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Unsur golongan 7 - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknesium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknesium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Teknesium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teknesium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Renium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohrium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohrium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bohrium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohrium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia_dan_fisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia_dan_fisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sifat kimia dan fisika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia_dan_fisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Keterjadian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Produksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aplikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peran_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Peran biologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peran_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pencegahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pencegahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pencegahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pencegahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_Juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_Juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat Juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_Juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unsur golongan 7</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 50 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_7_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo 7 d&#039;a tabla periodica – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo 7 d&#039;a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="عناصر المجموعة السابعة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر المجموعة السابعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_7" title="Elementos del grupu 7 – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 7" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_7-ci_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 7-ci qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 7-ci qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_golongan_7" title="Datu golongan 7 – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu golongan 7" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_7_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 7 на периодичната система – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 7 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="সপ্তম শ্রেণীর মৌল – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সপ্তম শ্রেণীর মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/7._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="7. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="7. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_7_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup 7 de la taula periòdica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup 7 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/7._skupina" title="7. skupina – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="7. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_7" title="Elfen Grŵp 7 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 7" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangangruppe" title="Mangangruppe – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mangangruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Group 7 element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_7" title="Elemento de grupo 7 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 7" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupo_7" title="Elementos del grupo 7 – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del grupo 7" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/7._taldeko_elementu" title="7. taldeko elementu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="7. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%B7_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه ۷ جدول تناوبی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه ۷ جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4n_7_alkuaine" title="Ryhmän 7 alkuaine – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmän 7 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_7_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 7 du tableau périodique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 7 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_Ghr%C3%BApa_7" title="Dúil Ghrúpa 7 – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil Ghrúpa 7" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="समूह ७ तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह ७ तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_7" title="Elementi del gruppo 7 – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 7" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7族元素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第7族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="7족 원소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="7족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_7_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp 7 de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp 7 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_7_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Група 7 на периодниот систем – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група 7 на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_7" title="Unsur kumpulan 7 – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kumpulan 7" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaangroep" title="Mangaangroep – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mangaangroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_7" title="Gruppe 7 – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppe 7" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_7_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 7 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 7 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganowce" title="Manganowce – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manganowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_7" title="Elementos do Grupo 7 – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos do Grupo 7" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Manganului" title="Grupa Manganului – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa Manganului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Подгруппа марганца – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа марганца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/7._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="7. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="7. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 7 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/7._skupina" title="7. skupina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="7. skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganova_skupina" title="Manganova skupina – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manganova skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaybta_7_ee_curiye" title="Qaybta 7 ee curiye – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaybta 7 ee curiye" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_shatat%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i shatatë i elementeve kimike – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i shatatë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/7._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="7. група хемијских елемената – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="7. група хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_7-element" title="Grupp 7-element – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grupp 7-element" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_7_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெடுங்குழு 7 தனிமங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு 7 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_7_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రూప్ 7 మూలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రూప్ 7 మూలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_7" title="ธาตุหมู่ 7 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหมู่ 7" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Група 7 періодичної системи елементів – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група 7 періодичної системи елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_7" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 7 – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm nguyên tố 7" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="7族元素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="7族元素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" 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mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk Golongan VIIA menurut penggolongan CAS dan IUPAC lama, lihat <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; width:50px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;">Golongan&#160;7 <span class="nowrap">dalam tabel periodik</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:2px;"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hidrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Berilium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Karbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oksigen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Natrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silikon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fosfor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Clor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potasium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Kalsium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Skandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mangan</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Besi</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nikel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tembaga</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seng</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kripton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">golongan 6</a>&#x20;←&#x20;<span style="width:8px; border:1px solid black" title="">&#160;&#160;</span>&#x20;→&#x20;<a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">golongan 8</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan IUPAC</a></th> <th>7 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nama berdasarkan unsur</td> <td><span class="nowrap">golongan mangan</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#Penomoran_CAS_dan_IUPAC_sebelumnya" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan CAS</a><br /><small>(AS, pola A-B-A)</small></div></td> <td>VIIB </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#Penomoran_CAS_dan_IUPAC_sebelumnya" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor IUPAC lama</a><br /><small>(Eropa, pola A-B)</small></div></td> <td>VIIA </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓&#160;<small><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </th> <td title="Mangan: logam transisi; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mangan"><img alt="Image: Mangan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5424" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a>&#x20;(Mn)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">25</span>&#x20;<small><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </th> <td title="Teknesium: logam transisi; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teknesium"><img alt="Image: Teknesium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg/210px-Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg/315px-Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg/420px-Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Teknesium</a>&#x20;(Tc)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">43</span>&#x20;<small><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </th> <td title="Rhenium: logam transisi; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renium"><img alt="Image: Renium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3052" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a>&#x20;(Re)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">75</span>&#x20;<small><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </th> <td title="Bohrium: logam transisi; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #4499ff; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a>&#x20;(Bh)<br /><span