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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_and_Ottoman_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_and_Ottoman_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>German and Ottoman strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_and_Ottoman_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Allied strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Africa_in_1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa_in_1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>North Africa in 1914</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Zaian_War,_1914–1921" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaian_War,_1914–1921"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Zaian War, 1914–1921</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaian_War,_1914–1921-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt–Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt–Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Egypt–Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt–Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senussi_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senussi_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Senussi Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senussi_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Coastal operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Band_of_Oases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Band_of_Oases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Band of Oases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Band_of_Oases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darfur_Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darfur_Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Darfur Expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darfur_Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military operations in North Africa during World War I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="العمليات العسكرية في شمال إفريقيا خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العمليات العسكرية في شمال إفريقيا خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Паўночнаафрыканская кампанія Першай сусветнай вайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночнаафрыканская кампанія Першай сусветнай вайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_del_Nord_d%27%C3%80frica_(Primera_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Campanya del Nord d'Àfrica (Primera Guerra Mundial) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanya del Nord d'Àfrica (Primera Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_del_Norte_de_%C3%81frica_(Primera_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Campaña del Norte de África (Primera Guerra Mundial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña del Norte de África (Primera Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_d%27Afrique_du_Nord_(Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale)" title="Campagne d'Afrique du Nord (Première Guerre mondiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne d'Afrique du Nord (Première Guerre mondiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_del_Nordafrica_(1915-1916)" title="Campagna del Nordafrica (1915-1916) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna del Nordafrica (1915-1916)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of conflicts during World War I</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">North African theatre of World War I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyderabad_Lancers_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hyderabad_Lancers_1916.jpg/300px-Hyderabad_Lancers_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Hyderabad_Lancers_1916.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="319" /></a></span><br />Anglo-Indian troops of the Hyderabad Lancers in Egypt, 1916</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>14 November 1915 – May 1916</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a></span></li></ul> <p><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="French Tunisia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_with_French_canton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French Tunisia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="French Morocco"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg/23px-Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg/35px-Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg/45px-Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></span></li></ul> <p><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Tripolitania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Cyrenaica"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></span></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><hr /><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Senussi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Order">Senussi Order</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/23px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/35px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/45px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Sultanate of Darfur</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zaian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaian Confederation">Zaian Confederation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Zawiya Darqawiyya</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chaouia_(Morocco)" title="Chaouia (Morocco)">Chaouia tribes</a><br />Other Moroccan tribes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Peyton" title="William Peyton">William Peyton</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Alexander Wallace <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lukin" title="Henry Lukin">Henry Lukin</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Hodgson (British Army officer)">Henry Hodgson</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Wingate" title="Reginald Wingate">Reginald Wingate</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_James_Vandeleur_Kelly" title="Philip James Vandeleur Kelly">Philip Kelly</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hubert_Lyautey" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Hubert Lyautey">Louis-Hubert Lyautey</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Prosper_Henrys" title="Paul Prosper Henrys">Paul Prosper Henrys</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poeymirau" title="Joseph-François Poeymirau">Joseph-François