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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-French_naval_crisis_1778" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-French_naval_crisis_1778"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Anglo-French naval crisis 1778 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-French_naval_crisis_1778-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean,_1778–1779" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean,_1778–1779"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Caribbean, 1778–1779 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean,_1778–1779-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Indies,_1778–1780" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Indies,_1778–1780"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 East Indies, 1778–1780 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Indies,_1778–1780-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_enters_the_war,_1779–1780" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_enters_the_war,_1779–1780"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Spain enters the war, 1779–1780 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain_enters_the_war,_1779–1780-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_Invasion_of_Great_Britain,_1779" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_Invasion_of_Great_Britain,_1779"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Attempted Invasion of Great Britain, 1779 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_Invasion_of_Great_Britain,_1779-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America,_1780–1781" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America,_1780–1781"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 North America, 1780–1781 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America,_1780–1781-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_the_Atlantic_1780–1782" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_the_Atlantic_1780–1782"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Britain and the Atlantic 1780–1782 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_the_Atlantic_1780–1782-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean,_1781–1783" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean,_1781–1783"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Caribbean, 1781–1783 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean,_1781–1783-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Indies,_1782–1783" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Indies,_1782–1783"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 East Indies, 1782–1783 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Indies,_1782–1783-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Peace negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gibraltar_and_end_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gibraltar_and_end_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Gibraltar and end of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gibraltar_and_end_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul 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<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" > 12 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1778-1783)" title="الحرب الأنجلو-فرنسية (1778-1783) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأنجلو-فرنسية (1778-1783)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-Hoat_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Eng-Hoat Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-Hoat Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-francesa_(1778-1783)" title="Guerra anglo-francesa (1778-1783) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra anglo-francesa (1778-1783)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_navale_franco-britannique_(1778-1783)" title="Guerre navale franco-britannique (1778-1783) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre navale franco-britannique (1778-1783)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD-%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81_(1778%EB%85%84~1783%EB%85%84)" title="영국-프랑스 전쟁 (1778년~1783년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국-프랑스 전쟁 (1778년~1783년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Anglo-Francese" title="Guerra Anglo-Francese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra Anglo-Francese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-francese_(1778-1783)" title="Guerra anglo-francese (1778-1783) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra anglo-francese (1778-1783)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="המלחמה האנגלו-צרפתית (1778–1783) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה האנגלו-צרפתית (1778–1783)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_-_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B7%DB%B8-%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B8%DB%B3%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="د انګلیس - فرانسې جګړه (۱۷۷۸-۱۷۸۳ز کلونه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګلیس - فرانسې جګړه (۱۷۷۸-۱۷۸۳ز کلونه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Anglo-Francesa_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Guerra Anglo-Francesa (1778–1783) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Anglo-Francesa (1778–1783)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1778%E2%80%941783)" title="Англо-французская война (1778—1783) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-французская война (1778—1783)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1778%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941783%E5%B9%B4)" title="英法戰爭 (1778年—1783年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英法戰爭 (1778年—1783年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3651696#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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(1778–83)</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military conflict between France and Great Britain from 1778 to 1783</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other conflicts, see <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_naval_en_rade_de_Gondelour,_20_juin_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Cuddalore (June 20th 1783) between the French navy commanded by the Bailli de Suffren and the British one under the orders of Rear-Admiral Edward Hughes"><img alt="Battle of Cuddalore (June 20th 1783) between the French navy commanded by the Bailli de Suffren and the British one under the orders of Rear-Admiral Edward Hughes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Combat_naval_en_rade_de_Gondelour%2C_20_juin_1783.jpg/300px-Combat_naval_en_rade_de_Gondelour%2C_20_juin_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Combat_naval_en_rade_de_Gondelour%2C_20_juin_1783.jpg/450px-Combat_naval_en_rade_de_Gondelour%2C_20_juin_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Combat_naval_en_rade_de_Gondelour%2C_20_juin_1783.jpg/600px-Combat_naval_en_rade_de_Gondelour%2C_20_juin_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1212" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuddalore_(1783)" title="Battle of Cuddalore (1783)">Battle of Cuddalore</a> (June 20th 1783) between the French navy commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Bailli_de_Suffren" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailli de Suffren">Bailli de Suffren</a> and the British one under the orders of Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hughes_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Hughes</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 1778 – September 1783</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits of Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> French victory <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Versailles_(1783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties of Versailles (1783)">Treaty of Versailles</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> acquired by France</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Guillouet,_comte_d%27Orvilliers" title="Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers">Comte d'Orvilliers</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing">Comte d'Estaing</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Comte de Grasse</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Bailli de Suffren</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Keppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Keppel">Viscount Keppel</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/John_Byron" title="John Byron">John Byron</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Baron Rodney</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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France"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battles of the American Revolutionary War Involving France"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battles of the American Revolutionary War Involving France"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France1778–1783" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Battles of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> Involving France 1778–1783</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Europe and Mediterranean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_June_1778" title="Action of 17 June 1778">17 June 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)" title="Battle of Ushant (1778)">1st Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_20_October_1778" title="Action of 20 October 1778">20 October 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_September_1778" title="Action of 11 September 1778">11 September 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Jersey_(1779)" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Jersey (1779)">1st Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_May_1779" title="Action of 13 May 1779">13 May 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">English Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_August_1779" title="Action of 17 August 1779">Plymouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head" title="Battle of Flamborough Head">Flamborough Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_October_1779" title="Action of 6 October 1779">6 October 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_June_1780" title="Action of 15 June 1780">15 June 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_August_1780" title="Action of 9 August 1780">Cape Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_August_1780" title="Action of 10 August 1780">10 August 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_August_1780" title="Action of 13 August 1780">13 August 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_January_1781" title="Action of 4 January 1781">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">2nd Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1781)" title="Battle of Ushant (1781)">2nd Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1782)" title="Battle of Ushant (1782)">3rd Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_September_1782" title="Action of 4 September 1782">Île-de-Batz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel" title="Battle of Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1782" title="Action of 12 December 1782">Ferrol</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_24_February_1780" title="Action of 24 February 1780">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1780" title="Action of 30 September 1780">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Praya" title="Battle of Porto Praya">Porto Praya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caribbean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica_(1778)" title="Invasion of Dominica (1778)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">1st St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_St._Lucia" title="Capture of St. Lucia">2nd St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Vincent" title="Capture of Saint Vincent">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada_(1779)" title="Capture of Grenada (1779)">1st Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">2nd Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)" title="Battle of Martinique (1779)">1st Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadeloupe_(1779)" title="Battle of Guadeloupe (1779)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1780)" title="Battle of Martinique (1780)">2nd Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Royal" title="Battle of Fort Royal">Fort Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tobago" title="Invasion of Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brimstone_Hill" title="Siege of Brimstone Hill">Brimstone Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Kitts" title="Battle of Saint Kitts">Frigate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" title="Capture of Demerara and Essequibo">Demerara & Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Montserrat" title="Capture of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mona_Passage" title="Battle of the Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_October_1782" title="Action of 18 October 1782">18 October 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_December_1782" title="Action of 6 December 1782">6 December 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_February_1783" title="Action of 15 February 1783">15 February 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Turk" title="Battle of Grand Turk">Grand Turk</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_September_1779" title="Action of 11 September 1779">Charles Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_June_1780" title="Action of 7 June 1780">1st Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Henry" title="Battle of Cape Henry">Cape Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_21_July_1781" title="Action of 21 July 1781">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_September_1781" title="Action of 2 September 1781">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition" title="Hudson Bay expedition">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_September_1782" title="Action of 5 September 1782">2nd Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_September_1782" title="Action of 15 September 1782">Delaware Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_January_1783" title="Action of 22 January 1783">2nd Chesapeake</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>East Indies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1778)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1778)">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadras" title="Battle of