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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>French fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Ushant (1778)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Ouessant_(1778)" title="Schlacht bei Ouessant (1778) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Ouessant (1778)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Ouessant_(1778)" title="Bataille d'Ouessant (1778) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille d'Ouessant (1778)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Ouessant_(1778)" title="Battaglia di Ouessant (1778) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Ouessant (1778)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6_(1778%E5%B9%B4)" title="ウェサン島の海戦 (1778年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェサン島の海戦 (1778年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Ushant_(1778)" title="Slaget ved Ushant (1778) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Ushant (1778)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Ushant_(1778)" title="Bitwa pod Ushant (1778) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Ushant (1778)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Batalha_de_Ouessant" title="Primeira Batalha de Ouessant – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Batalha de Ouessant" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бой у острова Уэссан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бой у острова Уэссан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E6%A1%91%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0_(1778%E5%B9%B4)" title="韋桑島海戰 (1778年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韋桑島海戰 (1778年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the American Revolutionary War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other engagements named for Ushant, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Ushant (disambiguation)">Battle of Ushant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Ushant</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_d%27Ouessant_juillet_1778_par_Theodore_Gudin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Combat_d%27Ouessant_juillet_1778_par_Theodore_Gudin.jpg/300px-Combat_d%27Ouessant_juillet_1778_par_Theodore_Gudin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Combat_d%27Ouessant_juillet_1778_par_Theodore_Gudin.jpg/450px-Combat_d%27Ouessant_juillet_1778_par_Theodore_Gudin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Combat_d%27Ouessant_juillet_1778_par_Theodore_Gudin.jpg/600px-Combat_d%27Ouessant_juillet_1778_par_Theodore_Gudin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1415" /></a></span><br /><i>Combat d'Ouessant juillet 1778</i>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin" title="Théodore Gudin">Théodore Gudin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>27 July 1778</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Off <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&params=48_33_37_N_7_22_58_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°33′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°22′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.56028°N 7.38278°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.56028; -7.38278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Indecisive</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">Augustus Keppel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Palliser" title="Hugh Palliser">Hugh Palliser</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Guillouet,_comte_d%27Orvilliers" title="Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers">Comte d'Orvilliers</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_de_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">Comte de Guichen</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 29 ships-of-the-line</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 30 ships-of-the-line</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 407 killed<br />789 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001398_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChack2001398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 126 killed<br />413 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001398_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChack2001398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Revolutionary War"><span class="wrap">American Revolutionary War</span></a> Involving France<br />1778–1783</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Europe and Mediterranean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_June_1778" title="Action of 17 June 1778">17 June 1778</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_20_October_1778" title="Action of 20 October 1778">20 October 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_September_1778" title="Action of 11 September 1778">11 September 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Jersey_(1779)" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Jersey (1779)">1st Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_May_1779" title="Action of 13 May 1779">13 May 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">English Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_August_1779" title="Action of 17 August 1779">Plymouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head" title="Battle of Flamborough Head">Flamborough Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_October_1779" title="Action of 6 October 1779">6 October 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_June_1780" title="Action of 15 June 1780">15 June 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_August_1780" title="Action of 9 August 1780">Cape Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_August_1780" title="Action of 10 August 1780">10 August 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_August_1780" title="Action of 13 August 1780">13 August 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_January_1781" title="Action of 4 January 1781">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">2nd Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1781)" title="Battle of Ushant (1781)">2nd Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1782)" title="Battle of Ushant (1782)">3rd Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_September_1782" title="Action of 4 September 1782">Île-de-Batz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel" title="Battle of Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1782" title="Action of 12 December 1782">Ferrol</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_24_February_1780" title="Action of 24 February 1780">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1780" title="Action of 30 September 1780">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Praya" title="Battle of Porto Praya">Porto Praya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caribbean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica_(1778)" title="Invasion of Dominica (1778)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">1st St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_St._Lucia" title="Capture of St. Lucia">2nd St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Vincent" title="Capture of Saint Vincent">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada_(1779)" title="Capture of Grenada (1779)">1st Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">2nd Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)" title="Battle of Martinique (1779)">1st Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadeloupe_(1779)" title="Battle of Guadeloupe (1779)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1780)" title="Battle of Martinique (1780)">2nd Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Royal" title="Battle of Fort Royal">Fort Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tobago" title="Invasion of Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brimstone_Hill" title="Siege of Brimstone Hill">Brimstone Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Kitts" title="Battle of Saint Kitts">Frigate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" title="Capture of Demerara and Essequibo">Demerara & Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Montserrat" title="Capture of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mona_Passage" title="Battle of the Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_October_1782" title="Action of 18 October 1782">18 October 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_December_1782" title="Action of 6 December 1782">6 December 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_February_1783" title="Action of 15 February 1783">15 February 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Turk" title="Battle of Grand Turk">Grand Turk</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_September_1779" title="Action of 11 September 1779">Charles Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_June_1780" title="Action of 7 June 1780">1st Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Henry" title="Battle of Cape Henry">Cape Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_21_July_1781" title="Action of 21 July 1781">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_September_1781" title="Action of 2 September 1781">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition" title="Hudson Bay expedition">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_September_1782" title="Action of 5 September 1782">2nd Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_September_1782" title="Action of 15 September 1782">Delaware Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_January_1783" title="Action of 22 January 1783">2nd Chesapeake</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>East Indies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1778)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1778)">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadras" title="Battle of Sadras">Sadras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Providien" title="Battle of Providien">Providien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negapatam_(1782)" title="Battle of Negapatam (1782)">Negapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_August_1782" title="Action of 12 August 1782">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_September_1782" title="Action of 10 September 1782">Pisang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trincomalee" title="Battle of Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuddalore" title="Siege of Cuddalore">1st Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuddalore_(1783)" title="Battle of Cuddalore (1783)">2nd Cuddalore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Ushant</b> (also called the <b>First Battle of Ushant</b>) took place on 27 July 1778,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was fought during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> fleets 100 miles (160 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a>, an island at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> off the westernmost point of France. "Ushant" is the anglicised pronunciation of "Ouessant". </p><p>The French commander was under orders to avoid battle if possible, in order to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">fleet in being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahan191383_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan191383-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commanders of the two squadrons of the British fleet were already personally and politically at odds with each other, and failed to make a concerted attack on the French.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle, which was the first major naval engagement in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War</a> of 1778, ended indecisively with no ships lost on either side and led to recriminations and political conflicts in both countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British had a fleet of thirty <a href="/wiki/Ships-of-the-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships-of-the-line">ships-of-the-line</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Fire-ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-ship">fire-ships</a> commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">Augustus Keppel</a>, in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS <i>Victory</i></a>, which sailed from <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a> on 9 July.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French fleet had thirty-two ships-of-the-line, seven frigates, five corvettes and one lugger, commanded by Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Guillouet,_comte_d%27Orvilliers" title="Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers">Comte d'Orvilliers</a>, who had sailed from <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> on 8 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199840_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199840-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keppel sighted the French fleet west of <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a> at just after noon on 23 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199840_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199840-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keppel immediately ordered his battleships into line and set off in pursuit. At around 7 o'clock in the evening, the French fleet went about and began heading towards the British. Keppel, who did not wish to engage at night, had his ships hove to in response.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199841-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the morning, d'Orvilliers found himself to the north-west of the British fleet and cut off from Brest, although he retained the <a href="/wiki/Weather_gage" title="Weather gage">weather gage</a>. Two of his ships, standing to leeward, escaped into port, leaving him with thirty ships-of-the-line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199841-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keppel tried for three days to bring the French to action but d'Orvilliers declined, maintaining his position upwind and heading into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199841-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_d_Ouessant_1778_gravure_anglaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bataille_d_Ouessant_1778_gravure_anglaise.jpg/220px-Bataille_d_Ouessant_1778_gravure_anglaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bataille_d_Ouessant_1778_gravure_anglaise.jpg/330px-Bataille_d_Ouessant_1778_gravure_anglaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bataille_d_Ouessant_1778_gravure_anglaise.jpg/440px-Bataille_d_Ouessant_1778_gravure_anglaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>At 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. on 27 July, with the British fleet roughly line-abreast, Keppel gave the order for the rear division, several miles away under Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Palliser" title="Hugh Palliser">Hugh Palliser</a>, to chase to windward. At 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m., the French, who had hitherto been sailing in the same direction, several miles to windward, went about once more. As the rearmost ships of the French fleet were tacking, however, the wind changed allowing the British to close the gap between them and their quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199841-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 10:15 the British were slightly to leeward, line-ahead on the same course as the French. A little later, a change in wind direction brought about a rain squall which cleared at around 11 o'clock. A further change in wind direction to the south-west gave advantage to the British which d'Orvilliers sought to negate by ordering his ships about. The French, now heading towards the British in a loose formation, would pass slightly to windward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199842_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199842-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French ships were a few points off the wind and d'Orvilliers ordered them close hauled which caused the French line to veer slightly away from the British. The battle began at 11:20 when the fourth French ship in the line was able to