Poeymirau</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Askari" title="Ja'far al-Askari">Ja'far al-Askari</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Killigil" title="Nuri Killigil">Nuri Killigil</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sharif_as-Senussi" title="Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi">Sayyid Ahmed Sharif</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur"><img alt="Sultanate of Darfur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/23px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/35px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/45px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Dinar" title="Ali Dinar">Ali Dinar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mouha_ou_Hammou_Zayani" title="Mouha ou Hammou Zayani">Mouha ou Hammou Zayani</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Moha_ou_Said" title="Moha ou Said">Moha ou Said</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Amhaouch" title="Ali Amhaouch">Ali Amhaouch</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_African_operations,_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">North African operations, World War I</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War#Khénifra_campaign" title="Zaian War">Khénifra campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">El Herri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Marsit" title="Battle of Wadi Marsit">Wadi Marsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gasr_Bu_Hadi" title="Battle of Gasr Bu Hadi"> Gasr Bu Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sidi_Abu_Arqub_(1915)" title="First Battle of Sidi Abu Arqub (1915)">Sidi Abu Arqub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Wadi_Seinab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affair of the Wadi Seinab (page does not exist)"> Wadi Seinab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Wadi_Majid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affair of the Wadi Majid (page does not exist)">Wadi Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_Halazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affair of Halazin (page does not exist)">Halazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Agagia" title="Action of Agagia">Agagia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Re-occupation_of_Sollum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Re-occupation of Sollum (page does not exist)">Sollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Hakeim_rescue" title="Bir Hakeim rescue">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affairs_in_the_Dakhla_Oasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affairs in the Dakhla Oasis (page does not exist)">Dakhla Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Siwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid on Siwa (page does not exist)">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign#Invasion_of_Tunisia" title="Senussi campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaocen Revolt">Kaocen Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Darfur_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition">Darfur Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatres_of_World_War_I" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatres_of_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Theatres of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai & Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915–1918)">Central Arabia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asia-Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Theatre_of_WWI" title="North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval theatres</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Command_of_the_Oceans_1914%E2%80%931917" title="Template:Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914–1917"> Indian and Pacific Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Conflicts took place in <b><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b> (1914–1918) between the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> of Libya sided with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. On 14 November 1914, the Ottoman Sultan proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> and sought to create a diversion to draw British troops from the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>. Italy wished to preserve its gains from the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi Campaign</a> took place in North Africa from 23 November 1915 to February 1917. </p><p>In the summer of 1915, the Ottoman Empire persuaded the Grand Senussi <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sharif_es_Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Sharif es Senussi">Ahmed Sharif</a> to attack British-occupied <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> from the west, raise jihad and encourage an insurrection in support of an Ottoman offensive against the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> from the east. The Senussi crossed the Libyan–Egyptian border at the coast in November 1915. British imperial forces withdrew at first and then defeated the Senussi in several engagements, including the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_Agagia" title="Action of Agagia">action of Agagia</a>. The British recaptured the territory along the coast by March 1916, with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Frontier_Force" title="Western Frontier Force">Western Frontier Force</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/1st_South_African_Infantry_Brigade" title="1st South African Infantry Brigade">1st South African Infantry Brigade</a>. </p><p>Further west, the inhabitants of areas recently conquered or seized by European powers from the Ottoman Empire, exploited the unsettled conditions caused by the war in Europe to regain control of their lands. Uprisings such as the <a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kaocen_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaocen Revolt">Kaocen Revolt</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">Morocco</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a> against the <a href="/wiki/French_colonialists" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonialists">French colonialists</a>, some of which lasted longer than the war. In Sudan, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Darfur_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition">Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition</a> took place against the Sultan of Darfur, who was believed to have prepared an