Sadras">Sadras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Providien" title="Battle of Providien">Providien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negapatam_(1782)" title="Battle of Negapatam (1782)">Negapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_August_1782" title="Action of 12 August 1782">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_September_1782" title="Action of 10 September 1782">Pisang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trincomalee" title="Battle of Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuddalore" title="Siege of Cuddalore">1st Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuddalore_(1783)" title="Battle of Cuddalore (1783)">2nd Cuddalore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-French_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-French_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England#Later_reign,_1107–1135,_1108–14" title="Henry I of England">1109–1113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9mule" title="Battle of Brémule">1116–1120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174" title="Revolt of 1173–1174">1173–1174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England#Death" title="Henry II of England">1189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1193–1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1197–1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne,_1199" title="John, King of England">1199–1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">1202–1204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)" title="Anglo-French War (1213–1214)">1213–1214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">1215–1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1224)">1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)" title="English invasion of France (1230)">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintonge_War" title="Saintonge War">1242–1243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">1294–1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos" title="War of Saint-Sardos">1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">1337–1453</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">1337–1360</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">1369–1389</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">1415–1453</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">1496–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1522–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1557–1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="English expedition to France (1562-1563)">1562–1563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">1627–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">1666–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">1689–1815</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1689–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">1702–1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">1744–1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">1746–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">1754–1763</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1778–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">1793–1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">1803–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Anglo-French War, also known as the War of 1778<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> or the Bourbon War in Britain, was a military conflict fought between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, sometimes with their respective allies, between 1778 and 1783.<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> As a consequence, Great Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> (the rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in North America) to theatres in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, and to rely on what turned out to be the chimera of <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> support in its North American operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1997447-6">[5]</a> From 1778 to 1783, with or without their allies, France and Britain fought over dominance in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagan200951-7">[6]</a> Within days of the news of <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne#Saratoga_campaign" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne's surrender</a> reaching France, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">King Louis XVI</a> decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> and the French entry into the war, moving the conflict onto a global stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1997405–448-8">[7]</a> Spain did not enter into the war until 1779, as an ally of France pursuant to the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-N413-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a>' diplomatic moves following the French war with Britain also had material impact on the later entry of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> into the war, and <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">declarations of neutrality</a> on the part of other important geopolitical players like <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-N415-10">[9]</a> Opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the "<a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyling1972284-11">[10]</a> At the same time France assisted the Spanish in operations against British-held <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> as well as islands in the Caribbean. <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Menorca was taken</a> in 1781 as were many islands in the Caribbean. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Franco-Spanish</a> alliance, however, in 1782 encountered severe setbacks with the defeat and capture of De Grasse at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Battle of the Saintes</a> in April as well as the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a> in September. France, also facing financial difficulties, wanted peace which meant coercing her Spanish ally into negotiations. In addition, a series of naval battles between Admirals <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hughes_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Hughes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Pierre André de Suffren</a> were fought in a French attempt to displace Britain from her Indian territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1957416-12">[11]</a> The fighting here was largely inconclusive but the French were unable to displace the British and fighting only ended upon learning of the provisional <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Versailles_(1783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties of Versailles (1783)">Anglo-French-Spanish peace treaties</a> of 1783.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagan200951-7">[6]</a> The Bourbon War helped secure American independence and bring an end to the First British Empire<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> but turned out to be detrimental to the French crown. The cost of participation in the American war inexorably led to France's own bankruptcy six years later, setting the stage for the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergennes,_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Middle-aged, white-haired man wearing a blue velvet jacket, white shirt, and a chivalric order pinned to his jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg/220px-Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Vergennes, foreign minister of France, worried that a war over the Bavarian succession would upset his plans against Britain</figcaption></figure> Ever since the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Ministers</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gabriel_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="César Gabriel de Choiseul">Choiseul</a>, had followed the general idea that the independence of Britain's North American colonies would be good for France and bad for Britain, and furthermore that French attempts to recover parts of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> would be detrimental to that cause.<a href="#cite_note-Nickerson26-15">[14]</a> When war broke out in 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Comte de Vergennes</a>, then the Foreign Minister, outlined a series of proposals that led to secret French and also Spanish support of the rebel movement, and preparations for the war, including expansion of their navies.<a href="#cite_note-Nickerson65_6-16">[15]</a> To further the aim of French participation in the war, Vergennes closely monitored news from North America and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and worked to remove impediments to Spanish participation in the war.<a href="#cite_note-Nickerson66-17">[16]</a> Vergennes went so far as to propose war to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">King Louis XVI</a> in August 1776, but news of Howe's <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">capture of New York City</a> delayed that plan.<a href="#cite_note-Nickerson75-18">[17]</a> By 1777, the Thirteen Colonies' rebellion was entering its third year. <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>'s surrender at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a> had signalled that the struggle against the American colonies was likely to prove longer and more costly than expected. British defeat had raised the prospect of French intervention and of a European war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockley200111-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>'s government, fearful of war with France, sought reconciliation with the American colonies and was willing to grant a fair measure of autonomy to this end, but what would be enough in 1775 would no longer suffice by 1778. North had no intention of offering independence, but in the wake of Saratoga and with the prospect of a French alliance, the Americans were unlikely to agree with lesser terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockley200111–12-20">[19]</a> Although equally interested in maintaining its influence among the German states, France had a double problem. As a supporter of the rebellious British colonies in North America, it was in France's interest to avoid a continental engagement. France could do more damage to the British in North America than in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger199796-21">[20]</a> The diplomatic realignment in 1756 had overthrown 200 years of French foreign policy that united the French Crown and the French populace against the House of Habsburg, arguably bringing to France massive territorial gains in repeated wars with Habsburg Austria and Habsburg Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanning199622–23-22">[21]</a> A reversal of this policy in 1756 tied French foreign policy in Europe to Vienna. Despite this restructuring, there existed in the French Court at Versailles, and in France generally, a strong anti-Austrian sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger199796-21">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">diplomatic revolution</a> of 1756, sealed in 1770 with the personal union (the diplomatic term for marriage) of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis</a>, the Dauphin of Viennois, and the Austrian Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, was considered both a political and matrimonial mésalliance in the eyes of many Frenchmen. It flew in the face of 200 years of French foreign policy, in which the central axiom "had been hostility to the House of Habsburg".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanning199622–23-22">[21]</a> The French foreign minister, the Comte de Vergennes, maintained deep-seated hostility to the Austrians that pre-dated the alliance of 1756. He had not approved of the shift of France's traditional bonds, and considered the Austrians untrustworthy. He managed to extricate France from immediate military obligations to Austria by 1778.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger199796-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_war">The war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The war">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-French_naval_crisis_1778">Anglo-French naval crisis 1778</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-French naval crisis 1778">edit</a>]</div> On 4 December 1777, word reached <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a> that Philadelphia had fallen and that Burgoyne had surrendered. Two days later, Louis XVI assented to negotiations for an alliance.<a href="#cite_note-N411-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">treaty</a> was signed on 6 February 1778, and France declared war on Britain one month later, with hostilities beginning with naval skirmishes off <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a> in June, notably the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_June_1778" title="Action of 17 June 1778">action of 17 June 1778</a>.<a href="#cite_note-N412-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> did not welcome a war with France, but he was "prepared" for it. The king believed he had tried to avoid the conflict, but "France chooses to be the Aggressor", and Britain had taken "all the steps necessary if it should end in war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199817-25">[24]</a> He was "prepared" for armed conflict with the French by remembering British victories over that Bourbon power in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199817-25">[24]</a> During that conflict, France had been pinned down in Europe fighting Continental powers while Britain defeated the French navy and won victories in India, the West Indies and North America. However, Britain's strategic position at the beginning of 1778 was far different from the one she enjoyed in 1756.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199817–18-26">[25]</a> Gone was the alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: in 1778 Britain was diplomatically isolated and without European allies. In the first months of this year, Britain attempted, without success, to find a Continental ally to engage the power of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1990264–72-27">[26]</a> This failure produced the central strategic fact of the War of 1778: there would be no competing European campaigns to absorb France's strength. European isolation was irrelevant in peacetime, but Britain was at serious disadvantage without European allies in war against France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199818-28">[27]</a> Unlike previous wars against the French, this one would offer Britain few, if any, strategic options like choosing to fight in Europe as opposed to one in Asia and America.