style="color:#696969;">107</span>&#x20;<small><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> <i>Legend</i><center> <table style="text-align:center; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #8811ff; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur primordial">unsur primordial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dashed #773300; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">unsur produk peluruhan radioaktif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dotted #4499ff; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">unsur sintetis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Warna nomor atom: </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color:#000000;">hitam=padat</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_7)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (golongan 7)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_7)" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (golongan 7)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_7)&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Teknesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a></div> <p><b>Golongan 7</b> atau <b>VIIB</b> adalah golongan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>. Golongan ini juga dikenal sebagai golongan <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>. Golongan ini terdiri dari unsur <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> (<b>Mn</b>), unsur radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a> (<b>Tc</b>), <a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">renium</a> (<b>Re</b>), dan unsur sintetis yang radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> (<b>Bh</b>). Semuanya adalah logam transisi dengan rhenium adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_refraktori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam refraktori (halaman belum tersedia)">logam refraktori</a>. Periode 8 dari golongan 7 adalah <a href="/wiki/Unpentseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentseptium">unpentseptium</a> (Ups) atau <a href="/wiki/Unpentennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentennium">unpentennium</a> (Upe). Ini bisa jadi tidak mungkin; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetes_ketidakstabilan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetes ketidakstabilan (halaman belum tersedia)">tetes ketidakstabilan</a> mungkin menyiratkan bahwa tabel periodik berakhir pada <a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbihexium">unbihexium</a>. Baik unpentseptium maupun unpentennium belum disintesis, dan tampaknya tidak akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seperti golongan lainnya, anggota golongan ini menunjukkan pola dalam <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi elektronnya</a>, terutama kelopak terluar menghasilkan tren perilaku kimia: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Z</a></i></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Jumlah elektron/kelopak</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>mangan</td> <td>2, 8, 13, 2</td> <td>&#91;<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>&#93; 3d<sup>5</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>teknesium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 13, 2</td> <td>&#91;<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>&#93; 4d<sup>5</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>renium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2</td> <td>&#91;<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>&#93; 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>5</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td>bohrium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2</td> <td>&#91;<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>&#93; 5f<sup>14</sup> 6d<sup>5</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mangan">Mangan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Mangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asal usul nama <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> cukup kompleks. Pada zaman dulu, dua mineral hitam dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesia_(regional)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesia (regional) (halaman belum tersedia)">Magnesia</a> (terletak di Yunani modern) keduanya disebut <i>magnes</i> dari nama asal tempat ditemukannya, tetapi diduga berbeda <i>gender</i>. <i>Magnes</i> jantan menarik besi, dan merupakan bijih besi yang sekarang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lodestone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lodestone (halaman belum tersedia)">lodestone</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a>, dan yang mungkin memberi istilah <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> kepada kita. Bijih <i>magnes</i> betina tidak menarik besi, tetapi digunakan untuk mewarnai kaca. <i>Magnes</i> feminin ini kelak disebut <i>magnesia</i>, yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pirolusit" title="Pirolusit">pirolusit</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Mangan_dioksida" title="Mangan dioksida">mangan dioksida</a>. Baik mineral ini maupun unsur mangan tidak ada yang bersifat magnet. Pada abad ke-16, mangan dioksida disebut <i>manganesum</i> oleh perajin kaca, kemungkinan karena pemotongan dan penggabungan dua kata, karena alkimiawan dan perajin kaca akhirnya harus membedakan <i>magnesia negra</i> (bijih hitam) dari <i>magnesia alba</i> (bijih putih, juga dari Magnesia, dan berguna dalam karya gelas). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Mercati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Mercati (halaman belum tersedia)">Michele Mercati</a> menyebut magnesia negra sebagai <i>manganesa</i>, dan akhirnya logam yang diisolasi darinya menjadi dikenal sebagai <i>mangan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>&#58; <span lang="en"><i>manganese</i></span>). Nama <i>magnesia</i> akhirnya hanya digunakan untuk merjuk pada <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia alba">magnesia alba</a> putih (magnesium oksida), yang memberi nama <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> untuk unsur bebas yang diisolasi darinya kelak.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa oksida mangan yang berwarna yang melimpah di alam, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Mangan(IV)_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangan(IV) oksida">mangan dioksida</a>, telah digunakan sebagai pigmen sejak <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu" title="Zaman Batu">Zaman Batu</a>. Lukisan gua di <a href="/wiki/Gargas,_Haute-Garonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargas, Haute-Garonne">Gargas</a> yang berusia 24.000 sampai 30.000 tahun mengandung pigmen mangan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senyawa mangan digunakan oleh perajin kaca Mesir dan Romawi untuk mewarnai atau menghilangkan warna.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penggunaannya sebagai "sabun perajin kaca" berlanjut hingga <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a> sampai zaman modern dan buktinya adalah kaca abad ke-14 di <a href="/wiki/Venesia" title="Venesia">Venesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ItGlass_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItGlass-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg/220px-Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg/330px-Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg/440px-Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Penghargaan untuk isolasi pertama mangan biasanya diberikan kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn (halaman belum tersedia)">Johan Gottlieb Gahn</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada pertengahan abad ke-18, kimiawan Swedia <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> menggunakan mangan dioksida untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Klor" class="mw-redirect" title="Klor">klor</a>. Produksi klor dan <a href="/wiki/Pemutih" title="Pemutih">pemutih</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipoklorit" title="Hipoklorit">hipoklorit</a> adalah konsumsi terbesar bijih mangan. Scheele dan kimiawan lain menyadari bahwa mangan dioksida mengandung unsur baru, tetapi mereka tidak mampu mengisolasinya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn (halaman belum tersedia)">Johan Gottlieb Gahn</a> adalah yang pertama mengisolasi sampel logam mangan tak murni pada tahun 1774, dengan <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">mereduksi</a> dioksidanya menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teknesium">Teknesium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Teknesium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teknesium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a> <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">unsur&#160;43</a> akhirnya dikonfirmasi pada percobaan bulan Desember 1936 di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Palermo" title="Universitas Palermo">Universitas Palermo</a>, Sisilia, oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Perrier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Perrier (halaman belum tersedia)">Carlo Perrier</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiserman1992p164_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p164-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada pertengahan 1936, Segrè berkunjung ke Amerika Serikat, pertama ke <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Columbia" title="Universitas Columbia">Universitas Columbia</a> di New York dan kemudian <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley</a> di California. Ia membujuk penemu <a href="/wiki/Siklotron" title="Siklotron">siklotron</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> agar diizinkan membawa pulang bagian-bagian siklotron yang sudah tak terpakai dan <a href="/wiki/Radioaktif" class="mw-disambig" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a>. Lawrence memaketkan lembaran molibdenum yang merupakan bekas bagian deflektor siklotron.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segrè menunjuk koleganya Perrier untuk mencoba membuktikan, melalui kimia komparatif, bahwa aktivitas molibdenum memang berasal dari unsur dengan nomor atom 43. Pada tahun 1937, mereka berhasil mengisolasi <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_technetium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of technetium">teknesium-95m</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_technetium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of technetium">teknesium-97</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-segre_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segre-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blocks_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Universitas Palermo secara resmi menginginkan mereka menamakan penemuannya dengan "<i>panormium</i>", sesuai nama <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-disambig" title="Latin">Latin</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <i>Panormus</i>. Pada tahun 1947<sup id="cite_ref-segre_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segre-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> unsur&#160;43 dinamakan sesuai kata <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a>&#58; <span lang="el">τεχνητός</span>, yang berarti "artifisial", karena itu adalah unsur pertama yang diproduksi secara artifisial.<sup id="cite_ref-history-origin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-origin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multidict_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multidict-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Segrè kembali ke Berkeley dan bertemu dengan <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>. Mereka mengisolasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotop_metastabil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotop metastabil (halaman belum tersedia)">isotop metastabil</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/technetium-99m" class="extiw" title="en:technetium-99m">teknesium-99m</a>, yang sekarang digunakan dalam sekitar sepuluh juta prosedur diagnosis medis per tahunnya.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1952, astronom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_W._Merrill&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul W. Merrill (halaman belum tersedia)">Paul W. Merrill</a> di California mendeteksi <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_emisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektrum emisi">jejak spektrum</a> teknesium (khususnya pada <a href="/wiki/Panjang_gelombang" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a> 403,1&#160;<a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nm</a>, 423,8&#160;nm, 426,2&#160;nm dan 429,7&#160;nm) pada cahaya dari <a href="/wiki/Raksasa_merah" title="Raksasa merah">raksasa merah</a> <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_bintang" title="Klasifikasi bintang">kelas S</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bintang tersebut berada pada akhir hidupnya, dan juga kaya akan unsur berumur pendek ini, menandakan bahwa unsur tersebut dihasilkan dalam bintang melalui <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_nuklir" title="Reaksi nuklir">reaksi nuklir</a>. Bukti ini mendukung hipotesis bahwa unsur-unsur yang lebih berat adalah produk <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis" title="Nukleosintesis">nukleosintesis</a> di dalam bintang.