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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84" title="كسب القلوب والعقول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كسب القلوب والعقول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_hearts_and_minds" title="Winning hearts and minds – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Winning hearts and minds" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganar_corazones_y_mentes" title="Ganar corazones y mentes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ganar corazones y mentes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA" title="כיבוש לבבות ומוחות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיבוש לבבות ומוחות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistar_cora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_e_mentes" title="Conquistar corações e mentes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conquistar corações e mentes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_and_Minds_(milit%C3%A4r_strategi)" title="Hearts and Minds (militär strategi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hearts and Minds (militär strategi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kids_are_just_kids_DVIDS191769.jpg/220px-Kids_are_just_kids_DVIDS191769.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kids_are_just_kids_DVIDS191769.jpg/330px-Kids_are_just_kids_DVIDS191769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kids_are_just_kids_DVIDS191769.jpg/440px-Kids_are_just_kids_DVIDS191769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> soldier greeting Iraqi children while on patrol during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Winning hearts and minds</b> is a concept occasionally expressed in the resolution of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>, and other conflicts, in which one side seeks to prevail not by the use of superior force, but by making <a href="/wiki/Emotional" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional">emotional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intellectual</a> appeals to sway supporters of the other side.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar%C3%A9chal_Lyautey_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mar%C3%A9chal_Lyautey_1929.jpg/220px-Mar%C3%A9chal_Lyautey_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Mar%C3%A9chal_Lyautey_1929.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The term "hearts and minds" was first used by French general <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the term "hearts and minds" to reference a method of bringing a subjugated population on side, was first used by French general and colonial administrator <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> as part of his strategy to counter the <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_Army" title="Black Flag Army">Black Flags rebellion</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a> in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has also been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a>'s strategy during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efficacy of "hearts and minds" as a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> strategy has been debated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winning_hearts_and_minds&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winning_hearts_and_minds&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term was used during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> who employed practices to keep the Malayans' trust and reduce a tendency to side with the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA), in this case, by giving medical and food aid to the Malays and indigenous tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerald Templer stated shortly after his arrival in Malaya that: </p> <blockquote><p>The shooting side of this business is only twenty-five percent of the trouble. The other seventy-five percent is getting the people of this country behind us. The answer lies not in pouring more troops into the jungle but in the hearts and minds of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A criticism levied against the British "hearts and minds" concept was that "[t]here is much talk of fighting for "the hearts and minds" of Malayans, but only blind obedience is demanded of them".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the early 1990s, historians challenged the notion that the British relied on hearts and minds counterinsurgency strategies; they argued that the existing literature minimized or obscured the extent to which the British used force.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, such as David French, Ashley Jackson, Hew Strachan, Paul Dixon, Alex Marshall, Brendon Piers and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a>, have subsequently echoed Newsinger's arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian David French writes,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The notion that the British conducted their post-war counter-insurgency campaigns by employing kindness, and by trying to secure the ‘hearts and minds’ of the civilians among whom the security forces were operating, has gained wide currency in the literature. It has done so because it supported a Whiggish view of decolonisation that portrayed the way in which the British left their empire as having been an orderly and dignified process of planned withdrawal. But it is misleading. It rested upon a highly selective range of sources, the accounts of senior officers and officials who were intent on sanitising the experience of fighting wars of decolonisation. It failed to take account of the many and varied forms of coercion that the British employed. The foundations of British counter-insurgency doctrine and practice were coercion not kindness.</p></blockquote><p>According to historian Caroline Elkins, the British systematically hid evidence of their violent counterinsurgency campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archival evidence she uncovered in Kenya became key evidence in lawsuits filed against the British government in the late 2000s and 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winning_hearts_and_minds&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an assessment by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> political scientist Yuri Zhukov, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> has responded to insurgent movements and large-scale insurrections since the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution of 1917</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> model diametrically opposed to the "hearts and minds" approach. Zhukov concluded that "Despite serious setbacks <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Afghan War">in Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">first Chechen War</a>, Russia has one of the most successful track records of any modern counterinsurgent."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winning_hearts_and_minds&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> use of the phrase is most likely based on a quote of <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> patriot and second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, who wrote in a letter dated 13 February 1818: "The Revolution was effected before the War commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people; a change in the religious sentiments of their duties and obligations…. This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people, was the real <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the United States engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Hearts_and_Minds_(Vietnam_War)" title="Hearts and Minds (Vietnam War)">"Hearts and Minds" campaign</a>. The program was inspired by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. One of his most well-known uses of the phrase was from the speech "Remarks at a Dinner Meeting of the Texas Electric Cooperatives, Inc." on 4 May 1965. On that evening, he said, "So we must be ready to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">fight in Viet-Nam</a>, but the ultimate victory will depend upon the hearts and the minds of the people who actually live out there. By helping to bring them hope and electricity you are also striking a very important blow for the cause of freedom throughout the world."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar <a href="/wiki/Hearts_and_minds_(Iraq)" title="Hearts and minds (Iraq)">"Hearts and Minds" campaign in Iraq</a> was carried out during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Janes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One way of looking at the concept is reflected in the phrase, "If you've got them by the balls, their hearts and minds will follow".