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> France and Britain fought over the <a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">control of the Channel</a>, as one of the episodes of the globalised warfare that followed the start of the hostilities in 1778. Early in the war, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_1778" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ushant 1778">first fleet action</a> in European waters was fought on 27 July 1778, 100 miles west of <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a>, an island at the mouth of the Channel. The two French and British battle fleets, of equal strength at 30 ships each, came to battle each other violently for several hours with neither side scoring a clear victory. The battle had been described since then as indecisive in its results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1957308-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean,_1778–1779">Caribbean, 1778–1779</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Caribbean, 1778–1779">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Dominique_cph.3b49565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Prise_de_la_Dominique_cph.3b49565.jpg/220px-Prise_de_la_Dominique_cph.3b49565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Prise_de_la_Dominique_cph.3b49565.jpg/330px-Prise_de_la_Dominique_cph.3b49565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Prise_de_la_Dominique_cph.3b49565.jpg/440px-Prise_de_la_Dominique_cph.3b49565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>"Prise de la Dominique": French troops storm the island which fell into their hands in 1778</figcaption></figure> The strategic and operational situation in the West was complex. It consisted of battles for <a href="/wiki/Naval_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval supremacy">naval supremacy</a>, raids on enemy convoys and colonies, and sorties in support of the sides fighting the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_American_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the American Independence">War of the American Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagan200952-31">[30]</a> The French blockaded Britain's most important sugar producers, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, cutting them off from food and supplies, with thousands dying from starvation and disease. Colonial militias played only limited supporting roles and more French and British troops died from the Caribbean climate and disease than from fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirza2007185-32">[31]</a> One key territory that was of particular interest was the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, which lay between French-held <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_against_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="British expedition against Dominica">had been captured</a> by Britain in 1761. Recapture of the island would improve communication among the islands, and deny the use of Dominican ports to <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a> who preyed on French shipping.<a href="#cite_note-B36-33">[32]</a> In August 1778, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Claude_Amour,_the_marquis_de_Bouill%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="François Claude Amour, the marquis de Bouillé">François Claude Amour, the marquis de Bouillé</a>, the French governor-general of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, received word that war had been declared.<a href="#cite_note-B36-33">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Concorde_(1777)" class="mw-redirect" title="French frigate Concorde (1777)">French frigate Concorde</a> reached Martinique on August 17 with orders from Paris to take Dominica at the earliest opportunity, and de Bouillé made immediate plans for such an operation. He had maintained contacts in the Dominican population, which had remained largely French during the years of British administration. As a result, he had an accurate picture of the condition of the Dominican defences, and knew that the island's garrison numbered fewer than "fifty soldiers fit for duty".<a href="#cite_note-B367-34">[33]</a> He was also concerned with the whereabouts of the British Leeward Islands fleet of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barrington" title="Samuel Barrington">Samuel Barrington</a>, which significantly exceeded his in military power.<a href="#cite_note-B37-35">[34]</a> Unbeknown to de Bouillé, Barrington, who had only recently assumed his post, was under orders to retain most of his fleet at <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> until further instructions were received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1898427-36">[35]</a> The British regular forces on the island, which in total numbered about 100, were distributed amongst defences in the capital <a href="/wiki/Roseau,_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Roseau, Dominica">Roseau</a>, the hills that overlooked it, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cachacrou" title="Fort Cachacrou">at Cachacrou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_St._Lucia,_in_the_West_Indies-_Shewing_the_positions_of_the_English_and_French_forces_with_the_attacks_made_at_its_reduction_in_Decr._1778._LOC_74696150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Plan_of_St._Lucia%2C_in_the_West_Indies-_Shewing_the_positions_of_the_English_and_French_forces_with_the_attacks_made_at_its_reduction_in_Decr._1778._LOC_74696150.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Plan_of_St._Lucia%2C_in_the_West_Indies-_Shewing_the_positions_of_the_English_and_French_forces_with_the_attacks_made_at_its_reduction_in_Decr._1778._LOC_74696150.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Plan_of_St._Lucia%2C_in_the_West_Indies-_Shewing_the_positions_of_the_English_and_French_forces_with_the_attacks_made_at_its_reduction_in_Decr._1778._LOC_74696150.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>Plan of St. Lucia showing the positions of English and French forces and the attacks which led to its capture in December 1779</figcaption></figure> De Bouillé carefully maintained a façade of peace in his dealings with Dominican authorities while he began preparing his forces on Martinique. On 2 September he and Lieutenant Governor Stuart signed an agreement that formally prohibited privateering crews to plunder. The next day de Bouillé sent one of his officers to Dominica to see whether a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> was still anchored in Prince Rupert's Bay (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Dominica" title="Portsmouth, Dominica">Portsmouth</a>). Stuart, suspicious of the man, had him questioned and then released.<a href="#cite_note-B37-35">[34]</a> On 5 September de Bouillé was informed that the frigate had sailed for Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-B37-35">[34]</a> He struck fast, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica_(1778)" title="Invasion of Dominica (1778)">defeating</a> the British at <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> in September 1778.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirza2007185-32">[31]</a> De Bouillé left a garrison of 800 (700 French regulars and 100 free black militia) on the island, turned its command over to the Marquis de Duchilleau, and returned to Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> These events were the first in a series of military actions resulting in the change of control of Caribbean islands during the war, in which De Bouillé was often involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarley1998489–521-39">[38]</a> News of Dominica's fall was received with surprise in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; considering that a single <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a> might have prevented the attack, Admiral Barrington was widely blamed for the loss, and criticised for adhering too closely to his orders.<a href="#cite_note-B40-40">[39]</a> French Admiral the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing">comte D'Estaing</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> in early December 1778 in command of a fleet consisting of 12 <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a> and a number of smaller vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1898429–431-41">[40]</a> At about the same time a British fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Hotham,_1st_Baron_Hotham" title="William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham">William Hotham</a> also arrived, augmenting the West Indies fleet of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barrington" title="Samuel Barrington">Samuel Barrington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1898429-42">[41]</a> The orders and reinforcements whose late arrival had held Admiral Barrington at Barbados were to launch an attack on French-held <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>, which the British then <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_St._Lucia" title="Capture of St. Lucia">captured</a> in December 1778.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Despite d'Estaing's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">attempt at relief</a>, the British used St. Lucia to monitor the major French base at <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, where d'Estaing was headquartered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1898429–432-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_prise_de_la_Grenade_1779_par_d_Estaing_la_valeur_recompensee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/La_prise_de_la_Grenade_1779_par_d_Estaing_la_valeur_recompensee.jpg/220px-La_prise_de_la_Grenade_1779_par_d_Estaing_la_valeur_recompensee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/La_prise_de_la_Grenade_1779_par_d_Estaing_la_valeur_recompensee.jpg/330px-La_prise_de_la_Grenade_1779_par_d_Estaing_la_valeur_recompensee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/La_prise_de_la_Grenade_1779_par_d_Estaing_la_valeur_recompensee.jpg/440px-La_prise_de_la_Grenade_1779_par_d_Estaing_la_valeur_recompensee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9105" data-file-height="6461" /></a><figcaption>Comte d'Estaing speaking to an officer with a captured British flag during the French conquest of Grenada</figcaption></figure>. The British fleet was further reinforced in January 1779 by ten ships of the line under Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Byron" title="John Byron">John Byron</a>, who assumed command of the British <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomb1895388-45">[44]</a> Throughout the first half of 1779 both fleets received further reinforcements, after which the French fleet was superior to that of the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomb1895388–389-46">[45]</a> Furthermore, Byron departed St. Lucia on 6 June in order to provide escort services to British merchant ships gathering at <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Kitts</a> for a convoy to Europe, leaving d'Estaing free to act. D'Estaing and de Bouillé, seized the opportunity to begin a series of operations against nearby <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomb1895389-47">[46]</a> Their first target was the isle of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a>, south of St. Lucia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomb1895388-45">[44]</a> It <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Vincent" title="Capture of Saint Vincent">fell</a> on 18 June, and d'Estaing turned his attention to other islands. He had hoped to capture <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, a key British possession, but after making no progress against the prevailing easterly <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>, he turned his attention instead to <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomb1895390-48">[47]</a> The French fleet arrived off Grenada on 2 July, and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Grenada">stormed its main defences</a> beginning late on 3 July. Terms of capitulation were agreed on the 4th.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomb1895391-49">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">first large expedition</a> to the North was undertaken in 1779 by French <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> d'Estaing. In the attempt to invade the British-occupied <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, the French brought 20 ships-of-the-line and 3,000 troops in transports to Georgia. Although Washington failed to cooperate with his allies, being fixated on attacking the British in New York City, D'Estaing landed the troops in aid to the Americans before he returned to France, as he had been ordered to do. On 9 October 1779, in concert with a contingent of the Continental Army, the French admiral initiated an assault on the besieged city. The well-fortified British army repulsed the invaders; d'Estaing was seriously wounded and had to sail for Europe. Despite a correct strategic concept, allied cooperation eluded successful operational implementation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagan200952-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Indies,_1778–1780">East Indies, 1778–1780</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: East Indies, 1778–1780">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></div> One clear result of the renewal of the Anglo-French contest in the East Indies between 1778 and 1783 was a greater appreciation by the British of the strategic needs of their newly acquired possessions in Asia. The superimposition of a global struggle between European powers upon several localised Indian wars did unnerve the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and seriously embarrass its presidencies.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Furthermore, the war exposed the rival geo-political ambitions of the French and these in turn provoked the more stolid, unreflecting British to formulate their own logic of empire.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> When word reached India in 1778 that France had entered the war, the company moved quickly to capture French colonial outposts there, notably capturing <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1778)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1778)">Pondicherry</a> after two months of siege.