<sup id="cite_ref-blocks_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengamatan semacam itu akhir-akhir ini memberikan bukti bahwa unsur terbentuk melalui <a href="/wiki/Tangkapan_neutron" title="Tangkapan neutron">tangkapan neutron</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Proses_s" title="Proses s">proses s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejak penemuan tersebut, telah banyak dilakukan pencarian materi terestrial untuk sumber alami teknesium. Pada tahun 1962, teknesium-99 diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dalam <a href="/wiki/Uraninit" title="Uraninit">pitchblende</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Belgia" title="Kongo Belgia">Kongo Belgia</a> dalam jumlah yang sangat sedikit (sekitar 0,2&#160;ng/kg);<sup id="cite_ref-s8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang dihasilkan sebagai produk <a href="/wiki/Fisi_spontan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisi spontan">fisi spontan</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_fisi_nuklir_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaktor fisi nuklir alami">Reaktor fisi nuklir alami</a> <a href="/wiki/Oklo" title="Oklo">Oklo</a> mendapat bukti bahwa jumlah teknesium-99 yang signifikan telah diproduksi dan meluruh menjadi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_ruthenium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of ruthenium">rutenium-99</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renium">Renium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Renium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Renium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Renium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>&#58; <span lang="la"><i>Rhenus</i></span> artinya: "<a href="/wiki/Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> adalah unsur terakhir yang ditemukan yang memiliki isotop stabil (unsur baru lainnya yang ditemukan di alam setelahnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">fransium</a>, bersifat radioaktif).<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eksistensi unsur yang belum ditemukan pada posisi ini dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a> telah diprediksi sejak awal oleh <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>. Informasi lain yang sudah diperhitungkan juga dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> pada tahun 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ini umumnya dianggap telah ditemukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Noddack&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Noddack (halaman belum tersedia)">Walter Noddack</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_Tacke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ida Tacke (halaman belum tersedia)">Ida Tacke</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Berg_(ilmuwan)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Berg (ilmuwan) (halaman belum tersedia)">Otto Berg</a> di <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>. Pada tahun 1925 mereka melaporkan bahwa mereka telah mendeteksi unsur dalam bijih platina dan dalam mineral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/columbite" class="extiw" title="en:columbite">kolumbit</a>. Mereka juga menemukan renium dalam <a href="/wiki/Gadolinit" title="Gadolinit">gadolinit</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/molybdenite" class="extiw" title="en:molybdenite">molibdenit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekamangane_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekamangane-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1928 mereka berhasil mengekstraksi 1&#160;g unsur ini melalui pengolahan 660&#160;kg molibdenit.<sup id="cite_ref-1g_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1g-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Diperkirakan pada tahun 1968 bahwa 75% dari logam rhenium di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> digunakan untuk penelitian dan pengembangan paduan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_refraktori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam refraktori (halaman belum tersedia)">logam refraktori</a>. Memerlukan waktu beberapa tahun sejak itu sebelum akhirnya <i>superaloy</i> digunakan secara luas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1908, kimiawan <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masataka_Ogawa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masataka Ogawa (halaman belum tersedia)">Masataka Ogawa</a> mengumumkan bahwa ia telah menemukan unsur ke-43 dan diberi nama <i>nipponium</i> (Np) merujuk pada <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> (<i>Nippon</i> dalam bahasa Jepang). Namun, analisis terkini menunjukkan adanya renium (unsur 75), bukan <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">unsur 43</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> meskipun interpretasi ulang ini kontroversial.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lambang Np akhirnya digunakan untuk unsur <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, dan nama "nihonium", juga merujuk nama negara Jepang, dengan lambang Nh, akhirnya digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">unsur 113</a>. Unsur 113 juga ditemukan oleh regu ilmuwan Jepang dan dinamakan untuk menghormati hasil karya Ogawa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohrium">Bohrium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Bohrium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bohrium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/170px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/255px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/340px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Unsur 107 awalnya diusulkan diberi nama <i>nielsbohrium</i> (Ns), sesuai nama fisikawan nuklir Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>. Nama ini kemudian diubah oleh <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> menjadi <i>bohrium</i> (Bh).</figcaption></figure> <p>Dua kelompok mengklaim <a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">penemuan unsur ini</a>. Bukti <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 1976 oleh kelompok peneliti Rusia yang dikomandani <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a>, yang memborbardir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_bismuth" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of bismuth">bismut-209</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_lead" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of lead">timbal-208</a> dengan inti <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_chromium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of chromium">kromium-54</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_manganese" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of manganese">mangan-55</a> yang dipercepat.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teramati dua aktivitas, pertama dengan waktu paruh satu hingga dua milidetik, dan lainnya dengan waktu paruh lima detik. Oleh karena rasio intensitas kedua aktivitas ini konstant sepanjang eksperimen, maka diusulkan bahwa yang pertama berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_bohrium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of bohrium">bohrium-261</a> dan yang kedua adalah anaknya <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_dubnium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of dubnium">dubnium-257</a>. Kemudian, isotop dubnium dikoreksi menjadi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_dubnium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of dubnium">dubnium-258</a>, yang memang memiliki waktu paruh lima detik (dubnium-257 memiliki waktu paruh satu detik); namun waktu paruh yang teramati untuk induknya jauh lebih pendek daripada waktu paruh yang teramati kemudian dalam penemuan definitif bohrium di <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> pada tahun 1981. <i>IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group</i> (TWG) menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun dubnium-258 mungkin teramati pada percobaan ini, bukti produksi induknya <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isotopes_of_bohrium" class="extiw" title="en:isotopes of bohrium">bohrium-262</a> tidak cukup meyakinkan.<sup id="cite_ref-93TWG_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93TWG-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1981, kelompok peneliti Jerman yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Armbruster&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Armbruster (halaman belum tersedia)">Peter Armbruster</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_M%C3%BCnzenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Münzenberg (halaman belum tersedia)">Gottfried Münzenberg</a> di <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="en:">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a> (GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung) di Darmstadt memborbardir target bismut-209 dengan inti kromium-54 yang dipercepat untuk menghasilkan 5 atom isotop bohrium-262:<sup id="cite_ref-262Bh_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262Bh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-209" title="Bismut-209"><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:right;">209<br />83</span>Bi</a></span> + <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium-54" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromium-54"><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:right;">54<br />24</span>Cr</a></span> → <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohrium-262&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohrium-262 (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:right;">262<br />107</span>Bh</a></span> + <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sub></sub>n<sub></sub></span></a></dd></dl> <p>Penemuan ini diperkuat lebih lanjut oleh pengukuran detail mereka atas rantai peluruhan alfa atom bohrium yang dihasilkan menjadi isotop <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">kalifornium</a> yang telah dikenali sebelumnya. <i>IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group</i> (TWG) mengakui kolaborasi GSI sebagai penemu resmi dalam laporannya tahun 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-93TWG_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93TWG-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_kimia_dan_fisika">Sifat kimia dan fisika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat kimia dan fisika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat kimia dan fisika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> berwarna abu-abu keperakan yang menyerupai besi. Ia keras dan sangat rapuh, sulit dilebur, tetapi mudah teroksidasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Logam mangan dan ionnya bersifat paramagnetik.<sup id="cite_ref-magnet_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnet-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mangan memudar perlahan di udara dan teroksidasi ("berkarat") seperti besi dalam air yang mengandung oksigen terlarut. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tingkat_oksidasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingkat oksidasi">Tingkat oksidasi</a> mangan yang paling umum adalah +2, +3, +4, +6, dan +7, meskipun semua tingkat oksidasi dari -3 sampai +7 telah diamati. Mn<sup>2+</sup> sering berkompetisi dengan Mg<sup>2+</sup> dalam sistem biologis. Senyawa mangan dengan tingkat oksidasi mangan +7, yang paling banyak terdapat sebagai oksida tak stabil Mn, senyawa dari anion permanganat MnO yang berwarna ungu tajam, dan beberapa oksihalida (MnO<sub>3</sub>F dan MnO<sub>3</sub>Cl) adalah <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">oksidator</a> kuat.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Senyawa dengan tingkat oksidasi +5 (biru) dan +6 (hijau) adalah oksidator kuat dan rentan terhadap <a href="/wiki/Disproporsionasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Disproporsionasi">disproporsionasi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Teknesium</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> radioaktif abu-abu keperakan dengan penampilan mirip <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a>, yang biasa didapati sebagai serbuk abu-abu.