstantin'in devrilmesine yardım etmiş olan Fransız hükümeti, Konstantin'e ve muhalefete oy veren Yunan halkına kızar ve yeni iktidara karşı tavır alır. İngilizler de tedirgin olurlar ama tavır almak için beklemeyi tercih ederler. Venizelos'un sürgüne yolladığı, hapse attırdığı siviller ve askerler, tıpkı Hürriyet ve İtilaf Partililer gibi, iktidar özlemi ve kinle tutuşmuş bir halde yeniden sahnede boy gösterirler. Kralcı General Papulas, Anadolu'daki Yunan ordusunun komutanlığa atanır. İktidar, Anadolu'yu boşalttığı takdirde, Yunanistan'ın Fransa ve İtalya'dan sonra, İngiltere'nin de desteğini kaybedip yalnız kalacağını anlar; azdırdıkları Anadolu Rumlarını yazgılarıyla baş başa bırakmayı da göze alamaz. Sonunda Venizelos'un yayılmacı politikasını ve İngilizlerin askeri olmayı kabul eder. Bu sebeple Anadolu olaylarını iyi bilen bazı Venizeloscu komutanlara dokunmaz. ("The task of forcing the nationalists to accept the Treaty of Sèvres and of course the Tripartite Agreement at gunpoint was offered to the Greek army through the British, and it accepted it. In return for this service, the Greek government hoped that, in addition to Izmir and Eastern Thrace, Istanbul would also be given to Greece. However, an unexpected event will confuse Greece. King Alexander dies. Venizelos decides to renew the elections in order to prevent Constantine's return to the throne and enters the elections with the slogan "Constantine or me!". The people elect Constantine and the party that supports him. Venizelos flees abroad. The French government, which had once helped overthrow Constantine, is angry with Constantine and the Greek people who voted for the opposition, and takes a stand against the new government. The British were also uneasy, but preferred to wait to take a stand. The civilians and soldiers exiled and imprisoned by Venizelos reappeared on the stage, just like the members of the Freedom and Accord Party, fuelled by a longing for power and a grudge. The royalist General Papoulas was appointed commander of the Greek army in Anatolia. The government realised that if it evacuated Anatolia, Greece would lose the support of Britain, after France and Italy, and would be left alone; it could not afford to leave the Anatolian Greeks, whom they had been inflaming, alone with their fate. In the end, he accepted Venizelos' expansionist policy and to become a soldier of the British. For this reason, he did not touch some of the Venizelist commanders who knew the Anatolian events well.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=British+support">Philip Jowett-Armies of the Greek-Turkish War</a>, page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=British+">206</a> "... British Airco DH.9 reconnaissance bombers and Sopwith Camel 1F.1 fighters. The Greeks are reported to have assigned 55 aircraft of all types to Asia Minor, in one Navy and four Army squadrons. The Turkish Nationalists began the war with ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=British+suppprted">Armies of the Greek-Turkish War by Philip Jowett</a>, "... British Airco DH.9 reconnaissance bombers and Sopwith Camel 1F.1 fighters. The Greeks are reported to have assigned ... working in Germany. A Naval Flying Service was also formed, with four Gotha WD.13 seaplanes that had been smuggled ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ululeben,Turkey in the English secret documents, 2009, p.236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avcıoğlu 1979, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilal Şimşir, Sakarya'dan İzmir'e, pp. 160, 197, 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=British">Armies of the Greek-Turkish War,Philip Jowett</a>, "... of armaments to the Nationalists; when one Italian supplier was asked why he was selling weapons to his country's former enemy, he replied candidly 'because they pay'. 1443 The Greek crew of an elderly British 6in howitzer."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=British+suppprted">Armies of the Greek-Turkish War by Philip Jowett</a>, "... British and US Army models. Greek officers wore both long and short models of double-breasted greatcoat. Some winter items like pullovers may have been supplied by the Entente powers from their surplus stores, and others would have been ... British to supply them with 200,000 pairs of woollen socks but, as with."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stavros T. Stavridis,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809231238/https://www.thenationalherald.com/opinions_columnists/arthro/hail_lloyd_george-9404/">Hail, Lloyd George!</a>, 2019-07-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.memurlar.net/konu/1831001/">Hilafet Ordusu ve Kuva-yi Milliye ile çatışmaları</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Jowett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=British">Armies of The Greek-Turkish War</a> ,... British officers. Caliphate Army uniforms, 1920–22 The ineffectual Caliphate Army continued to use pre – 1918 Ottoman Army uniforms and rank insignia. The majority of Caliphate soldiers continued to wear the kabalak (see Plate D1) ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KLAB-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KLAB_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KLAB_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1921/01/06/archives/kemal-laughs-at-britain-sends-thanks-for-40000-rifles-the-armenians.html">Kemal Laughs at Britain, Sends Thanks for 40000 Rifles the Armenians Surrendered</a>, 6 January 1921</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Özakman, Turgut. Şu Çılgın Türkler, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Şemsutdinov-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Şemsutdinov_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Şemsutdinov, A bad-day friend, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avcıoğlu, D. (1979). Millî Kurtuluş Tarihi 1838’den 1995’e. Birinci kitap. Emperyalizm karşısında Türk aydının aymazlığı ve tam bağımsızlık. Tekin Yayınevi, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Kitsikis, D.</a>, Greek Propaganda, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uğur, M. (Ed.). (2018). Türk Basın Tarihi Uluslararası Sempozyumu, 19–21 October 2016, Elazığ. (2nd Volume). Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, p. 1067</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TBMM Minutes, Circuit 1, Volume: 3, Year: 1, 48. Ijtima, 14 August 1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avcıoğlu, 1979, pp. 651, 660, 690</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. O 371, E340/262/44, NO: 94892 (M.2B), 19, 20 February 1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Streit, C. K., Lowry, H. W., & Öztürk, M. A. (2011). Unknown Turks: Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Nationalist Ankara and Regular Life in Anatolia, January–March 1921. Bahçeşehir University, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunata, İ H. (2006). İstanbul’da işgal yılları. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, p. 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbent2005" class="citation book cs1">Broadbent, Harvey (2005). <i>Gallipoli: The Fatal Shore</i>. Camberwell, VIC: Viking/Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04085-8"><bdi>978-0-670-04085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli%3A+The+Fatal+Shore&rft.place=Camberwell%2C+VIC&rft.pub=Viking%2FPenguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-670-04085-8&rft.aulast=Broadbent&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyon2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Les_Carlyon" title="Les Carlyon">Carlyon, Les</a> (2001). <i>Gallipoli</i>. Sydney: Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7329-1089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7329-1089-1"><bdi>978-0-7329-1089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7329-1089-1&rft.aulast=Carlyon&rft.aufirst=Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFewsterBasarinBasarin2003" class="citation book cs1">Fewster, Kevin; Basarin, Vecihi; Basarin, Hatice Hurmuz (2003) [1985]. <i>Gallipoli: The Turkish Story</i>. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-045-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-045-3"><bdi>978-1-74114-045-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli%3A+The+Turkish+Story&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-045-3&rft.aulast=Fewster&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Basarin%2C+Vecihi&rft.au=Basarin%2C+Hatice+Hurmuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC"><i>Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00850-6"><bdi>978-0-465-00850-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00850-6&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cTHyUQoTyUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, Richard</a>, ed. (2001). <i>The Oxford Companion to Military History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866209-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866209-9"><bdi>978-0-19-866209-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866209-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1998). <i>The First World War</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6645-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6645-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-6645-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6645-9&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2001" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, Hew (2001). <i>The First World War, Volume 1: To Arms</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1"><bdi>0-19-926191-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%2C+Volume+1%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-926191-1&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+during+the+Turkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Avcıoğlu, Doğan. Milli Kurtuluş Tarihi, 1979.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nadirkitap.com/elcezire-ve-ozdemir-harekati-murat-guztoklusu-kitap31333103.html">Murat Güztoklusu, Elcezire ve Özdemir Harekâtı, 2008</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />awakening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol_society" title="Karakol society">Karakol society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations" title="Sultanahmet demonstrations">Sultanahmet demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal%C4%B1kesir_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balıkesir Congress (page does not exist)">Balıkesir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir_Congress" title="Alaşehir Congress">Alaşehir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election" title="1919 Ottoman general election">Ottoman Parliament (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly_election" title="1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election">Grand National Assembly (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Turkish_general_election" title="1923 Turkish general election">Grand National Assembly (1923)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States during the Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Manisa" title="Fire of Manisa">Fire of Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of media during the Turkish War of Independence">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemen_massacre" title="Menemen massacre">Menemen massacre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey" title="150 personae non gratae of Turkey">Personae non gratae</a></i></li> <li>Ankara Government and Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_deportations" title="Samsun deportations">Samsun deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Peninsula_massacres" title="Yalova Peninsula massacres">Yalova Peninsula massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts#1919_Kurdish_revolt" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1ca_(1919)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Taşlıca (1919) (page does not exist)">Taşlıca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baba%C3%A7i%C3%A7ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Babaçiçek (page does not exist)">Battle of Babaçiçek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zdemir_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Özdemir Operation (page does not exist)">Özdemir Operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_K%C3%B6ysancak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Köysancak (page does not exist)">Köysancak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eskişehir (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_clashes_(1920)" title="Samsun clashes (1920)">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akba%C5%9F_arms_depot_raid" title="Akbaş arms depot raid">Akbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Battle of Geyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarıkamış</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa" title="Battle of Urfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Karboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kovanba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Kovanbaşı">Kovanbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanl%C4%B1_Ge%C3%A7it" title="Battle of Kanlı Geçit">Kanlıgeçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fad%C4%B1l" title="Battle of Fadıl">Fadıl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemdar_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemdar Incident (page does not exist)">Alemdar Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">Smyrna, 1919</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urla_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urla Clashes">Urla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malga%C3%A7_Raid" title="Malgaç Raid">Malgaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergama" title="Battle of Bergama">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erbeyli" title="Raid on Erbeyli">Erbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erikli" title="Raid on Erikli">Erikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellidede" title="Battle of Tellidede">Tellidede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gediz" title="Battle of the Gediz">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">1st İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">2nd İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Liberation of Balıkesir">Liberation of Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">Capture of Smyrna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">U.S.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artvin" title="Battle of Artvin">Artvin (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Artvin (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batumi" title="Battle of Batumi">Batumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">National<br />Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Conference of London of 1921–1922">Conference of London (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Conference of Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence">Timeline</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia"><i>Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></b></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each</b><br />Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&oldid=1258241163">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&oldid=1258241163</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Turkey" title="Category:Wars involving Turkey">Wars 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