<a href="#cite_note-Riddick23_5-52">[51]</a> In March 1779 the British forces won <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> ("Mahey") from the French; the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a> ("Nayhirs"), a Hindu community took this opportunity to rebel against <a href="/wiki/Haidar_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidar Ali">Haidar Ali</a>'s rule. The uprising was supported, if not instigated, by the British but suppressed, and the French retook Mahé in 1780 with Haidar Ali's aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrosSmith2000202-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain_enters_the_war,_1779–1780">Spain enters the war, 1779–1780</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spain enters the war, 1779–1780">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a battle scene at night, with a group of British officers standing on the right-hand side looking and gesturing towards a group of British and Spanish soldiers fighting on the left side of the picture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar.jpg/220px-The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar.jpg/330px-The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar.jpg/440px-The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Sortie_Made_by_the_Garrison_of_Gibraltar,_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sortie Made by the Garrison of Gibraltar, 1789">The Sortie made by the Garrison of Gibraltar in the Morning of the 27 of November 1781</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>, depicting a British attack that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a></figcaption></figure> In April 1779 France and Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Convention of Aranjuez</a>, which laid out a summary of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> War aims. Spain sought to recover <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorca">Minorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and to expel the British from Spanish <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> by ending their right to cut logwood in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Honduras">Bay of Honduras</a> and the coast of <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockley200119-54">[53]</a> France declared that her aims were to expel the British from the <a href="/wiki/Cod_fishing_in_Newfoundland" title="Cod fishing in Newfoundland">Newfoundland fishery</a>, to end restrictions on French sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, to regain free trade in India, to recover <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, and to restore the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> provisions relating to the Anglo-French commerce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198315-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaut1922290-56">[55]</a> Spain entered the war with one of the goals of recovering <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, which had been lost to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">in 1704</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand20069-57">[56]</a> Its garrison included troops from Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand200623-58">[57]</a> Spain formally began the siege in June 1779, the fourteenth and longest of Gibraltar, with the Spanish establishing a land blockade around the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand200630-59">[58]</a> The Spanish strategy combined a steady bombardment of Gibraltar from the land with seaborne attacks and attempts to cut off the supply lines to Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-152-60">[59]</a> planning to retake Gibraltar by blockading and starving out its garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand200631-61">[60]</a> The matching naval blockade was comparatively weak, and the British discovered that small fast ships could evade the blockaders, while slower and larger supply ships generally could not. By late 1779, however, supplies in Gibraltar had become seriously depleted, and its commander, General <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">George Eliott</a>, appealed to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> for relief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand200637-62">[61]</a> A supply convoy was organised, and in late December 1779 a large fleet sailed from Britain under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Sir George Brydges Rodney</a>. Although Rodney's ultimate orders were to command the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> fleet, he had secret instructions to first resupply Gibraltar and <a href="/wiki/Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorca">Minorca</a> and on 4 January 1780 the fleet divided, with ships headed for the West Indies sailing westward. This left Rodney in command of nineteen <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a> which were to accompany the supply ships to Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett2007234,_237-63">[62]</a> The supply convoy sailed into Gibraltar on January 19, driving the smaller blockading fleet to retreat to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>. Rodney arrived several days later, and the British garrison was heartened by the arrival of the supplies and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett2007241-64">[63]</a> Upon the return of the ships from Minorca, Rodney put to sea again on February 13, for the West Indies, the detachment from the Channel fleet accompanied him three days' sail on his way, and then parted for Britain with the prizes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1898451-65">[64]</a> On this return voyage it fell in with fifteen French supply vessels, convoyed by two sixty-fours, bound for the <a href="/wiki/Ile_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile de France">Ile de France</a>, in the Indian Ocean, one of the ships of war, the Protée, and three of the storeships were taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1898451–452-66">[65]</a> In North America, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, attacked the south part of the United States and took British garrisons by surprise. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_Invasion_of_Great_Britain,_1779">Attempted Invasion of Great Britain, 1779</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attempted Invasion of Great Britain, 1779">edit</a>]</div> In order to help relieve pressure on other fronts, France and its new ally, Spain, planned and attempted to execute an invasion of Great Britain in late summer of 1779. The action, referring to a previous Spanish invasion attempt, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> of 1588, was called the <a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">Armada of 1779</a>. The proposed plan was to seize the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and then capture the British naval base of Portsmouth. The combined French and Spanish fleet boasted 66 ships of the line, whose goal was to sweep the Royal Navy from the Channel in preparation for the landing of 30–40,000 troops who had been readied for the invasion. Despite superiority of numbers over the British fleet in the English Channel, the combined French-Spanish operation failed due to a comedy of errors of navigation, miscommunication, disease, food shortages, and bad weather. On 3 September, having failed to decisively engage the British fleet, which had by then taken up a strong defensive position in <a href="/wiki/The_Solent" title="The Solent">The Solent</a>, the leaders of the great Armada decided to retreat with as many as 8,000 being afflicted with disease. The invasion caused alarm in Britain but George III was encouraged by its failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2012217-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2006238-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America,_1780–1781">North America, 1780–1781</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North America, 1780–1781">edit</a>]</div> With d'Estaing back to France, Washington got stuck in New Jersey, while asking for a continuous French naval presence in North American waters. When in July 1780 the Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Rochambeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Rochambeau">Comte de Rochambeau</a>, arrived in Newport with an army of 6,000 men, he described the situation: "in any operation, and under all circumstances, a decisive naval superiority is to be considered as a fundamental principle, and the basis upon which every hope of success must ultimately depend".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1957352-69">[68]</a> The Dutch were helping the American rebels by selling them guns and gunpowder from their ports in the Caribbean. The British used this as a pretext to declare war on the Netherlands in December 1780. Admiral Rodney spent the years of 1780 and 1781 in the Caribbean to plundering and sacking the Dutch Caribbean islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirza2007186-70">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/220px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/330px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/440px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4963" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Virginia Capes</figcaption></figure> By December 1780, the War in North America had reached a critical point. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> had suffered major defeats earlier in the year, with its southern armies either captured or dispersed in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">loss of Charleston</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Battle of Camden</a> in the south, while the armies of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America" title="Commander-in-Chief, North America">commander-in-chief for North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Sir Henry Clinton</a> watched each other around <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum199792-71">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Continental_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental dollar">national currency</a> was virtually worthless, public support for the war, about to enter its sixth year, was waning, and army troops were becoming mutinous over pay and conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum19978,_12-72">[71]</a> French military planners had to balance competing demands for the 1781 campaign. After a series of unsuccessful American attempts at cooperation (leading to unsuccessful attempts on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah, Georgia</a>), they decided more involvement in North America was necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009247–248-73">[72]</a> They also needed to coordinate their actions with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, as there was potential interest in making an assault on the British stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. It turned out that the Spanish were not interested in operations against Jamaica until after they had dealt with an expected British attempt to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">besieged Gibraltar</a>, and merely wanted to be informed of the movements of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009220–221-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_de_Yorktown,_17_octobre_1781.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This scene precedes taking the city of Yorktown. Generals gathered in front of their tent decorated with French and American flags to give instructions to lead to victory. This table shows Rochambeau accompanied Washington on the left, giving orders; Lafayette, bareheaded, appears behind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Yorktown%2C_17_octobre_1781.png/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Yorktown%2C_17_octobre_1781.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Yorktown%2C_17_octobre_1781.png/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Yorktown%2C_17_octobre_1781.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Yorktown%2C_17_octobre_1781.png/440px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Yorktown%2C_17_octobre_1781.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a> ordering at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a>; Lafayette, bareheaded, appears behind</figcaption></figure> As the French fleet was preparing to depart <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> in March 1781, several important decisions were made. The West Indies fleet, led by the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Comte de Grasse</a>, after operations in the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a>, was directed to go to Cap-Français (present-day <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>) to determine what resources would be required to assist Spanish operations. Due to a lack of transports, France also provided six million <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> to support the American war effort beyond of providing additional troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009329-75">[74]</a> The French fleet at Newport was given a new commander, the <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Melchior,_Comte_de_Barras_Saint-Laurent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Melchior, Comte de Barras Saint-Laurent">Comte de Barras</a>. De Barras was ordered to take the Newport fleet to harass British shipping off <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, and the French army at Newport was ordered to combine with Washington's army outside New York.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In orders that were deliberately not fully shared with General Washington, De Grasse was instructed to assist in North American operations after his stop at Cap-Français. The French general, the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Comte de Rochambeau</a> was instructed to tell Washington that de Grasse might be able to assist, without making any commitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009241-77">[76]</a> (Washington learned from <a href="/wiki/John_Laurens" title="John Laurens">John Laurens</a>, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, that de Grasse had discretion to come north.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger200540-78">[77]</a> De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown, Virginia</a>. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned, and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>, and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In March 1782 the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> had voted in parliament with a No offensive war against America as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Yorktown" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Yorktown">surrender of Yorktown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PHOE-80">[79]</a> News of the surrender of Yorktown, Menorca and losses in the West Indies then brought down <a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">the government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">new government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Marquess of Rockingham</a> soon began the negotiations leading to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris</a>. Although offensive operations against America had ended, the war continued elsewhere in the West and East Indies as well as Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-PHOE-80">[79]</a> The appointment of <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Lord Shelburne</a> after Rockingham's death in July forced another change in government. Nevertheless, Shelburne accepted American independence without preconditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1975285-81">[80]</a> Although a <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson Bay Expedition">French naval expedition</a> had destroyed British trading posts in <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> during the summer of 1782, no territory had actually been captured. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain_and_the_Atlantic_1780–1782">Britain and the Atlantic 1780–1782</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Britain and the Atlantic 1780–1782">edit</a>]</div> In Britain opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon riots">Gordon riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyling1972284-11">[10]</a> The war in the Atlantic had reached a stalemate by 1780. In January 1781 France failed to their attempt to invade Jersey, Channel Islands, their landing force being defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">battle of Jersey</a>. The French Navy soon encountered a series of defeats in her home waters by the Royal Navy which would prove to be costly not just militarily but also financially. First at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1781)" title="Battle of Ushant (1781)">Ushant in December 1781</a> where a number of transports escorted by ships under the <a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_de_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">Comte de Guichen</a> were captured by a Royal Navy fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kempenfelt" title="Richard Kempenfelt">Richard Kempenfelt</a> led to the loss of many French soldiers. In April the following year the larger <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1781)" title="Battle of Ushant (1781)">third battle of Ushant</a> took place in April where a Royal Navy fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barrington" title="Samuel Barrington">Samuel Barrington</a> captured two valuable French ships of the line but also took two-thirds of its escorting convoy. This defeat was severe – the financial damage on the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_public" title="Trésor public">French treasury</a> was significant, and was also a blow to the French forces operating in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1957187-82">[81]</a> More defeats followed with the loss of the brand new frigate <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_H%C3%A9b%C3%A9_(1782)" title="French frigate Hébé (1782)">Hébé</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_September_1782" title="Action of 4 September 1782">action of 4 September 1782</a> where Chevalier de Vigny was condemned to fifteen years in prison – the case of his rank and service being declared as unfit for service. The next action proved to be the last naval battle of the American Revolutionary war where a <a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1782" title="Action of 12 December 1782">Franco-American convoy was defeated</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Luttrell" title="James Luttrell">James Luttrell</a> off <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">Ferrol</a> on 12 December 1782. The convoy was part of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a>'s supply chain to the American colonists.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean,_1781–1783">Caribbean, 1781–1783</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Caribbean, 1781–1783">edit</a>]</div> In October 1781, a plan had been worked out between de Grasse, commander of the French fleet in the West Indies, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Saavedra_de_Sangronis" title="Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis">Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis</a>, General Bureau for the Spanish Indies, court representative and aide to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>. The strategic objectives of this plan were to guide the Franco-Spanish military forces in the West Indies to accomplish the following objectives: <ul><li>To aid the Americans and defeat the British naval squadron at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>,</li> <li>The capture of the British <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a>, and</li> <li>The conquest of Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009244-84">[83]</a></li></ul> This plan became known as the De Grasse – Saavedra Convention and the first objective was essentially met with the surrender of the British army under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">General Cornwallis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> in September 1781. De Grasse and his fleet had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">played a decisive part</a> in that victory, after which they then sailed to the Caribbean. On arrival in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a> November 1781 he was given news that the plan was given the go ahead: to proceed with the conquest of Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009248–49-85">[84]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnard%27s_History_of_England_-_Rodney_accepts_the_surrender_of_deGrasse(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Barnard%27s_History_of_England_-_Rodney_accepts_the_surrender_of_deGrasse%28crop%29.jpg/225px-Barnard%27s_History_of_England_-_Rodney_accepts_the_surrender_of_deGrasse%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Barnard%27s_History_of_England_-_Rodney_accepts_the_surrender_of_deGrasse%28crop%29.jpg/338px-Barnard%27s_History_of_England_-_Rodney_accepts_the_surrender_of_deGrasse%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Barnard%27s_History_of_England_-_Rodney_accepts_the_surrender_of_deGrasse%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>A 1785 engraving of Amdiral de Grasse surrendering to Admrial Rodney on board the French flagship <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Ville_de_Paris_(1764)" title="French ship Ville de Paris (1764)">Ville de Paris</a></figcaption></figure> Jamaica was the most profitable British possession in the New World, in particular the commodity that stood out the most was <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>; it was more valuable to the British economy than the thirteen American colonies combined. In a letter from <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Lord Sandwich</a> he declared that he would risk protecting Britain's important Caribbean islands at the risk of Britain herself, and this was strategy implemented in 1779.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Shaughnessy2013208-86">[85]</a> Sugar made up 20% of all British imports and was worth five times as much as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogoziński1999115-87">[86]</a> As well as the gradual expulsion of the British from the West Indies by the French and Spanish, the conquest was to force a massive blow on the British economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrew2006154–55-88">[87]</a> The invasion itself though was perceived in the courts at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> as an alternative to the Spanish and French attempts <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">to take Gibraltar</a> which for two years had been a costly disaster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009282-89">[88]</a> While de Grasse waited for reinforcements to undertake the Jamaica campaign, he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brimstone_Hill" title="Siege of Brimstone Hill">captured St. Kitts</a> in February 1782. The rest of the Windward Islands (<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lucia">St Lucia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>) still remained under British control, while Admiral George Rodney arrived in the Caribbean theatre the following month, having brought reinforcements. These included seventeen ships of the line, and gave the British a slight advantage in number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrew2006157–62-90">[89]</a> On 7 April 1782, de Grasse set out from <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> with 35 <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a>, including two 50-gun ships and a large convoy of more than 100 cargo ships, to meet with a Spanish fleet consisting of 12 ships of the line. In addition de Grasse was to rendezvous with 15,000 troops at Saint Domingue earmarked for the conquest by landing on Jamaica's North coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrew2006157-62-91">[90]</a> Rodney on learning of this then sailed from <a href="/wiki/St_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lucia">St Lucia</a> in pursuit now with 36 <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a> the following day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1957205−226-92">[91]</a> The British ships by this time had <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a> which had gone through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">copper sheathing</a>; found to be a practicable means of protecting them from <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">marine growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biofouling" title="Biofouling">fouling</a> as well as salt water corrosion. The result of this was that their speed and sailing performance as a whole in good wind improved dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavery2009144–45-93">[92]</a> Between 9 April 1782 and 12 April 1782 a British fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">George Brydges Rodney</a> engaged and defeated a French fleet under the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Comte de Grasse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">battle of the Saintes</a>. French losses were huge; nearly 8,000 to 9,000 men killed wounded or captured and lost five ships of the line, four of which were captured. French and Spanish plans for an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> were thus cancelled. The British fleet made its way to Jamaica, from where Rodney ordered Hood to seek out any disabled or damaged French ships that had escaped the battle. Hood's division of thirteen ships set out towards toward <a href="/wiki/San_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Domingo">San Domingo</a>, and while travelling through the Mona Passage, came across and captured a number of French ships which had become separated before the battle of the Saintes and were on their way to <a href="/wiki/Cap-Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-Français">Cap-Français</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2004530-94">[93]</a> News of the battle reached France in June and was met with despair. The defeat along with the loss of the Ville de Paris was a devastating blow to French King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2016169-95">[94]</a> The navy minister the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eug%C3%A8ne_Gabriel_de_La_Croix" title="Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix">Marquis de Castries</a> greeted the news as 'a grim disaster'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombsTombs2010178-96">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Comte_De_Vergennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte De Vergennes">Comte De Vergennes</a> felt undermined in the confidence of the French navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2008358-97">[96]</a> By the end of 1782 the French had been on defensive in the Caribbean, which signalled a stalemate of the seas.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Nevertheless, the Royal navy was able to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> off <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap Francois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Royal">Fort Royal</a> as well as keeping a watch off <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarley1998175-99">[98]</a> At the same time British frigates were battling both Spanish and French <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Indies,_1782–1783">East Indies, 1782–1783</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Indies, 1782–1783">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren_Saint-Tropez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre André de Suffren Saint-Tropez">Suffren</a>, an aggressive fighter and seeker of decisive action, foiled a British attempt to take the Cape in early 1781, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Praya" title="Battle of Porto Praya">attacking</a> a Royal Navy squadron at <a href="/wiki/Porto_Praya" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Praya">Porto Praya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a> which are in the Atlantic about 450 miles west of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. He arrived in southern India a year later. On land, the French supported <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. At sea, Suffren fought five intense and hard contested battles against the British East Indies Fleet during 1782 and 1783. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hughes_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Hughes</a> was aware that the French objective was to dislocate British economic exploitation and military domination, and that the preservation of his squadron was crucial for the survival of the British presence in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1931183_ff.,_302,_378–9-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005356–7-102">[101]</a> The two equally capable and determined fleets broke off their mutual challenge only when news arrived that peace treaties had been signed by Britain, France and Spain in early 1783. When news of the peace had filtered through the tactical situation in India had also ended in stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeve200992-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_negotiations">Peace negotiations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Peace negotiations">edit</a>]</div> Serious negotiations began between Britain, France and Spain (for which Britain's chief negotiator was Alleyne Fitzherbert, and Spain's <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea,_10th_Count_of_Aranda" title="Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda">10th Count of Aranda</a>). From time to time, news would arrive from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> of continuing stalemate, both in the land wars (which involved the French only as supporters to local rulers) and in naval battles; the British still appeared to hold all the French territory there that they had captured in 1778–79, while the French held no British territory. In the West Indies, on the other hand, the French still held all the territory they had captured, while the British held only one French island, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>. Nevertheless, after the Battle of the Saintes the strategic initiative was passed to the British whose dominance at sea was reasserted and signaled a collapse in the Franco-American alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2004530–31-104">[103]</a> As a result, talks between America and Britain through Shelburne and Franklin began with the British agreeing to recognise the new 'United States'.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> France, under its treaty of alliance with Spain, could not make peace without Spain's agreement; not without a guarantee that Gibraltar would be handed over to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt197121-106">[105]</a> Both wanted to speed up their major assault on Gibraltar with the hope of its capture, in order to gain a major diplomatic hand.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Gibraltar thus became a main factor in the peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemis201277-108">[107]</a> French troops had reinforced the Spanish along with the ships of the French navy. The French commander the Duc de Crillon was now in charge of Franco-Spanish operations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gibraltar_and_end_of_the_war">Gibraltar and end of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gibraltar and end of the war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Siege_of_Gibraltar,_1782_by_George_Carter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Siege_of_Gibraltar%2C_1782_by_George_Carter.jpg/220px-The_Siege_of_Gibraltar%2C_1782_by_George_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Siege_of_Gibraltar%2C_1782_by_George_Carter.jpg/330px-The_Siege_of_Gibraltar%2C_1782_by_George_Carter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Siege_of_Gibraltar%2C_1782_by_George_Carter.jpg/440px-The_Siege_of_Gibraltar%2C_1782_by_George_Carter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>The Siege of Gibraltar, 1782, showing the defeat of the Franco-Spanish assault in September 1782 by <a href="/wiki/George_Carter_(artist)" title="George Carter (artist)">George Carter</a></figcaption></figure> On 18 September the allies launched their grand assault with ten French designed floating batteries involving more troops than had ever been in service at one time on the entire North American continent. The assault that day and into the following morning however was a huge costly failure with the loss of all ten floating batteries. By 27 September news of the disaster had reached Paris and Madrid and was met with despair by both nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllisonFerreiro2018220-109">[108]</a> All hope now lay on the defeat of the British squadron on its way to relieve Gibraltar. The French and Spanish hoped that its defeat or failure would lead to the surrender of the garrison prompting negotiation. The convoy got through without any problems and an attempt to defeat the British fleet ended in failure at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel" title="Battle of Cape Spartel">Battle of Cape Spartel</a>. News of this further failure broke French and Spanish resolve. With Gibraltar safe along with Rodney's victory at the Saintes back in April, British demands at the peace talks had now greatly strengthened and had undermined the French confidence that had greeted the success at Yorktown. The British diplomats steadfastly refused to part with Gibraltar, despite offers by Spain to trade most of its gains.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The French had done all they could to help the Spanish achieve their essential war aim, and began serious discussions on alternative exit strategies, the French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Comte de Vergennes</a> attempted to get Spain to offer Britain some very large concessions in return for Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The Spanish under the <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea,_10th_Count_of_Aranda" title="Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda">Count of Aranda</a> consented without consulting the court of Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochinTaylor202045–46-112">[111]</a> Vergennes was desperate for peace – for France the cost of the war became a huge issue they had approached the limits of its ability to borrow money. At the forefront of this cost was the French Navy – during the first four years of the war the French navy had lost four ships of the line, three of them to accidents. During 1782 however it would lose fifteen of the line (nearly half of these being in April alone).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009115-113">[112]</a> The losses of these ships were significant financially – undaunted, Louis nevertheless promised to build more ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2016169-95">[94]</a> New taxes were thus levied – the French finance minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Joly_de_Fleury" title="Jean-François Joly de Fleury">Jean-François Joly de Fleury</a> successfully secured the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Vingti%C3%A8me" title="Vingtième">Vingtième</a> income tax – the third and last one of its kind in the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien regime">ancien regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2016173,_218–19-114">[113]</a> Soon after Gibraltar had been relieved Vergennes promptly reopened negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkner2009123-115">[114]</a> The French accepted the preliminary peace treaty between Great Britain and America on 30 November, with protests but no action. Preliminary treaties were signed with Britain, France and Spain on 20 January 1783. The siege of Gibraltar was lifted three days later, but news of the peace did not reach Indian waters until June. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> As a result of the peace, France and Britain returned nearly all the territories they had taken from each other since 1778. For the French the results of the war were mixed; they succeeded in their war aim to separate America from Britain. The gains however were meagre – the tiny island of <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, which they had captured in 1781, and also some territory around the <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> River in Africa which it had lost to Britain in 1763. The whole arrangement for fishing around the Newfoundland coast had to be renegotiated because of the rights awarded to the Americans. France was unable to reverse the humiliation of 1762 – India, Canada and Britain's West Indian colonies – all gains from 1762 remained intact. Aside from some lamentation, Britons were not traumatized by the loss of America. In addition to the fact that cultural and economic ties soon revived between America, Britain had effectively won the last year of the global war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage201439-116">[115]</a> They ended up with good trade links with their former colonists and out traded France within months of the final peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2014132-117">[116]</a> As the French foreign minister Vergennes later put it, "The English buy peace rather than make it". For France however the cost of the war would leave a serious mark; over 1.3 billion <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> had been spent over the five year conflict. On top of the costs of French ship building after the Seven Years' war, the debt caused major economic and political problems and, as the country struggled to pay its debts, this eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution#Financial_Crisis" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Financial Crisis of 1786</a> and ultimately to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombsTombs2010179-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> In 1778, France signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a> with the United States. The Preamble sets out that the defensive, conditional military alliance,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> was established to defend the Franco-American trade agreement. It declared, "having this Day concluded a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a>…, [we] have thought it necessary… [for] strengthening those engagements…, particularly in case Great Britain in resentment of that connection." At Article 2, the Franco-American military treaty was dedicated to the specific purpose, "The essential and direct end of the present defensive alliance is to maintain effectually the liberty, sovereignty, and independence absolute and unlimited of the said United States, as well in matters of government as of commerce."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It was not intended to bind the United States to overseas war with European great powers after its independence was "tacitly" achieved (Art. 8). It would have been against the US own self-interest to engage in any further foreign entanglements after the 'American War' was decisively won at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">Battle of Yorktown</a> October, 1781, and it was not obliged to do so.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#mahan1890">Mahan 1890</a>, p. 507 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#glascock">Glascock, 1969</a>, p. 47, quoting Mackesey in The War for America, pp. 88-89 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#treatyofalliance">Treaty of Alliance, 1778</a>, Introduction, Article 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#morrismhs">Morris, 1983</a>, p. 33, 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1997447-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum1997447_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKetchum1997">Ketchum 1997</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagan200951-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagan200951_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagan200951_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagan2009">Hagan 2009</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1997405–448-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum1997405–448_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKetchum1997">Ketchum 1997</a>, pp. 405–448. </li> <li id="cite_note-N413-9"><a href="#cite_ref-N413_9-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNickerson1928" class="citation book cs1">Nickerson, Hoffman (1928). The turning point of the Revolution; or, Burgoyne in America. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+turning+point+of+the+Revolution%3B+or%2C+Burgoyne+in+America&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Nickerson&rft.aufirst=Hoffman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N415-10"><a href="#cite_ref-N415_10-0">^</a> <a href="#Nickerson">Nickerson (1967)</a>, p. 415 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyling1972284-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyling1972284_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyling1972284_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyling1972">Ayling 1972</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1957416-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahan1957416_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahan1957">Mahan 1957</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#simms">Simms 2009</a>, pp. 615–618 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1976" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Robert D. 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Barnes & Company. p. 614.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+American+Revolution.+1775-1781&rft.pages=614&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Henry+Beebee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNJKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009241-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2009241_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger200540-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrainger200540_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrainger2005">Grainger 2005</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Lumpkin2000" class="citation book cs1">Henry Lumpkin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuhkAbCnJvYC&pg=PA235">From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South</a>. iUniverse. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462095049" title="Special:BookSources/9781462095049"><bdi>9781462095049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Savannah+to+Yorktown%3A+The+American+Revolution+in+the+South&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781462095049&rft.au=Henry+Lumpkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuhkAbCnJvYC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHOE-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PHOE_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHOE_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament1814" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. 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Bohn's Illustrated Library. pp. 350–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+British+Navy%3A+from+A.D.