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a> logam murninya adalah <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_heksagonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal heksagonal">heksagonal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemasan_tertutup&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemasan tertutup (halaman belum tersedia)">kemasan tertutup</a>. Teknesium atom memiliki karakteristik <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_emisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektrum emisi">garis emisi</a> pada cahaya dengan <a href="/wiki/Panjang_gelombang" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a> berikut: 363,3&#160;<a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nm</a>, 403,1&#160;nm, 426,2&#160;nm, 429,7&#160;nm, dan 485,3&#160;nm.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bentuk logamnya sedikit <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme">paramagnetik</a>, yang berarti <a href="/wiki/Dipol" title="Dipol">dipol magnetiknya</a> selaras dengan <a href="/wiki/Medan_magnet" title="Medan magnet">medan magnet</a> eksternal, tetapi mungkin akan mengalami orientasi acak ketika medannya dihilangkan.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teknesium metalik, kristal tunggal, menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superkonduktor_tipe-II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Superkonduktor tipe-II (halaman belum tersedia)">superkonduktor tipe-II</a> pada suhu di bawah 7,46&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di bawah suhu ini, teknesium memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tebal-kulit_London&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tebal-kulit London (halaman belum tersedia)">kedalaman penembusan magnetik</a> (<i>London penetration depth</i>) yang sangat tinggi, lebih besar daripada semua unsur lainnya kecuali <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teknesium terletak dalam golongan ketujuh tabel periodik, antara <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>. Sebagaimana diperkirakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_tabel_periodik" title="Sejarah tabel periodik">hukum periodik</a>, sifat kimianya berada di antara kedua unsur tersebut. Di antara keduanya, teknesium lebih mirip rhenium, terutama kelembaman kimianya dan kecenderungan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak seperti mangan, teknesium tidak mudah membentuk <a href="/wiki/Kation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kation">kation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> bermuatan positif). Teknesium menunjukkan sembilan <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_oksidasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingkat oksidasi">tingkat oksidasi</a> dari −1 sampai +7, dengan +4, +5, dan +7 adalah yang paling umum.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teknesium larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> pekat, tetapi tidak larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a> dengan konsentrasi berapapun.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teknesium logam menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kusam_(kimia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kusam (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">kusam</a> (<i>tarnish</i>) dalam udara lembap<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan, dalam bentuk serbuk, terbakar dalam <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> adalah logam putih keperakan dan salah satu dengan <a href="/wiki/Titik_leleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik leleh">titik leleh</a> tertinggi di antara semua unsur, hanya dilampaui oleh <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>. Ia juga salah satu dengan <a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">titik didih</a> tertinggi di antara semua unsur. Ia juga salah satu dengan massa jenis tertinggi, hanya dilampaui oleh <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>. Rhenium memiliki struktur kristal kemasan tertutup heksagonal, dengan parameter kisi <i>a</i>&#160;=&#160;276,1&#160;pm dan <i>c</i>&#160;=&#160;445,6&#160;pm.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bentuk komersial umumnya adalah serbuk, tetapi unsur ini dapat dibuat kompak dengan pengempaan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintering&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintering (halaman belum tersedia)">sintering</a> dalam vakum atau atmosfer <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>. Prosedur ini menghasilkan padatan kompak yang memiliki densitas 90% di atas densitas logam. Jika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anil_(metalurgi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anil (metalurgi (halaman belum tersedia)">dianil</a> logam ini sangat lentur dan dapat dibengkokkan, dibuat spiral, atau digulung.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">Logam paduan</a> rhenium-molibdenum bersifat <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktivitas" title="Superkonduktivitas">superkonduktif</a> pada 10&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>; paduan wolfram-rhenium juga bersifat superkonduktif<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> di kisaran 4–8&#160;K, tergantung pada paduannya. Logam rhenium bersifat superkonduktif pada 1,697 ± 0,006 K.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam bentuk curah dan pada suhu kamar serta tekanan atmosfer, unsur ini tahan terhadap alkali, <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a> encer (tetapi tidak untuk yang pekat), dan <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> adalah anggota kelima dari deret 6d logam transisi dan anggota terberat dari golongan 7 pada tabel periodik, di bawah <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>. Semua anggota golongan dengan mudah menggambarkan keadaan oksidasi golongan mereka pada +7 dan keadaan menjadi lebih stabil menuruni golongan tersebut. Jadi bohrium diperkirakan akan membentuk keadaan stabil +7. Teknesium juga menunjukkan keadaan stabil +4 sementara renium menunjukkan keadaan stabil +4 dan +3. Oleh karena itu bohrium juga dapat menunjukkan keadaan rendah ini.<sup id="cite_ref-BFricke_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFricke-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Status oksidasi yang lebih tinggi dari +7 lebih cenderung ada pada oksianion, seperti perbohriat, BhO, analog dengan <a href="/wiki/Permanganat" title="Permanganat">permanganat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perteknetat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perteknetat (halaman belum tersedia)">perteknetat</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhenat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhenat (halaman belum tersedia)">perhenat</a> yang lebih ringan. Meskipun demikian, bohrium(VII) cenderung tidak stabil dalam larutan berair, dan mungkin akan mudah direduksi menjadi bohrium(IV) yang lebih stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-Haire_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohrium diperkirakan berupa padatan dalam kondisi normal dan diasumsikan memiliki struktur kristal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksagonal_kemasan_tertutup&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksagonal kemasan tertutup (halaman belum tersedia)">heksagonal kemasan tertutup</a> (<sup><i>c</i></sup>/<sub><i>a</i></sub>&#160;=&#160;1,62), mirip dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongener_(kimia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongener (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">kongenernya</a> yang lebih ringan, renium.<sup id="cite_ref-hcp_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia seharusnya merupakan logam yang sangat berat dengan <a href="/wiki/Densitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Densitas">densitas</a> sekitar 37,1&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>, yang berarti tertinggi ketiga di antara 118 unsur yang diketahui, hanya lebih ringan daripada <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> (37.4&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>) dan <a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">hasium</a> (41&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>), dua unsur berikutnya dalam tabel periodik. Sebagai perbandingan, unsur yang paling padat yang densitasnya telah diukur, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, memiliki densitas hanya 22,61&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Hasil ini berasal dari berat atom bohrium yang tinggi, <a href="/wiki/Kontraksi_lantanida" title="Kontraksi lantanida">kontraksi lantanida dan aktinida</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">efek relativistik</a>, meskipun produksi bohrium yang mencukupi untuk mengukur kuantitas ini akan tidak praktis, dan sampel akan cepat meluruh.<sup id="cite_ref-Haire_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mangan adalah satu-satunya unsur golongan 7 yang umum. Pada tahun 2007, 11 juta metrik ton mangan ditambang. Semua unsur lainnya sangat langka di bumi (teknesium, rhenium) atau yang sepenuhnya sintetis (bohrium). Berbeda dengan mangan, hanya 40 atau 50 metrik ton rhenium yang ditambang. Teknesium hanya ditemukan dalam jumlah renik di alam sebagai produk <a href="/wiki/Fisi_spontan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisi spontan">fisi spontan</a>; hampir semuanya diproduksi di laboratorium. Bohrium hanya diproduksi di reaktor nuklir dan tidak pernah diisolasi dalam bentuk murni. </p><p>Mangan menyusun sekitar 1000&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_juta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per juta">ppm</a>&#160;(0,1%) dari <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a>, unsur yang paling melimpah ke-12 dalam kerak bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tanah mengandung 7–9000&#160;ppm mangan dengan rata-rata 440&#160;ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Air laut hanya memiliki 10&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_juta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per juta">ppm</a> mangan dan atmosfer mengandung 0,01&#160;μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mangan terjadi terutama sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pirolusit" title="Pirolusit">pirolusit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangan(IV)_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangan(IV) oksida">MnO<sub>2</sub></a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Braunit (halaman belum tersedia)">braunit</a>, (Mn'<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Too many (</span>'";,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psilomelan" title="Psilomelan">psilomelan</a> (Ba,H'<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Too many (</span>'";, dan pada tingkat yang lebih rendah sebagai <a href="/wiki/Rodokrosit" title="Rodokrosit">rodokrosit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangan(II)_karbonat" title="Mangan(II) karbonat">MnCO<sub>3</sub></a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg/120px-ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg/180px-ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg/240px-ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg/160px-Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg/240px-Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg/320px-Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Spiegeleisen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spiegeleisen.jpg/185px-Spiegeleisen.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spiegeleisen.jpg/278px-Spiegeleisen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spiegeleisen.jpg/370px-Spiegeleisen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dendrites01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dendrites01.jpg/144px-Dendrites01.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dendrites01.jpg/216px-Dendrites01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dendrites01.jpg/288px-Dendrites01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg/152px-The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg/228px-The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg/304px-The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bijih mangan </td> <td>Psilomelana (bijih mangan) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiegeleisen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiegeleisen (halaman belum tersedia)">Spiegeleisen</a> adalah paduan besi dengan kandungan mangan sekitar 15% </td> <td>Dendrit oksida mangan dalam batu kapur dari <a href="/wiki/Solnhofen" title="Solnhofen">Solnhofen</a>, Jerman – semacam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudofosil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudofosil (halaman belum tersedia)">pseudofosil</a>. Skala dalam mm </td> <td>Mineral rodokrosit (<a href="/wiki/Mangan(II)_karbonat" title="Mangan(II) karbonat">mangan(II) karbonat</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg/350px-World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg/525px-World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg/700px-World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Persentase produksi mangan pada tahun 2006 berdasarkan negara<sup id="cite_ref-USGSMCS2009_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bijih mangan yang paling penting adalah pirolusit (<a href="/wiki/Mangan(IV)_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangan(IV) oksida">MnO<sub>2</sub></a>). Bijih mangan lainnya yang penting secara ekonomi biasanya menunjukkan hubungan spasial yang erat dengan bijih besi.