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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christmas_Day_tornado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_Day_tornado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Christmas Day tornado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_Day_tornado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carnival_and_Mardi_Gras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnival_and_Mardi_Gras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Carnival and Mardi Gras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnival_and_Mardi_Gras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Archives and libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Arts and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_other_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_other_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Parks and other attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_other_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Historic architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>2010 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Public facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Private facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Tertiary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Primary and secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate_and_postgraduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate_and_postgraduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Undergraduate and postgraduate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate_and_postgraduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_college" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_college"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Community college</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_college-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.3</span> <span>Vocational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Major industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port_of_Mobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_of_Mobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Port of Mobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_of_Mobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipyards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipyards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Shipyards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipyards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ThyssenKrupp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ThyssenKrupp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.4</span> <span>ThyssenKrupp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ThyssenKrupp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Top employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Unemployment rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling_paths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling_paths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Cycling paths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling_paths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roadways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Roadways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Print</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Other sports and facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile, Alabama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobi%C4%A1e_(Alabama)" title="Mobiġe (Alabama) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mobiġe (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="موبيل (ألاباما) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موبيل (ألاباما)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_(Alabama)" title="Mobil (Alabama) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mobil (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="موبیل، آلاباما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موبیل، آلاباما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2,_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="মোবিল, অ্যালাবামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোবিল, অ্যালাবামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Мабіл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мабіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Мобил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мобил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(ciutat_d%27Alabama)" title="Mobile (ciutat d'Alabama) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mobile (ciutat d'Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Mobile (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mobile (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BB_(%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Μομπάιλ (Αλαμπάμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μομπάιλ (Αλαμπάμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="موبیل، آلاباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موبیل، آلاباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="مؤبایل (آلاباما) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مؤبایل (آلاباما)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%B9%8C_(%EC%95%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%A3%BC)" title="모빌 (앨라배마주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모빌 (앨라배마주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Մոբիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոբիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Мобил (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мобил (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C_(%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94)" title="מוביל (אלבמה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוביל (אלבמה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90)" title="მობილი (ალაბამა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მობილი (ალაბამა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobila" title="Mobila – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mobila" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilis" title="Mobilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mobilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Мобил (град) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мобил (град)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE)" title="मोबील (अलाबामा) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोबील (अलाबामा)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="موبيل (الاباما) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موبيل (الاباما)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="موبیل (آلاباما) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موبیل (آلاباما)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="मोबाइल, अलाबामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोबाइल, अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="モービル (アラバマ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モービル (アラバマ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Мобил (Алабама) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мобил (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_i_Alabama" title="Mobile i Alabama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mobile i Alabama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="موبیل (آلاباما) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موبیل (آلاباما)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B_(%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6)" title="ម៉ូបាល (អាល់ឡាបាម៉ា) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ូបាល (អាល់ឡាបាម៉ា)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Мобил (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мобил (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="مۆبیل، ئەلاباما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆبیل، ئەلاباما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Мобил (Алабама) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мобил (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(Alabama)" title="Mobile (Alabama) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mobile (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Мобил (Алабама) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мобил (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2)" title="โมบีล (รัฐแอละแบมา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมบีล (รัฐแอละแบมา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Мобіл (Алабама) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мобіл (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="موبائل، الاباما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موبائل، الاباما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile" title="Mobile – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mobile" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mobile, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%88%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="莫比尔（阿拉巴马州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫比尔（阿拉巴马州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E6%8B%9C%E7%88%BE" title="慕拜爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="慕拜爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94_(%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E)" title="莫比尔 (阿拉巴马州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫比尔 (阿拉巴马州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mobil" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79875#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mobile</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile,_Alabama_Skyline_(2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/288px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/432px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/576px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4028" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of Mobile</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div style="border:1;;height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bienville.jpg/196px-Bienville.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bienville.jpg/294px-Bienville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bienville.jpg/392px-Bienville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bienville_Square" title="Bienville Square">Bienville Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div style="border:1;;height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dauphin_Street_Mobile_Alabama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dauphin_Street_Mobile_Alabama.jpg/88px-Dauphin_Street_Mobile_Alabama.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dauphin_Street_Mobile_Alabama.jpg/132px-Dauphin_Street_Mobile_Alabama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dauphin_Street_Mobile_Alabama.jpg/176px-Dauphin_Street_Mobile_Alabama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dauphin_Street_Historic_District" title="Lower Dauphin Street Historic District">Dauphin Street</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Port_of_Mobile_from_Convention_Center_20160712_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/View_of_Port_of_Mobile_from_Convention_Center_20160712_1.jpg/151px-View_of_Port_of_Mobile_from_Convention_Center_20160712_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/View_of_Port_of_Mobile_from_Convention_Center_20160712_1.jpg/227px-View_of_Port_of_Mobile_from_Convention_Center_20160712_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/View_of_Port_of_Mobile_from_Convention_Center_20160712_1.jpg/302px-View_of_Port_of_Mobile_from_Convention_Center_20160712_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6665" data-file-height="4424" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Alabama_Mobile,_Alabama_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG/133px-USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG/200px-USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG/266px-USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">USS <i>Alabama</i></a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile,_AL_Flag.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mobile"><img alt="Flag of Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Mobile%2C_AL_Flag.gif/100px-Mobile%2C_AL_Flag.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Mobile%2C_AL_Flag.gif/150px-Mobile%2C_AL_Flag.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Mobile%2C_AL_Flag.gif/200px-Mobile%2C_AL_Flag.gif 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Flag of Mobile, Alabama">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mobile,_Alabama.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Mobile"><img alt="Official seal of Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama.png/100px-Seal_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama.png/150px-Seal_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Seal_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Mobile,_Alabama_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Mobile"><img alt="Official logo of Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg/66px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg/99px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg/132px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"The Port City", "Azalea City", "The City of Six Flags"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="30.6951" data-lon="-88.0399" data-overlays="["_49ebcfa44dcf0414cb096d4db93567afc7fd6aa1"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/30.6951/-88.0399/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,30.6951,-88.0399,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mobile%2C_Alabama&revid=1258047584&groups=_49ebcfa44dcf0414cb096d4db93567afc7fd6aa1" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,30.6951,-88.0399,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mobile%2C_Alabama&revid=1258047584&groups=_49ebcfa44dcf0414cb096d4db93567afc7fd6aa1 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Mobile</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mobile is located in Alabama"><img alt="Mobile is located in Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg/200px-USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg/400px-USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.519%;left:14.972%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mobile"><img alt="Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mobile</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Alabama</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Alabama</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mobile is located in the United States"><img alt="Mobile is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/200px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/300px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/400px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.398%;left:64.723%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mobile"><img alt="Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mobile</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United States</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mobile,_Alabama&params=30_40_03_N_88_06_04_W_region:US-AL_type:city(187041)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°40′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°06′04″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.66750°N 88.10111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.66750; -88.10111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1702</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (town)</th><td class="infobox-data">January 20, 1814<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alabama-law-to-1823-town_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alabama-law-to-1823-town-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a> (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">December 17, 1819<sup id="cite_ref-alabama-law-to-1823-city_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alabama-law-to-1823-city-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">Mayor-Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stimpson" title="Sandy Stimpson">Sandy Stimpson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">R</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">City Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data">District 1 – Cory Penn<br />District 2 – William Carroll<br />District 3 – C.J. Small<br />District 4 – Ben Reynolds<br />District 5 – Joel Daves<br />District 6 – Josh Woods<br />District 7 – Gina Gregory</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">180.07 sq mi (466.39 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">139.48 sq mi (361.26 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">40.59 sq mi (105.14 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">220.75 sq mi (571.7 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,229 sq mi (3,184 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">33 ft (10 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">187,041</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">183,289</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">141st</a><br />AL: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alabama" title="List of municipalities in Alabama">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,314/sq mi (507.4/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">321,907 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">126th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-urban_area_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,458.3/sq mi (563.0/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">411,640 (US: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">133rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">335/sq mi (129.2/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Combined<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">665,147 (US: <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">79th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Combined density</th><td class="infobox-data">172.6/sq mi (66.63/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mobilian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%936" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC–6">UTC–6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central (CST)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%935" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC–5">UTC–5</a> (CDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Zip codes<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">36601–36613, 36615–36619, 36628, 36633, 36640–36641, 36644, 36652, 36660, 36663, 36670–36671, 36675, 36685, 36688–36689, 36691, 36693, 36695</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_251" title="Area code 251">251</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01-50000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">2404278<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofmobile.org/">cityofmobile.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mobile</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">moh-<span style="font-size:90%">BEEL</span></i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɔbil]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b0\/Fr-mobile.ogg\/Fr-mobile.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-mobile.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Fr-mobile.ogg/Fr-mobile.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-mobile.ogg" title="File:Fr-mobile.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a city and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile County, Alabama</a>, United States. The population was 187,041 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a successful vote to annex areas west of the city limits in July 2023, Mobile's population increased to 204,689 residents, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alabama" title="List of municipalities in Alabama">fourth-most populous city</a> in Alabama, after <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile is the principal municipality of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_metropolitan_area" title="Mobile metropolitan area">Mobile metropolitan area</a>, a region of 430,197 residents composed of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Alabama" title="Washington County, Alabama">Washington</a> counties; it is the third-largest metropolitan area in the state after Birmingham and Huntsville.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alabama's only saltwater port, Mobile is located on the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a> at the head of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> on the north-central <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foundmob_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foundmob-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a> has always played a key role in the economic health of the city, beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between the <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, down to its current role as the 12th-largest port in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mobilianpid_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobilianpid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-port_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile was founded in 1702 by the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">French</a> as the first capital of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>. During its first 100 years, Mobile was a colony of France, then <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and lastly <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Mobile became a part of the United States in 1813, with the annexation by President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the city surrendered to Federal forces on April 12, 1865,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> victories at two forts protecting the city. This, along with the news of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Johnston</a>'s surrender negotiations with <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a>, led General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> to seek a meeting with his Union counterpart, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Canby" title="Edward Canby">Edward R. S. Canby</a>. The two generals met several miles north of Mobile on May 2. After agreeing to a 48-hour <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">truce</a>, the generals enjoyed an <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_dining" title="Outdoor dining">al fresco luncheon</a> of food, drink, and lively music. Canby offered Taylor the same terms agreed upon between <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House#Surrender" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox</a>. Taylor accepted the terms and surrendered his command on May 4 at <a href="/wiki/Citronelle,_Alabama" title="Citronelle, Alabama">Citronelle, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>'s cultural centers, Mobile has several art museums, a symphony orchestra, professional opera, professional ballet company, and a large concentration of historic architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-mma2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mma2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-srg_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srg-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile is known for having the oldest organized <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> celebrations in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama's French Creole population</a> celebrated this festival from the first decade of the 18th century. Beginning in 1830, Mobile was host to the first formally organized Carnival <a href="/wiki/Mystic_society" title="Mystic society">mystic society</a> to celebrate with a parade in the United States. (In New Orleans, such a group is called a <i>krewe</i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-MMtime_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMtime-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></div> <p>The city gained its name from the Mobile tribe that the French colonists encountered living in the area of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is debated by Alabama historians, they may have been descendants of the Native American tribe whose small fortress town, <a href="/wiki/Mabila" title="Mabila">Mabila</a>, was used to conceal several thousand native warriors before an attack in 1540 on the expedition of Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About seven years after the founding of the French Mobile settlement, the Mobile tribe, along with the Tohomé, gained permission from the colonists to settle near the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maubilianind_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maubilianind-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">History of Mobile, Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Timeline of Mobile, Alabama">Timeline of Mobile, Alabama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial">Colonial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mobile1725.jpg/220px-Mobile1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mobile1725.jpg/330px-Mobile1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mobile1725.jpg/440px-Mobile1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Mobile and the pentagonal <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Condé">Fort Condé</a> in 1725</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Cond%C3%A9_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fort_Cond%C3%A9_2.jpg/170px-Fort_Cond%C3%A9_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fort_Cond%C3%A9_2.jpg/255px-Fort_Cond%C3%A9_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fort_Cond%C3%A9_2.jpg/340px-Fort_Cond%C3%A9_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="2763" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed bastion of the Fort Condé</figcaption></figure> <p>The European settlement of Mobile began with French colonists, who in 1702 constructed <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Mobile_Site" title="Old Mobile Site">Fort Louis de la Louisiane</a></i>, at Twenty-seven Mile Bluff on the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a>, as the first capital of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">French colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> brothers <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne,_Sieur_de_Bienville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville</a>, to establish control over France's claims to <i>La Louisiane</i>. Bienville was appointed as royal governor of French Louisiana in 1701. Mobile's Roman Catholic parish was established on July 20, 1703, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_la_Croix_de_Chevri%C3%A8res_de_Saint-Vallier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier">Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oldmobile1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldmobile1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parish was the first French Catholic parish established on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oldmobile1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldmobile1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1704, the ship <a href="/wiki/French_ship_P%C3%A9lican_(1702)" title="French ship Pélican (1702)"><i>Pélican</i></a> delivered 23 Frenchwomen to the colony; passengers had contracted <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> at a stop in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pelican_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelican-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though most of the "<i>Pélican</i> girls" recovered, numerous colonists and neighboring Native Americans contracted the disease in turn and many died.<sup id="cite_ref-pelican_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelican-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early period was also the occasion of the importation of the first African <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>, transported aboard a French supply ship from the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, where they had first been held.<sup id="cite_ref-pelican_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelican-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the colony fluctuated over the next few years, growing to 279 persons by 1708, yet shrinking to 178 persons two years later due to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-oldmobile1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldmobile1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These additional outbreaks of disease and a series of floods resulted in Bienville ordering in 1711 that the settlement be relocated several miles downriver to its present location at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new earth-and-palisade Fort Louis was constructed at the new site during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-MoMfort_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoMfort-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1712, when <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Antoine Crozat</a> was appointed to take over administration of the colony, its population had reached 400 persons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The capital of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a> was moved in 1720 to <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MoMfort_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoMfort-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Mobile to serve as a regional military and trading center. In 1723 the construction of a new brick fort with a stone foundation began<sup id="cite_ref-MoMfort_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoMfort-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was renamed Fort Condé in honor of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon">Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-conde1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conde1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1763, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed, ending the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which Britain won, defeating France. By this treaty, France ceded its territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain. This area was made a part of the expanded British <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> colony.<sup id="cite_ref-setmob1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setmob1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British changed the name of Fort Condé to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Charlotte,_Mobile" title="Fort Charlotte, Mobile">Fort Charlotte</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-setmob2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setmob2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British were eager not to lose any useful inhabitants and promised religious tolerance to the French colonists; ultimately 112 French colonists remained in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-britmob1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britmob1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first permanent Jewish settlers came to Mobile in 1763 as a result of the new British rule and religious tolerance. Jews had not been allowed to officially reside in colonial French Louisiana due to the <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a>, a decree passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685 that forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of France's colonies. Most of these colonial-era Jews in Mobile were merchants and traders from Sephardic Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>; they added to the commercial development of Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1766 the total population was estimated to be 860, though the town's borders were smaller than during the French colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-britmob1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britmob1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, West Florida and Mobile became a refuge for <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalists</a> fleeing the other colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-storymobile1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storymobile1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the British were dealing with their rebellious colonists along the Atlantic coast, the <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">Spanish entered the war</a> in 1779 as an ally of France. They took the opportunity to order <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez_y_Madrid,_Count_of_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez">Bernardo de Galvez</a>, Governor of Louisiana, on an expedition east to retake West Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-barrancas_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrancas-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He captured Mobile during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Charlotte" title="Battle of Fort Charlotte">Battle of Fort Charlotte</a> in 1780, as part of this campaign. The Spanish wished to eliminate any British threat to their Louisiana colony west of the Mississippi River, which they had received from France in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-storymobile1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storymobile1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their actions were condoned by the revolting American colonies, partially evidenced by the presence of Oliver Pollack, representative of the American Continental Congress. Due to strong trade ties, many residents of Mobile and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-storymobile1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storymobile1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barrancas_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrancas-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish renamed the fort as Fortaleza Carlota, and held Mobile as a part of Spanish <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> until 1813, when it was seized by United States General <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Hotel_Water_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southern_Hotel_Water_Street.jpg/220px-Southern_Hotel_Water_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southern_Hotel_Water_Street.jpg/330px-Southern_Hotel_Water_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southern_Hotel_Water_Street.jpg/440px-Southern_Hotel_Water_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">HABS</a> photo of the Southern Hotel on Water Street in 1934. It was completed in 1837 and demolished soon after this photograph was taken.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time Mobile was included in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a> in 1813, the population had dwindled to roughly 300 people.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was included in the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama Territory</a> in 1817, after <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> gained statehood. Alabama was granted statehood in 1819; Mobile's population had increased to 809 by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile was well situated for trade, as its location tied it to a river system that served as the principal navigational access for most of Alabama and a large part of Mississippi. River transportation was aided by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboats</a> in the early decades of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1822, the city's population had risen to 2,800.