+1000+to+1840%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=350-51&rft.pub=Bohn%27s+Illustrated+Library&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhShxkhunkYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009244-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2009244_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009248–49-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2009248–49_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, pp. 248–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Shaughnessy2013208-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Shaughnessy2013208_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2013">O'Shaughnessy 2013</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogoziński1999115-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogoziński1999115_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogoziński1999">Rogoziński 1999</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrew2006154–55-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrew2006154–55_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrew2006">Trew 2006</a>, pp. 154–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009282-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2009282_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrew2006157–62-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrew2006157–62_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrew2006">Trew 2006</a>, pp. 157–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrew2006157-62-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrew2006157-62_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrew2006">Trew 2006</a>, p. 157-62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1957205−226-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahan1957205−226_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahan1957">Mahan 1957</a>, pp. 205−226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavery2009144–45-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavery2009144–45_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavery2009">Lavery 2009</a>, pp. 144–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2004530-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2004530_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2004">Harvey 2004</a>, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2016169-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2016169_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2016169_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardman2016">Hardman 2016</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombsTombs2010178-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombsTombs2010178_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTombsTombs2010">Tombs & Tombs 2010</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2008358-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2008358_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenePole2008">Greene & Pole 2008</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan2013" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, Alfred Thayer (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHePQBiqqckC&q=Major+Operations+of+the+Navies+in+the+War+of+Independence">The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence</a>. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 225–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783954273393" title="Special:BookSources/9783954273393"><bdi>9783954273393</bdi></a>. 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Navy Records Society. 1908. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publications+of+the+Navy+Records+Society%2C+Volume+35&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Navy+Records+Society&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5pSEFrTC78C%26q%3Dblockade%2Bcap%2Bfrancois%2B1782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1931183_ff.,_302,_378–9-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1931183_ff.,_302,_378–9_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichmond1931">Richmond 1931</a>, pp. 183 ff., 302, 378–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005356–7-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2005356–7_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, pp. 356–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeve200992-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeve200992_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeve2009">Reeve 2009</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2004530–31-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2004530–31_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2004">Harvey 2004</a>, pp. 530–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuSLDAEACAAJ">Preliminary Articles of Peace: November 30, 1782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Articles+of+Peace%3A+November+30%2C+1782&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuSLDAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt197121-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt197121_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPratt1971">Pratt 1971</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1902" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, John (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rT03AQAAMAAJ">The critical period of American history, 1783-1789 Volume 12</a>. Riverside Press. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+critical+period+of+American+history%2C+1783-1789+Volume+12&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Riverside+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrT03AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemis201277-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemis201277_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBemis2012">Bemis 2012</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllisonFerreiro2018220-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllisonFerreiro2018220_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllisonFerreiro2018">Allison & Ferreiro 2018</a>, p. 220:critical event in the war outside America was a contemporaneous European siege that was bigger, lasted longer, and ultimately was as critical to establishing peace as the Yorktown victory </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> The Cambridge Modern History, pp. 6:379–380 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Jay, William <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjohnjaywit02jayw/page/493">The Life of John Jay</a> New York New York, Harper (1833), via Google Books— accessed 9 January 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochinTaylor202045–46-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochinTaylor202045–46_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKochinTaylor2020">Kochin & Taylor 2020</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2009115-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2009115_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2016173,_218–19-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2016173,_218–19_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardman2016">Hardman 2016</a>, pp. 173, 218–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkner2009123-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkner2009123_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFalkner2009">Falkner 2009</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage201439-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage201439_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPage2014">Page 2014</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2014132-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2014132_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2014">Stone 2014</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombsTombs2010179-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombsTombs2010179_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTombsTombs2010">Tombs & Tombs 2010</a>, p. 179. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonFerreiro2018" class="citation book cs1">Allison, David K; Ferreiro, Larrie D, eds. 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London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780002114127" title="Special:BookSources/9780002114127"><bdi>9780002114127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+the+Third&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780002114127&rft.aulast=Ayling&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWdnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrosSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Barros, Carolyn A.; Smith, Johanna M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blLFwTSeOmcC">Life-writings by British Women, 1660–1815: An Anthology</a>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-432-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-432-5"><bdi>978-1-55553-432-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life-writings+by+British+Women%2C+1660%E2%80%931815%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-432-5&rft.aulast=Barros&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Johanna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblLFwTSeOmcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemis2012" class="citation book cs1">Bemis, Samuel Flagg (2012). The Diplomacy of the American Revolution. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-56911-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-56911-5"><bdi>0-340-56911-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolutionary+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-340-56911-5&rft.aulast=Blanning&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoromé1969" class="citation journal cs1">Boromé, Joseph (January 1969). "Dominica during French Occupation, 1778–1784". The English Historical Review. 884 (330): 36–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIV.CCCXXX.36">10.1093/ehr/LXXXIV.CCCXXX.36</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/562321">562321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Dominica+during+French+Occupation%2C+1778%E2%80%931784&rft.volume=884&rft.issue=330&rft.pages=36-58&rft.date=1969-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIV.CCCXXX.36&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F562321%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Borom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand2006" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMEsAbT-eRUC">Gibraltar 1779–83: The Great Siege</a>. 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Allen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2863262">2863262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare%2C+its+Ruling+Principles+and+Practice+Historically+Treated&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2863262&rft.aulast=Colomb&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJbAC0WK7K8C%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2009" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R (2009). The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British & French Navies, 1650–1815. 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Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3137-2"><bdi>978-1-8438-3137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Yorktown%2C+1781%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-3137-2&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUO8ulaX2PsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenePole2008" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jack P; Pole, J.R, eds. (2008). A Companion to the American Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470756447" title="Special:BookSources/9780470756447"><bdi>9780470756447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780470756447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkner2009" class="citation cs2">Falkner, James (2009), Fire Over The Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783, Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473814226" title="Special:BookSources/9781473814226"><bdi>9781473814226</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Over+The+Rock%3A+The+Great+Siege+of+Gibraltar+1779%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781473814226&rft.aulast=Falkner&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="treatyofalliance" class="citation web cs1">France, Kingdom of; United States of America (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fr1788-2.asp">"Treaty of Alliance"</a>. 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Louisiana State University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31390%2Fgradschool_disstheses.1590">10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.1590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249662314">249662314</a>. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300220421" title="Special:BookSources/9780300220421"><bdi>9780300220421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Louis+XVI&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780300220421&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2004" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Robert (2004). A Few Bloody Noses: The American Revolutionary War. Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841199528" title="Special:BookSources/9781841199528"><bdi>9781841199528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Few+Bloody+Noses%3A+The+American+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781841199528&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum1997" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard M (1997). Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805061239" title="Special:BookSources/9780805061239"><bdi>9780805061239</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41397623">41397623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saratoga%3A+Turning+Point+of+America%27s+Revolutionary+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41397623&rft.isbn=9780805061239&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"> (Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6123-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6123-1">0-8050-6123-1</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery2009" class="citation book cs1">Lavery, Brian (2009). Empire of the seas: how the navy forged the modern world. Conway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844861095" title="Special:BookSources/9781844861095"><bdi>9781844861095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+seas%3A+how+the+navy+forged+the+modern+world&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781844861095&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochinTaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Kochin, Michael S; Taylor, Michael (2020). An Independent Empire: Diplomacy & War in the Making of the United States. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472054404" title="Special:BookSources/9780472054404"><bdi>9780472054404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Independent+Empire%3A+Diplomacy+%26+War+in+the+Making+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780472054404&rft.aulast=Kochin&rft.aufirst=Michael+S&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1957" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, Alfred T (1957). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783. New York: Hill and Wang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Influence+of+Sea+Power+Upon+History%2C+1660%E2%80%931783&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1898" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, Alfred T (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hpI_AAAAYAAJ">Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783: Being Chapter XXXI in The Royal Navy. A History</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-02-226825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-02-226825-8"><bdi>978-1-02-226825-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46778589">46778589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Operations+of+the+Royal+Navy%2C+1762%E2%80%931783%3A+Being+Chapter+XXXI+in+The+Royal+Navy.+A+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46778589&rft.isbn=978-1-02-226825-8&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhpI_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley1998" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David F (1998). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598841008" title="Special:BookSources/9781598841008"><bdi>9781598841008</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166373121">166373121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas%3A+A+Chronology+of+Armed+Conflict+in+the+New+World%2C+1492+to+the+Present&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166373121&rft.isbn=9781598841008&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirza2007" class="citation book cs1">Mirza, Rocky M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubuq0oO-0aIC">The Rise and Fall of the American Empire: A Re-Interpretation of History, Economics and Philosophy: 1492–2006</a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-1383-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-1383-4"><bdi>978-1-4251-1383-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+American+Empire%3A+A+Re-Interpretation+of+History%2C+Economics+and+Philosophy%3A+1492%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4251-1383-4&rft.aulast=Mirza&rft.aufirst=Rocky+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dubuq0oO-0aIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1983" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard B (1983) [1965]. The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peacemakers%3A+The+Great+Powers+and+American+Independence&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1975" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard Brandon, ed. (1975). John Jay: The winning of the peace: unpublished papers, 1780-1784 Volume 2. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060130480" title="Special:BookSources/9780060130480"><bdi>9780060130480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Jay%3A+The+winning+of+the+peace%3A+unpublished+papers%2C+1780-1784+Volume+2&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780060130480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Shaughnessy, Andrew (2013). The Men Who Lost America: British Command during the Revolutionary War and the Preservation of the Empire. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780742465" title="Special:BookSources/9781780742465"><bdi>9781780742465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Lost+America%3A+British+Command+during+the+Revolutionary+War+and+the+Preservation+of+the+Empire&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780742465&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2014" class="citation book cs1">Page, Anthony (2014). Britain and the Seventy Years War, 1744-1815: Enlightenment, Revolution and Empire. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137474438" title="Special:BookSources/9781137474438"><bdi>9781137474438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Seventy+Years+War%2C+1744-1815%3A+Enlightenment%2C+Revolution+and+Empire&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137474438&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1971" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Julius William (1971). A History of United States Foreign Policy. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780133923162" title="Special:BookSources/9780133923162"><bdi>9780133923162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+United+States+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780133923162&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Julius+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve2009" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, John (16 October 2009). "British naval strategy: war on a global scale". 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21039-8"><bdi>978-1-134-21039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+naval+strategy%3A+war+on+a+global+scale&rft.btitle=Strategy+in+the+American+War+of+Independence%3A+A+Global+Approach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.isbn=978-1-134-21039-8&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3k9_AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenaut1922" class="citation book cs1">Renaut, Francis P. (1922). Le Pacte de famille et l'Amérique: La politique coloniale franco-espagnole de 1760 à 1792. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Pacte+de+famille+et+l%27Am%C3%A9rique%3A+La+politique+coloniale+franco-espagnole+de+1760+%C3%A0+1792&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Renaut&rft.aufirst=Francis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1931" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Herbert W. (1931). The Navy in India 1763–1783. London: Ernest Benn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Navy+in+India+1763%E2%80%931783&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ernest+Benn&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Herbert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2005" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, Nicholas A.M. (2005). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. New York: W.W. 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Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816038114" title="Special:BookSources/9780816038114"><bdi>9780816038114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Caribbean%3A+From+the+Arawak+and+the+Carib+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780816038114&rft.aulast=Rogozi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofca00rogo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stacy_Schiff" title="Stacy Schiff">Schiff, Stacy</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8upOlyRx70C">A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America</a>. Thorndike Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7862-7832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7862-7832-9"><bdi>978-0-7862-7832-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+Improvisation%3A+Franklin%2C+France%2C+and+the+Birth+of+America&rft.pub=Thorndike+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7862-7832-9&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8upOlyRx70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1990" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Hamish M. 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Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820195-3"><bdi>978-0-19-820195-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Age+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820195-3&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Hamish+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkndnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="simms" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izhwqC3W23UC">Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714-1783</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1402-8984-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1402-8984-8"><bdi>978-0-1402-8984-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Victories+and+a+Defeat%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+First+British+Empire%2C+1714-1783&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-1402-8984-8&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizhwqC3W23UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockley2001" class="citation book cs1">Stockley, Andrew (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHoaiPKTKvwC">Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782–1783</a>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-615-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-615-3"><bdi>978-0-85989-615-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+France+at+the+Birth+of+America%3A+The+European+Powers+and+the+Peace+Negotiations+of+1782%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-615-3&rft.aulast=Stockley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHoaiPKTKvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2014" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Bailey (2014). The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107045729" title="Special:BookSources/9781107045729"><bdi>9781107045729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Revolution+Revisited%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+England%2C+France%2C+and+Russia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107045729&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrett2007" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, David (30 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enhnAAAAMAAJ">The Rodney papers: selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney</a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6007-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-6007-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rodney+papers%3A+selections+from+the+correspondence+of+Admiral+Lord+Rodney&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6007-1&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenhnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrett1998" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEfsS5QKeFQC">The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War</a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-238-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+in+European+Waters+During+the+American+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-238-7&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEfsS5QKeFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan2012" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Geoffrey (2012). Great Naval Blunders. Andre Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0233003504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0233003504"><bdi>978-0233003504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Naval+Blunders&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0233003504&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombsTombs2010" class="citation book cs1">Tombs, Isabelle; Tombs, Robert (2010). That Sweet Enemy: The British and the French from the Sun King to the Present. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446426234" title="Special:BookSources/9781446426234"><bdi>9781446426234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Sweet+Enemy%3A+The+British+and+the+French+from+the+Sun+King+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781446426234&rft.aulast=Tombs&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Tombs%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrew2006" class="citation book cs1">Trew, Peter (2006). Rodney and the Breaking of the Line. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844151431" title="Special:BookSources/9781844151431"><bdi>9781844151431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rodney+and+the+Breaking+of+the+Line&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781844151431&rft.aulast=Trew&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsalute00tuch">The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-55333-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-55333-0"><bdi>0-394-55333-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Salute%3A+A+View+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-394-55333-0&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsalute00tuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="treatyofalliance" class="citation web cs1">France, Kingdom of; United States of America (1778). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fr1788-2.asp">"Treaty of Alliance"</a>. The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Alliance&rft.pub=The+Avalon+Project%2C+Yale+Law+School&rft.date=1778&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Kingdom+of&rft.au=United+States+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F18th_century%2Ffr1788-2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="glascock" class="citation journal cs1">Glascock, Melvin Bruce (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1590">"New Spain and the War for America, 1779-1783"</a>. LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. Louisiana State University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31390%2Fgradschool_disstheses.1590">10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.1590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249662314">249662314</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LSU+Historical+Dissertations+and+Theses&rft.atitle=New+Spain+and+the+War+for+America%2C+1779-1783&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31390%2Fgradschool_disstheses.1590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249662314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Glascock&rft.aufirst=Melvin+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lsu.edu%2Fgradschool_disstheses%2F1590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-French+War+%281778%E2%80%931783%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651696#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005070">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293895405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778–1783)&oldid=1254714761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-French_War_(1778–1783)&oldid=1254714761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Category:Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-French_wars" title="Category:Anglo-French wars">Anglo-French wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Caribbean" title="Category:History of the Caribbean">History of the Caribbean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1782" title="Category:Conflicts in 1782">Conflicts in 1782</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greater_Antilles" title="Category:Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lesser_Antilles" title="Category:Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1782_in_the_Caribbean" title="Category:1782 in the Caribbean">1782 in the Caribbean</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 09:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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