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sumber daya di darat sangat besar namun tidak terdistribusi secara teratur. Sekitar 80% sumber daya mangan dunia yang dikenal berada di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>; deposit mangan penting lainnya ada di <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGSMCS2009_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut estimasi 1978, <a href="/wiki/Dasar_laut" title="Dasar laut">dasar laut</a> memiliki 500 miliar ton <a href="/wiki/Nodul_mangan" title="Nodul mangan">nodul mangan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Upaya untuk menemukan metode memanen nodul mangan yang layak secara ekonomi ditinggalkan pada tahun 1970an.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangat sedikit <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a> alami dalam <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a>, hanya dalam tingkat renik. Hal ini karena <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> teknesium-98 hanya 4,2&#160;juta&#160;tahun. Lebih dari ribuan periode semacam ini yang telah dilalui untuk pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a>, sehingga probabilitas keberlangsungan hidup teknesium <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a> efektif adalah nol, meski satu atom sekalipun. Namun, sejumlah kecil tetap ada sebagai <a href="/wiki/Produk_fisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Produk fisi">produk fisi</a> spontan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bijih_uranium" title="Bijih uranium">bijih uranium</a>. Satu kilogram uranium mengandung sekitar 1&#160;nanogram (10<sup>-9</sup>&#160;g) teknesium.<sup id="cite_ref-blocks_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa bintang <a href="/wiki/Raksasa_merah" title="Raksasa merah">raksasa merah</a> dengan spektrum jenis S, M, dan N mengandung garis absorpsi spektrum yang menandakan keberadaan teknesium.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Raksasa merah ini secara informal dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_teknesium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang teknesium (halaman belum tersedia)">bintang teknesium</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Molybdenit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Molybdenit_1.jpg/220px-Molybdenit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Molybdenit_1.jpg/330px-Molybdenit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Molybdenit_1.jpg/440px-Molybdenit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Molybdenite</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> adalah salah satu unsur paling langka dalam <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a> dengan konsentrasi rata-rata 1&#160;ppb;<sup id="cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&amp;W-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sumber lain menyebut angka 0,5&#160;ppg, membuatnya berada pada urutan ke-77 unsur paling melimpah dalam kerak bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p358_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p358-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rhenium mungkin tidak ditemukan bebas di alam (tidak ada kepastian keterjadian alaminya), tetapi terdapat dalam jumlah sampai dengan 0,2%<sup id="cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&amp;W-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dalam mineral <a href="/wiki/Molibdenit" title="Molibdenit">molibdenit</a> (yang kandungan utamanya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdenum_disulfida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdenum disulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">molibdenum disulfida</a>), sumber komersial utama, meskipun telah ditemukan sampel molibdenit tunggal dengan kandungan rhenium sampai dengan 1,88%.<sup id="cite_ref-Rousch_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rousch-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile">Chile</a> memiliki cadangan rhenium terbesar di dunia, bagian dari deposit bijih tembaga, dan produsen utama sampai dengan 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baru akhir-akhir ini ditemukan dan dijabarkan <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> rhenium pertama (pada tahun 1994), suatu <a href="/wiki/Mineral_sulfida" title="Mineral sulfida">mineral sulfida</a> rhenium (ReS<sub>2</sub>) hasil kondensasi dari <a href="/wiki/Fumarol" title="Fumarol">fumarol</a> di gunung berapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudriavy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudriavy (halaman belum tersedia)">Kudriavy</a>, pulau <a href="/wiki/Iturup" title="Iturup">Iturup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Kuril" title="Kepulauan Kuril">kepulauan Kuril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Limpasan Kudryavy mencapai 20–60&#160;kg rhenium per tahun yang mayoritas dalam bentuk rhenium disulfida.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mineral langka ini, yang diberi nama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheniit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rheniit (halaman belum tersedia)">rheniit</a>, memiliki nilai tinggi di kalangan kolektor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">unsur sintetis</a> (unsur yang dibuat di laboratorium tetapi tidak ditemukan di alam) dan <a href="/wiki/Radioaktif" class="mw-disambig" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> paling stabil yang diketahui, <sup>270</sup>Bh, memiliki <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> sekitar 61&#160;detik, meskipun <sup>278</sup>Bh yang belum dikonfirmasi mungkin memiliki waktu paruh yang lebih lama yaitu sekitar 690&#160;detik. </p><p>Bohrium tidak memiliki isotop stabil atau yang terjadi secara alami. Beberapa isotop radioaktif telah disintesis di laboratorium, baik melalui fusi dua atom atau mengamati peluruhan unsur yang lebih berat. Duabelas isotop bohrium yang berbeda telah dilaporkan dengan massa atom 260-262, 264-267, 270-272, 274, dan 278, salah satunya, bohrium-262, telah diketahui memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keadaan_metastabil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keadaan metastabil (halaman belum tersedia)">keadaan metastabil</a>. Seluruh isotop ini, kecuali <sup>278</sup>Bh yang belum dikonfirmasi, meluruh hanya melalui peluruhan alfa, meskipun beberapa isotop bohrium yang tidak diketahui diperkirakan mengalami fisi spontan.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclidetable_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di Afrika Selatan, mayoritas deposit mangan yang telah diidentifikasi berlokasi di dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotazel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotazel (halaman belum tersedia)">Hotazel</a> di propinsi <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>, diperkirakan 15 miliar ton pada tahun 2011. Afrika Selatan memproduksi 3,4 juta ton pada tahun 2011, mengungguli negara-negara lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Mbendi_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbendi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mangan ditambang di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Sumber impor <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> (1998-2001): </p> <ul><li>Bijih mangan: Gabon (70%), Afrika Selatan (10%), Australia (9%), Mexico (5%), dan lainnya (6%).</li> <li>Feromangan: Afrika Selatan (47%), Prancis (22%), Meksiko (8%), Australia (8%), dan lainnya (15%).</li> <li>Mangan yang terdapat dalam seluruh import mangan: Afrika Selatan (31%), Gabon (21%), Australia (13%), Meksiko (8%), dan lainnya (27%).<sup id="cite_ref-USGSMCS2009_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MangUSGS2006_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MangUSGS2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Untuk produksi <a href="/wiki/Feromangan" title="Feromangan">feromangan</a>, bijih mangan dicampur dengan bijih besi dan karbon, kemudian direduksi dalam tanur tinggi maupun tanur busur listrik.<sup id="cite_ref-IndMin_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndMin-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Feromangan" title="Feromangan">Feromangan</a> yang dihasilkan memiliki kandungan mangan antara 30 sampai 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mangan murni yang digunakan untuk produksi logam paduan bebas-besi dibuat melalui <a href="/wiki/Pelindian_(metalurgi)" title="Pelindian (metalurgi)">pelindian</a> (<i>leaching</i>) bijih mangan dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> dan dilanjutkan dengan proses <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrowinning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrowinning (halaman belum tersedia)">electrowinning</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrometI_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrometI-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Contains reactions and temperatures, as well as showing advanced processes such as the heat exchanger and milling process." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg/220px-Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg/330px-Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg/440px-Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Digram alur sirkuit pengilangan mangan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proses ekstraksi yang lebih progresif melibatkan reduksi langsung bijih mangan dalam pelindian tumpuk (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>&#58; <span lang="en"><i>heap leach</i></span>). Ini dilakukan dengan perkolasi gas alam melalui bagian dasar <i>heap</i>; gas alam menyediakan panas (diperlukan minimal 850&#160;°C) dan reduktor (karbon monoksida). Ini mereduksi seluruh bijih mangan menjadi mangan oksida (MnO), yang berupakan bentuk dapat-lindinya. Bijih kemudian ditransport melalui sirkuit penggilingan untuk mengurangi ukuran partikel bijih menjadi antara 150-250 μm, meningkatkan area permukaan yang dapat dilindi. Bijih kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam tangki pelindi yang berisi <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> dan besi fero (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) dengan perbandingan 8:5. Besi bereaksi dengan mangan dioksida membentuk <a href="/wiki/Besi_hidroksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Besi hidroksida">besi hidroksida</a> dan unsur mangan. Proses ini menghasilkan rendemen mangan 92%. Untuk pemurnian lebih lanjut, mangan dapat diolah lebih lanjut di fasilitas electrowinning.<sup id="cite_ref-ManganeseRecovery_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManganeseRecovery-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg/220px-First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg/330px-First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg/440px-First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Generator teknesium-99m pertama, tak berpelindung, 1958. Larutan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perteknetat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perteknetat (halaman belum tersedia)">perteknetat</a> Tc-99m dielusi dari <a href="/wiki/Molibdat" title="Molibdat">molibdat</a> Mo-99 yang terikat pada substrat kromatografi</figcaption></figure> <p>Hampir dua pertiga pasokan dunia berasal dari dua reaktor; <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Universal_Reactor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Universal Reactor (halaman belum tersedia)">National Research Universal Reactor</a> di <a href="/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk River Laboratories">Chalk River Laboratories</a> di Ontario, Canada, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaktor_nuklir_Petten&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaktor nuklir Petten (halaman belum tersedia)">High Flux Reactor</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_Research_and_Consultancy_Group&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (halaman belum tersedia)">Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group</a> di Petten, Belanda. Seluruh reaktor utama yang memproduksi teknesium-99m dibangun di era 1960an dan ditutup karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhir_hidup_(produk)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhir hidup (produk) (halaman belum tersedia)">sudah habis masa hidupnya</a>. Dua reaktor Canada baru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multipurpose_Applied_Physics_Lattice_Experiment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment (halaman belum tersedia)">Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment</a> direncanakan dan dibangun untuk menghasilkan 200% kebutuhan teknesium-99m sehingga produsen lain tidak perlu membangun bangunan reaktor sendiri. Dengan dibatalkannya reaktor yang telah teruji pada tahun 2008, akan timbul masalah pasokan teknesium-99m di masa mendatang.