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Great Britain created shortages of cotton, driving up prices on world markets.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much land well suited to growing cotton lies in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a>, and its main tributaries the <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama Rivers</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a> using slave labor developed in the region and as a consequence Mobile's population quickly grew. It came to be settled by attorneys, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_factor" title="Cotton factor">cotton factors</a>, doctors, merchants and other professionals seeking to capitalize on trade with the upriver areas.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convent_Visitation_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Convent_Visitation_01.jpg/170px-Convent_Visitation_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Convent_Visitation_01.jpg/255px-Convent_Visitation_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Convent_Visitation_01.jpg/340px-Convent_Visitation_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3266" data-file-height="4654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Convent_and_Academy_of_the_Visitation" title="Convent and Academy of the Visitation">Convent and Academy of the Visitation</a>, completed in 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1830s onward, Mobile expanded into a city of commerce with a primary focus on the cotton and slave trades. Many slaves were transported by ship in the <a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">coastwise slave trade</a> from the Upper South. There were many businesses in the city related to the slave trade – people to make clothes, food, and supplies for the slave traders and their wards. The city's booming businesses attracted merchants from the North; by 1850 10% of its population was from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, which was deeply involved in the cotton industry.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile was the slave-trading center of the state until the 1850s, when it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prosperity stimulated a building boom that was underway by the mid-1830s, with the building of some of the most elaborate structures the city had seen up to that point. This was cut short in part by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waterfront was developed with wharves, terminal facilities, and fireproof brick warehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum1_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exports of cotton grew in proportion to the amounts being produced in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a>; by 1840 Mobile was second only to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in cotton exports in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum1_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the economy so focused on one crop, Mobile's fortunes were always tied to those of cotton, and the city weathered many financial crises.<sup id="cite_ref-antebellum1_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile slaveholders owned relatively few slaves compared to planters in the upland <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> areas, but many households had domestic slaves, and many other slaves worked on the waterfront and on riverboats. The last slaves to enter the United States from the African trade were brought to Mobile on the slave ship <a href="/wiki/Clotilda_(slave_ship)" title="Clotilda (slave ship)"><i>Clotilda</i></a>. Among them was <a href="/wiki/Cudjoe_Lewis" title="Cudjoe Lewis">Cudjoe Lewis</a>, who in the 1920s became the last survivor of the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamer_loading_cotton_in_Mobile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Steamer_loading_cotton_in_Mobile.jpg/220px-Steamer_loading_cotton_in_Mobile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Steamer_loading_cotton_in_Mobile.jpg/330px-Steamer_loading_cotton_in_Mobile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Steamer_loading_cotton_in_Mobile.jpg/440px-Steamer_loading_cotton_in_Mobile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steamboats</a> bound for inland Alabama and Mississippi being loaded at Mobile's dockyards</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1853, fifty Jewish families lived in Mobile, including <a href="/wiki/Philip_Phillips_(lawyer)" title="Philip Phillips (lawyer)">Philip Phillips</a>, an attorney from <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, who was elected to the Alabama State Legislature and then to the United States Congress. Many early Jewish families were descendants of Sephardic Jews who had been among the earliest colonial settlers in Charleston and Savannah.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1860 Mobile's population within the city limits had reached 29,258 people; it was the 27th-largest city in the United States and 4th-largest in what would soon be the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1860cen_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1860cen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free population in the whole of Mobile County, including the city, consisted of 29,754 citizens, of which 1,195 were <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">free people of color</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pop1860_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop1860-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 1,785 slave owners in the county held 11,376 people in bondage, about one-quarter of the total county population of 41,130 people.<sup id="cite_ref-pop1860_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop1860-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Mobile was a Confederate city. The <i><a href="/wiki/H._L._Hunley_(submarine)" title="H. L. Hunley (submarine)">H. L. Hunley</a></i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> to sink an enemy ship, was built in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunley_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunley-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Naval_engagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval engagement">naval engagements</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">war</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Battle of Mobile Bay</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> taking control of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> on August 5, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-newhist1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newhist1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 12, 1865, three days after <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s surrender at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Appomattox Courthouse">Appomattox Courthouse</a>, the city surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a> to avoid destruction after Union victories at nearby <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spanish_Fort" title="Battle of Spanish Fort">Spanish Fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Blakeley" title="Battle of Fort Blakeley">Fort Blakeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newhist1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newhist1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Cotton_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mobile_Cotton_Exchange.jpg/220px-Mobile_Cotton_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mobile_Cotton_Exchange.jpg/330px-Mobile_Cotton_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mobile_Cotton_Exchange.jpg/440px-Mobile_Cotton_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Cotton_Exchange" title="Mobile Cotton Exchange">Mobile Cotton Exchange</a> and Chamber of Commerce building, completed in 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 25, 1865, the city suffered great loss when some three hundred people died as a result of an <a href="/wiki/Mobile_magazine_explosion" title="Mobile magazine explosion">explosion</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition depot">ammunition depot</a> on Beauregard Street. The explosion left a 30-foot (9 m) deep hole at the depot's location, and sank ships docked on the Mobile River; the resulting fires destroyed the northern portion of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federal <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> in Mobile began after the Civil War and effectively ended in 1874 when the local <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> gained control of the city government.<sup id="cite_ref-reconstruction1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reconstruction1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last quarter of the 19th century was a time of economic depression and municipal insolvency for Mobile. One example can be provided by the value of Mobile's exports during this period of depression. The value of exports leaving the city fell from $9 million in 1878 to $3 million in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-exports1878_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exports1878-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Antwerp_Building_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Van_Antwerp_Building_1907.jpg/170px-Van_Antwerp_Building_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Van_Antwerp_Building_1907.jpg/255px-Van_Antwerp_Building_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Van_Antwerp_Building_1907.jpg/340px-Van_Antwerp_Building_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Van_Antwerp_Building" title="Van Antwerp Building">Van Antwerp Building</a>, completed in 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>The turn of the 20th century brought the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> to Mobile. The economic structure developed with new industries, generating new jobs and attracting a significant increase in population.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population increased from around 40,000 in 1900 to 60,000 by 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the city received $3 million in federal grants for harbor improvements to deepen the shipping channels.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During and after World War I, manufacturing became increasingly vital to Mobile's economic health, with shipbuilding and steel production being two of the most important industries.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, social justice and race relations in Mobile worsened, however.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state passed a new constitution in 1901 that <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites</a>; and the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed other discriminatory legislation. In 1902, the city government passed Mobile's first <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> ordinance, segregating the city streetcars. It legislated what had been informal practice, enforced by convention.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile's African-American population responded to this with a two-month boycott, but the law was not repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Mobile's <i>de facto</i> segregation was increasingly replaced with legislated segregation as whites imposed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> to maintain <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-progress1_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911 the city adopted a commission form of government, which had three members elected by <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> voting. Considered to be progressive, as it would reduce the power of ward bosses, this change resulted in the elite white majority strengthening its power, as only the majority could gain election of at-large candidates. In addition, poor whites and blacks had already been disenfranchised. Mobile was one of the last cities to retain this form of government, which prevented smaller groups from electing candidates of their choice. But Alabama's white yeomanry had historically favored <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a> in order to elect candidates of their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-vra_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vra-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_-_Mobile_Bay_through_Mobile_-_NARA_-_23934849_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alabama_-_Mobile_Bay_through_Mobile_-_NARA_-_23934849_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alabama_-_Mobile_Bay_through_Mobile_-_NARA_-_23934849_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alabama_-_Mobile_Bay_through_Mobile_-_NARA_-_23934849_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alabama_-_Mobile_Bay_through_Mobile_-_NARA_-_23934849_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alabama_-_Mobile_Bay_through_Mobile_-_NARA_-_23934849_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alabama_-_Mobile_Bay_through_Mobile_-_NARA_-_23934849_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="2678" /></a><figcaption>Warehouse district at the port, 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant" title="Red imported fire ant">red imported fire ant</a> was first introduced into the United States via the Port of Mobile. Sometime in the late 1930s they came ashore off cargo ships arriving from South America. The ants were carried in the soil used as ballast on those ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FireAnts_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FireAnts-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have spread throughout the South and Southwest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_ship_at_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Liberty_ship_at_sea.jpg/220px-Liberty_ship_at_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Liberty_ship_at_sea.jpg/330px-Liberty_ship_at_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Liberty_ship_at_sea.jpg/440px-Liberty_ship_at_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4331" data-file-height="3451" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> of the type built at <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Drydock_and_Shipbuilding_Company" title="Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company">Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company</a> during World War II. Twenty were completed in Mobile.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_T2-SE-A1_tanker_Hat_Creek_underway_at_sea_on_16_August_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Type_T2-SE-A1_tanker_Hat_Creek_underway_at_sea_on_16_August_1943.jpg/220px-Type_T2-SE-A1_tanker_Hat_Creek_underway_at_sea_on_16_August_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Type_T2-SE-A1_tanker_Hat_Creek_underway_at_sea_on_16_August_1943.jpg/330px-Type_T2-SE-A1_tanker_Hat_Creek_underway_at_sea_on_16_August_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Type_T2-SE-A1_tanker_Hat_Creek_underway_at_sea_on_16_August_1943.jpg/440px-Type_T2-SE-A1_tanker_Hat_Creek_underway_at_sea_on_16_August_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SS_Hat_Creek" title="SS Hat Creek">SS <i>Hat Creek</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/T2_tanker" title="T2 tanker">T2 tanker</a> completed by Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company in 1943. The company built 102 of these oil tankers during WWII.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the defense buildup in Mobile shipyards resulted in a considerable increase in the city's white middle-class and working-class population, largely due to the massive influx of workers coming to work in the shipyards and at the <a href="/wiki/Brookley_Air_Force_Base" title="Brookley Air Force Base">Brookley Army Air Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomason2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomason2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into Mobile to work for war effort industries.<sup id="cite_ref-thomason2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomason2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile was one of eighteen United States cities producing <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty ships">Liberty ships</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Drydock_and_Shipbuilding_Company" title="Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company">Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company</a> (ADDSCO) supported the war effort by producing ships faster than the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis powers</a> could sink them. ADDSCO also churned out a copious number of <a href="/wiki/T2_tanker" title="T2 tanker">T2 tankers</a> for the War Department.<sup id="cite_ref-thomason2_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomason2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation">Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Waterman_Steamship_Corporation" title="Waterman Steamship Corporation">Waterman Steamship Corporation</a>, focused on building <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">freighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer" title="Fletcher-class destroyer"><i>Fletcher</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomason2_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomason2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid increase of population in the city produced crowded conditions, increasing social tensions in the competition for housing and good jobs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 1943, a <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a> broke out between whites and blacks. ADDSCO management had long maintained segregated conditions at the shipyards, although the Roosevelt administration had ordered defense contractors to integrate facilities. That year ADDSCO promoted 12 blacks to positions as welders, previously reserved for whites; and whites objected to the change by rioting on May 24. The mayor appealed to the governor to call in the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> to restore order, but it was weeks before officials allowed African Americans to return to work,<sup id="cite_ref-addsco_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addsco-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> keeping them away for their safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1940s, the transition to the postwar economy was hard for the city, as thousands of jobs were lost at the shipyards with the decline in the defense industry. Eventually the city's social structure began to become more liberal. Replacing shipbuilding as a primary economic force, the paper and chemical industries began to expand. No longer needed for defense, most of the old military bases were converted to civilian uses. Following the war, in which many African Americans had served, veterans and their supporters stepped up activism to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights and social justice, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> South. During the 1950s the City of Mobile integrated its police force and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill College</a> accepted students of all races. Unlike in the rest of the state, by the early 1960s the city buses and lunch counters voluntarily desegregated.<sup id="cite_ref-thomason2_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomason2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alabama legislature passed the Cater Act in 1949, allowing cities and counties to set up industrial development boards (IDB) to issue municipal bonds as incentives to attract new industry into their local areas. The city of Mobile did not establish a Cater Act board until 1962. <a href="/wiki/George_E._McNally" title="George E. McNally">George E. McNally</a>, Mobile's first Republican mayor since Reconstruction, was the driving force behind the founding of the IDB. The Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce, believing its members were better qualified to attract new businesses and industry to the area, considered the new IDB as a serious rival. After several years of political squabbling, the Chamber of Commerce emerged victorious. While McNally's IDB prompted the Chamber of Commerce to become more proactive in attracting new industry, the chamber effectively shut Mobile city government out of economic development decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, three African-American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission to <a href="/wiki/Murphy_High_School,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Murphy High School, Alabama">Murphy High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-murphy1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murphy1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was nearly a decade after the United States Supreme Court had ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. The federal district court ordered that the three students be admitted to Murphy for the 1964 school year, leading to the desegregation of Mobile County's school system.<sup id="cite_ref-murphy1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murphy1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> gained congressional passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, eventually ending legal segregation and regaining effective suffrage for African Americans. But whites in the state had more than one way to reduce African Americans' voting power. Maintaining the city commission form of government with <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> voting resulted in all positions being elected by the white majority, as African Americans could not command a majority for their candidates in the informally segregated city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Mobile_2008_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Downtown_Mobile_2008_03.JPG/220px-Downtown_Mobile_2008_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Downtown_Mobile_2008_03.JPG/330px-Downtown_Mobile_2008_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Downtown_Mobile_2008_03.JPG/440px-Downtown_Mobile_2008_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Downtown in 2008, as seen from Cooper Riverside Park. Buildings include (L to R): The Renaissance Mobile Riverview Plaza Hotel, <a href="/wiki/RSA%E2%80%93BankTrust_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA–BankTrust Building">RSA–BankTrust Building</a>, Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center, and the <a href="/wiki/RSA_Battle_House_Tower" title="RSA Battle House Tower">RSA Battle House Tower</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Brookley_Air_Force_Base" title="Brookley Air Force Base">Brookley Air Force Base</a> was closed by the Department of Defense, dealing a severe blow to Mobile's economy. The closing resulted in a 10% unemployment rate in the city. This and other factors related to industrial restructuring ushered in a period of economic depression that lasted through the 1970s. The loss of jobs created numerous problems and resulted in loss of population as residents moved away for work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mobile's city commission form of government was challenged and finally overturned in 1982 in <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Mobile_v._Bolden" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Mobile v. Bolden">City of Mobile v. Bolden</a></i>, which was remanded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> to the district court. Finding that the city had adopted a commission form of government in 1911 and <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> positions with discriminatory intent, the court proposed that the three members of the city commission should be elected from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a>, likely ending their division of executive functions among them. Mobile's state legislative delegation in 1985 finally enacted a <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council">mayor-council</a> form of government, with seven members elected from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a>. This was approved by voters.<sup id="cite_ref-vra_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vra-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As white conservatives increasingly entered the Republican Party in the late 20th century, African-American residents of the city have elected members of the Democratic Party as their candidates of choice. Since the change to single-member districts, more women and African Americans were elected to the council than under the at-large system.<sup id="cite_ref-vra_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vra-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1980s, newly elected mayor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Dow" title="Mike Dow">Mike Dow</a> and the city council began an effort termed the "String of Pearls Initiative" to make Mobile into a competitive city.<sup id="cite_ref-progress2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city initiated construction of numerous new facilities and projects, and the restoration of hundreds of historic downtown buildings and homes.<sup id="cite_ref-progress2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City and county leaders also made efforts to attract new business ventures to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-progress3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progress3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashland_Place_Mobile_AL_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ashland_Place_Mobile_AL_05.JPG/220px-Ashland_Place_Mobile_AL_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ashland_Place_Mobile_AL_05.JPG/330px-Ashland_Place_Mobile_AL_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ashland_Place_Mobile_AL_05.JPG/440px-Ashland_Place_Mobile_AL_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Tudor Revival-style house in <a href="/wiki/Ashland_Place_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Ashland Place Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Ashland Place</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <p>Mobile is located in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-GR1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is 168 miles (270 km) by highway southwest of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, the state capital; 58 miles (93 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>; and 144 miles (232 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 180.07 square miles (466.4 km<sup>2</sup>), with 139.48 square miles (361.3 km<sup>2</sup>) of it being land, and 40.59 square miles (105.1 km<sup>2</sup>), or 22.5% of the total, being covered by water.<sup id="cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2023_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elevation in Mobile ranges from 10 feet (3 m) on Water Street in downtown<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 211 feet (64 m) at the Mobile Regional Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-elevationcham_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevationcham-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3></div> <p>Mobile has a number of notable historic neighborhoods. These include <a href="/wiki/Ashland_Place_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Ashland Place Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Ashland Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campground_Historic_District" title="Campground Historic District">Campground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Street_East_Historic_District" title="Church Street East Historic District">Church Street East</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Tonti_Square_Historic_District" title="De Tonti Square Historic District">De Tonti Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leinkauf_Historic_District" title="Leinkauf Historic District">Leinkauf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Dauphin_Street_Historic_District" title="Lower Dauphin Street Historic District">Lower Dauphin Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Midtown Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Midtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakleigh_Garden_Historic_District" title="Oakleigh Garden Historic District">Oakleigh Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Dauphin_Way_Historic_District" title="Old Dauphin Way Historic District">Old Dauphin Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Spring Hill (Mobile, Alabama)">Spring Hill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toulminville" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulminville">Toulminville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Mobile </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.8702em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.8844444444444em;height:2.3111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.195555555556em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">40</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.60096em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.2511111111111em;height:2.3444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.595555555556em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.11912em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.8955555555556em;height:2.4555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.351111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">71</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.43332em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.595555555556em;height:2.4555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.051111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.0955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.61112em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.517777777778em;height:2.3111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.828888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">85</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.017777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.10388em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.262222222222em;height:2.0888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.351111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">89</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.762222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.683em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.517777777778em;height:2.0333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.551111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.017777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.53568em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.506666666667em;height:2.0111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.517777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.006666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.59588em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.995555555556em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.106666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">87</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.495555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.87452em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.84em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.24em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.34em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">58</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.60604em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.84em;height:2.4444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.284444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">71</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.34em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.57048em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.1288888888889em;height:2.2777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.406666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.6288888888889em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">42</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Metric conversion</th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.8702em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">144</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.8844444444444em;height:2.3111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.195555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.60096em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">130</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.2511111111111em;height:2.3444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.595555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.11912em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">156</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.8955555555556em;height:2.4555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.351111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.43332em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">122</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.595555555556em;height:2.4555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.051111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.0955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.61112em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">131</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.517777777778em;height:2.3111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.828888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.017777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.10388em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">155</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.262222222222em;height:2.0888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.351111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.762222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.683em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">184</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.517777777778em;height:2.0333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.551111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.017777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.53568em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">177</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.506666666667em;height:2.0111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.517777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.006666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.59588em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">130</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.995555555556em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.106666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.495555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.87452em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">94</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.84em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.24em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.34em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.60604em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">130</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.84em;height:2.4444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.284444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.34em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.57048em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">129</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.1288888888889em;height:2.2777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.406666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.6288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mobile's geographical location on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> provides a mild <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Cfa</i>), with hot, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. The record low temperature was −1 °F (−18 °C), set on February 13, 1899, and the record high was 105 °F (41 °C), set on August 29, 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Feb_Averages_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb_Averages-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aug_Averages_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aug_Averages-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study by <a href="/wiki/Weatherbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherbill">WeatherBill, Inc.