bring her guns to bear. Keppel, who wished to save his salvo for the enemy flagship, received the broadsides of six French ships without reply. Once he had engaged the 110-gun <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bretagne_(1766)" title="French ship Bretagne (1766)"><i>Bretagne</i></a>, he continued to attack the next six ships in the French line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199842_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199842-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the British van under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Harland,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Harland, 1st Baronet">Robert Harland</a> passed the end of the French line, Harland ordered his ships about so as to chase the French rearguard, including the <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Sphinx_(1776)" title="French ship Sphinx (1776)"><i>Sphinx</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199842_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199842-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palliser's ten ships at the rear had not formed line of battle but were instead in a loose irregular formation. This was in part due to Keppel's earlier order to break off and chase the French ships to windward. Palliser's division therefore was badly mauled, having allowed itself to be attacked piecemeal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199843_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199843-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. <i>Victory</i> passed the last French ship and attempted to follow Harland but was so badly damaged in the masts and rigging that Keppel had to <a href="/wiki/Wear_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wear (sailing)">wear</a> round and it was 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. before his ships were on the opposite tack. It was about this time that Palliser in <i>Formidable</i> emerged from the battle, downwind of Keppel's division.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the French line had tacked and was now heading south on the starboard tack and threatening to pass the British fleet to leeward. The French practice of firing high into the rigging had left several of the British ships disabled and it was this group that Keppel now stood down towards whilst making the signal, 'form line of battle'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199843_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199843-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m., Harland's division had gone about and joined Keppel's ships in line but Palliser would not or could not conform and his ships, misunderstanding Keppel's intentions, formed line with their commander, several miles upwind from the rest of the British fleet. D'Orvilliers did not, however, attack the British fleet while it was divided into three sections but instead continued his course, passing the British fleet to leeward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199843–44_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199843–44-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m., Keppel sent the sixth-rate, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fox_(1773)" title="HMS Fox (1773)">HMS <i>Fox</i></a>, to demand that Palliser join the main body of the fleet and when this failed, at 7, Keppel removed Palliser from the chain of command by individually signalling each ship in Palliser's division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199844_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199844-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time those ships had joined Keppel, night had fallen and, under cover of darkness, the French fleet sailed off. By daylight the French were 20 miles away and with no chance of catching them, Keppel decided to return to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> to repair his ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199844_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199844-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans"><i>duc de Chartres</i></a>, Louis Philippe II d'Orléans, a French <a href="/wiki/Prince_du_sang" title="Prince du sang">Prince du sang</a> (Prince of the royal blood), who took part in the battle, requested permission to carry news of its outcome to Paris and Versailles. He arrived there early on the morning of 2 August, had <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> woken and announced a victory. Chartres was widely celebrated and received a twenty-minute <a href="/wiki/Standing_ovation" title="Standing ovation">standing ovation</a> when he attended the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>. An effigy of Admiral Keppel was burnt in the gardens of his family residence, the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chartres then returned to <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> to rejoin the fleet. Fresh reports of the battle and Chartres' role then began to arrive in the French capital. Far from a victory, it was now reported as being at best indecisive, and Chartres was accused by d'Orvilliers of either misunderstanding or deliberately ignoring an order to engage the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876–77_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876–77-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chartres was soon mocked by street ballads in Paris, and the embarrassment led to his eventual resignation from the Navy. He subsequently tried to gain permission to take part in a <a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">planned invasion of Britain</a> the following year, but he was refused by the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200879_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200879-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The captains of <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_ship_Alexandre_(1771)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French ship Alexandre (1771) (page does not exist)"><i>Alexandre</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Duc_de_Bourgogne_(1751)" title="French ship Duc de Bourgogne (1751)"><i>Duc de Bourgogne</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Achille_de_Tr%C3%A9migon" title="Achille de Trémigon">Trémigon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne-Pierre_de_Rochechouart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne-Pierre de Rochechouart (page does not exist)">Rochechouart</a>, were subject of an inquiry for their failure to take part in the battle after they got separated from the fleet in the night of 23 to 24 July. Rochechouart was also the commanding officer of the Second Division of the White-and-Blue squadron. Trémigon was admonished, and Rochechouart was cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_History_Division20191130_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_History_Division20191130-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A violent quarrel, exacerbated by political differences, broke out between the British commands. This led to two courts-martial, the resignation of Keppel, and great injury to the discipline of the navy. Keppel was court-martialled but cleared of misconduct in action. Much was made of the alteration of log books and missing notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandemore1779''passim''_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandemore1779''passim''-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palliser was criticised by an inquiry before the affair turned into a squabble of party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2005337–338_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005337–338-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_fleet">British fleet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Admiral Keppel's fleet<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1898415_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1898415-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th width="17%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Ship </th> <th width="5%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Guns </th> <th width="25%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Commander </th> <th width="9%;" align="center" colspan="3">Casualties </th> <th width="36%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th width="3%;" align="center">Killed </th> <th width="3%;" align="center">Wounded </th> <th width="3%;" align="center">Total </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Van </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1765)" title="HMS Monarch (1765)"><i>Monarch</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Rowley" title="Joshua Rowley">Joshua Rowley</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hector_(1774)" title="HMS Hector (1774)"><i>Hector</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hamilton,_1st_Baronet,_of_Marlborough_House" title="Sir John Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Marlborough House">Sir John Hamilton</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Centaur_(1759)" title="HMS Centaur (1759)"><i>Centaur</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Cosby" title="Phillips Cosby">Phillips Cosby</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Exeter_(1763)" title="HMS Exeter (1763)"><i>Exeter</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Neal_Pleydell_Nott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Neal Pleydell Nott (page does not exist)">John Neal Pleydell Nott</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Duke_(1777)" title="HMS Duke (1777)"><i>Duke</i></a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Brereton_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Brereton (Royal Navy officer) (page does not exist)">William Brereton</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_(1769)" title="HMS Queen (1769)"><i>Queen</i></a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Vice-Admiral <b><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Harland,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Harland, 1st Baronet">Sir Robert Harland</a></b><br />Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Prescott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Prescott (page does not exist)">Isaac Prescott</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Squadron flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Shrewsbury_(1758)" title="HMS Shrewsbury (1758)"><i>Shrewsbury</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Lockhart-Ross" title="John Lockhart-Ross">Sir John Lockhart Ross</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(1774)" title="HMS Cumberland (1774)"><i>Cumberland</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Peyton" title="Joseph Peyton">Joseph Peyton</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Berwick_(1775)" title="HMS Berwick (1775)"><i>Berwick</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Keith_Stewart" title="Keith Stewart">Keith Stewart</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Stirling_Castle_(1775)" title="HMS Stirling Castle (1775)"><i>Stirling Castle</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Douglas,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet">Sir Charles Douglas</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Centre </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Courageux_(1753)" title="French ship Courageux (1753)"><i>Courageux</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_2nd_Baron_Mulgrave" title="Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave">Lord Mulgrave</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Thunderer_(1760)" title="HMS Thunderer (1760)"><i>Thunderer</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle-Walsingham" title="Robert Boyle-Walsingham">Robert Boyle-Walsingham</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)" title="HMS Sandwich (1759)"><i>Sandwich</i></a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edwards_(Royal_Navy_officer,_died_1795)" title="Richard Edwards (Royal Navy officer, died 1795)">Richard Edwards</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1759)" title="HMS Valiant (1759)"><i>Valiant</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Leveson-Gower (Royal Navy officer)">John Leveson-Gower</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Bienfaisant_(1758)" title="HMS Bienfaisant (1758)"><i>Bienfaisant</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_MacBride_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John MacBride (Royal Navy officer)">John MacBride</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory"><i>Victory</i></a> </td> <td align="center">100 </td> <td align="left">Admiral <b><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">Augustus Keppel</a></b><br />Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Campbell (Royal Navy officer)">John Campbell</a> (first captain)<br />Captain <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Faulknor_the_elder" title="Jonathan Faulknor the elder">Jonathan Faulknor</a> (second captain) </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Fleet flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Foudroyant_(1758)" title="HMS Foudroyant (1758)"><i>Foudroyant</i></a> </td> <td align="center">80 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">John Jervis</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_George_(1772)" title="HMS Prince George (1772)"><i>Prince George</i></a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Lindsay (Royal Navy officer)">Sir John Lindsay</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Vigilant_(1774)" title="HMS Vigilant (1774)"><i>Vigilant</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Kingsmill,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Kingsmill, 1st Baronet">Robert Kingsmill</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terrible_(1762)" title="HMS Terrible (1762)"><i>Terrible</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Bickerton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Bickerton, 1st Baronet">Sir Richard Bickerton</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Vengeance_(1774)" title="HMS Vengeance (1774)"><i>Vengeance</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clements" title="Michael Clements">Michael Clements</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Rear </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Worcester_(1769)" title="HMS Worcester (1769)"><i>Worcester</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Mark Robinson (Royal Navy officer)">Mark Robinson</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Elizabeth_(1769)" title="HMS Elizabeth (1769)"><i>Elizabeth</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Maitland_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1730)" title="Frederick Lewis Maitland (Royal Navy officer, born 1730)">Frederick Lewis Maitland</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Robust_(1764)" title="HMS Robust (1764)"><i>Robust</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Bridport" title="Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport">Alexander Hood</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1777)" title="HMS Formidable (1777)"><i>Formidable</i></a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Vice-Admiral <b><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Palliser" title="Hugh Palliser">Sir Hugh Palliser</a></b><br />Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Bazely" title="John Bazely">John Bazely</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Squadron flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ocean_(1761)" title="HMS Ocean (1761)"><i>Ocean</i></a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Laforey" title="John Laforey">John Laforey</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_America_(1777)" title="HMS America (1777)"><i>America</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham,_2nd_Baron_Longford" title="Edward Pakenham, 2nd Baron Longford">Lord Longford</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Defiance_(1772)" title="HMS Defiance (1772)"><i>Defiance</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goodall" title="Samuel Goodall">Samuel Goodall</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Egmont_(1768)" title="HMS Egmont (1768)"><i>Egmont</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Allen_(Royal_Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carter Allen (Royal Navy officer)">John Carter Allen</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_(1763)" title="HMS Ramillies (1763)"><i>Ramillies</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Digby_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Robert Digby (Royal Navy officer)">Robert Digby</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Reconnaissance and signals </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Arethusa_(1759)" title="HMS Arethusa (1759)"><i>Arethusa</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Marshall_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Marshall (Royal Navy officer) (page does not exist)">Samuel Marshall</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Proserpine_(1777)" title="HMS Proserpine (1777)"><i>Proserpine</i></a> </td> <td align="center">28 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Sutton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelyn Sutton (page does not exist)">Evelyn Sutton</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Milford_(1759)" title="HMS Milford (1759)"><i>Milford</i></a> </td> <td align="center">28 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Chaloner_Burnaby,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir William Chaloner Burnaby, 2nd Baronet (page does not exist)">Sir William Burnaby</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fox_(1773)" title="HMS Fox (1773)"><i>Fox</i></a> </td> <td align="center">28 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Windor_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Windor (Royal Navy officer) (page does not exist)">Thomas Windsor</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Andromeda_(1777)" title="HMS Andromeda (1777)"><i>Andromeda</i></a> </td> <td align="center">28 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bryne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bryne (page does not exist)">Henry Bryne</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Lively_(1756)" title="HMS Lively (1756)"><i>Lively</i></a> </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Biggs_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Biggs (Royal Navy officer) (page does not exist)">Robert Biggs</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Tamar_(1758)" title="HMS Tamar (1758)"><i>Pluto</i></a> </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="left">Commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bradby_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Bradby (Royal Navy officer) (page does not exist)">James Bradby</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Fireship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Vulcan_(1777)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Vulcan (1777) (page does not exist)"><i>Vulcan</i></a> </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="left">Commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Lloyd_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Lloyd (Royal Navy officer) (page does not exist)">James Lloyd</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Fireship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1777)" title="HMS Alert (1777)"><i>Alert</i></a> </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="left">Commander <a href="/wiki/William_George_Fairfax" title="William George Fairfax">William George Fairfax</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Casualties: 133 killed, 373 wounded, 506 total<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1898422_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1898422-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_fleet">French fleet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French line of battle was in reversed order (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9giment_du_Dauphin_(1776)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Régiment du Dauphin (1776) (page does not exist)">Régiment du Dauphin</a> provided a detachment of marines during the battle).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroude18677_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroude18677-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Admiral Orvilliers' fleet<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroude18677_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroude18677-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905615–617_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905615–617-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001379_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChack2001379-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th width="8%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Division </th> <th width="17%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Ship </th> <th width="5%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Guns </th> <th width="25%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Commander </th> <th width="9%;" align="center" colspan="3">Casualties </th> <th width="36%;" align="center" rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th width="3%;" align="center">Killed </th> <th width="3%;" align="center">Wounded </th> <th width="3%;" align="center">Total </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Escadre bleue </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">Third Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Diad%C3%A8me_(1756)" title="French ship Diadème (1756)"><i>Diadème</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Boutier_de_La_Cardonnie" title="Jacques de Boutier de La Cardonnie">Jacques de Boutier de La Cardonnie</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Conqu%C3%A9rant_(1746)" title="French ship Conquérant (1746)"><i>Conquérant</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Chef d'Escadre <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Aymar_de_Monteil" title="François-Aymar de Monteil">François-Aymar de Monteil</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Solitaire_(1774)" title="French ship Solitaire (1774)"><i>Solitaire</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Bon_Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Briqueville" title="Bon Chrétien de Briqueville">Bon Chrétien de Briqueville</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">First Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Intr%C3%A9pide_(1747)" title="French ship Intrépide (1747)"><i>Intrépide</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Louis-Andr%C3%A9_Beaussier_de_Chateauvert" title="Louis-André Beaussier de Chateauvert">Louis-André Beaussier de Chateauvert</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Saint-Esprit" title="French ship Saint-Esprit"><i>Saint-Esprit</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=80-gun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="80-gun (page does not exist)">80</a> </td> <td align="left">Lieutenant-General <b><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a></b><br />Captain <a href="/wiki/Toussaint-Guillaume_Picquet_de_la_Motte" title="Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte">Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte</a><br />Captain <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Roquefeuil-Montpeyroux" title="Pierre de Roquefeuil-Montpeyroux">Pierre de Roquefeuil-Montpeyroux</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division and Squadron flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Zodiaque_(1756)" title="French ship Zodiaque (1756)"><i>Zodiaque</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Paul-Jules_de_la_Porte-Vezins" title="Paul-Jules de la Porte-Vezins">Paul-Jules de la Porte-Vezins</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">Second Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Roland_(1771)" title="French ship Roland (1771)"><i>Roland</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gilart_de_Larchantel" title="Jean-François Gilart de Larchantel">Jean-François Gilart de Larchantel</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Robuste_(1758)" title="French ship Robuste (1758)"><i>Robuste</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Chef