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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Tembaga" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Karakteristik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Karakteristik </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sifat_fisik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_fisik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Sifat fisik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_fisik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sifat kimia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Keterjadian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Produksi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Produksi </button> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cadangan_dan_harga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadangan_dan_harga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cadangan dan harga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadangan_dan_harga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Metode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daur_ulang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daur_ulang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Daur ulang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daur_ulang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paduan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paduan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Paduan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paduan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Paduan </button> <ul id="toc-Paduan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Komposisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komposisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Komposisi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komposisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senyawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Senyawa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Senyawa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Senyawa </button> <ul id="toc-Senyawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senyawa_biner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa_biner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Senyawa biner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa_biner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimia_koordinasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimia_koordinasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Kimia koordinasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimia_koordinasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimia_organotembaga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimia_organotembaga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Kimia organotembaga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimia_organotembaga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tembaga(III)_dan_tembaga(IV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tembaga(III)_dan_tembaga(IV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Tembaga(III) dan tembaga(IV) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tembaga(III)_dan_tembaga(IV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prasejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Prasejarah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prasejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zaman_Tembaga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Tembaga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Zaman Tembaga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Tembaga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Perunggu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Perunggu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Zaman Perunggu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Perunggu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuno_dan_pasca-klasik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuno_dan_pasca-klasik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Kuno dan pasca-klasik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuno_dan_pasca-klasik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aplikasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Aplikasi </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kawat_dan_kabel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawat_dan_kabel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Kawat dan kabel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kawat_dan_kabel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronika_dan_perangkat_terkait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronika_dan_perangkat_terkait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Elektronika dan perangkat terkait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronika_dan_perangkat_terkait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_listrik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_listrik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Motor listrik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_listrik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi_energi_terbarukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi_energi_terbarukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Produksi energi terbarukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produksi_energi_terbarukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Arsitektur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perlawanan_terhadap_penumpukan_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perlawanan_terhadap_penumpukan_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Perlawanan terhadap penumpukan biologis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perlawanan_terhadap_penumpukan_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimikroba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimikroba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Antimikroba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimikroba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investasi_spekulatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investasi_spekulatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Investasi spekulatif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investasi_spekulatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengobatan_tradisional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengobatan_tradisional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Pengobatan tradisional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengobatan_tradisional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakaian_kompresi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakaian_kompresi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9.1 Pakaian kompresi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakaian_kompresi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degradasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Degradasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degradasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peran_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Peran biologis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peran_biologis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Peran biologis </button> <ul id="toc-Peran_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biokimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biokimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Biokimia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biokimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nutrisi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penyerapan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyerapan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Penyerapan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyerapan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rekomendasi_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekomendasi_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Rekomendasi diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rekomendasi_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kekurangan_tembaga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kekurangan_tembaga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Kekurangan tembaga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kekurangan_tembaga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toksisitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toksisitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Toksisitas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toksisitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paparan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paparan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Paparan