</a> determined that Mobile is the wettest city in the contiguous 48 states, with 66.3 inches (1,680 mm) of average annual rainfall over a 30-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-weatherbill_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatherbill-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile averages 120 days per year with at least 0.01 inches (0.3 mm) of rain. Precipitation is heavy year-round. On average, July and August are the wettest months, with frequent and often-heavy shower and thunderstorm activity. October stands out as a slightly drier month than all others. Snow is rare in Mobile, with its last snowfall occurring on December 8, 2017;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before this, the last snowfall had been nearly four years earlier, on January 27, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-nws_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile is occasionally affected by major tropical storms and hurricanes.<sup id="cite_ref-srg_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srg-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city suffered a major natural disaster on the night of September 12, 1979, when <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale">category-3</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frederic" title="Hurricane Frederic">Hurricane Frederic</a> passed over the heart of the city. The storm caused tremendous damage to Mobile and the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-hurricane1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurricane1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile had moderate damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Opal" title="Hurricane Opal">Hurricane Opal</a> on October 4, 1995, and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</a> on September 16, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-HurIvan_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HurIvan-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg/220px-KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg/330px-KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg/440px-KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Flooding at the federal courthouse on Saint Joseph Street, three blocks from the waterfront, during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Mobile suffered millions of dollars in damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> on August 29, 2005, which damaged much of the Gulf Coast cities. A storm surge of 11.45 feet (3.49 m), topped by higher waves, damaged eastern sections of the city with extensive flooding in downtown, the <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Parkway" title="Battleship Parkway">Battleship Parkway</a>, and the elevated <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Parkway" title="Jubilee Parkway">Jubilee Parkway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HurKat_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HurKat-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mobile, Alabama (<a href="/wiki/Mobile_Regional_Airport" title="Mobile Regional Airport">Mobile Regional Airport</a>, 1991–2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1872–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.6<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.0<br />(28.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.3<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.2<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.4<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.7<br />(35.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.2<br />(35.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.8<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.1<br />(31.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.6<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">97.8<br />(36.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.5<br />(16.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.8<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.8<br />(25.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.9<br />(29.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.4<br />(31.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.9<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.8<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.5<br />(30.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.7<br />(26.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5<br />(17.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.8<br />(25.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0<br />(12.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.9<br />(16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.4<br />(23.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1<br />(26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.9<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1<br />(25.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.0<br />(20.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.3<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.6<br />(19.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.7<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0<br />(10.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8<br />(17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9<br />(22.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.8<br />(20.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.2<br />(14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.7<br />(8.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">57.4<br />(14.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(−5.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(−2.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(−0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0<br />(10.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2<br />(17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.6<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.3<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(4.7) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(−0.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.0<br />(−6.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(−16) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(−18) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(−1) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1<br />(−18) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #28FF28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.66<br />(144) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.47<br />(114) </td> <td style="background: #31FF31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.44<br />(138) </td> <td style="background: #1FFF1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.71<br />(145) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.39<br />(137) </td> <td style="background: #00FE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.55<br />(166) </td> <td style="background: #00DB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.69<br />(195) </td> <td style="background: #00FA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.87<br />(174) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.30<br />(135) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.95<br />(100) </td> <td style="background: #4AFF4A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.60<br />(117) </td> <td style="background: #31FF31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.45<br />(138) </td> <td style="background: #27FF27; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.08<br />(1,704) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.25) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.25) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.51) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,691 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity 1981–2010)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCDC_txt_KMOB_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDC_txt_KMOB-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a> (sun, 1931–1960)<sup id="cite_ref-DMI_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMI-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mobile, Alabama (<a href="/wiki/Mobile_Downtown_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Downtown Airport">Mobile Downtown Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.5<br />(23.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8<br />(24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.1<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.2<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.2<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.7<br />(35.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.2<br />(35.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.2<br />(34.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.1<br />(31.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.4<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.7<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">97.8<br />(36.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8<br />(18.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.8<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.0<br />(29.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.0<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.7<br />(33.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.9<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.8<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3<br />(27.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.6<br />(22.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3<br />(17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.5<br />(25.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(11.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.8<br />(16.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.3<br />(20.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.5<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.6<br />(28.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8<br />(16.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.6<br />(12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69.1<br />(20.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1<br />(7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.8<br />(11.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6<br />(14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.3<br />(19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.8<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0<br />(16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.9<br />(7.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.7<br />(15.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(−1.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.7<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.9<br />(21.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.1<br />(15.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.3<br />(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(−1.9) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.9<br />(−5.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(−11) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(−5) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(13) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60<br />(16) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48<br />(9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(1) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(−4) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(−11) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #3AFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.19<br />(132) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.77<br />(96) </td> <td style="background: #3DFF3D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.11<br />(130) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.86<br />(123) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.42<br />(112) </td> <td style="background: #1CFF1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.78<br />(147) </td> <td style="background: #06FF06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.57<br />(167) </td> <td style="background: #00F000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.14<br />(181) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.47<br />(114) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.80<br />(97) </td> <td style="background: #5DFF5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.13<br />(105) </td> <td style="background: #37FF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.28<br />(134) </td> <td style="background: #3CFF3C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.52<br />(1,537) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">133.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christmas_Day_tornado">Christmas Day tornado</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_on_Springhill_Avenue_Mobile_12-29-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/House_on_Springhill_Avenue_Mobile_12-29-2012.jpg/220px-House_on_Springhill_Avenue_Mobile_12-29-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/House_on_Springhill_Avenue_Mobile_12-29-2012.jpg/330px-House_on_Springhill_Avenue_Mobile_12-29-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/House_on_Springhill_Avenue_Mobile_12-29-2012.jpg/440px-House_on_Springhill_Avenue_Mobile_12-29-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A house on Springhill Avenue destroyed in the Christmas Day 2012 tornado</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_December_2012_North_American_storm_complex" title="Late December 2012 North American storm complex">Late December 2012 North American storm complex</a></div> <p>In late December 2012, the city suffered two tornado hits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On December 25, 2012, at 4:54 pm, a large <a href="/wiki/Wedge_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge tornado">wedge tornado</a> touched down in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-presstornado_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presstornado-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tornado rapidly intensified as it moved north-northeast at speeds of up to 50 mph (80 km/h). The path took the tornado into <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Midtown Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Midtown</a>, causing damage or destruction to at least 100 structures. The heaviest damage to houses was along Carlen Street, Rickarby Place, Dauphin Street, <a href="/wiki/Old_Shell_Road" title="Old Shell Road">Old Shell Road</a>, Margaret Street, Silverwood Street, and Springhill Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-presstornado_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presstornado-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tornado caused significant damage to the Carmelite Monastery, Little Flower Catholic Church, commercial real estate along <a href="/wiki/Airport_Boulevard_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Airport Boulevard (Mobile, Alabama)">Airport Boulevard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_Street_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Government Street (Mobile, Alabama)">Government Street</a> in the Midtown at the Loop neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Murphy_High_School_(Alabama)" title="Murphy High School (Alabama)">Murphy High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Episcopal_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Trinity Episcopal Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Trinity Episcopal Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Sha%27arai_Shomayim_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim (Mobile, Alabama)">Springhill Avenue Temple</a>, and Mobile Infirmary Hospital before moving into the neighboring city of Prichard.<sup id="cite_ref-presstornado_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presstornado-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tornado was classified as an <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale" title="Enhanced Fujita scale">EF2</a> tornado by the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> on December 26.<sup id="cite_ref-presstornado_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presstornado-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The path taken through the city was just a short distance east of the path taken days earlier, on December 20, by an EF1 tornado which had touched down near <a href="/wiki/Davidson_High_School_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Davidson High School (Mobile, Alabama)">Davidson High School</a> and taken a path ending in Prichard.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial damage estimates for insured and uninsured ranged from $140 to $150 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azalea_Trail_Maids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Azalea_Trail_Maids.jpg/220px-Azalea_Trail_Maids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Azalea_Trail_Maids.jpg/330px-Azalea_Trail_Maids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Azalea_Trail_Maids.jpg/440px-Azalea_Trail_Maids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Azalea_Trail_Maids" title="Azalea Trail Maids">Azalea Trail Maids</a> on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill College</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mobile's French and Spanish colonial history has given it a culture distinguished by French, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Creole</a>, African and Catholic heritage, in addition to later British and American influences. It is distinguished from all other cities in the state of Alabama. The annual <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> celebration is perhaps the best example of its differences. Mobile is the birthplace of the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> in the United States and has the oldest celebration, dating to the early 18th century during the French colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-LOCgras_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOCgras-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carnival in Mobile evolved over the course of 300 years from a beginning as a sedate French Catholic tradition into the mainstream multi-week celebration that today bridges a spectrum of cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-carnival4_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnival4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile's official cultural ambassadors are the <a href="/wiki/Azalea_Trail_Maids" title="Azalea Trail Maids">Azalea Trail Maids</a>, meant to embody the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Southern_hospitality" title="Southern hospitality">Southern hospitality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-azaleatrail_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azaleatrail-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a></i> (1977) and <i><a href="/wiki/Back_Roads_(1981_film)" title="Back Roads (1981 film)">Back Roads</a></i> (1981) were shot in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnival_and_Mardi_Gras">Carnival and Mardi Gras</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mystic_society" title="Mystic society">Mystic society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Order_of_Incas_parade_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mobile_Order_of_Incas_parade_03.jpg/170px-Mobile_Order_of_Incas_parade_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mobile_Order_of_Incas_parade_03.jpg/255px-Mobile_Order_of_Incas_parade_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mobile_Order_of_Incas_parade_03.jpg/340px-Mobile_Order_of_Incas_parade_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>The Order of Inca night parade in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The Carnival season has expanded throughout the late fall and winter: <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (dance)">balls</a> in the city may be scheduled as early as November, with the <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parades</a> beginning after January 5 and the Twelfth Day of Christmas or Epiphany on January 6.<sup id="cite_ref-mgrasfaqs_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgrasfaqs-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carnivalterminology_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnivalterminology-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnival celebrations end at midnight on <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>, a moveable feast related to the timing of Lent and Easter. The next day is <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, the 40-day penitential season before Easter.<sup id="cite_ref-slacabamorinico_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slacabamorinico-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mobile, locals often use the term Mardi Gras as a shorthand to refer to the entire Carnival season. During the Carnival season; the <a href="/wiki/Mystic_society" title="Mystic society">mystic societies</a> build colorful floats and parade throughout downtown. Masked society members toss small gifts, known as 'throws,' to parade spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mystic societies, which in essence are exclusive private clubs, also hold formal <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerade balls</a>, usually by invitation only, and oriented to adults.<sup id="cite_ref-carnivalterminology_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnivalterminology-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carnival was first celebrated in Mobile in 1703 when colonial French Catholic settlers carried out their traditional celebration at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mobile_Site" title="Old Mobile Site">Old Mobile Site</a>, prior to the 1711 relocation of the city to the current site.<sup id="cite_ref-MMtime_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMtime-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile's first Carnival society was established in 1711 with the <i>Boeuf Gras Society</i> (Fatted Ox Society).<sup id="cite_ref-CarnHist1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarnHist1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebrations were relatively small and consisted of local, private parties until the early 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg/220px-Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg/330px-Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg/440px-Mobile_Mardi_Gras_2010_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Knights of Revelry parade on Royal Street in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1830 Mobile's Cowbellion de Rakin Society was the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade.<sup id="cite_ref-MMtime_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMtime-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slacabamorinico_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slacabamorinico-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cowbellions got their start when Michael Krafft, a cotton factor from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, began a parade with rakes, hoes, and cowbells.<sup id="cite_ref-slacabamorinico_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slacabamorinico-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Cowbellians</i> introduced horse-drawn floats to the parades in 1840 with a parade entitled "Heathen Gods and Goddesses".<sup id="cite_ref-CarnHist1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarnHist1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Striker%27s_Independent_Society" title="Striker's Independent Society">Striker's Independent Society</a>, formed in 1843, is the oldest surviving mystic society in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CarnHist1_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarnHist1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carnival celebrations in Mobile were canceled during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In 1866 <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cain" title="Joe Cain">Joe Cain</a> revived the Mardi Gras parades when he paraded through the city streets on Fat Tuesday while costumed as a fictional <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> chief named <i>Slacabamorinico.</i> He celebrated the day in front of the occupying <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> troops.<sup id="cite_ref-JChist_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JChist-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Mobile's <a href="/wiki/Tricentennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricentennial">Tricentennial</a> celebrated with parades that represented all of the city's mystic societies.<sup id="cite_ref-CarnHist1_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarnHist1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 2004, the Conde Explorers in 2005 were the first integrated Mardi Gras society to parade in downtown Mobile. The society has about a hundred members and welcomes men and women of all races. In addition to the parade and ball, the Conde Explorers hold several parties throughout the year. Its members also perform volunteer work. The Conde Explorers were featured in the award-winning documentary, <i>The Order of Myths</i> (2008), by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brown_(film_director)" title="Margaret Brown (film director)">Margaret Brown</a> about Mobile's Mardi Gras.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives_and_libraries">Archives and libraries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Public_Library_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mobile_Public_Library_2008.jpg/220px-Mobile_Public_Library_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mobile_Public_Library_2008.jpg/330px-Mobile_Public_Library_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mobile_Public_Library_2008.jpg/440px-Mobile_Public_Library_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>The Ben May Main Library on Government Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_African_American_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National African American Archives and Museum">National African American Archives and Museum</a> features the history of African-American participation in Mardi Gras, authentic artifacts from the era of slavery, and portraits and biographies of famous African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-naaam_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naaam-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of South Alabama Archives houses primary source material relating to the history of Mobile and southern Alabama, as well as the university's history. The archives are located on the ground floor of the USA Spring Hill Campus and are open to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-usa1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mobile Municipal Archives contains the extant records of the City of Mobile, dating from the city's creation as a municipality by the Mississippi Territory in 1814. The majority of the original records of Mobile's colonial history, spanning the years 1702 through 1813, are housed in Paris, London, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cmma1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmma1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mobile Genealogical Society Library and Media Center is located at the Holy Family Catholic Church and School complex. It features handwritten manuscripts and published materials that are available for use in genealogical research.<sup id="cite_ref-MGS_library_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGS_library-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Public_Library" title="Mobile Public Library">Mobile Public Library</a> system serves Mobile and consists of eight branches across Mobile County; its large local history and genealogy division is housed in a facility next to the newly restored and enlarged <a href="/wiki/Ben_E._May" title="Ben E. May">Ben May</a> Main Library on Government Street.<sup id="cite_ref-mpl1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpl1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saint Ignatius Archives, Museum and Theological Research Library contains primary sources, artifacts, documents, photographs and publications that pertain to the history of Saint Ignatius Church and School, the Catholic history of the city, and the history of the Roman Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-siamt1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siamt1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Museum_of_Art_by_Highsmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mobile_Museum_of_Art_by_Highsmith.jpg/220px-Mobile_Museum_of_Art_by_Highsmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mobile_Museum_of_Art_by_Highsmith.jpg/330px-Mobile_Museum_of_Art_by_Highsmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mobile_Museum_of_Art_by_Highsmith.jpg/440px-Mobile_Museum_of_Art_by_Highsmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>The Mobile Museum of Art in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Museum_of_Art" title="Mobile Museum of Art">Mobile Museum of Art</a> features permanent exhibits that span several centuries of art and culture. The museum was expanded in 2002 to approximately 95,000 square feet (8,826 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permanent exhibits include the African and Asian Collection Gallery, Altmayer Gallery (American art), Katharine C. Cochrane Gallery of American Fine Art, Maisel European Gallery, Riddick Glass Gallery, Smith Crafts Gallery, and the Ann B. Hearin Gallery (contemporary works).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Centre for the Living Arts is an organization that operates the historic <a href="/wiki/Saenger_Theatre_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saenger Theatre (Mobile, Alabama)">Saenger Theatre</a> and Space 301, a contemporary art gallery. The Saenger Theatre opened in 1927 as a <a href="/wiki/Movie_palace" title="Movie palace">movie palace</a>. Today it is a performing arts center and serves as a small concert venue for the city. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Mobile Symphony Orchestra">Mobile Symphony Orchestra</a>, conducted by Maestro Scott Speck.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Space 301 Gallery and Studio was initially housed adjacent to the Saenger, but moved to its own space in 2008. The 93,000 sq ft (8,640 m<sup>2</sup>) building, donated to the centre by the <i><a href="/wiki/Press-Register" title="Press-Register">Press-Register</a></i> after its relocation to a new modern facility, underwent a $5.2 million renovation and redesign prior to opening.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Theater" title="Crescent Theater">Crescent Theater</a> in downtown Mobile has been showing <a href="/wiki/Arthouse_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthouse film">arthouse films</a> since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MobileDomeJuly07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MobileDomeJuly07.jpg/220px-MobileDomeJuly07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MobileDomeJuly07.jpg/330px-MobileDomeJuly07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MobileDomeJuly07.jpg/440px-MobileDomeJuly07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>The Mobile Civic Center in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Civic_Center" title="Mobile Civic Center">Mobile Civic Center</a> contains three facilities under one roof. The 400,000 sq ft (37,161 m<sup>2</sup>) building has an arena, a theater and an exposition hall. It is the primary concert venue for the city and hosts a wide variety of events. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Opera" title="Mobile Opera">Mobile Opera</a> and the Mobile Ballet.<sup id="cite_ref-srg_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srg-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 60-year-old Mobile Opera averages about 1,200 attendees per performance.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide variety of events are held at Mobile's Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center. It contains a 100,000 sq ft (9,290 m<sup>2</sup>) exhibit hall, a 15,000 sq ft (1,394 m<sup>2</sup>) grand ballroom, and sixteen meeting rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-acocc1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acocc1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has hosts the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Gulf_State_Fair" title="Greater Gulf State Fair">Greater Gulf State Fair</a>, held each October since 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-al_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also hosted <a href="/wiki/Bayfest_(Mobile)" title="Bayfest (Mobile)">BayFest</a>, an annual three-day music festival with more than 125 live musical acts on multiple stages spread throughout downtown;<sup id="cite_ref-bayfest1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bayfest1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it now holds Ten Sixty Five festival, a free music festival. </p><p>The Mobile Theatre Guild is a nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Community_theatre" title="Community theatre">community theatre</a> that has served the city since 1947. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Arts_Council" title="Mobile Arts Council">Mobile Arts Council</a>, the Alabama Conference of Theatre and Speech, the Southeastern Theatre Conference, and the American Association of Community Theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile is also host to the Joe Jefferson Players, Alabama's oldest continually running community theatre. The group was named in honor of the famous comedic actor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jefferson" title="Joseph Jefferson">Joe Jefferson</a>, who spend part of his teenage years in Mobile. The Players debuted their first production on December 17, 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drama Camp Productions and Sunny Side Theater is Mobile's home for children's theater and fun. The group began doing summer camps in 2002, expanded to a year-round facility in 2008 and recently moved into the Azalea City Center for the Arts, a community of drama, music, art, photography, and dance teachers. The group has produced Broadway shows including "Miracle on 34th Street", "Honk", "Fame", and "Hairspray".