d'Escadre <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">François Joseph Paul de Grasse</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Sphinx_(1776)" title="French ship Sphinx (1776)"><i>Sphinx</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Claude-Ren%C3%A9_P%C3%A2ris_de_Soulanges" title="Claude-René Pâris de Soulanges">Claude-René Pâris de Soulanges</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Escadre blanche </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">Third Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Art%C3%A9sien" title="French ship Artésien"><i>Artésien</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ren%C3%A9_Dominique_Sochet,_Chevalier_Destouches" title="Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches">Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orient_(1756)" title="French ship Orient (1756)"><i>Orient</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Chef d'Escadre <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jean_d%27Hector" title="Charles Jean d'Hector">Charles Jean d'Hector</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Actionnaire" title="French ship Actionnaire"><i>Actionnaire</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Vincent-Joseph-Marie_de_Proisy_de_Brison" title="Vincent-Joseph-Marie de Proisy de Brison">Vincent-Joseph-Marie de Proisy de Brison</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">First Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Fendant_(1777)" title="French ship Fendant (1777)"><i>Fendant</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_de_Rigaud,_Marquis_de_Vaudreuil" title="Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil">Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bretagne_(1766)" title="French ship Bretagne (1766)"><i>Bretagne</i></a> </td> <td align="center">110 </td> <td align="left">Lieutenant-General <b><a href="/wiki/Louis_Guillouet,_comte_d%27Orvilliers" title="Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers">Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers</a></b><br />Captain <a href="/wiki/Louis_Guillaume_de_Parscau_du_Plessix" title="Louis Guillaume de Parscau du Plessix">Louis Guillaume de Parscau du Plessix</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division, Squadron and Fleet flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Magnifique_(1749)" title="French ship Magnifique (1749)"><i>Magnifique</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_de_Brach" title="François-Louis de Brach">François-Louis de Brach</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">Second Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Actif_(1767)" title="French ship Actif (1767)"><i>Actif</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_d%27Estienne_d%27Orves" title="Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves">Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Ville_de_Paris_(1764)" title="French ship Ville de Paris (1764)"><i>Ville de Paris</i></a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Chef d'Escadre <a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_de_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen</a><br />Captain <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Thomassin_de_Peynier" title="Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier">Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_R%C3%A9fl%C3%A9chi_(1776)" title="French ship Réfléchi (1776)"><i>Réfléchi</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Armand-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cillart_de_Suville" title="Armand-François Cillart de Suville">Armand-François Cillart de Suville</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Escadre blanche et bleue </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">Third Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Vengeur_(1765)" title="French ship Vengeur (1765)"><i>Vengeur</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Claude-Fran%C3%A7ois_Renart_d%27Amblimont" title="Claude-François Renart d'Amblimont">Claude-François Renart d'Amblimont</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Glorieux_(1756)" title="French ship Glorieux (1756)"><i>Glorieux</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Chef d'Escadre <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Hilarion_de_Beausset" title="Antoine Hilarion de Beausset">Antoine Hilarion de Beausset</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division flagship </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Indien_(1768)" title="French ship Indien (1768)"><i>Indien</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_de_La_Grandi%C3%A8re" title="Charles-Marie de La Grandière">Charles-Marie de La Grandière</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">First Division </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Palmier_(1752)" title="French ship Palmier (1752)"><i>Palmier</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry-C%C3%A9sar_Boscal_de_R%C3%A9als" title="Henry-César Boscal de Réals">Henry-César Boscal de Réals</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Couronne_(1768)" title="French ship Couronne (1768)"><i>Couronne</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=80-gun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="80-gun (page does not exist)">80</a> </td> <td align="left">Lieutenant-General <b><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_du_Chaffault_de_Besn%C3%A9" title="Louis Charles du Chaffault de Besné">Louis Charles du Chaffault de Besné</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<br />Captain <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Huon_de_Kermadec" title="Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec">Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left">Division and Squadron flagship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001379_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChack2001379-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First officer Bessey de la Vouste killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905615–617_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905615–617-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bien-Aim%C3%A9_(1769)" title="French ship Bien-Aimé (1769)"><i>Bien-Aimé</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/74-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="74-gun">74</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Marcel-Ambroise_d%E2%80%99Aubenton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcel-Ambroise d’Aubenton">Marcel-Ambroise d’Aubenton</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">Second Division<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_%C3%89veill%C3%A9_(1772)" title="French ship Éveillé (1772)"><i>Éveillé</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Nicholas-Hyacinthe_de_Botderu" title="Nicholas-Hyacinthe de Botderu">Nicholas-Hyacinthe de Botderu</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Amphion_(1749)" title="French ship Amphion (1749)"><i>Amphion</i></a> </td> <td align="center">50 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Denis_de_Keredern_de_Trobriand" title="Jean François Denis de Keredern de Trobriand">Jean François Denis de Keredern de Trobriand</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Dauphin_Royal_(1735)" title="French ship Dauphin Royal (1735)"><i>Dauphin Royal</i></a> </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Armand-Claude_Poute_de_Nieuil" title="Armand-Claude Poute de Nieuil">Armand-Claude Poute de Nieuil</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Reserve </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="3" align="center">Reserve </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Triton_(1747)" title="French ship Triton (1747)"><i>Triton</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_de_Ligond%C3%A8s" title="Gaspard de Ligondès">Gaspard de Ligondès</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Saint_Michel_(1741)" title="French ship Saint Michel (1741)"><i>Saint Michel</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/64-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="64-gun">64</a> </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Claude_Mithon_de_Genouilly" title="Claude