manusia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paparan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Catatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bacaan lebih lanjut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tembaga</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 204 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-204" aria-hidden="true" > 204 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%A5" title="መዳብ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arambre" title="Arambre – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arambre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coper" title="Coper – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Coper" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="तांबा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तांबा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="তাম – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti" title="Anti – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Anti" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پاخیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاخیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Баҡыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баҡыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temaga" title="Temaga – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Temaga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis" title="Varis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Varis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso" title="Tanso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tanso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ताँमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ताँमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="তামা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟངས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouevr" title="Kouevr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kouevr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Зэд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зэд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coure" title="Coure – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Dè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tumbaga" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎥᏣᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏣᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9B%C4%8F" title="Měď – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2per" title="Kòper – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòper" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Пăхăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăхăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copr" title="Copr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Copr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%C4%B1r" title="Paxır – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Paxır" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AF" title="ރަތުލޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރަތުލޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χαλκός – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλκός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobri" title="Cobri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cobri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupari" title="Kupari – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kupari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopa" title="Kopa – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kopa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuivre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6ber" title="Kööber – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööber" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti_pyt%C3%A3" title="Kuarepoti pytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="તાંબું – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાંબું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbyr" title="Cobbyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cobbyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B9ng" title="Thùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="נחושת – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחושת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ताम्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताम्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamba" title="Tamba – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamba" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopor" title="Kopor – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kopor" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9z" title="Réz – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Réz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupro" title="Cupro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cupro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambang" title="Gambang – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gambang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="ЦӀаста – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀаста" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame" title="Rame – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tunka" title="tunka – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tunka" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98" title="სპილენძი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპილენძი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C9%A3ir" title="Iɣir – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iɣir" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwivri" title="Kwivri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kwivri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutako" title="Mutako – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mutako" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Мыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ತಾಮ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="구리 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ترٛام – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترٛام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer_(Metall)" title="Koffer (Metall) – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Koffer (Metall)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жез – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprum" title="Cuprum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cuprum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer" title="Koffer – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koffer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Дувсси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дувсси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%80" title="Цур – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Цур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupre" title="Cupre – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cupre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkopa_(Copper)" title="Kkopa (Copper) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kkopa (Copper)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammo_(elemento)" title="Rammo (elemento) – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rammo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_(element_chimich)" title="Ram (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ram (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%87" title="ທອງແດງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທອງແດງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis" title="Varis – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1" title="Varš – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Varš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сере – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сере" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahina" title="Varahina – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varahina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konukura" title="Konukura – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konukura" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെമ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Зэс – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%B9" title="Вӹргеньӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вӹргеньӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ကြေးနီ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB)" title="Пиже (металл) – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиже (металл)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichiltic_tepoztli" title="Chichiltic tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chichiltic tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramma" title="Ramma – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ramma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopper" title="Kopper – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kopper" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keuper" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="तामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="सीजः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सीजः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambag%C3%B6" title="Tambagö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tambagö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koper (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupre" title="Kupre – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kupre" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C5%82ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii" title="Béésh łichíiʼii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh łichíiʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coire" title="Coire – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaski" title="Vaski – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vaski" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiila_diimaa" title="Sibiila diimaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiila diimaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="ତମ୍ବା – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତମ୍ବା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Æрхуы – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрхуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਾਂਬਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਂਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mied%C5%BA" title="Miedź – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miedź" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram" title="Aram – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aram" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta" title="Anta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Anta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cupru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2c%C3%A2ri" title="Bâcâri – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bâcâri" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Медь – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ताम्रम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ताम्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D)" title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ) – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0mine" title="Ràmine – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ràmine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capper" title="Capper – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Capper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="ٽامو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%8F" title="Meď – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Meď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker" title="Baker – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baker" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhangura" title="Mhangura – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhangura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakri" title="Bakri – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooper" title="Kooper – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kooper" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambaga" title="Tambaga – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tambaga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppar" title="Koppar – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koppar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba" title="Shaba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shaba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="செப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF" title="రాగి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాగి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Мис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ทองแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso_(elemento)" title="Tanso (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tanso (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r" title="Bakır – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бакыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бакыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Чес – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чес" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3" title="مىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramo" title="Ramo – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ramo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas%27k" title="Vas'k – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vas'k" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprin" title="Kuprin – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuprin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuve" title="Keuve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Keuve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tumbaga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Зес – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Зес" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ლინჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קופער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קופער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0b%C3%A0" title="Bàbà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bàbà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doengz" title="Doengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵏⴰⵙ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2ng" title="Tâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoklele" title="Usoklele – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Usoklele" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Tembaga" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Indonesia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Perkakas </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=history">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Tembaga" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pranala balik</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Tembaga" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan terkait</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&oldid=26642326" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini">Pranala permanen</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini">Informasi halaman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Tembaga&id=26642326&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini">Kutip halaman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTembaga">Lihat URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTembaga">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tembaga">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tembaga&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Copper" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g">Butir di Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;">29Cu</div>Tembaga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NatCopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/220px-NatCopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/330px-NatCopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/440px-NatCopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1452" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Tembaga asli (berukuran ~4 cm)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Copper_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Copper_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Copper_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Copper_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Copper_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Copper_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum tembaga</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">/têmbaga/<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">metalik merah-jingga</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Tembaga dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_029_Copper.