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Arts_Council" title="Mobile Arts Council">Mobile Arts Council</a> is an umbrella organization for the arts in Mobile. It was founded in 1955 as a project of the Junior League of Mobile with the mission to increase cooperation among artistic and cultural organizations in the area and to provide a forum for problems in art, music, theater, and literature. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the Mobile rock band: <a href="/wiki/The_Sunshine_Factory" title="The Sunshine Factory">The Sunshine Factory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Alabama_Mobile,_Alabama_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG/220px-USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG/330px-USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG/440px-USS_Alabama_Mobile%2C_Alabama_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">USS <i>Alabama</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Memorial_Park" title="Battleship Memorial Park">Battleship Memorial Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mobile is home to a variety of museums. <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Memorial_Park" title="Battleship Memorial Park">Battleship Memorial Park</a> is a military park on the shore of Mobile Bay. It features the World War II era <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">USS <i>Alabama</i></a>, the World War II era <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Drum_(SS-228)" title="USS Drum (SS-228)">USS <i>Drum</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> Memorials, and a variety of historical military equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-battleship_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battleship-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Old City Hall (Mobile, Alabama)">History Museum of Mobile</a> showcases 300 plus years of Mobile history and prehistory. It is housed in the historic <a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Old City Hall (Mobile, Alabama)">Old City Hall</a> (1857), a National Historic Landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-southernmarket_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southernmarket-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oakleigh_Historic_Complex_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Oakleigh Historic Complex (Mobile, Alabama)">Oakleigh Historic Complex</a> features three house museums that attempt to interpret the lives of people from three strata of 19th century society in Mobile, that of the enslaved, the working class, and the upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakleigh_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakleigh-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Carnival_Museum" title="Mobile Carnival Museum">Mobile Carnival Museum</a>, housing the city's <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile">Mardi Gras</a> history and memorabilia, documents the variety of floats, costumes, and displays seen during the history of the festival season.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bragg-Mitchell_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bragg-Mitchell Mansion">Bragg-Mitchell Mansion</a> (1855), <a href="/wiki/Richards_DAR_House" title="Richards DAR House">Richards DAR House</a> (1860), and the <a href="/wiki/Conde-Charlotte_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Conde-Charlotte House">Condé-Charlotte House</a> (1822) are historic, furnished <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">antebellum</a> house museums.<sup id="cite_ref-bmm1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmm1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rdarhm1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdarhm1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccmh1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccmh1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Morgan_(Alabama)" title="Fort Morgan (Alabama)">Fort Morgan</a> (1819), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaines_(Alabama)" title="Fort Gaines (Alabama)">Fort Gaines</a> (1821), and <a href="/wiki/Blakeley,_Alabama" title="Blakeley, Alabama">Historic Blakeley State Park</a> all figure predominantly in local <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> history.<sup id="cite_ref-nris2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent-Doan_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vincent-Doan_House.jpg/220px-Vincent-Doan_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vincent-Doan_House.jpg/330px-Vincent-Doan_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vincent-Doan_House.jpg/440px-Vincent-Doan_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>The Vincent-Doan House, home to the Mobile Medical Museum. It is one of the oldest surviving houses in the city.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mobile Medical Museum is housed in the historic French colonial-style Vincent-Doan House (1827). It features artifacts and resources that chronicle the long history of medicine in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-mmm1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmm1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phoenix Fire Museum is located in the restored Phoenix Volunteer Fire Company Number 6 building and features the history of fire companies in Mobile from their organization in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-pfm1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfm1-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mobile Police Department Museum features exhibits that chronicle the history of law enforcement in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-mpdm1_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpdm1-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Exploreum_Science_Center" title="Gulf Coast Exploreum Science Center">Gulf Coast Exploreum Science Center</a> is a non-profit science center located in downtown. It features permanent and traveling exhibits, an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> dome theater, a digital 3D virtual theater, and a hands-on chemistry laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-exploreum_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploreum-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island_Sea_Lab" title="Dauphin Island Sea Lab">Dauphin Island Sea Lab</a> is located south of the city, on Dauphin Island near the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a>. It houses the Estuarium, an aquarium which illustrates the four habitats of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">river delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphin Island">barrier islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_other_attractions">Parks and other attractions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketchum_Fountain_in_Bienville_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ketchum_Fountain_in_Bienville_Square.jpg/170px-Ketchum_Fountain_in_Bienville_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ketchum_Fountain_in_Bienville_Square.jpg/255px-Ketchum_Fountain_in_Bienville_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ketchum_Fountain_in_Bienville_Square.jpg/340px-Ketchum_Fountain_in_Bienville_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ketchum Fountain in the center of <a href="/wiki/Bienville_Square" title="Bienville Square">Bienville Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Botanical_Gardens" title="Mobile Botanical Gardens">Mobile Botanical Gardens</a> feature a variety of flora spread over 100 acres (40 ha). It contains the Millie McConnell <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a> Garden with 1,000 evergreen and native azaleas and the 30-acre (12 ha) <a href="/wiki/Longleaf_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Longleaf Pine">Longleaf Pine</a> Habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-botanicalgard_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-botanicalgard-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bellingrath_Gardens_and_Home" title="Bellingrath Gardens and Home">Bellingrath Gardens and Home</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Fowl_River" title="Fowl River">Fowl River</a>, is a 65-acre (26 ha) <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> and historic 10,500-square-foot (975 m<sup>2</sup>) mansion that dates to the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-bellingrathgard_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellingrathgard-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center is a facility that allows visitors to learn about and access the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tensaw_River" title="Tensaw River">Tensaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apalachee_River_(Alabama)" title="Apalachee River (Alabama)">Apalachee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_River_(Alabama)" title="Middle River (Alabama)">Middle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blakeley_River" title="Blakeley River">Blakeley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_River_(Alabama)" title="Spanish River (Alabama)">Spanish</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-5_Rivers_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5_Rivers-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established to serve as an easily accessible gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Mobile-Tensaw_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile-Tensaw River Delta">Mobile-Tensaw River Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5_Rivers_Facilities_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5_Rivers_Facilities-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It offers boat and adventure tours, a small theater, an exhibit hall, meeting facilities, walking trails, and a canoe and kayak landing.<sup id="cite_ref-5RDS_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5RDS-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile has more than 45 public parks within its limits, with some that are of special note.<sup id="cite_ref-parksmob_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parksmob-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bienville_Square" title="Bienville Square">Bienville Square</a> is a historic park in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District. It assumed its current form in 1850 and is named for Mobile's founder, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was once the principal gathering place for residents, when the city was smaller, and remains popular today. <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Square_(Mobile,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Square (Mobile, Alabama)">Cathedral Square</a> is a one-block performing arts park, also in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District, which is overlooked by the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mainstreet_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainstreet-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fort of Colonial Mobile is a reconstruction of the city's original Fort Condé, built on the original fort's footprint. It serves as the official welcome center and a colonial-era living history museum.<sup id="cite_ref-MoMfort_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoMfort-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish Plaza is a downtown park that honors the Spanish phase of the city between 1780 and 1813. It features the <i>Arches of Friendship</i>, a fountain presented to Mobile by the city of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-spanplaza_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanplaza-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Langan_(Municipal)_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Langan (Municipal) Park">Langan Park</a>, the largest of the parks at 720 acres (291 ha), features lakes, natural spaces, and contains the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Museum_of_Art" title="Mobile Museum of Art">Mobile Museum of Art</a>, Azalea City Golf Course, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Botanical_Gardens" title="Mobile Botanical Gardens">Mobile Botanical Gardens</a> and Playhouse in the Park.<sup id="cite_ref-parksmob_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parksmob-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_architecture">Historic architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:250_St._Anthony_Street_Mobile_AL_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/250_St._Anthony_Street_Mobile_AL_01.JPG/220px-250_St._Anthony_Street_Mobile_AL_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/250_St._Anthony_Street_Mobile_AL_01.JPG/330px-250_St._Anthony_Street_Mobile_AL_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/250_St._Anthony_Street_Mobile_AL_01.JPG/440px-250_St._Anthony_Street_Mobile_AL_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A house within the <a href="/wiki/De_Tonti_Square_Historic_District" title="De Tonti Square Historic District">De Tonti Square Historic District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mobile has antebellum architectural examples of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Creole_cottage" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole cottage">Creole cottage</a>. Later architectural styles found in the city include the various <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> types, <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_house" title="Shotgun house">shotgun</a> types, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> and many others. The city currently has nine major <a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">historic districts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Old_Dauphin_Way_Historic_District" title="Old Dauphin Way Historic District">Old Dauphin Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakleigh_Garden_Historic_District" title="Oakleigh Garden Historic District">Oakleigh Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Dauphin_Street_Historic_District" title="Lower Dauphin Street Historic District">Lower Dauphin Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leinkauf_Historic_District" title="Leinkauf Historic District">Leinkauf</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Tonti_Square_Historic_District" title="De Tonti Square Historic District">De Tonti Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Street_East_Historic_District" title="Church Street East Historic District">Church Street East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashland_Place_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Ashland Place Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Ashland Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campground_Historic_District" title="Campground Historic District">Campground</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Midtown Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Midtown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nris2_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Mobile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cathedral-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Mobile.jpg/170px-Cathedral-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Mobile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cathedral-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Mobile.jpg/255px-Cathedral-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Mobile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cathedral-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Mobile.jpg/340px-Cathedral-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Mobile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mobile" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile">Archdiocese of Mobile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mobile has a number of historic structures in the city, including numerous churches and private homes. Mobile's historic churches include <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Christ Church Cathedral (Mobile, Alabama)">Christ Church Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_AME_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuel AME Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Emanuel AME Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_Street_Presbyterian_Church" title="Government Street Presbyterian Church">Government Street Presbyterian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Street_Missionary_Baptist_Church" title="St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church">St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Street_AME_Zion_Church" title="State Street AME Zion Church">State Street AME Zion Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Stone Street Baptist Church">Stone Street Baptist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Episcopal_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Trinity Episcopal Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Trinity Episcopal Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Street_Methodist_Church" title="St. Francis Street Methodist Church">St. Francis Street Methodist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Joseph's Roman Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Joseph's Roman Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Francis Xavier Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew%27s_Catholic_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Matthew's Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Matthew's Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Episcopal_Chapel_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Paul's Episcopal Chapel (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Paul's Episcopal Chapel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_de_Paul_(Mobile,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent de Paul (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Vincent de Paul</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sodality_Chapel" title="Sodality Chapel">Sodality Chapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College_Quadrangle" title="Spring Hill College Quadrangle">St. Joseph's Chapel</a> at Spring Hill College are two historic churches on that campus. Two historic Roman Catholic convents survive, the <a href="/wiki/Convent_and_Academy_of_the_Visitation" title="Convent and Academy of the Visitation">Convent and Academy of the Visitation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Mercy_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Convent of Mercy (Mobile, Alabama)">Convent of Mercy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nris2_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barton_Academy" title="Barton Academy">Barton Academy</a> is a historic Greek Revival school building and local landmark on Government Street. The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Portier_House" title="Bishop Portier House">Bishop Portier House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carlen_House" title="Carlen House">Carlen House</a> are two of the many surviving examples of <a href="/wiki/Creole_cottage" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole cottage">Creole cottages</a> in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_City_Hospital" title="Mobile City Hospital">Mobile City Hospital</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Hospital_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="United States Marine Hospital (Mobile, Alabama)">United States Marine Hospital</a> are both restored <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> hospital buildings that predate the Civil War. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Firehouse_No._5" title="Washington Firehouse No. 5">Washington Firehouse No. 5</a> is a Greek Revival fire station, built in 1851. The <a href="/wiki/Hunter_House_(Mobile,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter House (Mobile, Alabama)">Hunter House</a> is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> style and was built by a successful 19th-century African American businesswoman. The <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Place" title="Monterey Place">Shepard House</a> is a good example of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne</a> style. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite_Temple_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Scottish Rite Temple (Mobile, Alabama)">Scottish Rite Temple</a> is the only surviving example of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival architecture</a> in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Ohio_Passenger_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal">Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal</a> is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_Style_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Revival Style architecture">Mission Revival</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-nris2_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Marine_Hospital_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mobile_Marine_Hospital_02.JPG/220px-Mobile_Marine_Hospital_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mobile_Marine_Hospital_02.JPG/330px-Mobile_Marine_Hospital_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mobile_Marine_Hospital_02.JPG/440px-Mobile_Marine_Hospital_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Hospital_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="United States Marine Hospital (Mobile, Alabama)">United States Marine Hospital</a>, restored and adapted for reuse by the Mobile County Health Department.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has several historic cemeteries that were established shortly after the colonial era. They replaced the colonial <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Campo Santo</a>, of which no trace remains. The <a href="/wiki/Church_Street_Graveyard" title="Church Street Graveyard">Church Street Graveyard</a> contains above-ground tombs and monuments spread over 4 acres (2 ha) and was founded in 1819, during the height of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Sledge_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sledge-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby 120-acre (49 ha) <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Cemetery_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Magnolia Cemetery (Mobile, Alabama)">Magnolia Cemetery</a> was established in 1836 and served as Mobile's primary burial site during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with approximately 80,000 burials.<sup id="cite_ref-magnoliacem_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnoliacem-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features tombs and many intricately carved monuments and statues.<sup id="cite_ref-Sledge2_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sledge2-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magnoliamob_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnoliamob-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Cemetery_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Catholic Cemetery (Mobile, Alabama)">Catholic Cemetery</a> was established in 1848 by the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Mobile">Archdiocese of Mobile</a> and covers more than 150 acres (61 ha). It contains plots for the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Brothers of the Sacred Heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a>, in addition to many other historically significant burials.<sup id="cite_ref-sledge3_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sledge3-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile's <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Sha%27arai_Shomayim_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim (Mobile, Alabama)">Jewish</a> community dates back to the 1820s and the city has two historic <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">Jewish cemeteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sha%27arai_Shomayim_Cemetery" title="Sha'arai Shomayim Cemetery">Sha'arai Shomayim Cemetery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahavas_Chesed_Cemetery" title="Ahavas Chesed Cemetery">Ahavas Chesed Cemetery</a>. Sha'arai Shomayim is the older of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Sledge4_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sledge4-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1785</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">746</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1788</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,468</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+96.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,194</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+112.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">12,672</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+296.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,515</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+61.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,258</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,034</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,132</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">31,076</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,469</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">51,521</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,777</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">68,202</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">78,720</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,009</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">202,779</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+57.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">190,026</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,452</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">196,278</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">198,915</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">195,111</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">187,041</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022 (est.)</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">183,289</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2020 Census<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2022 Estimate<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historic Racial composition</th> <th>2010</th> <th>1990</th> <th>1970</th> <th>1940 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>45.0%</td> <td>59.6%</td> <td>64.3%</td> <td>63.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>—Non-Hispanic</td> <td>43.9%</td> <td>58.9%</td> <td>63.5%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a></td> <td>50.6%</td> <td>38.9%</td> <td>35.4%</td> <td>36.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0.9%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Mobile_(5560434648).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Mobile_%285560434648%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Mobile_%285560434648%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Mobile_%285560434648%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Mobile_%285560434648%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Mobile_%285560434648%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Mobile_%285560434648%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>A racial distribution map of Mobile, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: <span style="color:#ff0000"><b>White</b></span>, <span style="color:#0000ff"><b>Black</b></span>, <span style="color:#00ff80"><b>Asian</b></span>, <span style="color:#ff8000"><b>Hispanic</b></span> or <b>Other</b> (yellow).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Mobile city, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>98,965 </td> <td>85,613 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">75,043 </td> <td>49.75% </td> <td>43.88% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">40.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>91,660 </td> <td>98,202 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">95,505 </td> <td>46.08% </td> <td>50.33% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">51.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>463 </td> <td>572 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">513 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>3,011 </td> <td>3,409 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3,369 </td> <td>1.51% </td> <td>1.75% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>41 </td> <td>57 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">106 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Some Other Race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>193 </td> <td>219 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">622 </td> <td>0.10% </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed Race or Multi-Racial</a> (NH) </td> <td>1,754 </td> <td>2,439 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5,849 </td> <td>0.88% </td> <td>1.25% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>2,828 </td> <td>4,600 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">6,034 </td> <td>1.42% </td> <td>2.36% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>198,915</b> </td> <td><b>195,111</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>187,041</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, there were 187,041 people, 77,772 households, and 45,953 families residing in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 1,341.0 inhabitants per square mile (517.8/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 89,215 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 40.12% White, 51.06% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.80% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.23% of the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_census">2010 census</h3></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>, there were 195,111 people, 78,959 households, and 48,689 families residing in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 1,402.6 inhabitants per square mile (541.5/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 89,127 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 43.88% White, 50.33% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.75% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.36% of the population. </p><p>Out of which 21,073 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28,073 were married couples living together, 17,037 had a female householder with no husband present, 3,579 had a male householder with no wife present, and 30,270 were non-families. 25,439 of all households were made up of individuals, and 8,477 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. </p><p>The age distribution of the population in 2010 consisted of 6.7% under the age of five years, 75.9% over 18, and 13.7% over 65. The median age was 35.7 years. The male population was 47.0% and the female population was 53.0%. The median income for a household in the city was $37,056 for 2006 to 2010. The per capita income for the city was $22,401. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama">List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Plaza_Mobile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Government_Plaza_Mobile.JPG/220px-Government_Plaza_Mobile.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Government_Plaza_Mobile.JPG/330px-Government_Plaza_Mobile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Government_Plaza_Mobile.JPG/440px-Government_Plaza_Mobile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Government_Plaza" title="Mobile Government Plaza">Government Plaza</a> in Mobile, seat of government for the city and the county</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1985 the government of Mobile has consisted of a mayor and a seven-member <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cityofficials1_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cityofficials1-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor is elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>, and the council members are elected from each of the seven city council <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a> (SMDs). A <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> of five votes is required to conduct council business. </p><p>This form of city government was chosen by the voters after the previous form of government, which had three city commissioners, each elected at-large, was ruled in 1975 to substantially dilute the minority vote and violate the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_v._Bolden" title="Mobile v. Bolden">Bolden v. City of Mobile</a></i>. The three at-large commissioners each required a majority vote to win. Due to appeals, the case took time to reach settlement and establishment of a new electoral system.<sup id="cite_ref-gov1_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Municipal elections are held every four years and are nonpartisan.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Mobile,_Alabama_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg/170px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg/255px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg/340px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the City of Mobile, Alabama</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mayor elected under the new system of <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member district</a> (SMD) voting was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._Outlaw" title="Arthur R. Outlaw">Arthur R. Outlaw</a>, who served his second term as mayor from 1985 to 1989. His first term had been under the old system, from 1967 to 1968. <a href="/wiki/Mike_Dow" title="Mike Dow">Mike Dow</a> defeated Outlaw in the 1989 election; he was re-elected, serving as mayor for four terms, from 1989 to 2005. His "The String of Pearls" initiative, a series of projects designed to stimulate redevelopment of the city's core, is credited with reviving much of downtown Mobile. Upon his retirement, Dow endorsed <a href="/wiki/Sam_Jones_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Jones (mayor)">Sam Jones</a> as his successor. </p><p>Sam Jones was elected in 2005 as the first African-American mayor of Mobile. He was re-elected for a second term in 2009 without opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-sammayor_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sammayor-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His administration continued the focus on downtown redevelopment and bringing industries to the city. He ran for a third term in 2013 but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stimpson" title="Sandy Stimpson">Sandy Stimpson</a>. Stimpson took office on November 4, 2013, and was re-elected on August 22, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of January 2022, the seven-member city council is made up of Cory Penn from District 1, William Carroll from District 2, C.J. Small from District 3, Ben Reynolds from District 4, Joel Daves from District 5, Scott Jones from District 6, and Gina Gregory from District 7.