Mithon de Genouilly">Claude Mithon de Genouilly</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Fier_(1745)" title="French ship Fier (1745)"><i>Fier</i></a> </td> <td align="center">50 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Turpin_du_Breuil" title="Jean-Baptiste Turpin du Breuil">Jean-Baptiste Turpin du Breuil</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Reconnaissance and signals </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="7" align="center">Frigates </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Junon_(1778)" title="French frigate Junon (1778)"><i>Junon</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Sibylle_(1777)" title="French frigate Sibylle (1777)"><i>Sibylle</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_frigate_Fortun%C3%A9e_(1778)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French frigate Fortunée (1778) (page does not exist)"><i>Fortunée</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_R%C3%A9solue_(1778)" title="French frigate Résolue (1778)"><i>Résolue</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_frigate_Sensible_(1767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French frigate Sensible (1767) (page does not exist)"><i>Sensible</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Nymphe_(1780)" title="HMS Nymphe (1780)"><i>Nymphe</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_frigate_Dana%C3%A9_(1764)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French frigate Danaé (1764) (page does not exist)"><i>Danaé</i></a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td rowspan="6" align="center">Corvettes and lighter units </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_corvette_Sylphide_(1763)" title="French corvette Sylphide (1763)"><i>Sylphide</i></a> </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_corvette_Hirondelle_(1762)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French corvette Hirondelle (1762) (page does not exist)"><i>Hirondelle</i></a> </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_corvette_Lunette_(1766)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French corvette Lunette (1766) (page does not exist)"><i>Lunette</i></a> </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_corvette_Curieuse_(1776)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French corvette Curieuse (1776) (page does not exist)"><i>Curieuse</i></a> </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_corvette_Favorite_(1776)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French corvette Favorite (1776) (page does not exist)"><i>Favorite</i></a> </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_lugger_Espi%C3%A8gle_(1746)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French lugger Espiègle (1746) (page does not exist)"><i>Espiègle</i></a> </td> <td align="center">4 or 6 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr valign="center"> <th colspan="8" bgcolor="white">Casualties: 163 killed, 517 wounded, 680 total<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905132_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905132-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Second Division of the White-and-Blue squadron was under Chef d'Escadre <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne-Pierre_de_Rochechouart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne-Pierre de Rochechouart (page does not exist)">Étienne-Pierre de Rochechouart</a>, with his flag on <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Duc_de_Bourgogne_(1751)" title="French ship Duc de Bourgogne (1751)"><i>Duc de Bourgogne</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_History_Division20191130_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_History_Division20191130-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had detached from the fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001379_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChack2001379-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChack2001398-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001398_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001398_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChack2001">Chack 2001</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=125">"1st Battle of Ushant, 27th July 1778"</a>. <i>Three Decks' Forum</i>. Simon Harrison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Three+Decks%27+Forum&rft.atitle=1st+Battle+of+Ushant%2C+27th+July+1778&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthreedecks.org%2Findex.php%3Fdisplay_type%3Dshow_battle%26id%3D125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan191383-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahan191383_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahan1913">Mahan 1913</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dawlishchronicles.com/2018/10/19/the-indecisive-battle-of-ushant-1778/">"The indecisive Battle of Ushant 1778"</a>. <i>The Dawlish Chronicles</i>. 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dawlish+Chronicles&rft.atitle=The+indecisive+Battle+of+Ushant+1778&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdawlishchronicles.com%2F2018%2F10%2F19%2Fthe-indecisive-battle-of-ushant-1778%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiZEAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Defence of Admiral Keppel</i></a>. J. Almon. 1779.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+Admiral+Keppel&rft.pub=J.+Almon&rft.date=1779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqiZEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199840-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199840_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199840_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyrett1998">Syrett 1998</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199841-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199841_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyrett1998">Syrett 1998</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199842-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199842_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199842_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199842_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyrett1998">Syrett 1998</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199843-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199843_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199843_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyrett1998">Syrett 1998</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199843–44-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199843–44_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyrett1998">Syrett 1998</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199844-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199844_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199844_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyrett1998">Syrett 1998</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose2008">Ambrose 2008</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876–77-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200876–77_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose2008">Ambrose 2008</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200879-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose200879_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose2008">Ambrose 2008</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_History_Division20191130-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_History_Division20191130_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_History_Division20191130_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaval_History_Division2019">Naval History Division (2019)</a>, p. 1130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandemore1779''passim''-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandemore1779''passim''_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlandemore1779">Blandemore 1779</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005337–338-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2005337–338_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, pp. 