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winning_hearts_and_minds&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_warfare" title="Generations of warfare">Generations of warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_intensity_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Low intensity conflict">Low intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Military operations other than war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winning_hearts_and_minds&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Porch, "Bugeaud, Gallieni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare", in Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed Peter Paret (Princeton University Press, USA, 1986), 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElkins2022" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Caroline (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3icqEAAAQBAJ"><i>Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-32008-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-32008-2"><bdi>978-0-593-32008-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Violence%3A+A+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-593-32008-2&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3icqEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazelton2021" class="citation book cs1">Hazelton, Jacqueline L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv16zjztj"><i>Bullets Not Ballots: Success in Counterinsurgency Warfare</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5478-4"><bdi>978-1-5017-5478-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv16zjztj">10.7591/j.ctv16zjztj</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullets+Not+Ballots%3A+Success+in+Counterinsurgency+Warfare&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctv16zjztj%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5478-4&rft.aulast=Hazelton&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctv16zjztj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1955" class="citation news cs1">Bartlett, Vernon (1955). "Report from Malaya". p. 109. <q>One impressive result of this campaign has been the extent to which Malay women are now taking part in political and social affairs — something still very uncommon among a Moslem people. So much for official measures to encourage racial unity. But both General Templer and his successor, Sir Donald MacGillivray, have insisted time after time that Malayan patriotism cannot be imposed from without or from above; it must develop in the hearts and minds of the Malayans themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+from+Malaya&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembry2011" class="citation book cs1">Hembry, Boris (2011). <i>Malayan Spymaster: Memoirs of a Rubber Planter, Bandit Fighter, and Spy</i>. Singapore: Monsoon Books. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-08-5442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-08-5442-3"><bdi>978-981-08-5442-3</bdi></a>. <q>Although many believe the Americans to have coined the phrase [winning hearts and minds] in Vietnam .., I maintain that those words were first used simply as a throw-away remark by [Officer Administering Malaya] Del Tufoe (sic) while we were chatting informally prior to a Federal War Council meeting he chaired in November 1951 ... I repeated the phrase during the ensuing meeting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malayan+Spymaster%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Rubber+Planter%2C+Bandit+Fighter%2C+and+Spy&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Monsoon+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-08-5442-3&rft.aulast=Hembry&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilcullen, David (2010). <i>Counterinsurgency</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Eber, <i>Malaya's Freedom is Vital to Britain</i> (1954), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2011" class="citation book cs1">French, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/5047"><i>The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945-1967</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199587964.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587964.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958796-4"><bdi>978-0-19-958796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Way+in+Counter-Insurgency%2C+1945-1967&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199587964.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958796-4&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F5047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendon2010" class="citation book cs1">Brendon, Piers (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVnyQr2avocC&dq=piers%20brendon%20the%20decline%20of%20the%20British%20Empire&pg=PA457"><i>The Decline and Fall of the British Empire 1781-1997</i></a>. Random House. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409077961" title="Special:BookSources/9781409077961"><bdi>9781409077961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+British+Empire+1781-1997&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781409077961&rft.aulast=Brendon&rft.aufirst=Piers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVnyQr2avocC%26dq%3Dpiers%2520brendon%2520the%2520decline%2520of%2520the%2520British%2520Empire%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2012" class="citation journal cs1">French, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2012.709763">"Nasty not nice: British counter-insurgency doctrine and practice, 1945–1967"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>23</b> (4–5): 744–761. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709763">10.1080/09592318.2012.709763</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144218212">144218212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Nasty+not+nice%3A+British+counter-insurgency+doctrine+and+practice%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=744-761&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144218212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709763&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Caroline (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55884905"><i>Imperial reckoning : the untold story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya</i></a>. Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7653-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7653-0"><bdi>0-8050-7653-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55884905">55884905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+reckoning+%3A+the+untold+story+of+Britain%27s+Gulag+in+Kenya&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55884905&rft.isbn=0-8050-7653-0&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55884905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau">"Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire | Marc Parry"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 2016-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Uncovering+the+brutal+truth+about+the+British+empire+%7C+Marc+Parry&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Faug%2F18%2Funcovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/a-reckoning/">"A Reckoning"</a>. <i>www.chronicle.com</i>. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chronicle.com&rft.atitle=A+Reckoning&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fa-reckoning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukov2012" class="citation book cs1">Zhukov, Yuri M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/zhukov/publications/counterinsurgency-non-democratic-state-russian-example">"Counterinsurgency in a non- democratic state: the Russian example"</a>. <i>The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideological+Origins+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780674443020&rft.au=Bernard+Bailyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjJHUVVzDR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-dinner-meeting-the-texas-electric-cooperatives-inc">"Remarks at a Dinner Meeting of the Texas Electric Cooperatives, Inc. | The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Remarks+at+a+Dinner+Meeting+of+the+Texas+Electric+Cooperatives%2C+Inc.+%7C+The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fremarks-dinner-meeting-the-texas-electric-cooperatives-inc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janes-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janes_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050408044052/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jdw/jdw030317_1_n.shtml">‘Hearts and minds’ key to US Iraq strategy, Andrew Koch</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorcraftMcLaughlin2010" class="citation book cs1">Moorcraft, Paul L.; McLaughlin, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oL-jaeM63P8C"><i>The Rhodesian War: A Military History</i></a>. Stackpole Books. pp. 66, 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0725-1"><bdi>978-0-8117-0725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhodesian+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pages=66%2C+196&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0725-1&rft.aulast=Moorcraft&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoL-jaeM63P8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinning+hearts+and+minds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/54/messages/368.html">"If you've got them by the balls... - phrase meaning and origin"</a>. <i>www.phrases.org.uk</i>. 27 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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