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murphy_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Murphy_High_School.jpg/220px-Murphy_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Murphy_High_School.jpg/330px-Murphy_High_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Murphy_High_School.jpg/440px-Murphy_High_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murphy_High_School_(Alabama)" title="Murphy High School (Alabama)">Murphy High School</a> in Midtown, originally Mobile High School. It is one of the seventeen high schools run by the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County_Public_School_System" title="Mobile County Public School System">Mobile County Public School System</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thollos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Thollos.JPG/170px-Thollos.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Thollos.JPG/255px-Thollos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Thollos.JPG/340px-Thollos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tholos_(architecture)" title="Tholos (architecture)">Tholos</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_Hill_College_Quad_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spring_Hill_College_Quad_01.JPG/220px-Spring_Hill_College_Quad_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spring_Hill_College_Quad_01.JPG/330px-Spring_Hill_College_Quad_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spring_Hill_College_Quad_01.JPG/440px-Spring_Hill_College_Quad_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Administration building at <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill College</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_State_clock_tower_May_2012_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bishop_State_clock_tower_May_2012_cropped.jpg/170px-Bishop_State_clock_tower_May_2012_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bishop_State_clock_tower_May_2012_cropped.jpg/255px-Bishop_State_clock_tower_May_2012_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bishop_State_clock_tower_May_2012_cropped.jpg/340px-Bishop_State_clock_tower_May_2012_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>The Business Technology Center and clock tower at <a href="/wiki/Bishop_State_Community_College" title="Bishop State Community College">Bishop State Community College</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_facilities">Public facilities</h3></div> <p>Public schools in Mobile are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County_Public_School_System" title="Mobile County Public School System">Mobile County Public School System</a>. The Mobile County Public School System has an enrollment of approximately 55,200 students at 88 schools, employs approximately 7,026 public school employees,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a budget in 2020-2021 of $623 million.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State of Alabama operates the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_School_of_Mathematics_and_Science" title="Alabama School of Mathematics and Science">Alabama School of Mathematics and Science</a> on Dauphin Street in Mobile, which boards advanced Alabama high school students. It was founded in 1989 to identify, challenge, and educate future leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-asms_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asms-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_facilities">Private facilities</h3></div> <p>Mobile also has a large number of private schools, most of them <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial</a> in nature. Many belong to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mobile" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile</a>. The private Catholic institutions include <a href="/wiki/McGill-Toolen_Catholic_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Toolen Catholic High School">McGill-Toolen Catholic High School</a> (1896), Corpus Christi School, Little Flower Catholic School (1934), Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic School (1900), Saint Dominic School (1961), Saint Ignatius School (1952), Saint Mary Catholic School (1867), Saint Pius X Catholic School (1957), and Saint Vincent DePaul Catholic School (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-mpsr1_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpsr1-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable private Protestant institutions include <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_School" title="St. Paul's Episcopal School">St. Paul's Episcopal School</a> (1947), Mobile Christian School (1961), St. Lukes Episcopal School (1961), Cottage Hill Baptist School System (1961), <a href="/wiki/Faith_Academy_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Faith Academy (Mobile, Alabama)">Faith Academy</a> (1967), and Trinity Lutheran School (1955).<sup id="cite_ref-mpsr1_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpsr1-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/UMS-Wright_Preparatory_School" title="UMS-Wright Preparatory School">UMS-Wright Preparatory School</a> is an independent co-educational <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">preparatory school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mpsr1_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpsr1-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It assumed its current configuration in 1988, when the University Military School (founded 1893) and the Julius T. Wright School for Girls (1923) merged to form UMS-Wright.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary">Tertiary</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3></div> <p>Major colleges and universities in Mobile that are accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Southern Association of Colleges and Schools">Southern Association of Colleges and Schools</a> include the University of South Alabama, Spring Hill College, the University of Mobile, Faulkner University, and Bishop State Community College. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Undergraduate_and_postgraduate">Undergraduate and postgraduate</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a> is a public, <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral</a>-level university established in 1963. The university is composed of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Mitchell College of Business, the College of Education, the College of Engineering, the College of Medicine, the Doctor of Pharmacy Program, the College of Nursing, the School of Computing, and the School of Continuing Education and Special Programs.<sup id="cite_ref-usa2_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa2-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Faulkner_University" title="Faulkner University">Faulkner University</a> is a four-year private <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Church of Christ</a>-affiliated university based in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>. The Mobile campus was established in 1975 and offers bachelor's degrees in Business Administration, Management of Human Resources, and Criminal Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-faulkner1_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faulkner1-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also offers associate degrees in Business Administration, Business Information Systems, Computer & Information Science, Criminal Justice, Informatics, Legal Studies, Arts, and Science.<sup id="cite_ref-faulkner2_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faulkner2-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill College</a>, chartered in 1830, was the first Catholic college in the southeastern United States and is the third oldest <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> college in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-springhill1_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springhill1-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This four-year private college offers graduate programs in Business Administration, Education, Liberal Arts, Nursing (MSN), and Theological Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-springhill2_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springhill2-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undergraduate divisions and programs include the Division of Business, the Communications/Arts Division, International Studies, Inter-divisional Studies, the Language and Literature Division, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Philosophy and Theology, Political Science, the Sciences Division, the Social Sciences Division, and the Teacher Education Division.<sup id="cite_ref-springhill3_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springhill3-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mobile" title="University of Mobile">University of Mobile</a> is a four-year private Baptist-affiliated university in the neighboring city of Prichard that was founded in 1961. It consists of the College of Arts and Sciences, Grace Pilot School of Business, School of Christian Studies, School of Education, School of Leadership Development, and the School of Nursing.<sup id="cite_ref-univmob1_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-univmob1-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community_college">Community college</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bishop_State_Community_College" title="Bishop State Community College">Bishop State Community College</a>, founded in 1927, is a public, <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically African American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">community college</a>. Bishop State has four campuses in Mobile and offers a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate degrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop1_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop1-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocational">Vocational</h4></div> <p>Several post-secondary <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational</a> institutions have a campus in Mobile. These include the Alabama Institute of Real Estate, American Academy of Hypnosis, Bealle School of Real Estate, Charles Academy of Beauty Culture, <a href="/wiki/Fortis_College" title="Fortis College">Fortis College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_College" title="Virginia College">Virginia College</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITT_Technical_Institute" title="ITT Technical Institute">ITT Technical Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remington_College" title="Remington College">Remington College</a> and White and Sons Barber College.<sup id="cite_ref-college1_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-college1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Carl" title="Jerry Carl">Jerry Carl</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (born 1960) – CEO of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Crawford_(racing_driver)" title="Rick Crawford (racing driver)">Rick Crawford</a> (born 1958) – racing driver and convicted sex offender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Haney_Cross" title="Anne Haney Cross">Anne Haney Cross</a> (born 1956) – neurologist, section head of <a href="/wiki/Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">neuroimmunology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Dennis" title="George Washington Dennis">George Washington Dennis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1825</span> – 1916) – former slave, turned entrepreneur and real estate developer in San Francisco, California; advocate for Black rights<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JohanesenHarry_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohanesenHarry-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlackEnterprise_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackEnterprise-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Figures" title="Michael Figures">Michael Figures</a> (1947–1996) – American lawyer and politician who served in the Alabama Senate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Figures" title="Thomas Figures">Thomas Figures</a> (1944–2015) – first African American assistant district attorney and assistant United States Attorney</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flo_Milli" title="Flo Milli">Flo Milli</a> (born 2000) – rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_W._Fox" title="Sidney W. Fox">Sidney W. Fox</a> (1912–1998) – biochemist known for studies of the origins of life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cale_Gale" title="Cale Gale">Cale Gale</a> (born 1985) – racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hackmeyer" title="Charles F. Hackmeyer">Charles F. Hackmeyer</a> (1903–1989) – <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama">Mayor of Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keller_(military)" title="Charles Keller (military)">Charles Keller</a> (1868–1949) – former U.S. Army Brigadier General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during World War II<sup id="cite_ref-Kellerbio2_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellerbio2-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kellerbio4_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellerbio4-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bozeman_Lyon" title="Anne Bozeman Lyon">Anne Bozeman Lyon</a> (1860–1936) – writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lyons" title="Alexander Lyons">Alexander Lyons</a> (1867–1939) – rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Praytor" title="Thomas Praytor">Thomas Praytor</a> (born 1990) – racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Tapia" title="Gene Tapia">Gene Tapia</a> (1925–2005) – racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubba_Wallace" title="Bubba Wallace">Bubba Wallace</a> (born 1993) – racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodie_Wilson" title="Woodie Wilson">Woodie Wilson</a> (1925–1994) – racing driver</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Infirmary_front_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mobile_Infirmary_front_facade.jpg/220px-Mobile_Infirmary_front_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mobile_Infirmary_front_facade.jpg/330px-Mobile_Infirmary_front_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mobile_Infirmary_front_facade.jpg/440px-Mobile_Infirmary_front_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3939" data-file-height="1483" /></a><figcaption>Mobile Infirmary Medical Center in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Providence_Hospital_Mobile_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Providence_Hospital_Mobile_01.jpg/220px-Providence_Hospital_Mobile_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Providence_Hospital_Mobile_01.jpg/330px-Providence_Hospital_Mobile_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Providence_Hospital_Mobile_01.jpg/440px-Providence_Hospital_Mobile_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Providence Hospital in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Mobile serves the central Gulf Coast as a regional center for medicine, with over 850 physicians and 175 dentists. There are four major medical centers within the city limits. </p><p>Mobile Infirmary Medical Center has 704 beds and is the largest nonprofit hospital in the state. It was founded in 1910. <a href="/wiki/USA_Health_Providence_Hospital" title="USA Health Providence Hospital">Providence Hospital</a> has 349 beds. It was founded in 1854 by the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Emmitsburg,_Maryland" title="Emmitsburg, Maryland">Emmitsburg, Maryland</a>. The University of South Alabama Medical Center has 346 beds. Its roots go back to 1830 with the old city-owned <a href="/wiki/Mobile_City_Hospital" title="Mobile City Hospital">Mobile City Hospital</a> and associated medical school. A teaching hospital, it is designated as Mobile's only <a href="/wiki/Level_I_trauma_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Level I trauma center">level I trauma center</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Public_Health" title="Alabama Department of Public Health">Alabama Department of Public Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trauma_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trauma-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usatrauma_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatrauma-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alabama_Trauma_Centers_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alabama_Trauma_Centers-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a regional burn center. Springhill Medical Center, with 252 beds, was founded in 1975. It is Mobile's only for-profit facility.<sup id="cite_ref-mobchamber3_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobchamber3-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the University of South Alabama operates the University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital with 219 beds, dedicated exclusively to the care of women and minors.<sup id="cite_ref-mobchamber3_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobchamber3-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the University of South Alabama opened the USA Mitchell Cancer Center Institute. The center is home to the first academic cancer research center in the central Gulf Coast region.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile Infirmary Medical Center operated Infirmary West, formerly Knollwood Hospital, with 100 acute-care beds, but closed the facility at the end of October 2012 due to declining revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BayPointe Hospital and Children's Residential Services, with 94-beds, is the only psychiatric hospital in the city. It houses a residential unit for children, an acute unit for children and adolescents, and an age-segregated involuntary hospital unit for adults undergoing evaluation ordered by the Mobile Probate Court.<sup id="cite_ref-baypointe_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baypointe-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The city has a broad array of outpatient surgical centers, emergency clinics, home health care services, assisted-living facilities and <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">skilled nursing facilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mobchamber3_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobchamber3-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nursing_homes_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nursing_homes-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_River_at_Chickasaw_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mobile_River_at_Chickasaw_Creek.jpg/220px-Mobile_River_at_Chickasaw_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mobile_River_at_Chickasaw_Creek.jpg/330px-Mobile_River_at_Chickasaw_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mobile_River_at_Chickasaw_Creek.jpg/440px-Mobile_River_at_Chickasaw_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Port of Mobile at Chickasaw Creek</figcaption></figure> <p>Aerospace, steel, ship building, retail, services, construction, medicine, and manufacturing are Mobile's major industries. After having economic decline for several decades, Mobile's economy began to rebound in the late 1980s. Between 1993 and 2003 roughly 13,983 new jobs were created as 87 new companies were founded and 399 existing companies were expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-MobEconomy_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MobEconomy-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defunct companies that had been founded or based in Mobile included <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Drydock_and_Shipbuilding_Company" title="Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company">Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delchamps" title="Delchamps">Delchamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gayfers" title="Gayfers">Gayfers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bizjournal_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bizjournal-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delchamps_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delchamps-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flottes-Gayfers_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flottes-Gayfers-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current companies that were formerly based in the city include <a href="/wiki/Checkers_(fast_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Checkers (fast food)">Checkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Minolta-QMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Management_Specialists" title="Morrison Management Specialists">Morrison's</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Waterman_Steamship_Corporation" title="Waterman Steamship Corporation">Waterman Steamship Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-checkers_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-checkers-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to those discussed below, AlwaysHD, <a href="/wiki/Foosackly%27s" title="Foosackly's">Foosackly's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrity_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrity Media">Integrity Media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volkert,_Inc." title="Volkert, Inc.">Volkert, Inc.</a> are headquartered in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-alwayshd_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alwayshd-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foosack_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foosack-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-volkerthistory_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volkerthistory-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_industry">Major industry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110908-O-ZZ999-003_The_Military_Sealift_Command_joint_high_speed_vessel_USNS_Spearhead_(JHSV_1)_prepares_for_its_Sept._17_christening_cerem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_Navy_110908-O-ZZ999-003_The_Military_Sealift_Command_joint_high_speed_vessel_USNS_Spearhead_%28JHSV_1%29_prepares_for_its_Sept._17_christening_cerem.jpg/220px-US_Navy_110908-O-ZZ999-003_The_Military_Sealift_Command_joint_high_speed_vessel_USNS_Spearhead_%28JHSV_1%29_prepares_for_its_Sept._17_christening_cerem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_Navy_110908-O-ZZ999-003_The_Military_Sealift_Command_joint_high_speed_vessel_USNS_Spearhead_%28JHSV_1%29_prepares_for_its_Sept._17_christening_cerem.jpg/330px-US_Navy_110908-O-ZZ999-003_The_Military_Sealift_Command_joint_high_speed_vessel_USNS_Spearhead_%28JHSV_1%29_prepares_for_its_Sept._17_christening_cerem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_Navy_110908-O-ZZ999-003_The_Military_Sealift_Command_joint_high_speed_vessel_USNS_Spearhead_%28JHSV_1%29_prepares_for_its_Sept._17_christening_cerem.jpg/440px-US_Navy_110908-O-ZZ999-003_The_Military_Sealift_Command_joint_high_speed_vessel_USNS_Spearhead_%28JHSV_1%29_prepares_for_its_Sept._17_christening_cerem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USNS_Spearhead" title="USNS Spearhead">USNS <i>Spearhead</i> (JHSV-1)</a>, another Austal USA-built ship, being prepared for its christening in the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Southeast_Shipyards" title="BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards">BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards</a> floating drydock in September 2011. The <i>Spearhead</i> is the first ship of the <a href="/wiki/Spearhead_class_Joint_High_Speed_Vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Spearhead class Joint High Speed Vessel"><i>Spearhead</i> class Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg/220px-Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg/330px-Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg/440px-Airbus_Mobile_Engineering_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Airbus Mobile Engineering Center at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Port_of_Mobile">Port of Mobile</h4></div> <p>Mobile's <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Alabama State Docks</a> underwent the largest expansion in its history in the early 21st century. It expanded its container processing and storage facility and increased container storage at the docks by over 1,000% at a cost of over $300 million, a project completed in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the expansion of its container capabilities and the addition of two massive new cranes, the port went from 9th largest to the 12th largest by tonnage in the nation from 2008 to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-port_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ports2_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ports2-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shipyards">Shipyards</h4></div> <p>Shipbuilding began to make a major comeback in Mobile in 1999 with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Austal_USA" title="Austal USA">Austal USA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-colton1_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colton1-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsidiary of the Australian company <a href="/wiki/Austal" title="Austal">Austal</a>, it expanded its production facility for United States defense and commercial aluminum shipbuilding on <a href="/wiki/Blakeley_Island_(Alabama)" title="Blakeley Island (Alabama)">Blakeley Island</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-austal_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austal-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austal announced in October 2012, after winning a new defense contract and completing another 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m<sup>2</sup>) building within their complex on the island, that it would expand its workforce from 3,000 to 4,500 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-austal2012_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austal2012-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Marine" title="Atlantic Marine">Atlantic Marine</a> operated a major shipyard at the former Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company site on <a href="/wiki/Pinto_Island" title="Pinto Island">Pinto Island</a>. It was acquired by British defense conglomerate <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> in May 2010 for $352 million. Doing business as <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Southeast_Shipyards" title="BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards">BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards</a>, the company continues to operate the site as a full-service shipyard, employing approximately 600 workers with plans to expand.<sup id="cite_ref-bizjournal_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bizjournal-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-us2010_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us2010-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bae1_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bae1-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley">Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley" title="Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley">Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley</a> is an industrial complex and airport located 3 miles (5 km) south of the central business district of the city. It is the largest industrial and transportation complex in the region, having more than 70 companies, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a>, spread over 1,650 acres (668 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-overview_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable employers at Brookley include <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> North America Engineering (<a href="/wiki/EADS_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS North America">Airbus Military North America</a>'s facilities are at the Mobile Regional Airport), <a href="/wiki/VT_Mobile_Aerospace_Engineering" title="VT Mobile Aerospace Engineering">VT Mobile Aerospace Engineering</a> (a division of <a href="/wiki/ST_Engineering" title="ST Engineering">ST Engineering</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Motors,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Motors, Inc.">Continental Motors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tenants_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenants-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans for an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a> aircraft assembly plant in Mobile were formally announced by <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Br%C3%A9gier" title="Fabrice Brégier">Fabrice Brégier</a> from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. It was planned to employ up roughly 1,000 full-time workers when fully operational. Construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony on April 8, 2013, with it becoming operable by 2015 and producing up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-apconfirm_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apconfirm-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcconfirm_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcconfirm-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based <a href="/wiki/Hoar_Construction" title="Hoar Construction">Hoar Construction</a> to oversee construction of the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-airbusasby_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airbusasby-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The factory officially opened on September 14, 2015, covering one million square feet on 53 acres of flat grassland.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 16, 2017, Airbus announced a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a>, taking over a majority share of the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CSeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CSeries">Bombardier CSeries</a> airliner program. As a result of this partnership, Airbus plans to open an assembly line for CSeries aircraft in Mobile, particularly to serve the US market. This effort may allow the companies to circumvent high import tariffs on the CSeries family.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft was renamed the Airbus A220 on July 10, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production started in August 2019; the first A220 from the new line is due to be delivered to Delta in the third quarter of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Airbus20190805_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airbus20190805-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</h4></div> <p>German technology conglomerate <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a> broke ground on a $4.65 billion combined <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> processing facility in Calvert, a few miles north of Mobile, in 2007. Original projections promised eventual employment for 2,700 people. The facility became operational in July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-thyssenkrupp_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thyssenkrupp-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company put both its carbon mill in Calvert and a steel slab-making unit in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> up for sale in May 2012, citing rising production costs and a worldwide decrease in demand.<sup id="cite_ref-thyss1_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thyss1-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company <a href="/wiki/Outokumpu" title="Outokumpu">Outokumpu Oyi</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-thyss2_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thyss2-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_employers">Top employers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG/220px-Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG/330px-Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Shelby Hall, College of Engineering and the School of Computer and Information Sciences, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest employers in the city are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Employer </th> <th># of Employees </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County_Public_School_System" title="Mobile County Public School System">Mobile County Public School System</a> </td> <td>7,200 </td> <td>3.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Infirmary Health Systems </td> <td>6,400 </td> <td>3.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a> </td> <td>6,400 </td> <td>3.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austal_USA" title="Austal USA">Austal USA</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>2.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>City of Mobile </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>1.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Mobile" title="Airbus Mobile">Airbus U.S. Manufacturing</a> </td> <td>1,800 </td> <td>0.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>AltaPointe </td> <td>1,700 </td> <td>0.91% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">AM/NS Calvert</a> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>0.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Springhill_Medical_Center" title="Springhill Medical Center">Springhill Medical Center</a> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>0.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile County</a> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>0.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td>33,900 </td> <td>18.11% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment_rate">Unemployment rate</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> unemployment rate (not seasonally adjusted).<sup id="cite_ref-labor1_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labor1-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-labor2_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labor2-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unemployment rate </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Mobile</th> <th>Mobile<br />County</th> <th>Mobile<br />Metropolitan<br />Statistical Area</th> <th>Alabama</th> <th>United<br />States </th></tr> <tr> <th>January 2023 </th> <td>3.6%</td> <td>3.3%</td> <td>3.3%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>December 2023 </th> <td>3.9%</td> <td>3.6%</td> <td>3.6%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>January 2024 </th> <td>5.0%</td> <td>4.5%</td> <td>4.5%</td> <td>2.9%</td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>February 2024 </th> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_Mobile_%26_Ohio_Railroad_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gulf_Mobile_%26_Ohio_Railroad_station.jpg/220px-Gulf_Mobile_%26_Ohio_Railroad_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gulf_Mobile_%26_Ohio_Railroad_station.jpg/330px-Gulf_Mobile_%26_Ohio_Railroad_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gulf_Mobile_%26_Ohio_Railroad_station.jpg/440px-Gulf_Mobile_%26_Ohio_Railroad_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Ohio_Passenger_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal">Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal</a> houses the Mobile Area Transportation Authority.