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1898415-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1898415_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClowes1898">Clowes (1898)</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1898422-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1898422_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClowes1898">Clowes (1898)</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroude18677-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroude18677_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroude18677_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTroude1867">Troude (1867)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905615–617-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905615–617_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905615–617_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacour-Gayet1905">Lacour-Gayet (1905)</a>, pp. 615–617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChack2001379-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001379_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001379_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChack2001379_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChack2001">Chack (2001)</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905132-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1905132_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacour-Gayet1905">Lacour-Gayet (1905)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose2008" class="citation cs2">Ambrose, Tom (2008), <i>Godfather of the Revolution: The Life of Phillipe Egalite, Duc D'Orleans</i>, Peter Owen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Godfather+of+the+Revolution%3A+The+Life+of+Phillipe+Egalite%2C+Duc+D%27Orleans&rft.pub=Peter+Owen&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlandemore1779" class="citation book cs1">Blandemore, Thomas, ed. (1779). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bnwDAAAAQAAJ/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>The Trial of the Honourable Augustus Keppel, Admiral of the Blue Squadron At a Court Martial Held on Board His Majesty's Ship Britannia, in Portsmouth Harbour, on Thursday, January 8, 1779...With interesting Letters and Papers, and a Glossary of Technical terms and Sea Phrases</i></a>. Portsmouth: J. Wilkes, Breadhower, and Peadle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+the+Honourable+Augustus+Keppel%2C+Admiral+of+the+Blue+Squadron+At+a+Court+Martial+Held+on+Board+His+Majesty%27s+Ship+Britannia%2C+in+Portsmouth+Harbour%2C+on+Thursday%2C+January+8%2C+1779...With+interesting+Letters+and+Papers%2C+and+a+Glossary+of+Technical+terms+and+Sea+Phrases&rft.place=Portsmouth&rft.pub=J.+Wilkes%2C+Breadhower%2C+and+Peadle&rft.date=1779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_bnwDAAAAQAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChack2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chack" title="Paul Chack">Chack, Paul</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5E1ceEg5J5QC"><i>Marins à la Bataille</i></a> (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Le Gerfaut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782901196921" title="Special:BookSources/9782901196921"><bdi>9782901196921</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/552986998">552986998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marins+%C3%A0+la+Bataille&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+Gerfaut&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F552986998&rft.isbn=9782901196921&rft.aulast=Chack&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5E1ceEg5J5QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClowes1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a> (1898). <i>The Royal Navy, A History From the Earliest Times to the Present</i>. Vol. 3. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+A+History+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston+and+Company&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacour-Gayet1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lacour-Gayet" title="Georges Lacour-Gayet">Lacour-Gayet, Georges</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k118128n"><i>La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI</i></a>. Paris: Honoré Champion. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/763372623">763372623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+marine+militaire+de+la+France+sous+le+r%C3%A8gne+de+Louis+XVI&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F763372623&rft.aulast=Lacour-Gayet&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k118128n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1913" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Mahan, Alfred Thayer</a> (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso1913maha/page/81/mode/1up/search/ushant"><i>The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence</i></a>, London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Operations+of+the+Navies+in+the+War+of+American+Independence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Thayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajoroperationso1913maha%2Fpage%2F81%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Fushant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, N. A. M.</a> (2005). <i>The Command of the Ocean</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-140-28896-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-140-28896-1"><bdi>0-140-28896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-140-28896-1&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrett1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Syrett" title="David Syrett">Syrett, David</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalnavyineurop00syre"><i>The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War</i></a></span>. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570032387" title="Special:BookSources/9781570032387"><bdi>9781570032387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+in+European+Waters+During+the+American+Revolutionary+War&rft.place=South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781570032387&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalnavyineurop00syre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroude1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/On%C3%A9sime-Joachim_Troude" title="Onésime-Joachim Troude">Troude, Onésime-Joachim</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6541320m"><i>Batailles navales de la France</i></a> (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/836362484">836362484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batailles+navales+de+la+France&rft.pub=Challamel+ain%C3%A9&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F836362484&rft.aulast=Troude&rft.aufirst=On%C3%A9sime-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6541320m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaval_History_Division2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History Division">Naval History Division</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/publications/publication-508-pdf/NDAR%20V.13.pdf"><i>Naval Documents of the American Revolution: American Theater: June 1, 1778 – August 15, 1778; European Theater: June 1, 1778 – August 15, 1778</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 13. United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Documents+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+American+Theater%3A+June+1%2C+1778+%E2%80%93+August+15%2C+1778%3B+European+Theater%3A+June+1%2C+1778+%E2%80%93+August+15%2C+1778.&rft.place=United+States&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Naval+History+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fpublication-508-pdf%2FNDAR%2520V.13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ushant+%281778%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343040#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85096120">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553470205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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