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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Saavedra" title="Francisco de Saavedra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francisco de Saavedra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Saavedra_de_Sangronis" title="Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Saavedra" title="Francisco de Saavedra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco de Saavedra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis" title="Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Saavedra" title="Francisco de Saavedra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francisco de Saavedra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="فرانسيسكو ساڤيدرا د سانجرونيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيسكو ساڤيدرا د سانجرونيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Saavedra" title="Francisco de Saavedra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francisco de Saavedra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Сааведра де Сангронис, Франсиско – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сааведра де Сангронис, Франсиско" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish government official and soldier</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Saavedra</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> de Sangronis</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">The Most Excellent</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Francisco Saavedra</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Saavedra_(Goya).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg/220px-Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg/330px-Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg/440px-Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 March 1798 – 21 February 1799</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel de Godoy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Luis_de_Urquijo" title="Mariano Luis de Urquijo">Mariano Luis de Urquijo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis</b> (1746–1819) was a Spanish government official and <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldier</a> whose work in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> laid the foundations for the defeat of British forces in Florida and at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Saavedra_de_Sangronis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francisco Saavedra was born in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain, in 1746, and trained as a doctor. He served alongside <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez_y_Madrid,_Count_of_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> in Spain's military campaign at <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in the 1770s, and through him changed career to work in Spain's Ministry of the Indies, principally as a financial planner. In 1780 he was sent to try to sort out the Spanish administration at <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, with the additional task of working alongside Gálvez once more, to retake Florida from British control. When the ship taking him to the Caribbean was captured by the British, Saavedra passed himself off as a merchant, and was allowed free movement within <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (the British being completely unaware that just two years earlier he had been involved in planning for a future Spanish invasion of the island). He took the opportunity to find out all he could about Jamaica's ports, defences etc. A thoughtful and prescient man, he recorded in his diary in 1780: </p> <blockquote><p>What is not being thought about at present, what ought to occupy the whole attention of politics, is the great upheaval that in time the North American revolution is going to produce in the human race.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saavedra_and_Yorktown">Saavedra and Yorktown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Saavedra_de_Sangronis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Saavedra and Yorktown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1781 he was finally released by the British, and began work in Havana. After making initial recommendations for administrative changes, over the next few months he helped to organise, and actually took part in Gálvez' successful siege of Pensacola, the key British base in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. On his return he found that his recommendations had been accepted by the Spanish government, and key officials had been replaced. In July, at the request of the Minister (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Gálvez">José de Gálvez</a>, Bernardo's uncle), Saavedra, who spoke and wrote French fluently, met in the French colony of St. Domingue with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Admiral de Grasse</a> to discuss the best ways of using the large French fleet he had brought across the Atlantic, and they agreed a plan for the following year, known as the Grasse-Saavedra Convention. First priority was to aid the French and American forces in the United States, preferably by attacking the British force in Virginia under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>. Next was to regain control of Caribbean islands captured by the British. The final goal of the plan was the capture of Jamaica, by far the richest British possession in the West Indies. To finance phase 1, Saavedra obtained 100,000 pesos from the Spanish treasury in neighboring Santo Domingo. The Spanish had planned to finance the French and North Americans with pesos shipped through Veracruz from the mines in Mexico. The ships had not arrived, and then, finding that most of the Government money from Havana had been sent on to Spain, he appealed to Cuban citizens, who raised a further 500,000 pesos in a matter of hours. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/220px-Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/330px-Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/440px-Francisco_de_Saavedra_y_Sangronis_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Francisco Saavedra (<a href="/wiki/Prado_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prado museum">Prado museum</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Saavedra_de_Sangronis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the next few months, while De Grasse went ahead with the plan, Saavedra made detailed preparations for the invasion of Jamaica. The defeat of the French fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Battle of the Saintes</a> in April 1782 was a major setback, but preparations continued. However, by the end of 1782 the Spanish government decided to abandon what looked likely to be a very costly project. From 1783 to 1788, Saavedra served as intendant of <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, following which he returned to Spain and became first a member of the Supreme War Council, then in 1797 Finance Minister, and the following year, Minister of State. However, his health was failing, so shortly afterwards he retired to <a href="/wiki/Andalucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucia">Andalucia</a>, only to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regents" title="List of Spanish regents">come back to service</a> in 1810 when Napoleon's French forces invaded Spain. He died on 25 November 1819. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Saavedra_de_Sangronis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Francisco Morales Padrón, <i>Journal of Don Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, 1780-1783</i>, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1988.</li> <li>Thomas E. Chávez, <i>Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift</i>, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.</li> <li>Stephen Bonsal, <i>When the French Were Here</i>, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., 1945.</li> <li>Jonathan R. Dull, <i>The French Navy and American Independence</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.</li> <li>Granville Hough, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somosprimos.com/hough/hough.htm">Spanish Heroes of the American Revolution: Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis</a></i>, via somosprimos.com- accessed 2008-01-03</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Barbara (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/bankrolling-the-battle-of-yorktown.htm">"Bankrolling the Battle of Yorktown: Gold and silver from Havana enabled Washington's troops to trap Lord Cornwallis"</a>. <i>MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History</i>: 16–24.</cite><span 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bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel Godoy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Secretary of State <br /> (Chief Minister)</a> </b><br />1798–1799 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cevallos" title="Pedro Cevallos">Pedro Cevallos</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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