invasion of Egypt, to be synchronised with Senussi operations on the western frontier. Operations by the British were conducted by small numbers of men equipped with motor vehicles, aircraft and wireless, which multiplied their effectiveness; the speed of their manoeuvres frequently enabled them to surprise their opponents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_and_Ottoman_strategy">German and Ottoman strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: German and Ottoman strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914, the Central Powers began a peripheral strategy, which had antecedents in the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i>, the thinking of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> in the 1900s during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a>, and in the writings of advocates of a <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a>. The possibility of encouraging revolutionary warfare among the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/European_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonial empires">European colonial empires</a>; Muslims, Irish, Jews, Poles, the peoples of the Baltic littoral, Ukrainians, Georgians and eventually the Bolsheviks, had considerable appeal. The founding of a great German empire was not contemplated, but military weakness in Europe led to an attempt to turn colonial inferiority into an advantage. On 20 August 1914, <a href="/wiki/Moltke_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Moltke the Younger">Moltke</a> wrote to the Foreign Office, demanding Islamic revolutions in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. The means to bring about change in the non-European world were limited, with little expertise, few men and little equipment to spare from Europe and exiguous overland routes to the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003694–696_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003694–696-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moltke expected diplomats to create pro-independence armies, as the Foreign Office pursued a pan-Islamic strategy, using the Ottoman Empire and its army as the means. The Ottomans entered the war to escape from European domination, rather than as a German proxy and had imperial ambitions in North Africa, Central Asia and the Near East. In October 1914, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> devised a war plan which included a jihad and an invasion of Egypt. On 14 November 1914, Sheikh-ul-Islam declared holy war, called on all Muslims to fight the Entente and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allied powers</a>, but not Italy (which was neutral at the time), and excluded Muslims under the rule of Germany or <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. The Sheikh urged the peoples of the European colonial empires to join in, a message which reached North, East and West Africa. Enver ordered the <i><a href="/wiki/Teskilat-i_Mahsusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Teskilat-i Mahsusa">Teskilat-i Mahsusa</a></i> (Special Organisation) to conduct propaganda, subversion, terrorism and sabotage, based on the precedent of <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">the war in Libya against the Italians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003696–705_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003696–705-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_strategy">Allied strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Allied strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European colonial powers had apprehensions about the possibility of jihad before 1914; Clemenceau had predicted it in 1912, if war broke out between the Great Powers. In August 1914, Charles Lutaud, the Governor of Algeria expected a rebellion and on 5 November, tried to forestall the Ottoman call to arms, by presenting the Ottomans as German puppets. The French were assisted by Royal Navy code breaking, to anticipate landings from German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> and negate the intriguing of the Central Powers. French prestige after the Moroccan Crises reduced the likelihood of attempts to overthrow the colonial regime and German prisoners of war, were used as forced labour in Morocco and Algeria, to display French military prowess. Most of the French regular troops were sent to France in 1914 and replaced by Territorial troops in Morocco but on the frontier of Algeria and Libya, Senussi operations against the Italian army led the French to allow the garrisons of Ghadames and Ghat to retreat into Algeria and then be rearmed to re-capture Ghadames in January 1915, as part of the French policy of drawing Italy into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003757–758,_760–761_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003757–758,_760–761-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa_in_1914">North Africa in 1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North Africa in 1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1906, when the Senussi became involved in resistance against the French, they had been a "relatively peaceful religious sect of the Sahara Desert, opposed to fanaticism". When the Italians invaded Libya in 1911, occupying the coast, the Senussi resisted the Italians from the interior of the country. During their resistance against the Italians, the Senussi maintained generally friendly relations with the British in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003745_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003745-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region had been annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> in 1911 after the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> and by <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> in 1912 and control had not been consolidated by the Italians when the war began in Europe. After the loss of the province of <a href="/wiki/Trablusgarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Trablusgarp">Trablusgarp</a> to Italy in the war of <span class="nowrap">1911–1912, the</span> local Sanusi people continued with their resistance against the Italians. Fighting was conducted by Sanusi militia under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Sharif">Ahmad al-Sharif</a>, whose followers in <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> (southwest Libya) and southern Tripolitania prevented Italian consolidation their hold on these regions. The Ottoman government never ceased to provide assistance to the local