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal yang meredam issue ini adalah pengumuman dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaktor_Maria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaktor Maria (halaman belum tersedia)">reaktor riset Maria</a> di Polandia bahwa mereka telah mengembangkan teknik untuk mengisolasi teknesium. </p><p>Reaktor Chalk River berhenti beroperasi pada Agustus 2009 dalam rangka pemeliharaan, dan beroperasi kembali pada tahun 2010. Reaktor Petten yang memiliki pemeliharaan terjadwal setiap 6 bulan berhenti beroperasi pada 19 Februari 2010 dan kembali beroperasi pada September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dengan jutaan prosedur yang bersandar pada teknesium-99m setiap tahunnya, rendahnya pasokan telah meninggalkan kesenjangan, dan beberapa praktisi terpaksa kembali kepada teknik yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi selama 20 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-NY_Times_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ammonium_perrhenate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ammonium_perrhenate.jpg/220px-Ammonium_perrhenate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ammonium_perrhenate.jpg/330px-Ammonium_perrhenate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ammonium_perrhenate.jpg/440px-Ammonium_perrhenate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Amonium perrhenat</figcaption></figure> <p>Rhenium komersial diekstraksi dari gas buang pemanggangan molibdenum yang diperoleh dari bijih tembaga-sulfida. Beberapa bijih molibdenum mengandung 0,001% sampai 0,2% rhenium.<sup id="cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&amp;W-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rousch_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rousch-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenium(IV)_oksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenium(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhenium(IV) oksida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_perrhenat" class="mw-redirect" title="Asam perrhenat">asam perrhenat</a> mudah larut dalam air; mereka dilindi dari debu dan gas buangan dan diekstraksi dengan cara presipitasi menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Kalium_klorida" title="Kalium klorida">kalium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Amonium_klorida" title="Amonium klorida">amonium klorida</a> sebagai garam <a href="/wiki/Perrhenat" class="mw-redirect" title="Perrhenat">perrhenat</a>, dan dimurnikan melalui <a href="/wiki/Rekristalisasi_(kimia)" title="Rekristalisasi (kimia)">rekristalisasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&amp;W-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Produksi total dunia antara 40 sampai 50 ton/tahun; produsen utamanya adalah Chile, Amerika Serikat, Peru, dan Polandia.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2012_summary_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_2012_summary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Daur ulang katalis Pt-Re bekas dan logam paduan khusus memungkinkan perolehan kembali tambahan 10 ton per tahun. Harga logam ini meningkat tajam pada awal 2008, dari $1000-$2000 per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> pada tahun 2003-2006 menjadi $10.000 pada Februari 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-minormetals_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minormetals-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bentuk logamnya disiapkan melalui reduksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amonium_perrhenat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amonium perrhenat (halaman belum tersedia)">amonium perrhenat</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> pada suhu tinggi:<sup id="cite_ref-Brauer_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brauer-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH4ReO4 + 7H2 -&gt; 2Re + 8H2O + 2NH3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>ReO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Re</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH4ReO4 + 7H2 -&gt; 2Re + 8H2O + 2NH3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ad5a5595537ad7490ed4ae0bc192307f9abb9f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:46.197ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH4ReO4 + 7H2 -&gt; 2Re + 8H2O + 2NH3}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Saat ini, bohrium hanya untuk keperluan penelitian.<sup id="cite_ref-RSC5_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSC5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu belum diproduksi secara massal untuk tujuan komersial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mangan tidak memiliki pengganti yang memuaskan untuk aplikasi utamanya di bidang metalurgi.<sup id="cite_ref-USGSMCS2009_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada aplikasi minor, misalnya fosfasi mangan (<i>manganese phosphating</i>), <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> dan kadang-kadang <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> adalah pengganti yang layak. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:M1917helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M1917helmet.jpg/220px-M1917helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M1917helmet.jpg/330px-M1917helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M1917helmet.jpg/440px-M1917helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helm_perang" class="mw-redirect" title="Helm perang">Helm perang</a> U.S. M1917, varian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helm_Brodie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helm Brodie (halaman belum tersedia)">helm Brodie</a>, terbuat dari paduang mangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baja_Hadfield&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baja Hadfield (halaman belum tersedia)">baja Hadfield</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mangan penting untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karya_baja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karya baja (halaman belum tersedia)">produksi baja</a> dan besi dengan meningkatkan belerang-fixingnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baja_awaoksidasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baja awaoksidasi (halaman belum tersedia)">awaoksidasi</a> dan sifat <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">keterpaduannya</a>, seperti yang diakui oleh metalurgis Inggris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Forester_Mushet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Forester Mushet (halaman belum tersedia)">Robert Forester Mushet</a> (1811 – 1891), yang, pada tahun 1856, mengintroduksi unsur ini, dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiegeleisen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiegeleisen (halaman belum tersedia)">Spiegeleisen</a>, ke dalam baja dengan tujuan khusus menghilangkan kelebihan oksigen, belerang, dan fosfor terlarut dalam rangka meningkatkan ketertempaannya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karya_baja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karya baja (halaman belum tersedia)">Karya baja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>&#58; <span lang="en"><i>steelmaking</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> termasuk komponen karya besinya, telah dianggap sebagai penyebab tingginya permintaan mangan, saat ini dalam kisaran 85% sampai 90% dari total permintaan.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrometI_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrometI-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mangan adalah komponen kunci untuk <a href="/wiki/Baja_nirkarat" title="Baja nirkarat">baja nirkarat</a> ekonomis.<sup id="cite_ref-MangUSGS2006_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MangUSGS2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aplikasi mangan terbesar kedua adalah dalam paduan aluminium. Kandungan mangan 1,5% dalam paduan aluminium telah meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap korosi melalui butiran yang menyerap kotoran penyebab <a href="/wiki/Korosi_galvanik" title="Korosi galvanik">korosi galvanik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_paduan_aluminium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam paduan aluminium (halaman belum tersedia)">Logam paduan aluminium</a> (<i>alloy aluminiu</i>) tahan korosi 3004 dan 3104 (kandungan mangan 0,8% s/d 1,5%) digunakan untuk mayoritas <a href="/wiki/Kaleng_minuman" title="Kaleng minuman">kaleng minuman</a> yang beredar.<sup id="cite_ref-Al3004_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al3004-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebelum tahun 2000, lebih dari 1,6 juta <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> logam paduan ini digunakan; pada konsentrasi mangan 1% berarti ini mengkonsumsi mangan sebanyak 16.000 ton.<sup id="cite_ref-Al3004_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al3004-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teknesium-99m" title="Teknesium-99m">Teknesium-99m</a> ("m" menandakan bahwa ini adalah isomer nuklir <a href="/wiki/Isomer_nuklir#Isomer_metastabil" title="Isomer nuklir">metastabil</a>) digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran_nuklir" title="Kedokteran nuklir">uji medis</a> isotop radioaktif. Misalnya teknesium-99m adalah <a href="/wiki/Pelacak_radioaktif" title="Pelacak radioaktif">pelacak radioaktif</a> yang digunakan oleh peralatan pencitra medis untuk pelacakan di dalam tubuh manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-blocks_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20150530_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20150530-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Isotop ini cocok dengan manfaat ini karena ia memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinar gamma">sinar gamma</a> 140&#160;<a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">keV</a> yang mudah dideteksi, dan waktu paruhnya sekitar 6,01&#160;jam (artinya sekitar 94%nya meluruh menjadi teknesium-99 dalam 24&#160;jam).<sup id="cite_ref-enc_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kimia teknesium memungkinkannya terikat pada beragam senyawa biokimia, yang masing-masing menentukan jalur metabolisme dan cara penumpukan di dalam tubuh, dan isotop tunggal ini dapat digunakan untuk beragam uji diagnostik. Lebih dari 50 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiofarmasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiofarmasi (halaman belum tersedia)">radiofarmasi</a> didasarkan pada teknesium-99m untuk studi pencitraan dan fungsional <a href="/wiki/Otak_manusia" title="Otak manusia">otak</a>, otot jantung, <a href="/wiki/Tiroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiroid">tiroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paru-paru_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paru-paru manusia">paru-paru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kantong_empedu" title="Kantong empedu">kantong empedu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerangka_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerangka manusia">kerangka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darah" title="Darah">darah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tumor" title="Tumor">tumor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teknesium-99 meluruh hampir seluruhnya melalui peluruhan beta, memancarkan partikel beta dengan energi rendah yang konstan dan tanpa disertai sinar gamma. Selain itu, waktu paruhnya yang panjang berarti bahwa penurunan emisi ini sangat lambat seiring berjalannya waktu. Tc-99 dapat pula diekstraksi ke kemurnian dan isotopik tinggi dari limbah radioaktif. Berdasarkan alasan ini, ia merupakan emiter beta standar versi <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST), dan digunakan untuk kalibrasi peralatan.