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochran_Bridge_Mobile_Alabama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cochran_Bridge_Mobile_Alabama.jpg/220px-Cochran_Bridge_Mobile_Alabama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cochran_Bridge_Mobile_Alabama.jpg/330px-Cochran_Bridge_Mobile_Alabama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cochran_Bridge_Mobile_Alabama.jpg/440px-Cochran_Bridge_Mobile_Alabama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cochrane%E2%80%93Africatown_USA_Bridge" title="Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge">Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wallace_Tunnel_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_Wallace_Tunnel_02.jpg/220px-George_Wallace_Tunnel_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_Wallace_Tunnel_02.jpg/330px-George_Wallace_Tunnel_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_Wallace_Tunnel_02.jpg/440px-George_Wallace_Tunnel_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the eastbound <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Tunnel" title="George Wallace Tunnel">George Wallace Tunnel</a> under the Mobile River</figcaption></figure> <p>Local airline passengers are served by the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Regional_Airport" title="Mobile Regional Airport">Mobile Regional Airport</a>, with direct connections to four major hub airports.<sup id="cite_ref-maa1_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maa1-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is served by <a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_(airline_brand)" title="American Eagle (airline brand)">American Eagle</a>, with service to <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte/Douglas International Airport">Charlotte/Douglas International Airport</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_Express" title="United Express">United Express</a>, with service to <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delta_Connection" title="Delta Connection">Delta Connection</a>, with service to <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport">Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maa1_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maa1-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Downtown_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Downtown Airport">Mobile Downtown Airport</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley" title="Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley">Brookley Aeroplex</a> serves corporate, cargo, and private aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-maa1_218-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maa1-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling_paths">Cycling paths</h3></div> <p>In an effort to leverage Mobile's waterways for recreational use, as opposed to simply industrial use, The Three Mile Creek Greenway Trail is being designed and implemented under the instruction of the City Council. The linear park will ultimately span seven miles, from <a href="/wiki/Langan_(Municipal)_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Langan (Municipal) Park">Langan (Municipal) Park</a> to Dr. Martin Luther King Junior Avenue, and include trailheads, sidewalks, and bike lanes. The existing greenway is centered at Tricentennial Park.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other trails include the paved Mobile Airport Perimeter Trail, encircling the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Downtown_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Downtown Airport">Mobile Downtown Airport</a> and mountain biking trails on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <p>Mobile is served by four <a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a> (CNR), <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a> (CSX), the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway" title="Kansas City Southern Railway">Kansas City Southern Railway</a> (KCS), and the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a> (NS).<sup id="cite_ref-mobilechamber_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobilechamber-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_and_Gulf_Coast_Railway" title="Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway">Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway</a> (AGR), a <a href="/wiki/Class_III_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class III railroad">Class III railroad</a>, links Mobile to the <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway</a> (BNSF) at <a href="/wiki/Amory,_Mississippi" title="Amory, Mississippi">Amory, Mississippi</a>. These converge at the Port of Mobile, which provides <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal freight transport</a> service to companies engaged in importing and exporting. Other railroads include the <a href="/wiki/CG_Railway" title="CG Railway">CG Railway</a> (CGR), a rail ship service to <a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos" title="Coatzacoalcos">Coatzacoalcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Railway_Alabama_State_Docks" title="Terminal Railway Alabama State Docks">Terminal Railway Alabama State Docks</a> (TASD), a <a href="/wiki/Switching_and_terminal_railroad" title="Switching and terminal railroad">switching railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mobilechamber_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobilechamber-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was served by <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></i> passenger train service until 2005, when the service was suspended due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amtrak1_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amtrak1-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amtrak2_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amtrak2-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, efforts to restart passenger rail service between Mobile and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> were revived in 2019 by the 21-member Southern Rail Commission after receiving a $33 million Federal Railroad Administration grant in June of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louisiana quickly dedicated its $10 million toward the project, and Mississippi initially balked before committing its $15 million sum but Governor <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> resisted committing the estimated $2.7 million state allocation from Alabama because of concerns regarding long-term financial commitments and potential competition with freight traffic from the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Winter of 2019 was marked by repeated postponement of votes by the Mobile City Council as it requested more information on how rail traffic from the port would be impacted and where the Amtrak station would be built as community support for the project became more vocal, especially among <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day before a deadline in the federal grant matching program being used to fund the project, the city council committed about $3 million in a 6–1 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About $2.2 million is still needed for infrastructure improvements and the train station must still be built before service begins. Potential locations for the station include at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Government_Street_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Government Street (Mobile, Alabama)">Government Street</a> in downtown and in the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley" title="Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley">Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley</a>, which is favored by the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit">Transit</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Wave_Transit_System" title="The Wave Transit System">The Wave Transit System</a> provides fixed-route bus and <a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand-responsive transit">demand-response</a> service in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buses operate Monday through Saturday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadways">Roadways</h3></div> <p>Two major <a href="/wiki/Interstate_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate highways">interstate highways</a> and a spur converge in Mobile. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10" title="Interstate 10">Interstate 10</a> runs northeast to southwest across the city, while <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65" title="Interstate 65">Interstate 65</a> starts in Mobile at Interstate 10 and runs north. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_165_(Alabama)" title="Interstate 165 (Alabama)">Interstate 165</a> connects to Interstate 65 north of the city in <a href="/wiki/Prichard,_Alabama" title="Prichard, Alabama">Prichard</a> and joins Interstate 10 in downtown Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-roads1_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads1-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile is well served by many major highway systems. US Highways <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 31 in Alabama">US 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_43_(AL)" class="mw-redirect" title="US 43 (AL)">US 43</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_45_(AL)" class="mw-redirect" title="US 45 (AL)">US 45</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_90_(AL)" class="mw-redirect" title="US 90 (AL)">US 90</a>, and <a href="/wiki/US_98_(AL)" class="mw-redirect" title="US 98 (AL)">US 98</a> radiate from Mobile traveling east, west, and north. Mobile has three routes east across the Mobile River and Mobile Bay into neighboring <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin County</a>. Interstate 10 leaves downtown through the <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Tunnel" title="George Wallace Tunnel">George Wallace Tunnel</a> under the river and then over the bay across the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Parkway" title="Jubilee Parkway">Jubilee Parkway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fort,_Alabama" title="Spanish Fort, Alabama">Spanish Fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daphne,_Alabama" title="Daphne, Alabama">Daphne</a>. US 98 leaves downtown through the <a href="/wiki/Bankhead_Tunnel" title="Bankhead Tunnel">Bankhead Tunnel</a> under the river, onto <a href="/wiki/Blakeley_Island_(Alabama)" title="Blakeley Island (Alabama)">Blakeley Island</a>, and then over the bay across the <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Parkway" title="Battleship Parkway">Battleship Parkway</a> into Spanish Fort. US 90 travels over the <a href="/wiki/Cochrane%E2%80%93Africatown_USA_Bridge" title="Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge">Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge</a> to the north of downtown onto Blakeley Island, where it becomes co-routed with US 98.<sup id="cite_ref-roads1_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads1-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile's public transportation is the <a href="/wiki/The_Wave_Transit_System" title="The Wave Transit System">Wave Transit System</a> which features buses with 18 fixed routes and neighborhood service.<sup id="cite_ref-buses_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buses-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baylinc is a public transportation bus service provided by the Baldwin Rural Transit System in cooperation with the Wave Transit System that provides service between eastern <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin County</a> and downtown Mobile. Baylinc operates Monday through Friday.<sup id="cite_ref-baylinc_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baylinc-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a> provides intercity bus service between Mobile and many locations throughout the United States. Mobile is served by several taxi and limousine services.<sup id="cite_ref-guide1_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide1-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a> has public deepwater terminals with direct access to 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland and intracoastal waterways serving the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee river</a> valleys (via the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee-Tombigbee_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mobilechamber_220-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobilechamber-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alabama State Port Authority owns and operates the public terminals at the Port of Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-mobilechamber_220-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobilechamber-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public terminals handle <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerized</a>, bulk, breakbulk, <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a>, and heavy-lift cargoes.<sup id="cite_ref-mobilechamber_220-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobilechamber-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port is also home to private bulk terminal operators, as well as a number of highly specialized shipbuilding and repair companies with two of the largest floating dry docks on the Gulf Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-mobilechamber_220-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobilechamber-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was a home port for <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Cruise_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival Cruise Lines">Carnival Cruise Lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cruise ship to call the port home was the <i><a href="/wiki/Holiday_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday (ship)">Holiday</a></i>, which left the city in November 2009 so that a larger and newer ship could take its place. The <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Fantasy" title="Carnival Fantasy">Carnival Fantasy</a></i> operated from Mobile from then on until the <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Elation" title="Carnival Elation">Carnival Elation</a></i> arrived in May 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2011, Carnival announced that despite fully booked cruises, the company would cease operations from Mobile in October 2011. This cessation of cruise service left the city with an annual <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">debt service</a> of around two million dollars related to the terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2015, Carnival announced that the <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Fantasy" title="Carnival Fantasy">Carnival Fantasy</a></i> was relocating from Miami, Florida, to Mobile, Alabama, after a five-year absence and would offer four- and five-night cruises to Mexico that started in November 2016 through November 2017. The four-night cruises will visit Cozumel, Mexico while the five night cruises will additionally visit Costa Maya or Progreso.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her first departure from Mobile left on November 9, 2016, on a five-night cruise to Cozumel and Progreso. <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Fascination" title="Carnival Fascination">Carnival Fascination</a></i> will be replacing <i>Carnival Fantasy</i> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Carnival Cruise Lines did not operate from Mobile after the Carnival Fantasy left in 2011, the <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Triumph" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival Triumph">Carnival Triumph</a></i> was towed into the port following a crippling engine room fire.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest cruise ship ever to dock at the cruise terminal in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later it was eclipsed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Conquest" title="Carnival Conquest">Carnival Conquest</a></i>, which docked in Mobile when the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_Orleans" title="Port of New Orleans">Port of New Orleans</a> was temporarily closed.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger commercial ships routinely arrive at the Port of Mobile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Media in Mobile, Alabama">Media in Mobile, Alabama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3></div> <p>Mobile's <i><a href="/wiki/Press-Register" title="Press-Register">Press-Register</a></i> is Alabama's oldest active newspaper, first published in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-NHreg_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHreg-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper focuses on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin</a> counties and the city of Mobile, but also serves southwestern Alabama and southeastern Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-NHreg_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHreg-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile's alternative newspaper is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lagniappe_(newspaper)" title="Lagniappe (newspaper)">Lagniappe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lagniappe1_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lagniappe1-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mobile area's local magazine is <i>Mobile Bay Monthly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mbmonthly1_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbmonthly1-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mobile Beacon</i> was an alternative focusing on Mobile's African-American communities that ran from 1943 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mod_Mobilian" title="Mod Mobilian">Mod Mobilian</a> is a website with a focus on cultured living in Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-ModMobilian_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModMobilian-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <p>Mobile is served locally by a number of over-the-air television stations. These include <a href="/wiki/WKRG" class="mw-redirect" title="WKRG">WKRG 5</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WALA" class="mw-redirect" title="WALA">WALA 10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPMI-TV" title="WPMI-TV">WPMI 15</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WMPV-TV" title="WMPV-TV">WMPV 21</a> (<a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">religious</a>), <a href="/wiki/WDPM-DT" title="WDPM-DT">WDPM 23</a> (religious), <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Public_Television" title="Alabama Public Television">WEIQ 42</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WFNA_(TV)" title="WFNA (TV)">WFNA 55</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-tv1_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tv1-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is also served by <a href="/wiki/WEAR-TV" title="WEAR-TV">WEAR 3</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WSRE" title="WSRE">WSRE 31</a> (PBS), <a href="/wiki/WHBR_(TV)" title="WHBR (TV)">WHBR 34</a> (religious), <a href="/wiki/WFGX" title="WFGX">WFGX 35</a> (<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/WJTC" title="WJTC">WJTC 44</a> (independent), <a href="/wiki/WFBD" title="WFBD">WFBD 48</a> (<a href="/wiki/America_One" title="America One">America One</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPAN" title="WPAN">WPAN 53</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jewelry_Television" title="Jewelry Television">Jewelry Television</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WAWD" class="mw-redirect" title="WAWD">WAWD 58</a> (independent), all out of the <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-tv1_246-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tv1-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile is part of the Mobile–Pensacola–<a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida" title="Fort Walton Beach, Florida">Fort Walton Beach</a> <a href="/wiki/Designated_market_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated market area">designated market area</a>, as defined by <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>. It ranked 61st in the nation for the 2007–08 television season.<sup id="cite_ref-tv2_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tv2-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> <p>In total, 55 radio stations are located around the Mobile area and provide signals sufficiently strong to serve Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fourteen <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> radio stations transmit from Mobile: <a href="/wiki/WAVH" title="WAVH">WAVH</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBHY-FM" title="WBHY-FM">WBHY</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBLX-FM" title="WBLX-FM">WBLX</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDLT-FM" title="WDLT-FM">WDLT</a>, <a href="/wiki/WHIL_(FM)" title="WHIL (FM)">WHIL</a>, <a href="/wiki/WKSJ-FM" title="WKSJ-FM">WKSJ</a>, WKSJ-HD2, <a href="/wiki/WLVM" title="WLVM">WLVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMXC" title="WMXC">WMXC</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMXC" title="WMXC">WMXC</a>-HD2, <a href="/wiki/WQUA" title="WQUA">WQUA</a>, <a href="/wiki/WRKH" title="WRKH">WRKH</a>, <a href="/wiki/WRKH" title="WRKH">WRKH</a>-HD2, and <a href="/wiki/WZEW" title="WZEW">WZEW</a>. Nine <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> radio stations transmit from Mobile: <a href="/wiki/WBHY_(AM)" title="WBHY (AM)">WBHY</a>, <a href="/wiki/WABF_(AM)" title="WABF (AM)">WABF</a>, <a href="/wiki/WGOK" title="WGOK">WGOK</a>, <a href="/wiki/WIJD" title="WIJD">WIJD</a>, <a href="/wiki/WLPR-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="WLPR-AM">WLPR</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMOB" title="WMOB">WMOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/WNGL" title="WNGL">WNGL</a>, <a href="/wiki/WNTM" title="WNTM">WNTM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WXQW" title="WXQW">WXQW</a>. The content ranges from Christian Contemporary to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop</a> to <a href="/wiki/Top_40" title="Top 40">Top 40</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-radio1_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radio1-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fall 2020, <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings" title="Nielsen Holdings">Nielsen</a> ranked Mobile's radio market as the 102nd in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some years earlier, Nielsen's predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Arbitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitron">Arbitron</a> ranked Mobile's radio market as 93rd in fall 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-radio2_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radio2-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAJaguarsFootball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USAJaguarsFootball.jpg/220px-USAJaguarsFootball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USAJaguarsFootball.jpg/330px-USAJaguarsFootball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USAJaguarsFootball.jpg/440px-USAJaguarsFootball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/South_Alabama_Jaguars" title="South Alabama Jaguars">South Alabama Jaguars</a> football game at <a href="/wiki/Ladd%E2%80%93Peebles_Stadium" title="Ladd–Peebles Stadium">Ladd–Peebles Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hank_Aaron_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hank_Aaron_Stadium.jpg/220px-Hank_Aaron_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hank_Aaron_Stadium.jpg/330px-Hank_Aaron_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hank_Aaron_Stadium.jpg/440px-Hank_Aaron_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron_Stadium" title="Hank Aaron Stadium">Hank Aaron Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitchell_center_north_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mitchell_center_north_entrance.jpg/220px-Mitchell_center_north_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mitchell_center_north_entrance.jpg/330px-Mitchell_center_north_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mitchell_center_north_entrance.jpg/440px-Mitchell_center_north_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the Mitchell Center at the University of South Alabama</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of sports in Mobile, Alabama">History of sports in Mobile, Alabama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3></div> <p>Mobile is the home of two <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> stadiums. The <a href="/wiki/Ladd-Peebles_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladd-Peebles Stadium">Ladd-Peebles Stadium</a> opened in 1948 and has a current capacity of 40,646, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_football_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of American football stadiums by capacity">fourth-largest stadium in the state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ladd_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladd-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hancock_Whitney_Stadium" title="Hancock Whitney Stadium">Hancock Whitney Stadium</a> opened in 2020 on the campus of <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a> and has a current capacity of 25,450. </p><p>Mobile has been home to the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Bowl" title="Senior Bowl">Senior Bowl</a> since 1951, featuring the best college seniors in <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">NCAA football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-srbowl_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srbowl-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game was historically played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium, until the game moved to the newly constructed Hancock Whitney Stadium starting with the 2021 game. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/68_Ventures_Bowl" title="68 Ventures Bowl">68 Ventures Bowl</a>, originally known as the Mobile Alabama Bowl and later the GMAC Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, Dollar General Bowl, and LendingTree Bowl, has been played at Hancock Whitney Stadium since 2021. The game was originally played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium from 1999 to 2020. It features opponents from the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference" title="Sun Belt Conference">Sun Belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference" title="Mid-American Conference">Mid-American</a> conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1988, Ladd–Peebles Stadium has hosted the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic. The top graduating high school seniors from their respective states compete each June.<sup id="cite_ref-AMall-star_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMall-star-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The University of South Alabama in Mobile established a football team in 2007, which went undefeated in its 2009 inaugural season. Their program moved to Division I/FBS in 2013 as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference" title="Sun Belt Conference">Sun Belt Conference</a>. The team currently plays at Hancock Whitney Stadium, after playing at Ladd-Peebles Stadium prior to the start of the 2020 Season.<sup id="cite_ref-football_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-football-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3></div> <p>Mobile's <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron_Stadium" title="Hank Aaron Stadium">Hank Aaron Stadium</a> was the home of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_BayBears" title="Mobile BayBears">Mobile BayBears</a> <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League Baseball</a> team from 1997 to 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-baybears1_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baybears1-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five members of the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Hall of Fame">Baseball Hall of Fame</a> called Mobile home, more than any city outside of New York City and Chicago: the five players were <a href="/wiki/Satchel_Paige" title="Satchel Paige">Satchel Paige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Williams_(left_fielder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Williams (left fielder)">Billy Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_McCovey" title="Willie McCovey">Willie McCovey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ozzie_Smith" title="Ozzie Smith">Ozzie Smith</a>. Other baseball players to hail from South Alabama include <a href="/wiki/Amos_Otis" title="Amos Otis">Amos Otis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommie_Agee" title="Tommie Agee">Tommie Agee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleon_Jones" title="Cleon Jones">Cleon Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Gonzalez_(outfielder,_born_1967)" title="Luis Gonzalez (outfielder, born 1967)">Luis Gonzalez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pierre" title="Juan Pierre">Juan Pierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Lieber" title="Jon Lieber">Jon Lieber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lind" title="Adam Lind">Adam Lind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Freese" title="David Freese">David Freese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3></div> <p>South Alabama basketball is a respected mid-major, regularly competing for the Sun Belt Conference championship. They play their home games at the <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Center" title="Mitchell Center">Mitchell Center</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports_and_facilities">Other sports and facilities</h3></div> <p>The Archbishop Lipscomb Athletic Complex is home of <a href="/wiki/AFC_Mobile" title="AFC Mobile">AFC Mobile</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">National Premier Soccer League</a> team.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public Mobile Tennis Center includes over 50 courts, all lighted and hard-court.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For golfers, Magnolia Grove, part of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trent_Jones_Golf_Trail" title="Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail">Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail</a>, has 36 holes. The Falls course was recently named the best par 3 course in America.<sup id="cite_ref-rtj_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtj-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Mitchell_Company_Tournament_of_Champions" title="The Mitchell Company Tournament of Champions">The Mitchell Company Tournament of Champions</a> was played annually at Magnolia Grove from 1999 through 2007. The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay_LPGA_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Bay LPGA Classic">Mobile Bay LPGA Classic</a> took its place in 2008, also held at Mobile's Magnolia Grove.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile is home to the <a href="/wiki/Azalea_Trail_Run" title="Azalea Trail Run">Azalea Trail Run</a>, which races through historic midtown and downtown Mobile. This 10k run has been an annual event since 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-com_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Azalea Trail Run is one of the premier 10k road races in the United States, attracting runners from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-vulcan_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vulcan-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> <p>Mobile's <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-sistercity_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sistercity-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel (city)">Ariel</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a><sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao" title="Bolinao">Bolinao</a>, Philippines (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cockburn" title="City of Cockburn">Cockburn</a>, Australia (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichihara,_Chiba" title="Ichihara, Chiba">Ichihara</a>, Japan (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-Sister1993_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sister1993-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILembe_District_Municipality" title="ILembe District Municipality">iLembe</a>, South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, Poland (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-Sister1993_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sister1993-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>, Slovakia (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-Sister1993_267-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sister1993-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyeongtaek" title="Pyeongtaek">Pyeongtaek</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, Germany (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-Sister1993_267-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sister1993-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama" title="Portal:Alabama">Alabama portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Mobile,_Alabama" title="List of people from Mobile, Alabama">List of people from Mobile, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="List of tallest buildings in Mobile, Alabama">List of tallest buildings in Mobile, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama">National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Mobile" title="USS Mobile">USS <i>Mobile</i></a>, 6 ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almonline.org/Assets/Files/AboutUs/Alabama_Municipalities_Incorporation_Dates.pdf">"Municipalities of Alabama Incorporation Dates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Alabama League of Municipalities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipalities+of+Alabama+Incorporation+Dates&rft.pub=Alabama+League+of+Municipalities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmonline.org%2FAssets%2FFiles%2FAboutUs%2FAlabama_Municipalities_Incorporation_Dates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alabama-law-to-1823-town-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alabama-law-to-1823-town_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JvtKAAAAYAAJ/page/n811">"An Act to provide for Government of the Town of Mobile. —Passed January 20, 1814." (Internet Archive)</a>. A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January 1823. Published by Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers, New-York, 1828. Title 62. Chapter XII. Pages 780–781.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alabama-law-to-1823-city-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alabama-law-to-1823-city_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JvtKAAAAYAAJ/page/n815">"An Act to incorporate the City of Mobile. —Passed December 17, 1819." (Internet Archive)</a>. A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January 1823. Published by Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers, New-York, 1828. Title 62. Chapter XVI. Pages 784–791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City elections are Nonpartisan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2023_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2023_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_01.txt">"2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2023_Gazetteer%2F2023_gaz_place_01.