tribesmen in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996409–411_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996409–411-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_operations">Military operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaian_War,_1914–1921"><span id="Zaian_War.2C_1914.E2.80.931921"></span>Zaian War, 1914–1921</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zaian War, 1914–1921"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a></div> <p>Attempts were made by Germany and the Ottomans to influence conditions in the French colonies, by intriguing with potentates who had been ousted by the French. Spanish authorities in the region informally tolerated the distribution of propaganda and money but a German plot to smuggle 5,000 rifles and 500,000 bullets through Spain was thwarted. The <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Teskilat-i Mahsusa</i></span> maintained several agents in North Africa but had only two in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003756–757_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003756–757-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zaian War was fought between France and the <a href="/wiki/Zaian_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaian confederation">Zaian confederation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribes in <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a> between 1914 and 1921. Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1912 and the French army extended French influence eastwards through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlas" title="Middle Atlas">Middle Atlas</a> mountains towards <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>. The Zaians, led by <a href="/wiki/Mouha_ou_Hammou_Zayani" title="Mouha ou Hammou Zayani">Mouha ou Hammou Zayani</a> quickly lost the towns of <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A9nifra" class="mw-redirect" title="Khénifra">Khénifra</a> but managed to inflict many casualties on the French, who responded by establishing <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">groupes mobiles</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> formations of regular and irregular infantry, cavalry and artillery. By 1914 the French had <span class="nowrap">80,000 troops</span> in Morocco but two-thirds were withdrawn from 1914 to 1915 for service in France and more than <span class="nowrap">600 French</span> soldiers were killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">Battle of El Herri</a> on 13 November 1914. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> the French governor reorganised his forces and pursued a forward policy rather than passive defence. The French regained most of the lost territory, despite intelligence and financial support from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> to the Zaian Confederation and raids which caused losses to the French, when already short of manpower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003767_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003767-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt–Libya"><span id="Egypt.E2.80.93Libya"></span>Egypt–Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Egypt–Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senussi_Campaign">Senussi Campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Senussi Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senussi_going_to_fight_English_in_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Senussi_going_to_fight_English_in_Egypt.jpg/220px-Senussi_going_to_fight_English_in_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Senussi_going_to_fight_English_in_Egypt.jpg/330px-Senussi_going_to_fight_English_in_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Senussi_going_to_fight_English_in_Egypt.jpg/440px-Senussi_going_to_fight_English_in_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="3729" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Senussi going to fight the British in Egypt</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Britain declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November 1914 and in the summer of 1915, Turkish envoys, including <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Killigil" title="Nuri Killigil">Nuri Bey</a>, brother of Enver Pasha and <a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Pasha">Jaafar Pasha</a>, a Baghdadi Arab serving in the Turkish army, negotiated an agreement with the Grand Senussi, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sharif_as-Senussi" title="Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi">Sayyid Ahmed ash-Sharif</a>. The Senussi planned to attack the British in Egypt from the west, during the Ottoman offensive through Palestine against the Suez Canal. By late 1915, many of the British forces in Egypt had been sent to <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>; western Egypt was garrisoned by the Egyptian coastguard. The Ottomans and Germans delivered modern weaponry by submarine to the Senussi. German and Turkish officers were also transported by submarine and landed on 19 May 1915 to the west of Sollum and set up headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1954121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1954121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senussi raised <span class="nowrap">5,000 infantry</span> and other irregular troops, equipped with Turkish artillery and machine-guns, for campaigns along the coast. An offensive led to attacks on <a href="/wiki/Sollum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sollum">Sollum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%27aba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Da'aba (page does not exist)">Da'aba</a> on the way to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and from Siwa through the band of oases of <a href="/wiki/Bahariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahariya">Bahariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Farafra">Farafra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharga">Kharga</a> 100 mi (160 km) west of the Nile. The Senussi crossed the Egyptian–Libyan border on 21 November 1915 to begin the coastal campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver2003186_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver2003186-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the border, <span class="nowrap">300–400 men</span> attacked a frontier post and were repulsed. In February 1916, Sayed Ahmed accompanied the Senussi against the band of oases. Several