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teknesium-99 juga telah diusulkan untuk peralatan optoelektronik dan <a href="/wiki/Baterai_atom" title="Baterai atom">baterai nuklir</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi">skala nano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_F100" title="Pratt &amp; Whitney F100">Mesin Pratt &amp; Whitney F-100</a> menggunakan superaloy generasi kedua yang mengandung rhenium</figcaption></figure> <p>Rhenium ditambahkan ke dalam superaloy bersuhu tinggi yang digunakan untuk membuat bagian <a href="/wiki/Mesin_jet" title="Mesin jet">mesin jet</a>, mengkonsumsi 70% dari produksi rhenium dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aplikasi utama lainnya adalah dalam <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalis</a> platina-rhenium, yang utamanya digunakan dalam pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Bensin" title="Bensin">bensin</a> beroktan tinggi bebas <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2009_yearbook_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_2009_yearbook-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohrium saat ini hanya digunakan untuk penelitian.<sup id="cite_ref-RSC5_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSC5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peran_biologis">Peran biologis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Peran biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peran biologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanya mangan yang memiliki peran dalam tubuh manusia. Ia merupakan nutrisi renik esensial, dengan kandungan dalam tubuh sekitar 10&#160;<a href="/wiki/Miligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Miligram">mg</a>, terkonsentrasi di dalam liver dan ginjal. Banyak enzim mengandung mangan, membuatnya penting untuk kehidupan, dan juga ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a>. Teknesium, rhenium, dan bohrium tidak memiliki peran biologis. Namun, teknesium digunakan untuk pencitraan radioaktif. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Arginase.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arginase.jpeg/400px-Arginase.jpeg" decoding="async" width="400" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arginase.jpeg/600px-Arginase.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Arginase.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Pusat reaktif arginase dengan <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_enzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">inhibitor</a> asam boronat – atom mangan diberi warna kuning.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mangan adalah unsur penting untuk kesehatan manusia, esensial untuk perkembangan, metabolisme, dan sistem antioksidan. Namun, paparan atau asupan berlebih dapat menyebabkan suatu kondisi yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganisme (halaman belum tersedia)">manganisme</a>, suatu gangguan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurodegenerasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurodegenerasi (halaman belum tersedia)">neurodegeneratif</a> yang menyebabkan kematian neuron dopaminergik dan gejala yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Parkinson" title="Penyakit Parkinson">penyakit Parkinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelompok enzim yang memiliki <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biokimia)" title="Kofaktor (biokimia)">kofaktor</a> mangan cukup banyak dan meliputi <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase" title="Oksidoreduktase">oksidoreduktase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transferase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transferase (halaman belum tersedia)">transferase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrolase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyase (halaman belum tersedia)">lyase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isomerase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isomerase (halaman belum tersedia)">isomerase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">ligase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lektin" title="Lektin">lektin</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrin (halaman belum tersedia)">integrin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transkriptase_balik" title="Transkriptase balik">Transkriptase balik</a> dari banyak <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus</a> (meski bukan <a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">lentivirus</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>) mengandung mangan. <a href="/wiki/Polipeptida" title="Polipeptida">Polipeptida</a> terkenal yang mengandung mangan antara lain <a href="/wiki/Arginase" title="Arginase">arginase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toksin_difteri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toksin difteri (halaman belum tersedia)">toksin difteri</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superoksida_dismutase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Superoksida dismutase (halaman belum tersedia)">superoksida dismutase</a> yang mengandung Mn (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mn-SOD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mn-SOD (halaman belum tersedia)">Mn-SOD</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mnzym_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mnzym-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pencegahan">Pencegahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Pencegahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pencegahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meskipun merupakan unsur renik esensial dalam tubuh manusia, mangan dapat bersifat toksik jika tertelan dalam jumlah di atas normal. Teknesium harus ditangani dengan hati-hati karena radioaktivitasnya. </p><p>Senyawa mangan kurang beracun dibandingkan logam lainnya yang tersebar luas, seperti <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, paparan debu dan uap mangan sebaiknya tidak melebihi nilai batas atas 5&#160;mg/m<sup>3</sup> bahkan untuk jangka pendek karena tingkat toksisitasnya.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keracunan mangan dikaitkan dengan gangguan keterampilan motorik dan gangguan kognitif.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teknesium tidak memiliki peran biologis alami dan biasanya tidak ditemukan dalam tubuh manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teknesium diproduksi secara melalui fisi nuklir, dan lebih banyak didistribusikan daripada umumnya radionuklida. Ia tampaknya memiliki toksisitas kimia yang rendah. Misalnya, tidak ada perubahan signifikan dalam formula darah, berat badan dan organ, serta konsumsi makanan yang dapat dideteksi untuk tikus yang mengkonsumsi sampai 15g/&#160;μg teknetium-99 per gram makanan selama beberapa minggu.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Toksisitas radiologis teknesium (per satuan massa) adalah fungsi senyawa, jenis radiasi isotop yang bersangkutan, dan waktu paruh isotop.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangat sedikit yang diketahui tentang toksisitas renium dan senyawanya karena penggunaannya dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil. Garam tetlarutnya, seperti rhenium halida atau perrhenat, bisa berbahaya karena unsur selain renium atau karena renium itu sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hanya beberapa senyawa renium yang telah diuji toksisitas akutnya; dua contohnya adalah kalium perrhenat dan rhenium triklorida, yang disuntikkan sebagai larutan ke dalam tikus. Perrhenat memiliki <a href="/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal">LD<sub>50</sub></a> 2800&#160;mg/kg setelah tujuh hari (ini adalah toksisitas yang sangat rendah, sama dengan garam meja) dan rhenium triklorida menunjukkan LD<sub>50</sub> 280&#160;mg/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_Juga">Lihat Juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat Juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat Juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Golongan 1 (IA)</a> (Logam alkali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Golongan 2 (IIA)</a> (Logam alkali tanah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">Golongan 3 (IIIB)</a> (Logam tanah jarang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">Golongan 4 (IVB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">Golongan 5 (VB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">Golongan 6 (VIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">Golongan 8 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">Golongan 9 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">Golongan 10 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">Golongan 11 (IB)</a> (Logam koin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">Golongan 12 (IIB)</a> (Logam volatil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">Golongan 13 (IIIA)</a> (Ikosagen/Triel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">Golongan 14 (IVA)</a> (Kristalogen/Tetrel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">Golongan 15 (VA)</a> (Pniktogen/Pentel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">Golongan 16 (VIA)</a> (Kalkogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Golongan 17 (VIIA)</a> (Halogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Golongan 18 (VIIIA)</a> (Aerogen/Gas mulia)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Calvert, J. 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"Compositional Categories of Ancient Glass". <i>Science</i>. <b>133</b> (3467): 1824–1826. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961Sci...133.1824S">1961Sci...133.1824S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.133.3467.1824">10.1126/science.133.3467.1824</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17818999">17818999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Compositional+Categories+of+Ancient+Glass&amp;rft.volume=133&amp;rft.issue=3467&amp;rft.pages=1824-1826&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17818999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.133.3467.1824&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961Sci...133.1824S&amp;rft.aulast=Sayre&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+V.&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+R.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ItGlass-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ItGlass_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mccray, W. Patrick (1998). "Glassmaking in renaissance Italy: The innovation of venetian cristallo". <i>Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society</i>. <b>50</b> (5): 14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JOM....50e..14M">1998JOM....50e..14M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-998-0024-0">10.1007/s11837-998-0024-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Minerals%2C+Metals+and+Materials+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Glassmaking+in+renaissance+Italy%3A+The+innovation+of+venetian+cristallo&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11837-998-0024-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JOM....50e..14M&amp;rft.aulast=Mccray&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+Patrick&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiserman1992p164-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heiserman1992p164_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeiserman1992">Heiserman 1992</a>, hlm.&#160;164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Segrè, Emilio (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindalwaysinmoti00segr"><i>A Mind Always in Motion: the Autobiography of Emilio Segrè</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindalwaysinmoti00segr/page/115">115</a>–118. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0520076273" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0520076273">0520076273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Mind+Always+in+Motion%3A+the+Autobiography+of+Emilio+Segr%C3%A8&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&amp;rft.pages=115-118&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=0520076273&amp;rft.aulast=Segr%C3%A8&amp;rft.aufirst=Emilio&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindalwaysinmoti00segr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-segre-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segre_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segre_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Perrier, C.; Segrè, E. (1947). "Technetium: The Element of Atomic Number 43". <i>Nature</i>. <b>159</b> (4027): 24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947Natur.159...24P">1947Natur.159...24P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F159024a0">10.1038/159024a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20279068">20279068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Technetium%3A+The+Element+of+Atomic+Number+43&amp;rft.volume=159&amp;rft.issue=4027&amp;rft.pages=24&amp;rft.date=1947&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20279068&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F159024a0&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1947Natur.159...24P&amp;rft.aulast=Perrier&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Segr%C3%A8%2C+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blocks-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Emsley, J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&amp;pg=PA423"><i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;422–425. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-850340-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-850340-7">0-19-850340-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=422-425&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DYhi5X7OwuGkC%26pg%3DPA423&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-origin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history-origin_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Holden, N. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Elentymolgy+and+Elements+Multidict%2C+%22Technetium%22&amp;rft.aulast=van+der+Krogt&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DTc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Chapter 1.2: Early Days at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124220556/http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/p074.html"><i>The transuranium people: The inside story</i></a>. University of California, Berkeley &amp; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2000. hlm.&#160;15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-86094-087-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-86094-087-0">1-86094-087-0</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/p074.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+1.2%3A+Early+Days+at+the+Berkeley+Radiation+Laboratory&amp;rft.btitle=The+transuranium+people%3A+The+inside+story&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+%26+Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=1-86094-087-0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscibooks.com%2Fphysics%2Fp074.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Merrill, P. W. (1952). "Technetium in the stars". <i>Science</i>. <b>115</b> (2992): 479–89 [484]. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952Sci...115..479.">1952Sci...115..479.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.115.2992.479">10.1126/science.115.2992.479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Technetium+in+the+stars&amp;rft.volume=115&amp;rft.issue=2992&amp;rft.pages=479-89+484&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.115.2992.479&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952Sci...115..479.&amp;rft.aulast=Merrill&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s8_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s8_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s8_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwochau2000">Schwochau 2000</a>, hlm.&#160;7–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tilgner, Hans Georg (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWBWnMOGtMQC"><i>Forschen Suche und Sucht</i></a> (dalam bahasa German). Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-89811-272-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-89811-272-7">978-3-89811-272-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Forschen+Suche+und+Sucht&amp;rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-89811-272-7&amp;rft.aulast=Tilgner&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+Georg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUWBWnMOGtMQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rhenium/">"Rhenium: Statistics and Information"</a>. <i>Minerals Information</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Minerals+Information&amp;rft.atitle=Rhenium%3A+Statistics+and+Information&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Frhenium%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moseley, Henry (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122022821/http://www.materials.manchester.ac.uk/research/facilities/moseley/biography/">"The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements, Part II"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>27</b> (160): 703–713. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440408635141">10.1080/14786440408635141</a>. 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"Die Ekamangane". <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>13</b> (26): 567–574. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1925NW.....13..567.">1925NW.....13..567.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01558746">10.1007/BF01558746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&amp;rft.atitle=Die+Ekamangane&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=567-574&amp;rft.date=1925&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01558746&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1925NW.....13..567.&amp;rft.aulast=Noddack&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.au=Tacke%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Berg%2C+O.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1g-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1g_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Noddack, W.; Noddack, I. (1929). 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Walter de Gruyter. hlm.&#160;1110–1117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-11-007511-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-11-007511-3">3-11-007511-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Mangan&amp;rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&amp;rft.pages=1110-1117&amp;rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-007511-3&amp;rft.aulast=Holleman&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnet-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magnet_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lide, David R. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2011-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.pub=CRC+press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-0485-7&amp;rft.aulast=Lide&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammond, C. 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CRC press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8493-0485-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8493-0485-7">0-8493-0485-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Elements&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.edition=81st&amp;rft.pub=CRC+press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-0485-7&amp;rft.aulast=Hammond&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lide, David R. (2004–2005). 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-277-0500-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-277-0500-6">978-90-277-0500-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Manganese+Nodules%3A+Dimensions+and+Perspectives&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-277-0500-6&amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Ocean+Economics+and+Technology+Office%2C+Technology+Branch%2C+United+Nations&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanganesenodules0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dixon, P.; Curtis, David B.; Musgrave, John; Roensch, Fred; Roach, Jeff; Rokop, Don (1997). "Analysis of Naturally Produced Technetium and Plutonium in Geologic Materials". <i>Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>69</b> (9): 1692–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac961159q">10.1021/ac961159q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639292">21639292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Naturally+Produced+Technetium+and+Plutonium+in+Geologic+Materials&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1692-9&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac961159q&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21639292&amp;rft.aulast=Dixon&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Curtis%2C+David+B.&amp;rft.au=Musgrave%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Roensch%2C+Fred&amp;rft.au=Roach%2C+Jeff&amp;rft.au=Rokop%2C+Don&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Curtis, D.; Fabryka-Martin, June; Dixon, Paul; Cramer, Jan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta_1999-01_63_2/page/275">"Nature's uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium"</a>. <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 275. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeCoA..63..275C">1999GeCoA..63..275C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2898%2900282-8">10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=Nature%27s+uncommon+elements%3A+plutonium+and+technetium&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=275&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2898%2900282-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeCoA..63..275C&amp;rft.aulast=Curtis&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Fabryka-Martin%2C+June&amp;rft.au=Dixon%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Cramer%2C+Jan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta_1999-01_63_2%2Fpage%2F275&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moore, C. E. (1951). "Technetium in the Sun". <i>Science</i>. New York, N.Y. <b>114</b> (2951): 59–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Sci...114...59M">1951Sci...114...59M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.114.2951.59">10.1126/science.114.2951.59</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17782983">17782983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Technetium+in+the+Sun&amp;rft.volume=114&amp;rft.issue=2951&amp;rft.pages=59-61&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17782983&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.114.2951.59&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951Sci...114...59M&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G&amp;W-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&amp;W_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&amp;rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001p358-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p358_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Emsley, John (2001). 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Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/358">358</a>–361. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-850340-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-850340-7">0-19-850340-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Rhenium&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&amp;rft.pages=358-361&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Haley, Thomas J.; Cartwright, Frank D. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences_1968-02_57_2/page/321">"Pharmacology and toxicology of potassium perrhenate and rhenium trichloride"</a>. <i>Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 321–323. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjps.2600570218">10.1002/jps.2600570218</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5641681">5641681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Pharmacology+and+toxicology+of+potassium+perrhenate+and+rhenium+trichloride&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=321-323&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjps.2600570218&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5641681&amp;rft.aulast=Haley&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&amp;rft.au=Cartwright%2C+Frank+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences_1968-02_57_2%2Fpage%2F321&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7dd56556d5‐vjhp6 Cached time: 20241029122547 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.056 seconds Real time usage: 1.559 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 16824/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 260887/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6703/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 124416/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.416/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3857464/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 964.327 1 -total 49.10% 473.469 2 Templat:Reflist 27.08% 261.177 1 Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_7) 15.70% 151.434 1 Templat:Infobox_periodic_table_group/header 13.95% 134.485 31 Templat:Cite_journal 12.40% 119.531 1 Templat:Periodic_table_(32_columns,_micro) 10.90% 105.100 118 Templat:Periodic_table_(32_columns,_micro)/elementcell 10.12% 97.629 20 Templat:Cite_web 9.35% 90.178 23 Templat:Cite_book 6.99% 67.399 24 Templat:Element_color --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key idwiki:pcache:idhash:1880806-0!canonical and timestamp 20241029122547 and revision id 26151797. 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