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau2022" class="citation web cs1">United States Census Bureau (December 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/29/2022-28286/2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications">"2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Qualifying+Urban+Areas+and+Final+Criteria+Clarifications&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2022%2F12%2F29%2F2022-28286%2F2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2404278">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mobile, Alabama</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/profile/Mobile_city,_Alabama?g=160XX00US0150000">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fprofile%2FMobile_city%2C_Alabama%3Fg%3D160XX00US0150000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2022-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">"City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022"</a>. United States Census Bureau. March 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+and+Town+Population+Totals%3A+2020%E2%80%932022&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.usps.com/zip-code-lookup.htm">"Zip Code Lookup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">USPS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zip+Code+Lookup&rft.pub=USPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.usps.com%2Fzip-code-lookup.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2023" class="citation news cs1">Sharp, John (July 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/news/2023/07/mobile-now-second-largest-city-in-alabama-after-annexation-vote.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mobile now second largest city in Alabama after annexation vote"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">AL.COM</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719015507/https://www.al.com/news/2023/07/mobile-now-second-largest-city-in-alabama-after-annexation-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/mobile/mobile3.html">the original</a> on August 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Department+of+Archives+and+History&rft.atitle=Mobile%3A+Alabama%27s+Tricentennial+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.state.al.us%2Fmobile%2Fmobile3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britmob1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britmob1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britmob1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason (2001), <i>Mobile</i>, pp. 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zietz, Robert (1994). <i>The Gates of Heaven: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, the first 150 years, Mobile, Alabama, 1844–1994.</i> Mobile, Alabama: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, pp. 7–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-storymobile1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-storymobile1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storymobile1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storymobile1_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Delaney, Caldwell. <i>The Story of Mobile</i>, page 45. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940882-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-940882-14-0">0-940882-14-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barrancas-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barrancas_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barrancas_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._Ogden2005" class="citation book cs1">David P. Ogden (January 2005). <i>The Fort Barrancas Story</i>. Eastern National Parks. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888213-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888213-15-7"><bdi>978-1-888213-15-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fort+Barrancas+Story&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Eastern+National+Parks&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-1-888213-15-7&rft.au=David+P.+Ogden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkinson-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103184211/http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/people/wilkinson.html">"James Wilkinson"</a>. <i>War of 1812</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/people/wilkinson.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+of+1812&rft.atitle=James+Wilkinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galafilm.com%2F1812%2Fe%2Fpeople%2Fwilkinson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antebellum1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antebellum1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antebellum1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antebellum1_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antebellum1_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antebellum1_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antebellum1_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antebellum1_38-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Michael (2001). <i>Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7"><bdi>0-8173-1065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile%3A+the+new+history+of+Alabama%27s+first+city&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Tuscaloosa%3A+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8173-1065-7&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1969" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, George Rogers (1969). <i>The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873321013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873321013"><bdi>978-0873321013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transportation+Revolution%2C+1815%E2%80%931860&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0873321013&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=George+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckert2014" class="citation book cs1">Beckert, Sven (2014). <i>Empire of Cotton: A Global History</i>. US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-71396-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-71396-5"><bdi>978-0-375-71396-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Cotton%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Vintage+Books+Division+Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-375-71396-5&rft.aulast=Beckert&rft.aufirst=Sven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860">Eugene R. Dattel, "Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800–1860)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615105736/http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860">Archived</a> June 15, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, October 2006, Mississippi History Now, online publication of the Mississippi Historical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antebellum3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antebellum3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Michael (2001). <i>Mobile: The New History of Alabama's first city</i>. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7"><bdi>0-8173-1065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile%3A+The+New+History+of+Alabama%27s+first+city&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8173-1065-7&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antebellum2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antebellum2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Michael (2001). <i>Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city</i>. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 69–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7"><bdi>0-8173-1065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile%3A+the+new+history+of+Alabama%27s+first+city&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=69-71&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8173-1065-7&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2714041?uid=3738232&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103223509871">Cudjo's Own Story of the Last African Slaver</a>", <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 12 (1927), 648 <a href="/wiki/Jstor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jstor">Jstor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zietz, Robert (1994). <i>The Gates of Heaven: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, The First 150 Years</i>, Mobile, Alabama, 1844–1994. Mobile, Alabama: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim. pp. 7–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1860cen-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1860cen_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011126145022/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab09.txt">"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1860"</a>. <i>United States Bureau of the Census</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab09.txt">the original</a> on November 26, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft.atitle=Population+of+the+100+Largest+Urban+Places%3A+1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0027%2Ftab09.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop1860-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop1860_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop1860_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506121628/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/censusbin/census/cen.pl?year=860">"Census Data for the Year 1860"</a>. <i>Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/censusbin/census/cen.pl?year=860">the original</a> on May 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inter-University+Consortium+for+Political+and+Social+Research&rft.atitle=Census+Data+for+the+Year+1860&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffisher.lib.virginia.edu%2Fcgi-local%2Fcensusbin%2Fcensus%2Fcen.pl%3Fyear%3D860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunley-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunley_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014220553/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org12-3.htm">"H. L. Hunley"</a>. <i>Naval Historical Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org12-3.htm">the original</a> on October 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+Historical+Center&rft.atitle=H.+L.+Hunley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fbranches%2Forg12-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newhist1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newhist1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newhist1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason, Michael. <i>Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city</i>, page 113. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7">0-8173-1065-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delaney, Caldwell. <i>The Story of Mobile</i>, pp. 144–146. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940882-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-940882-14-0">0-940882-14-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reconstruction1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reconstruction1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason, Michael. <i>Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city</i>, page 153. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7">0-8173-1065-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exports1878-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exports1878_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason, Michael. <i>Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city</i>, p. 145. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7">0-8173-1065-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-progress1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progress1_53-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason, Michael. <i>Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City</i>, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1065-7">0-8173-1065-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vra-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vra_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vra_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vra_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protectcivilrights.org/pdf/voting/AlabamaVRA.pdf">James Blacksher, Edward Still, Nick Quinton, Cullen Brown, and Royal Dumas, "Voting Rights in Alabama 1982–2006"</a>, July 2006, RenewtheVRA.org, accessed March 12, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FireAnts-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FireAnts_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617063432/http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/documents/FACT/RedImportedFireAntsJusttheFacts-Sep2007.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/documents/FACT/RedImportedFireAntsJusttheFacts-Sep2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Gazetteer+files%3A+2010%2C+2000%2C+and+1990&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeographies%2Freference-files%2Ftime-series%2Fgeo%2Fgazetteer-files.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elevationcham-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elevationcham_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201063553/http://www.mobilechamber.com/meet_neig.pdf">"Welcome to Mobile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mobile Chamber of Commerce</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Mobile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilechamber.com%2Fmeet_neig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USS+Alabama+Battleship+Commission&rft.atitle=See+Courage+Up+Close&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussalabama.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southernmarket-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-southernmarket_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/about.php">"About Us"</a>. <i>Museum of Mobile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Mobile&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofmobile.com%2Fhtml%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakleigh-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakleigh_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807121029/http://www.historicmobile.org/oakleigh.htm">"OakleighMuseum"</a>. <i>Historic Mobile Preservation Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicmobile.org/oakleigh.htm">the original</a> on August 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Mobile+Preservation+Society&rft.atitle=OakleighMuseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicmobile.org%2Foakleigh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews, Casandra, <i>Master of make-Believe</i>, Press Register, Mobile, Alabama: January 28, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmm1-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bmm1_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216232525/http://www.braggmitchellmansion.com/tour.htm">"Tour"</a>. <i>Bragg Mitchell Mansion</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braggmitchellmansion.com/tour.htm">the original</a> on December 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bragg+Mitchell+Mansion&rft.atitle=Tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braggmitchellmansion.com%2Ftour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rdarhm1-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rdarhm1_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829044823/http://www.richardsdarhouse.com/index.html">"Welcome"</a>. <i>Richards DAR House Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardsdarhouse.com/index.html">the original</a> on August 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richards+DAR+House+Museum&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardsdarhouse.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccmh1-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccmh1_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014204814/http://www.angelfire.com/al2/condecharlotte/">"Condé"</a>. <i>Condé-Charlotte Museum House</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/al2/condecharlotte/">the original</a> on October 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cond%C3%A9-Charlotte+Museum+House&rft.atitle=Cond%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fal2%2Fcondecharlotte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris2-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris2_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris2_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris2_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris2_120-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. March 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmm1-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmm1_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilemedicalmuseum.com/">"Welcome to the Mobile Medical Museum"</a>. <i>Mobile Medical Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Medical+Museum&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Mobile+Medical+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilemedicalmuseum.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pfm1-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pfm1_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php">"Phoenix Fire Museum"</a>. <i>Museum of Mobile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Mobile&rft.atitle=Phoenix+Fire+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofmobile.com%2Fhtml%2Fother_museums.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpdm1-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mpdm1_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofmobile.org/mobilepd/html/divisions/museum.html">"Mobile Police Department Museum"</a>. <i>Mobile Police Department</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Police+Department&rft.atitle=Mobile+Police+Department+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofmobile.org%2Fmobilepd%2Fhtml%2Fdivisions%2Fmuseum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exploreum-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exploreum_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030806094443/http://www.exploreum.net/">"About Us"</a>. <i>Gulf Coast Exploreum Science Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreum.net/">the original</a> on August 6, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Coast+Exploreum+Science+Center&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreum.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyka2007" class="citation news cs1">Motyka, John (March 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/travel/escapes/23American.html?ex=1175313600&en=f9db7486620e5d10&ei=5070&emc=eta1">"You Can Call It the Little Easy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=You+Can+Call+It+the+Little+Easy&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.aulast=Motyka&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F23%2Ftravel%2Fescapes%2F23American.html%3Fex%3D1175313600%26en%3Df9db7486620e5d10%26ei%3D5070%26emc%3Deta1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-botanicalgard-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-botanicalgard_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121212417/http://www.mobilebotanicalgardens.org/explore.htm">"Explore the Gardens"</a>. <i>Mobile Botanical Gardens</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilebotanicalgardens.org/explore.htm">the original</a> on November 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Botanical+Gardens&rft.atitle=Explore+the+Gardens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilebotanicalgardens.org%2Fexplore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellingrathgard-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bellingrathgard_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091129034202/http://www.bellingrath.org/about-us.html">"About Us"</a>. <i>Bellingrath Gardens and Home Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellingrath.org/about-us.html">the original</a> on November 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bellingrath+Gardens+and+Home+Website&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingrath.org%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5_Rivers-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5_Rivers_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025170631/http://www.mobile.org/pdf/5riversbrochure.pdf">"5 Rivers Delta Resource Center"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mobile Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobile.org/pdf/5riversbrochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Bay+Convention+and+Visitors+Bureau&rft.atitle=5+Rivers+Delta+Resource+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobile.org%2Fpdf%2F5riversbrochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5_Rivers_Facilities-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5_Rivers_Facilities_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223093652/http://www.outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/">"5 Rivers"</a>. <i>5 Rivers Delta Resource Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/">the original</a> on December 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=5+Rivers+Delta+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=5+Rivers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdooralabama.com%2Foutdoor-adventures%2F5rivers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5RDS-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5RDS_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103173903/http://outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/safaris/">"5RDS"</a>. <i>5 Rivers Delta Resource Center Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/safaris/">the original</a> on January 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=5+Rivers+Delta+Resource+Center+Website&rft.atitle=5RDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdooralabama.com%2Foutdoor-adventures%2F5rivers%2Fsafaris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parksmob-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parksmob_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parksmob_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofmobile.org/parks/parklist.php">"Parks and Recreation"</a>. <i>City of Mobile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Mobile&rft.atitle=Parks+and+Recreation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofmobile.org%2Fparks%2Fparklist.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delaney, Caldwell. <i>The Story of Mobile</i>, page 79. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainstreet-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mainstreet_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430072858/http://www.mainstreetmobile.org/html/guide/walking.html">"Main Street Mobile"</a>. <i>Dauphin Street Virtual Walking Tour</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainstreetmobile.org/html/guide/walking.html">the original</a> on April 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CityOfMObile.org&rft.atitle=Event+Calendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofmobile.org%2Fcalendar_events.php%3Fcategory%3D%26day%3D%26month%3D01%26year%3D2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vulcan-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vulcan_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062439/http://www.vulcantri.com/index.php?option=com_events&task=view_detail&agid=448&year=2006&month=03&day=25&Itemid=46">"<i>Azalea Trail Run</i>"</a>. <i>VulcanTri.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulcantri.com/index.php?option=com_events&task=view_detail&agid=448&year=2006&month=03&day=25&Itemid=46">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VulcanTri.com&rft.atitle=Azalea+Trail+Run&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulcantri.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_events%26task%3Dview_detail%26agid%3D448%26year%3D2006%26month%3D03%26day%3D25%26Itemid%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sistercity-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sistercity_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncsmobile.org/sister_cities.php">"Mobile's Sister Cities"</a>. <i>City of Mobile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Mobile&rft.atitle=Mobile%27s+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncsmobile.org%2Fsister_cities.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofmobile.org/calendar-of-events/?sister_cities.php">"Calendar: City of Mobile"</a>. <i>Cityofmobile.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cityofmobile.org&rft.atitle=Calendar%3A+City+of+Mobile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofmobile.org%2Fcalendar-of-events%2F%3Fsister_cities.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Sister City", <i>Mobile Register</i>, November 3, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Register&rft.atitle=Sister+City&rft.date=2005-11-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sister1993-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sister1993_267-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sister1993_267-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sister1993_267-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sister1993_267-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Sister Cities: Program Links Mobile with its International Counterparts", <i>Mobile Register</i>, September 1, 1993</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Register&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities%3A+Program+Links+Mobile+with+its+International+Counterparts&rft.date=1993-09-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174907/http://www.waterdialogues.org/south-africa/documents/IlembeCaseStudy-FullReport.pdf">"Ilembe Case Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Water Dialogues. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterdialogues.org/south-africa/documents/IlembeCaseStudy-FullReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ilembe+Case+Study&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+Water+Dialogues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterdialogues.org%2Fsouth-africa%2Fdocuments%2FIlembeCaseStudy-FullReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Cox, Isaac Joslin. <i>The West Florida controversy, 1798–1813: a study in American diplomacy</i> (The Johns Hopkins Press, 1918) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westfloridacont01coxgoog">online</a></li> <li>Gould, Elizabeth Barrett. <i>From Fort to Port: An Architectural History of Mobile, Alabama, 1711–1918</i> (University of Alabama Press, 1988)</li> <li>Kinser, Samuel, and Norman Magden. <i>Carnival, American Style: Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1990.)</li> <li>Kirkland, Scotty E. "Pink Sheets and Black Ballots: Politics and Civil Rights in Mobile, Alabama, 1945–1985." MA Thesis University of South Alabama</li> <li>Pride, Richard Alan. <i>The Political Use of Racial Narratives: School Desegregation in Mobile, Alabama, 1954–97</i> (University of Illinois Press, 2002)</li> <li>Thomason, Michael, ed. <i>Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city</i> (University of Alabama Press, 2001)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mobile, Alabama</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile,_Alabama" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mobile, Alabama">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mobile" class="extiw" title="voy:Mobile">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityofmobile.org/">City of Mobile website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mobile"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mobile">"Mobile" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mobile&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Mobile" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile,_Alabama" title="Template:Mobile, Alabama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile,_Alabama" title="Template talk:Mobile, Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile,_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile, Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Mobile" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Mobile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Timeline of Mobile, Alabama">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mobile_Site" title="Old Mobile Site">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Charlotte" title="Battle of Fort Charlotte">Battle of Fort Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile, Alabama in the American Civil War">Civil War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Battle of Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spanish_Fort" title="Battle of Spanish Fort">Battle of Spanish Fort</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotilda_(slave_ship)" title="Clotilda (slave ship)">Clotilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_magazine_explosion" title="Mobile magazine explosion">Magazine explosion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Mobile,_Alabama_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_seal.jpg/100px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_seal.jpg/150px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_seal.jpg/200px-City_of_Mobile%2C_Alabama_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africatown" title="Africatown">Africatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_Boulevard_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Airport Boulevard (Mobile, Alabama)">Airport Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakeley_Island_(Alabama)" title="Blakeley Island (Alabama)">Blakeley Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookley_Air_Force_Base" title="Brookley Air Force Base">Brookley Air Force Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_River_(Alabama)" title="Dog River (Alabama)">Dog River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowl_River" title="Fowl River">Fowl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Street_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Government Street (Mobile, Alabama)">Government Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile%E2%80%93Tensaw_River_Delta" title="Mobile–Tensaw River Delta">Mobile–Tensaw River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Shell_Road" title="Old Shell Road">Old Shell Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinto_Island" title="Pinto Island">Pinto Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_River_(Alabama)" title="Spanish River (Alabama)">Spanish River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Spring Hill (Mobile, Alabama)">Spring Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulminville" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulminville">Toulminville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mayor (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Aeroplex_at_Brookley" title="Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley">Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Downtown_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Downtown Airport">Mobile Downtown Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Regional_Airport" title="Mobile Regional Airport">Mobile Regional Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austal_USA" title="Austal USA">Austal USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Southeast_Shipyards" title="BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards">BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Motors,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Motors, Inc.">Continental Motors, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_International" title="Signal International">Signal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkert,_Inc." title="Volkert, Inc.">Volkert, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT_Mobile_Aerospace_Engineering" title="VT Mobile Aerospace Engineering">VT Mobile Aerospace Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalea_Trail_Maids" title="Azalea Trail Maids">Azalea Trail Maids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayfest_(Mobile)" title="Bayfest (Mobile)">Bayfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile">Mardi Gras in Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Arts_Council" title="Mobile Arts Council">Mobile Arts Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Civic_Center" title="Mobile Civic Center">Mobile Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Opera" title="Mobile Opera">Mobile Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Mobile Symphony Orchestra">Mobile Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_society" title="Mystic society">Mystic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Mobile,_Alabama" title="List of people from Mobile, Alabama">People from Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenger_Theatre_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saenger Theatre (Mobile, Alabama)">Saenger Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in Mobile">Tallest buildings in Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_Battle_House_Tower" title="RSA Battle House Tower">RSA Battle House Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA%E2%80%93BankTrust_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA–BankTrust Building">RSA–BankTrust Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Riverview_Plaza_Hotel" title="Renaissance Riverview Plaza Hotel">Renaissance Riverview Plaza Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Government_Plaza" title="Mobile Government Plaza">Mobile Government Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_Bank_Building_(Mobile)" title="Regions Bank Building (Mobile)">Regions Bank Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wachovia_Building_(Mobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wachovia Building (Mobile)">Wachovia Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Health_Providence_Hospital" title="USA Health Providence Hospital">Providence Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Antwerp_Building" title="Van Antwerp Building">Van Antwerp Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_House_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle House Hotel">The Battle House Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NRHP (<a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahavas_Chesed_Cemetery" title="Ahavas Chesed Cemetery">Ahavas Chesed Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Drydock_and_Shipbuilding_Company" title="Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company">Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyington_Oak" title="Boyington Oak">Boyington Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffie_Oak" title="Duffie Oak">Duffie Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Mobile, Alabama)">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Cemetery_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Catholic Cemetery (Mobile, Alabama)">Catholic Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_Graveyard" title="Church Street Graveyard">Church Street Graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Charlotte,_Mobile" title="Fort Charlotte, Mobile">Fort Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Cemetery_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Magnolia Cemetery (Mobile, Alabama)">Magnolia Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27arai_Shomayim_Cemetery" title="Sha'arai