oases were captured and then lost in October 1916 to British forces; the Senussi retired from Egypt in February 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls199665_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls199665-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November Senussi forces occupied Jaafar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGuirk20075,_8Wavell196837–38_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuirk20075,_8Wavell196837–38-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coastal_operations">Coastal operations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coastal operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area_of_operations,_Senussi_Campaign,_World_War_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Area_of_operations%2C_Senussi_Campaign%2C_World_War_1.jpg/220px-Area_of_operations%2C_Senussi_Campaign%2C_World_War_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Area_of_operations%2C_Senussi_Campaign%2C_World_War_1.jpg/330px-Area_of_operations%2C_Senussi_Campaign%2C_World_War_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Area_of_operations%2C_Senussi_Campaign%2C_World_War_1.jpg/440px-Area_of_operations%2C_Senussi_Campaign%2C_World_War_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Western Desert, 1914–1918</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 November the German submarine <a href="/wiki/SM_U-35_(Germany)" title="SM U-35 (Germany)"><i>U-35</i></a> torpedoed and sank a steamer <a href="/wiki/TSS_Hibernia_(1899)" title="TSS Hibernia (1899)">HMS <i>Tara</i></a> in the Bay of Sollum. The U-boat surfaced, sank the coastguard <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <i>Abbas</i> and badly damaged <i>Nur el Bahr</i> with its deck gun. On 14 November the Senussi attacked an Egyptian position at Sollum and on the night of 17 November a party of Senussi fired into Sollum, as another party cut the coast telegraph line. Next night a monastery at Sidi Barrani, 48 mi (77 km) beyond Sollum was occupied by 300 <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Muhafizia</i></span> and on the night of 19 November, a coastguard was killed. An Egyptian post was attacked 30 mi (48 km) east of Sollum on 20 November. The British withdrew from Sollum to Mersa Matruh, 120 mi (190 km) further east, which had better facilities for a base and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Frontier_Force" title="Western Frontier Force">Western Frontier Force</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996106–107_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996106–107-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 December, a British column sent to Duwwar Hussein, was attacked along the Matruh–Sollum track and in the Affair of Wadi Senba, drove the Senussi out of the wadi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922210_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922210-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconnaissance continued and on 13 December at Wadi Hasheifiat, the British were attacked again and held up until artillery came into action in the afternoon and forced the Senussi to retreat. The British returned to Matruh until 25 December and then made a night advance to surprise the Senussi. At the Affair of Wadi Majid, the Senussi were defeated but were able to withdraw to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996110–113,_113–118_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996110–113,_113–118-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air reconnaissance found more Senussi encampments in the vicinity of Matruh at Halazin, which was attacked on 23 January, in the Affair of Halazin. The Senussi fell back skilfully and then attempted to envelop the British flanks. The British were pushed back on the flanks as the centre advanced and defeated the main body of Senussi, who were again able to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996119–123_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996119–123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1916, the Western Frontier Force was reinforced and a British column was sent west along the coast to re-capture Sollum. Air reconnaissance discovered a Senussi encampment at Agagia, which was attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_Agagia" title="Action of Agagia">action of Agagia</a> on 26 February. The Senussi were defeated and then intercepted by the Dorset Yeomanry who charged across open ground swept by machine-gun and rifle fire as the Senussi withdrew. The British lost half their horses and <span class="nowrap">58 of 184</span> men but prevented the Senussi from slipping away. Jaafar Pasha the commander of the Senussi forces on the coast was captured and Sollum was re-occupied by British forces on 14 March 1916, which concluded the coastal campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996123–129_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996123–129-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Band_of_Oases">Band of Oases</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Band of Oases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 February 1916 the Senussi and Sayyid Ahmed ash-Sharif occupied the oasis at Bahariya, which was then subject to bombing raids by <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> aircraft. The oasis at Farafra was occupied at the same time and then the Senussi moved on to the oasis at Dakhla on 27 February. The British responded by forming the Southern Force at Beni Suef. Egyptian officials at Kharga were withdrawn and the oasis was occupied by the Senussi, until they withdrew without being attacked. The British reoccupied the oasis on 15 April and began to extend the light railway, which terminated at Kharga to the Moghara Oasis. The mainly Australian <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Camel_Corps" title="Imperial Camel Corps">Imperial Camel Corps</a> patrolling on camels and in light Ford cars, cut off the Senussi from the Nile Valley. Preparations to attack the oasis at Bahariya were detected by the Senussi garrison, which withdrew to Siwa in early October. The Southern Force attacked the Senussi in the Affairs in the Dakhla Oasis <span class="nowrap">(17–22 October),</span> after which the Senussi retreated to their base at Siwa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996135–140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996135–140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1917, a British column including the Light Armoured Car Brigade with <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car">Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars</a> and three Light Car Patrols was dispatched to Siwa. On 3 February, the armoured cars surprised and engaged the Senussi at Girba, who retreated overnight. Siwa was entered on 4 February, unopposed but a British ambush party at the Munassib Pass was foiled, when the escarpment was found to be too steep for the armoured cars. The light cars managed to descend the escarpment and captured a convoy on 4 February. Next day the Senussi from Girba were intercepted but managed to establish a post which the cars were unable to reach and then warned off the rest of the Senussi. The British force returned to Matruh on 8 February and Sayyid Ahmed withdrew to Jaghbub. Negotiations between Sayed Idris and the Anglo–-Italians which had begun in late January were galvanised by news of the Senussi defeat at Siwa. In the <a href="/wiki/Accords_of_Akramah" class="mw-redirect" title="Accords of Akramah">Accords of Akramah</a>, Idris accepted the British terms on 12 April and those of Italy on 14 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996140–144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996140–144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Darfur_Expedition">Darfur Expedition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Darfur Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Darfur_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition">Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition</a></div> <p>On 1 March 1916 hostilities began between the Sudanese government and the Sultan of Darfur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922211_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922211-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition was conducted, to forestall an imagined invasion of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> and Egypt, by the Darfurian leader <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Dinar" title="Ali Dinar">Ali Dinar</a>, which was believed to have been synchronised with a Senussi advance into Egypt from the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749,_747_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749,_747-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sirdar" title="Sirdar">Sirdar</a> (commander) of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a>, organised a force of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,000</span> men at Rahad, a railhead 200 mi (320 km) east of the Darfur frontier. On 16 March, the force crossed the frontier in lorries from a forward base established at Nahud, 90 mi (140 km) from the border, with the support of four aircraft. By May, the force was close to the Darfur capital of El Fasher. At the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_Beringia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affair of Beringia (page does not exist)">Affair of Beringia</a> on 22 May, the Fur Army was defeated and the Anglo-Egyptian force captured the capital the next day. Dinar and <span class="nowrap">2,000 followers</span> had left and as they moved south, were bombed from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996151_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French troops in Chad, who had returned from the <a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun campaign</a>, prevented a Darfurian withdrawal westwards. Dinar withdrew into the Marra Mountains 50 mi (80 km) south of El Fasher and sent envoys to discuss terms but the British believed he was prevaricating and ended the talks on 1 August. Internal dissension reduced the force with Dinar to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,000</span> men; Anglo-Egyptian outposts were pushed out from El Fasher, to the west and south-west after the August rains. A skirmish took place at Dibbis on 13 October and Dinar opened negotiations but was again suspected of bad faith. Dinar fled south-west to Gyuba and a small force was sent in pursuit. At dawn on 6 November, a combined Anglo-Egyptian forced attacked in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_Gyuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affair of Gyuba (page does not exist)">Affair of Gyuba</a> and Dinar's remaining followers scattered and the body of the Sultan was found 1 mi (1.6 km) from the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the expedition, Darfur was incorporated into Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996153_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Western Frontier Force (Major-General A. Wallace) was composed of three <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Force" title="Territorial Force">Territorial</a> infantry battalions (1/6th <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots" title="Royal Scots">Royal Scots</a>, 2/7th and 2/8th <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment" title="Middlesex Regiment">Middlesex Regiment</a>), the <a href="/wiki/15th_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Sikhs">15th Sikhs</a>, three new cavalry regiments formed from the rear details of Yeomanry and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Australian Light Horse</a> units who fought at Gallipoli as infantry, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service#RNAS_Armoured_Car_Section" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (RNAS) armoured cars, the <a href="/wiki/1/1st_Nottinghamshire_Royal_Horse_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="1/1st Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery">1/1st Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery</a> and two aircraft of 17 Squadron <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> (RFC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBostock198228_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBostock198228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003694–696-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003694–696_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, pp. 694–696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003696–705-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003696–705_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, pp. 696–705.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003757–758,_760–761-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003757–758,_760–761_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, pp. 757–758, 760–761.