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 029 Copper.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Electron_shell_029_Copper.svg/50px-Electron_shell_029_Copper.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Electron_shell_029_Copper.svg/75px-Electron_shell_029_Copper.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Electron_shell_029_Copper.svg/100px-Electron_shell_029_Copper.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"> 29Cu</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)">Clor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tembaga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)">Selen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Cu ↓ <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> ← tembaga → <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">29</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">golongan 11</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode 4</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">  <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a> (Ar)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>63,546±0,003</li><li>63,546±0,003 (diringkas)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s1 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0 °C dan 101,325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1357,77 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1084,62 °C, 1984,32 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kepadatan</a> mendekati <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">s.k.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">8,96 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">saat cair, pada <abbr title="titik lebur">t.l.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">8,02 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">13,26 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">300,4 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor">Kapasitas kalor molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">24,440 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap">Tekanan uap</a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada <abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1509 </td> <td>1661 </td> <td>1850 </td> <td>2089 </td> <td>2404 </td> <td>2834 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">−2, 0,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> +1, +2, +3, +4 (oksida agak <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala Pauling: 1,90 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1: 745,5 kJ/mol ke-2: 1957,9 kJ/mol ke-3: 3555 kJ/mol (<a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi_molar#tembaga" title="Energi ionisasi molar">artikel</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">empiris: 128 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">132±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_van_der_Waals" title="Jari-jari van der Waals">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">140 pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal kubus">kubus berpusat muka</a> (fcc)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Face-centered cubic untuk tembaga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan suara">Kecepatan suara</a> batang ringan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(teranil) 3810 m/s (pada <abbr title="suhu kamar">s.k.</abbr>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">Ekspansi kalor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">16,5 µm/(m·K) (suhu 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">401 W/(m·K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">Resistivitas listrik</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">16,78 nΩ·m (suhu 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetik">diamagnetik</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Suseptibilitas_magnetik" title="Suseptibilitas magnetik">Suseptibilitas magnetik molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">−5,46×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_Young" title="Modulus Young">Modulus Young</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">110–128 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_geser" title="Modulus geser">Modulus Shear</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">48 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_kompresi" title="Modulus kompresi">Modulus curah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">140 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Rasio_Poisson" title="Rasio Poisson">Rasio Poisson</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">0,34 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs">Skala Mohs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">3,0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Vickers" title="Uji kekerasan Vickers">Skala Vickers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">343–369 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Brinell" title="Uji kekerasan Brinell">Skala Brinell</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">235–878 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7440-50-8 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penamaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">dari <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>, tempat penambangan utama di era Romawi (Cyprium)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-9_SM" title="Milenium ke-9 SM">9000 SM</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Simbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">"Cu": dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuprum" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuprum">cuprum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_tembaga" title="Isotop tembaga">Isotop tembaga</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelimpahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> (t1/2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Produk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">63Cu </th> <td style="text-align:right">69,15% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga-64&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga-64 (halaman belum tersedia)">64Cu</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_sintetis" title="Radioisotop sintetis">sintetis</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">12,70 jam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan elektron">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel-64" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikel-64">64Ni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seng-64" class="mw-redirect" title="Seng-64">64Zn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">65Cu </th> <td style="text-align:right">30,85% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">67Cu </th> <td style="text-align:center;">sintetis </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,83 jam </td> <td>β− </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seng-67" class="mw-redirect" title="Seng-67">67Zn</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #ffc0c0; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_tembaga" title="Templat:Kotak info tembaga">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">bicara</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_tembaga&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div>| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a> | <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753" class="extiw" title="d:Q753">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Tembaga adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">lambang</a> Cu (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>: cuprum) dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 29. Ia adalah logam yang lunak, mudah ditempa, dan <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">ulet</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">konduktivitas termal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_dan_konduktivitas_listrik" title="Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik">listrik</a> yang sangat tinggi. Permukaan tembaga murni yang baru diekspos memiliki <a href="/wiki/Biring" title="Biring">warna oranye merah muda</a>. Tembaga digunakan sebagai konduktor panas dan listrik, sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahan_bangunan#Logam" title="Bahan bangunan">building material</a>, bahan bangunan, dan sebagai konstituen dari berbagai <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> logam, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_925&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak 925 (halaman belum tersedia)">perak sterling</a> yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan">perhiasan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupronikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupronikel (halaman belum tersedia)">kupronikel</a> yang digunakan untuk membuat perangkat keras laut dan <a href="/wiki/Uang_logam" title="Uang logam">koin</a>, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantan (halaman belum tersedia)">konstantan</a> yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Tolok_regangan" title="Tolok regangan">pengukur regangan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Termokopel" title="Termokopel">termokopel</a> untuk pengukuran suhu. Tembaga adalah salah satu dari sedikit logam yang dapat terjadi di alam dalam bentuk logam yang dapat digunakan secara langsung (<a href="/wiki/Logam_asli" title="Logam asli">logam asli</a>). Hal ini menyebabkan penggunaan tembaga oleh manusia sangat awal di beberapa daerah, dari <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 8000 SM. Ribuan tahun kemudian, ia adalah logam pertama yang <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">dilebur</a> dari bijih sulfida, <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 5000 SM; logam pertama yang dicetak menjadi sebuah bentuk dalam cetakan, <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 4000 SM; dan logam pertama yang sengaja dipadukan dengan logam lain, <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>, untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">perunggu</a>, <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 500 SM.<a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-5">[5]</a> Pada <a href="/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno">zaman Romawi</a>, tembaga ditambang terutama di <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>, yang menjadi asal nama logam ini, dari aes cyprium (logam Siprus), kemudian berubah menjadi cuprum (bahasa Latin). Coper (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Kuno" title="Bahasa Inggris Kuno">bahasa Inggris Kuno</a>) dan copper (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>) berasal dari kata tersebut, dan ejaan selanjutnya pertama kali digunakan sekitar tahun 1530.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Senyawa yang biasa ditemui adalah garam tembaga(II), yang sering memberi warna biru atau hijau pada mineral seperti <a href="/wiki/Azurit" title="Azurit">azurit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malasit">malasit</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pirus" title="Pirus">pirus</a>, dan telah digunakan secara luas dan historis sebagai pigmen. Tembaga yang digunakan dalam bangunan, biasanya untuk atap, teroksidasi membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patina (halaman belum tersedia)">patina</a> hijau dari senyawa yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kerak_terusi" title="Kerak terusi">verdigris</a>. Tembaga kadang-kadang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Seni_dekoratif" title="Seni dekoratif">seni dekoratif</a>, baik dalam bentuk logam elemental maupun dalam senyawa sebagai pigmen. Senyawa tembaga digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bakteriostatik" title="Bakteriostatik">agen bakteriostatik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungisida" title="Fungisida">fungisida</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_pengawet_kayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan pengawet kayu (halaman belum tersedia)">pengawet kayu</a>. Tembaga sangat penting untuk semua organisme hidup sebagai <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrisi)" title="Mineral (nutrisi)">mineral diet</a> karena ia merupakan konstituen kunci dari <a href="/wiki/Sitokrom_c_oksidase" title="Sitokrom c oksidase">sitokrom c oksidase</a>. Pada <a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">moluska</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Krustasea" title="Krustasea">krustasea</a>, tembaga merupakan konstituen dari pigmen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemosianin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemosianin (halaman belum tersedia)">hemosianin</a> darah, digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> kompleks besi pada ikan dan <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrata</a> lainnya. Pada manusia, tembaga ditemukan terutama di hati, otot, dan tulang.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Tubuh orang dewasa mengandung antara 1,4 dan 2,1 mg tembaga per kilogram berat badan.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14851226">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_fisik">Sifat fisik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat fisik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat fisik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cu-Scheibe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/150px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/225px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/300px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>Cakram tembaga (murni 99,95%) dibuat melalui <a href="/wiki/Pengecoran_kontinu" title="Pengecoran kontinu">pengecoran kontinu</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggilingan_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggilingan kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">dietsa</a> untuk mengungkapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalit (halaman belum tersedia)">kristalit</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif/150px-Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif/225px-Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif/300px-Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>Tembaga tepat di atas titik leburnya mempertahankan warna kilau merah mudanya ketika cukup cahaya mengalahkan warna <a href="/wiki/Pijaran" title="Pijaran">pijaran</a> jingga</figcaption></figure> Tembaga, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a> berada di <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">golongan 11</a> pada tabel periodik; ketiga logam ini memiliki satu elektron orbital-s di atas sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">kulit elektron</a>-d yang terisi dan dicirikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">keuletan</a>, serta konduktivitas listrik dan termal yang tinggi. Kulit-d yang terisi pada ketiga unsur ini berkontribusi sedikit pada interaksi antaratom, yang didominasi oleh elektron-s melalui <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_logam" title="Ikatan logam">ikatan logam</a>. Tidak seperti logam dengan kulit-d yang tidak lengkap, ikatan logam pada tembaga tidak memiliki karakter <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">kovalen</a> dan relatif lemah. Pengamatan ini menjelaskan <a href="/wiki/Kekerasan_(fisika)" title="Kekerasan (fisika)">kekerasan</a> yang rendah dan keuletan yang tinggi dari <a href="/wiki/Kristal_tunggal" title="Kristal tunggal">monokristalin</a> tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-b1-9">[9]</a> Pada skala makroskopis, kemunculan cacat yang diperluas ke <a href="/wiki/Kisi_Bravais" title="Kisi Bravais">kisi kristal</a>, menghambat aliran material di bawah tekanan yang diterapkan, sehingga meningkatkan kekerasannya. Untuk alasan ini, tembaga biasanya dipasok dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalit (halaman belum tersedia)">polikristalin</a> berbutir halus, yang memiliki kekuatan lebih besar daripada bentuk monokristalin.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Kelunakan tembaga sebagian menjelaskan konduktivitas listriknya yang tinggi dan (59,6×106 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(satuan)" title="Siemens (satuan)">S</a>/m) dan konduktivitas termalnya yang tinggi, tertinggi kedua (kedua setelah perak) di antara logam murni pada suhu kamar.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-11">[11]</a> Hal ini dikarenakan resistivitas transpor elektron dalam logam pada suhu kamar terutama berasal dari hamburan elektron pada getaran termal kisi, yang relatif lemah pada logam lunak.<a href="#cite_note-b1-9">[9]</a> Kerapatan arus tembaga maksimum yang diperbolehkan di udara terbuka kira-kira sebesar 3,1×106 A/m2 luas penampang, dan di atasnya ia mulai memanas secara berlebihan.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Tembaga adalah salah satu dari sedikit unsur logam dengan warna alami selain abu-abu atau perak.