Shomayim Cemetery">Sha'arai Shomayim Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingrath_Gardens_and_Home" title="Bellingrath Gardens and Home">Bellingrath Gardens and Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienville_Square" title="Bienville Square">Bienville Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Square,_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Cathedral Square, Mobile, Alabama">Cathedral Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langan_Park" title="Langan Park">Langan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Botanical_Gardens" title="Mobile Botanical Gardens">Mobile Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_Park" title="Mardi Gras Park">Mardi Gras Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K–12</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County_Public_School_System" title="Mobile County Public School System">Mobile County PSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_High_School_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Davidson High School (Mobile, Alabama)">Davidson High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeFlore_Magnet_High_School" title="LeFlore Magnet High School">LeFlore Magnet High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_High_School,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Murphy High School, Alabama">Murphy High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._C._Rain_High_School" title="B. C. Rain High School">B. C. Rain High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_High_School_(Alabama)" title="Williamson High School (Alabama)">Williamson High</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_High_School_(Alabama)" title="Baker High School (Alabama)">Baker High</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_School_of_Mathematics_and_Science" title="Alabama School of Mathematics and Science">Alabama School of Mathematics and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Academy_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Faith Academy (Mobile, Alabama)">Faith Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Toolen_Catholic_High_School" title="McGill–Toolen Catholic High School">McGill–Toolen Catholic High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_School" title="St. Paul's Episcopal School">St. Paul's Episcopal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMS-Wright_Preparatory_School" title="UMS-Wright Preparatory School">UMS-Wright Preparatory School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_State_Community_College" title="Bishop State Community College">Bishop State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mobile" title="University of Mobile">University of Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Memorial_Park" title="Battleship Memorial Park">Battleship Memorial Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">USS <i>Alabama</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Drum_(SS-228)" title="USS Drum (SS-228)">USS <i>Drum</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Conde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Carnival_Museum" title="Mobile Carnival Museum">Mobile Carnival Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Museum_of_Art" title="Mobile Museum of Art">Mobile Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Old City Hall (Mobile, Alabama)">Museum of Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_African_American_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National African American Archives and Museum">National African American Archives and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakleigh_Historic_Complex_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Oakleigh Historic Complex (Mobile, Alabama)">Oakleigh Historic Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richards_DAR_House" title="Richards DAR House">Richards DAR House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Media in Mobile, Alabama">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagniappe_(newspaper)" title="Lagniappe (newspaper)">Lagniappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_Mobilian" title="Mod Mobilian">Mod Mobilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press-Register" title="Press-Register">Press-Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WALA-TV" title="WALA-TV">WALA 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFNA_(TV)" title="WFNA (TV)">WFNA 55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKRG-TV" title="WKRG-TV">WKRG 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPMI-TV" title="WPMI-TV">WPMI 15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile,_Alabama" title="Category:Mobile, Alabama">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_Relating_to_Mobile_and_Mobile_County" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_Relating_to_Mobile_and_Mobile_County" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles Relating to Mobile and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile County</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Mobile,_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NRHP_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Template:NRHP in Mobile, Alabama"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NRHP_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Template talk:NRHP in Mobile, Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP in Mobile, Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Mobile,_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile, Alabama</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic<br />Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Street_Presbyterian_Church" title="Government Street Presbyterian Church">Government Street Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Old City Hall (Mobile, Alabama)">Mobile City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">USS <i>Alabama</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Drum_(SS-228)" title="USS Drum (SS-228)">USS <i>Drum</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mobile_Highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mobile map"><img alt="Mobile map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mobile_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mobile_Highlighted.svg/75px-Mobile_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mobile_Highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mobile_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mobile_Highlighted.svg/113px-Mobile_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mobile_Highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mobile_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mobile_Highlighted.svg/150px-Mobile_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mobile_Highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic<br />districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africatown" title="Africatown">Africatown Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_Place_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Ashland Place Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Ashland Place Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campground_Historic_District" title="Campground Historic District">The Campground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_East_Historic_District" title="Church Street East Historic District">Church Street East Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Street_District" title="Common Street District">Common Street District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_and_Academy_of_the_Visitation" title="Convent and Academy of the Visitation">Convent and Academy of the Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Tonti_Square_Historic_District" title="De Tonti Square Historic District">De Tonti Square Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinkauf_Historic_District" title="Leinkauf Historic District">Leinkauf Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dauphin_Street_Historic_District" title="Lower Dauphin Street Historic District">Lower Dauphin Street Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysville_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Maysville Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Maysville Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_Historic_District_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Midtown Historic District (Mobile, Alabama)">Midtown Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakleigh_Garden_Historic_District" title="Oakleigh Garden Historic District">Oakleigh Garden Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dauphin_Way_Historic_District" title="Old Dauphin Way Historic District">Old Dauphin Way Historic District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Other<br />properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimwell_Baptist_Church" title="Aimwell Baptist Church">Aimwell Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Askew_House" title="Wade Askew House">Wade Askew House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azalea_Court_Apartments" title="Azalea Court Apartments">Azalea Court Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Academy" title="Barton Academy">Barton Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_House_Hotel" title="Battle House Hotel">Battle House Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beal%E2%80%93Gaillard_House" title="Beal–Gaillard House">Beal–Gaillard House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Hunter_House" title="Bettie Hunter House">Bettie Hunter House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragg%E2%80%93Mitchell_Mansion" title="Bragg–Mitchell Mansion">Bragg–Mitchell Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisk_%26_Jacobson_Store" title="Brisk & Jacobson Store">Brisk & Jacobson Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_School" title="Caldwell School">Caldwell School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlen_House" title="Carlen House">Carlen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Hall" title="Carolina Hall">Carolina Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavallero_House" title="Cavallero House">Cavallero House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center%E2%80%93Gaillard_House" title="Center–Gaillard House">Center–Gaillard House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._J._Cleveland_House" title="U. J. Cleveland House">U. J. Cleveland House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coley_Building" title="Coley Building">Coley Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins%E2%80%93Marston_House" title="Collins–Marston House">Collins–Marston House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins%E2%80%93Robinson_House" title="Collins–Robinson House">Collins–Robinson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Mercy_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Convent of Mercy (Mobile, Alabama)">Convent of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Iberville_Apartments" title="D'Iberville Apartments">D'Iberville Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahm_House" title="Dahm House">Dahm House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_African_American_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National African American Archives and Museum">Davis Avenue Branch, Mobile Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Avenue_Recreation_Center" title="Davis Avenue Recreation Center">Davis Avenue Recreation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denby_House" title="Denby House">Denby House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Emanuel AME Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Building" title="Emanuel Building">Emanuel Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fearn_House" title="George Fearn House">George Fearn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Firehouse_No._5" title="Washington Firehouse No. 5">Fire Station No. 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="First National Bank (Mobile, Alabama)">First National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Charlotte,_Mobile" title="Fort Charlotte, Mobile">Fort Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates%E2%80%93Daves_House" title="Gates–Daves House">Gates–Daves House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cottage" title="Georgia Cottage">Georgia Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene%E2%80%93Marston_House" title="Greene–Marston House">Greene–Marston House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Ohio_Passenger_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal">Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorn_House_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Hawthorn House (Mobile, Alabama)">Hawthorn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Horst_House" title="Martin Horst House">Martin Horst House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoreman%27s_Association_Hall_(Mobile,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Longshoreman's Association Hall (Mobile, Alabama)">International Longshoreman's Association Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jossen_House" title="Joseph Jossen House">Joseph Jossen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conde%E2%80%93Charlotte_House" title="Conde–Charlotte House">Kirkbride House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Levy_House" title="George Levy House">George Levy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lindsey_House" title="Martin Lindsey House">Martin Lindsey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Cemetery_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Magnolia Cemetery (Mobile, Alabama)">Magnolia Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaher%E2%80%93Zoghby_House" title="Meaher–Zoghby House">Meaher–Zoghby House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Megginson_House" title="Ernest Megginson House">Ernest Megginson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metzger_House" title="Metzger House">Metzger House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93O%27Donnell_House" title="Miller–O'Donnell House">Miller–O'Donnell House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_City_Hospital" title="Mobile City Hospital">Mobile City Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Place" title="Monterey Place">Monterey Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_Morrison_House" title="James Arthur Morrison House">James Arthur Morrison House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olive_Missionary_Baptist_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Mount Olive Missionary Baptist Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Mt. Olive Missionary Baptist Church No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_High_School_(Mobile,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murphy High School (Mobile, Alabama)">Murphy High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_House_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Neville House (Mobile, Alabama)">Neville House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakleigh_Historic_Complex_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Oakleigh Historic Complex (Mobile, Alabama)">Oakleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_House_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Paterson House (Mobile, Alabama)">Paterson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._Paterson_House" title="J. E. Paterson House">J. E. Paterson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Patton_House" title="Dave Patton House">Dave Patton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfau%E2%80%93Crichton_Cottage" title="Pfau–Crichton Cottage">Pfau–Crichton Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillipi_House" title="Phillipi House">Phillipi House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincus_Building" title="Pincus Building">Pincus Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Portier_House" title="Bishop Portier House">Bishop Portier House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Children%27s_Home" title="Protestant Children's Home">Protestant Children's Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_House_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Roberts House (Mobile, Alabama)">Roberts House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Knox_House" title="Ross Knox House">Ross Knox House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Street_Methodist_Church" title="St. Francis Street Methodist Church">St. Francis Street Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Joseph's Roman Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Joseph's Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Street_Missionary_Baptist_Church" title="St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church">St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew%27s_Catholic_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Matthew's Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Matthew's Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Episcopal_Chapel_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Saint Paul's Episcopal Chapel (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Paul's Episcopal Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_de_Paul_Catholic_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Downtown" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Downtown">Scottish Rite Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes_House" title="Raphael Semmes House">Raphael Semmes House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodality_Chapel" title="Sodality Chapel">Sodality Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lafayette_Street_Creole_Cottages" title="South Lafayette Street Creole Cottages">South Lafayette Street Creole Cottages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Spotswood_House" title="Robert L. Spotswood House">Robert L. Spotswood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College_Quadrangle" title="Spring Hill College Quadrangle">Spring Hill College Quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Street_AME_Zion_Church" title="State Street AME Zion Church">State Street AME Zion Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Stewart_House" title="Amelia Stewart House">Amelia Stewart House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewartfield_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Stewartfield (Mobile, Alabama)">Stewartfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Stone Street Baptist Church">Stone Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Cemetery_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Catholic Cemetery (Mobile, Alabama)">Stone Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Episcopal_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Trinity Episcopal Church (Mobile, Alabama)">Trinity Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tschiener_House" title="Tschiener House">Tschiener House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner-Todd_Motor_Company" title="Turner-Todd Motor Company">Turner-Todd Motor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell_United_States_Courthouse" title="John Archibald Campbell United States Courthouse">United States Court House and Custom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Hospital_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="United States Marine Hospital (Mobile, Alabama)">United States Marine Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_VanderSys_House" title="Arthur VanderSys House">Arthur VanderSys House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_VanderSys_House" title="Jacob VanderSys House">Jacob VanderSys House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_and_Schumacher_Buildings" title="Vickers and Schumacher Buildings">Vickers and Schumacher Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Walker_House" title="Joseph M. Walker House">Joseph M. Walker House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weems_House" title="Weems House">Weems House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places#Multiple_Property_Submission" title="National Register of Historic Places">Multiple property<br />submissions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Century_Spring_Hill_Neighborhood_Thematic_Resource" title="19th Century Spring Hill Neighborhood Thematic Resource">19th Century Spring Hill Neighborhood Thematic Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Roman_Catholic_Properties_in_Mobile_Multiple_Property_Submission" title="Historic Roman Catholic Properties in Mobile Multiple Property Submission">Historic Roman Catholic Properties in Mobile Multiple Property Submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revival_Residences_in_Mobile_Multiple_Property_Submission" title="Spanish Revival Residences in Mobile Multiple Property Submission">Spanish Revival Residences in Mobile Multiple Property Submission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama">National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Alabama" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama">List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Mobile_County,_Alabama,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Template:Mobile County, Alabama"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Template talk:Mobile County, Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile County, Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Mobile_County,_Alabama,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama"><span class="region">Mobile County, Alabama</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>Mobile</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_La_Batre,_Alabama" title="Bayou La Batre, Alabama">Bayou La Batre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw,_Alabama" title="Chickasaw, Alabama">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citronelle,_Alabama" title="Citronelle, Alabama">Citronelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creola,_Alabama" title="Creola, Alabama">Creola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prichard,_Alabama" title="Prichard, Alabama">Prichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraland,_Alabama" title="Saraland, Alabama">Saraland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma,_Alabama" title="Satsuma, Alabama">Satsuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmes,_Alabama" title="Semmes, Alabama">Semmes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Alabama highlighting Mobile County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Mobile_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Mobile_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Mobile_County.svg/95px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Mobile_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Mobile_County.svg/126px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Mobile_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1018" /></span><figcaption>Map of Alabama highlighting Mobile County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island,_Alabama" title="Dauphin Island, Alabama">Dauphin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Alabama" title="Mount Vernon, Alabama">Mount Vernon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis,_Alabama" title="Axis, Alabama">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Fontaine,_Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Belle Fontaine, Mobile County, Alabama">Belle Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucks,_Alabama" title="Bucks, Alabama">Bucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert,_Alabama" title="Calvert, Alabama">Calvert</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunchula,_Alabama" title="Chunchula, Alabama">Chunchula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bay,_Alabama" title="Grand Bay, Alabama">Grand Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfcrest,_Alabama" title="Gulfcrest, Alabama">Gulfcrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movico,_Alabama" title="Movico, Alabama">Movico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore,_Alabama" title="Theodore, Alabama">Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillmans_Corner,_Alabama" title="Tillmans Corner, Alabama">Tillmans Corner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Port,_Alabama" title="Alabama Port, Alabama">Alabama Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Downs,_Alabama" title="Churchill Downs, Alabama">Churchill Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale,_Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Cloverdale, Mobile County, Alabama">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coden,_Alabama" title="Coden, Alabama">Coden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Crawford, Mobile County, Alabama">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Mile,_Alabama" title="Eight Mile, Alabama">Eight Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernland,_Alabama" title="Fernland, Alabama">Fernland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Bay,_Alabama" title="Heron Bay, Alabama">Heron Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvington,_Alabama" title="Irvington, Alabama">Irvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushla,_Alabama" title="Kushla, Alabama">Kushla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne,_Alabama" title="Le Moyne, Alabama">Le Moyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyds,_Alabama" title="Lloyds, Alabama">Lloyds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauvilla,_Alabama" title="Mauvilla, Alabama">Mauvilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_Louis,_Alabama" title="Mon Louis, Alabama">Mon Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania,_Alabama" title="Pennsylvania, Alabama">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo,_Alabama" title="St. Elmo, Alabama">St. Elmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Williams,_Alabama" title="Tanner Williams, Alabama">Tanner Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Church,_Alabama" title="Union Church, Alabama">Union Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistler,_Alabama" title="Whistler, Alabama">Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmer,_Alabama" title="Wilmer, Alabama">Wilmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Mills,_Alabama" title="Beaver Mills, Alabama">Beaver Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOWA_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians">MOWA Choctaw Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Alabama (state)"><span>Alabama portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_Alabama2020_U.S._census_populations" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Alabama" title="Template:Largest cities of Alabama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Alabama" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_Alabama2020_U.S._census_populations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Alabama<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a> populations</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Alabama">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">County</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Huntsville,_Alabama_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huntsville"><img alt="Huntsville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg/120px-Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg/180px-Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg/240px-Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Birmingham_panorama.jpg/120px-Birmingham_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Birmingham_panorama.jpg/180px-Birmingham_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Birmingham_panorama.jpg/240px-Birmingham_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="494" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">215,006 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montgomery"><img alt="Montgomery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/120px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/180px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/240px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="595" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile,_Alabama_Skyline_(2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mobile"><img alt="Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/120px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/180px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/240px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4028" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,733 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Alabama" title="Montgomery County, Alabama">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">187,041 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,606 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama">Lee</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,143 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama" title="Houston County, Alabama">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_County,_Alabama" title="Dale County, Alabama">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Alabama" title="Henry County, Alabama">Henry</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,072 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Alabama" title="Madison, Alabama">Madison</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,933 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alabama_county_seats" title="Template:Alabama county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alabama_county_seats" title="Template talk:Alabama county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeville,_Alabama" title="Abbeville, Alabama">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusia,_Alabama" title="Andalusia, Alabama">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Alabama" title="Ashland, Alabama">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama" title="Ashville, Alabama">Ashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Alabama" title="Athens, Alabama">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Minette,_Alabama" title="Bay Minette, Alabama">Bay Minette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewton,_Alabama" title="Brewton, Alabama">Brewton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Alabama" title="Butler, Alabama">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_Alabama" title="Camden, Alabama">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrollton,_Alabama" title="Carrollton, Alabama">Carrollton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre,_Alabama" title="Centre, Alabama">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Alabama" title="Centreville, Alabama">Centreville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatom,_Alabama" title="Chatom, Alabama">Chatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanton,_Alabama" title="Clanton, Alabama">Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Alabama" title="Clayton, Alabama">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbiana,_Alabama" title="Columbiana, Alabama">Columbiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullman,_Alabama" title="Cullman, Alabama">Cullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadeville,_Alabama" title="Dadeville, Alabama">Dadeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Springs,_Alabama" title="Double Springs, Alabama">Double Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elba,_Alabama" title="Elba, Alabama">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_Alabama" title="Enterprise, Alabama">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutaw,_Alabama" title="Eutaw, Alabama">Eutaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen,_Conecuh_County,_Alabama" title="Evergreen, Conecuh County, Alabama">Evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette,_Alabama" title="Fayette, Alabama">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Payne,_Alabama" title="Fort Payne, Alabama">Fort Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Alabama" title="Geneva, Alabama">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_Alabama" title="Greensboro, Alabama">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Alabama" title="Greenville, Alabama">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_Hill,_Alabama" title="Grove Hill, Alabama">Grove Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntersville,_Alabama" title="Guntersville, Alabama">Guntersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Alabama" title="Hamilton, Alabama">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayneville,_Alabama" title="Hayneville, Alabama">Hayneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heflin,_Alabama" title="Heflin, Alabama">Heflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Alabama" title="Jasper, Alabama">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama" title="LaFayette, Alabama">LaFayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linden,_Alabama" title="Linden, Alabama">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Alabama" title="Livingston, Alabama">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luverne,_Alabama" title="Luverne, Alabama">Luverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Alabama" title="Marion, Alabama">Marion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Alabama" title="Monroeville, Alabama">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulton,_Alabama" title="Moulton, Alabama">Moulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneonta,_Alabama" title="Oneonta, Alabama">Oneonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelika,_Alabama" title="Opelika, Alabama">Opelika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark,_Alabama" title="Ozark, Alabama">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell_City,_Alabama" title="Pell City, Alabama">Pell City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama" title="Phenix City, Alabama">Phenix City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prattville,_Alabama" title="Prattville, Alabama">Prattville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Alabama" title="Rockford, Alabama">Rockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russellville,_Alabama" title="Russellville, Alabama">Russellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsboro,_Alabama" title="Scottsboro, Alabama">Scottsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama" title="Talladega, Alabama">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscumbia,_Alabama" title="Tuscumbia, Alabama">Tuscumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama" title="Tuskegee, Alabama">Tuskegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Springs,_Alabama" title="Union Springs, Alabama">Union Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Alabama" title="Vernon, Alabama">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedowee,_Alabama" title="Wedowee, Alabama">Wedowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetumpka,_Alabama" title="Wetumpka, Alabama">Wetumpka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79875#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/242177235">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhdffJ99GJXRJ6wwpMwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4232068-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79105708">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255676x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255676x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457186">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550323905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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