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003745-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003745_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996409–411-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996409–411_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 409–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003756–757-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003756–757_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, pp. 756–757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003767-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003767_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 767.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1954121-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1954121_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1954">Evans-Pritchard 1954</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver2003186-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver2003186_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarver2003">Carver 2003</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls199665-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls199665_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuirk20075,_8Wavell196837–38-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGuirk20075,_8Wavell196837–38_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGuirk2007">McGuirk 2007</a>, pp. 5, 8; <a href="#CITEREFWavell1968">Wavell 1968</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996106–107-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996106–107_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBostock198228-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBostock198228_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBostock1982">Bostock 1982</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922210-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922210_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkinnerStacke1922">Skinner & Stacke 1922</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996110–113,_113–118-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996110–113,_113–118_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 110–113, 113–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996119–123-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996119–123_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 119–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996123–129-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996123–129_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 123–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996135–140-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996135–140_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 135–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996140–144-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996140–144_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, pp. 140–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922211-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerStacke1922211_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkinnerStacke1922">Skinner & Stacke 1922</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749,_747-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749,_747_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, pp. 749, 747.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996151-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996151_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003749_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 749.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996153-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmunnFalls1996153_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996">Macmunn & Falls 1996</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBostock1982" class="citation book cs1">Bostock, H. P. (1982). <i>The Great Ride: The Diary of a Light Horse Brigade Scout, World War I</i>. Perth: Artlook Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12024100">12024100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ride%3A+The+Diary+of+a+Light+Horse+Brigade+Scout%2C+World+War+I&rft.place=Perth&rft.pub=Artlook+Books&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12024100&rft.aulast=Bostock&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver2003" class="citation book cs1">Carver, M. (2003). <i>The National Army Museum Book of The Turkish Front 1914–1918: The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine</i>. London: Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-07347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-07347-2"><bdi>978-0-283-07347-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Army+Museum+Book+of+The+Turkish+Front+1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+Campaigns+at+Gallipoli%2C+in+Mesopotamia+and+in+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-283-07347-2&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">Evans-Pritchard, E. E.</a> (1954) [1949]. <i>The Sanusi of Cyrenaica</i> (2nd repr. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317457540">317457540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanusi+of+Cyrenaica&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd+repr.&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317457540&rft.aulast=Evans-Pritchard&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmunnFalls1996" class="citation book cs1">Macmunn, G; Falls, C. (1996) [1928]. <i>Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine, From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (facs. repr. Battery Press Nashville, TN and Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-241-8"><bdi>978-0-89839-241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations%3A+Egypt+and+Palestine%2C+From+the+Outbreak+of+War+with+Germany+to+June+1917&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+By+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=facs.+repr.+Battery+Press+Nashville%2C+TN+and+Imperial+War+Museum+Department+of+Printed+Books&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-241-8&rft.aulast=Macmunn&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Falls%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuirk2007" class="citation book cs1">McGuirk, R. (2007). <i>The Sanusi's Little War: The Amazing Story of a Forgotten Conflict in the Western Desert, 1915–1917</i>. London: Arabian Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9544772-7-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9544772-7-1"><bdi>978-0-9544772-7-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanusi%27s+Little+War%3A+The+Amazing+Story+of+a+Forgotten+Conflict+in+the+Western+Desert%2C+1915%E2%80%931917&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arabian+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9544772-7-1&rft.aulast=McGuirk&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard1968" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, E. W., ed. (1968) [1933]. <i>A Short History of the British Army</i> (4th ed.). London: Constable. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35621223">35621223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35621223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWavell1968" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell, A.</a> "The Palestine Campaigns". In <a href="#CITEREFSheppard1968">Sheppard (1968)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerStacke1922" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principalevents100grea"><i>History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Principal Events 1914–1918</i></a>. London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17673086">17673086</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents%3A+Principal+Events+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17673086&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft.au=Stacke%2C+H.+Fitz+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincipalevents100grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, H. (2003) [2001]. <i>The First World War: To Arms</i>. Vol. I (pbk. repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8"><bdi>978-0-19-926191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=pbk.+repr.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926191-8&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuglestad1973" class="citation journal cs1">Fuglestad, F. (1973). "Les révoltes des Touaregs du Niger 1916–1917". <i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_d%27%C3%A9tudes_africaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahiers d'études africaines">Cahiers d'études africaines</a></i> (49). Paris, Mouton: Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-0055">0008-0055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%A9tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=Les+r%C3%A9voltes+des+Touaregs+du+Niger+1916%E2%80%931917&rft.issue=49&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0008-0055&rft.aulast=Fuglestad&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman-Manifold1923" class="citation book cs1">Bowman-Manifold, M. G. E. (1923). <i>An Outline of the Egyptian and Palestine Campaigns, 1914 to 1918</i> (2nd ed.). Chatham: W. & J. Mackay for The Institution of Royal Engineers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224893679">224893679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+the+Egyptian+and+Palestine+Campaigns%2C+1914+to+1918&rft.place=Chatham&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+%26+J.+Mackay+for+The+Institution+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224893679&rft.aulast=Bowman-Manifold&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italoturkishwar00ital"><i>Campagna di Libia</i></a></span> [<i>The Italo-Turkish war 1911–1912</i>]. Ufficio Storico. Translated by Tittoni, R. (Frank Hudson, Kansas City, MO ed.). Rome: Corpo di stato maggiore. 1914. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3080890">3080890</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2014</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campagna+di+Libia&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Ufficio+Storico&rft.edition=Frank+Hudson%2C+Kansas+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=Corpo+di+stato+maggiore&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3080890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitaloturkishwar00ital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee as Approved by The Army Council Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty</i>. Vol. The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919 and the Third Afghan War, 1919. London: HMSO. 1921. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29078007">29078007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Battles+Nomenclature+Committee+as+Approved+by+The+Army+Council+Presented+to+Parliament+by+Command+of+His+Majesty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29078007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Encyclopaedias</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1923" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Austin, W. S. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Effo-t1-body-d3.html">"The Senussi Campaign"</a>. In Drew, H. T. B. (ed.). <i>The War Effort of New Zealand</i>. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. pp. 42–62. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2778918">2778918</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Senussi+Campaign&rft.btitle=The+War+Effort+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=42-62&rft.pub=Whitcombe+and+Tombs&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2778918&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH1-Effo-t1-body-d3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2007" class="citation journal cs1">Banks, I. (2007). "Ghosts in the Desert: The Archaeological Investigation of a Sub-Saharan Battlefield". <i>Journal of Conflict Archaeology</i>. <b>III</b> (1): 6–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1574-0781">1574-0781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ghosts+in+the+Desert%3A+The+Archaeological+Investigation+of+a+Sub-Saharan+Battlefield&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-19&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1574-0781&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+operations+in+North+Africa+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_African_operations_during_World_War_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:North African operations during World War I">North African operations during World War I</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazioni/Libia.pdf">Le Operazione Militari in Libia e Nel Sahara 1914–1918 di Alberto Rosselli (in Italian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilander.libero.it/freetime1836/libri/libri17.htm">La disfatta di Gasr Bu Hàdi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkeyswar.com/campaigns/africa/">North Africa</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkeyswar.com">Turkey in the First World War</a> web site.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941428#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010007524">United 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