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Tembaga murni berwarna oranye-merah dan memperoleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noda_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noda (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">noda</a> kemerahan saat terkena udara. Hal ini disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Osilasi_plasma" title="Osilasi plasma">frekuensi plasma</a> tembaga yang rendah, yang terletak di bagian merah dari spektrum tampak, menyebabkannya menyerap warna hijau dan biru dengan frekuensi lebih tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Seperti logam lainnya, jika tembaga bersentuhan dengan logam lain, <a href="/wiki/Korosi_galvanik" title="Korosi galvanik">korosi galvanik</a> akan terjadi.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_kimia">Sifat kimia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat kimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_wire_comparison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Copper_wire_comparison.JPG/150px-Copper_wire_comparison.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Copper_wire_comparison.JPG/225px-Copper_wire_comparison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Copper_wire_comparison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Kawat tembaga tidak teroksidasi (kiri) dan kawat tembaga teroksidasi (kanan)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg/220px-Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg/330px-Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg/440px-Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Menara Timur dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Observatory,_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Observatory, Edinburgh (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Observatory, Edinburgh</a>, menunjukkan perbedaan kontras antara tembaga yang baru dipasang kembali pada tahun 2010 dan warna hijau dari tembaga asli tahun 1894.</figcaption></figure> Tembaga tidak bereaksi dengan air, tetapi bereaksi perlahan dengan oksigen dari udara untuk membentuk lapisan tembaga oksida cokelat-hitam yang, tidak seperti <a href="/wiki/Karat" title="Karat">karat</a> yang terbentuk pada besi di udara lembap, akan melindungi logam di bawahnya dari korosi lebih lanjut (<a href="/wiki/Pasivasi_(kimia)" title="Pasivasi (kimia)">pasivasi</a>). Lapisan hijau <a href="/wiki/Kerak_terusi" title="Kerak terusi">verdigris</a> (tembaga karbonat) sering terlihat pada struktur tembaga tua, seperti atap dari banyak bangunan tua<a href="#cite_note-Grieken-2005-16">[16]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Patung_Liberty" title="Patung Liberty">Patung Liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Tembaga akan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noda_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noda (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">ternoda</a> bila terkena beberapa senyawa <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>, di mana ia akan bereaksi membentuk berbagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga sulfida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_tembaga" title="Isotop tembaga">Isotop tembaga</a></div> Terdapat 29 <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> tembaga. 63Cu dan 65Cu bersifat stabil, dengan 63Cu membentuk sekitar 69% tembaga alami; keduanya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> 3⁄2.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-19">[19]</a> Isotop lainnya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktif</a>, dengan yang paling stabil adalah 67Cu dengan <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> 61,83 jam.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-19">[19]</a> Tujuh <a href="/wiki/Isomer_nuklir" title="Isomer nuklir">isotop metastabil</a> telah dikarakterisasi; 68mCu adalah yang berumur paling panjang dengan waktu paruh 3,8 menit. Isotop dengan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">nomor massa</a> di atas 64 mengalami <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">β−</a>, sedangkan isotop dengan nomor massa di bawah 64 mengalami <a href="/wiki/Emisi_positron" title="Emisi positron">β+</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga-64&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga-64 (halaman belum tersedia)">64Cu</a>, yang memiliki waktu paruh 12,7 jam, meluruh melalui dua cara tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> 62Cu dan 64Cu memiliki aplikasi yang signifikan. 62Cu digunakan dalam 62CuCu-PTSM sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pelacak_radioaktif" title="Pelacak radioaktif">pelacak radioaktif</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Tomografi_emisi_positron" title="Tomografi emisi positron">tomografi emisi positron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bijih_tembaga" title="Daftar bijih tembaga">Daftar bijih tembaga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg/150px-Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg/225px-Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg/300px-Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Tembaga asli dari Semenanjung Keweenaw, Michigan, dengan panjang sekitar 25 inci (64 cm)</figcaption></figure> Tembaga diproduksi di dalam bintang masif<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> dan terdapat di kerak Bumi dengan proporsi sekitar 50 bagian per juta (ppm).<a href="#cite_note-emsley-23">[23]</a> Di alam, tembaga terjadi dalam berbagai mineral, meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_asli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga asli (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga asli</a>, tembaga sulfida seperti <a href="/wiki/Kalkopirit" title="Kalkopirit">kalkopirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bornit" title="Bornit">bornit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digenit (halaman belum tersedia)">digenit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kovelit" title="Kovelit">kovelit</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kalkosit" title="Kalkosit">kalkosit</a>, tembaga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_sulfosalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral sulfosalt (halaman belum tersedia)">sulfosalt</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrahedrit (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrahedit-tenantit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enargit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enargit (halaman belum tersedia)">enargit</a>, tembaga karbonat seperti <a href="/wiki/Azurit" title="Azurit">azurit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Malasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malasit">malasit</a>, serta sebagai tembaga(I) atau tembaga(II) oksida seperti <a href="/wiki/Kuprit" title="Kuprit">kuprit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tenorit" title="Tenorit">tenorit</a>, masing-masing.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-11">[11]</a> Massa tembaga elemental terbesar yang ditemukan memiliki berat 420 ton dan ditemukan pada tahun 1857 di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semenanjung_Keweenaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semenanjung Keweenaw (halaman belum tersedia)">Semenanjung Keweenaw</a> di <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, Amerika Serikat.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-23">[23]</a> Tembaga asli adalah sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalit (halaman belum tersedia)">polikristal</a>, dengan kristal tunggal terbesar yang pernah dijelaskan berukuran 4,4 × 3,2 × 3,2 cm.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Tembaga adalah unsur paling melimpah ke-25 di <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Bumi" title="Kerak Bumi">kerak Bumi</a>, membentuk sekitar 50 <a href="/wiki/Notasi_bagian_per#Bagian_per_juta" title="Notasi bagian per">ppm</a>, dibandingkan dengan 75 ppm untuk <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> dan 14 ppm untuk <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Konsentrasi latar belakang khas tembaga tidak melebihi 1 ng/m3 di atmosfer; 150 mg/kg di dalam tanah; 30 mg/kg pada tumbuh-tumbuhan; 2 μg/L dalam air tawar dan 0,5 μg/L dalam air laut.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chuquicamata-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chuquicamata-002.jpg/220px-Chuquicamata-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chuquicamata-002.jpg/330px-Chuquicamata-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chuquicamata-002.jpg/440px-Chuquicamata-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a>, di Chili, adalah salah satu <a href="/wiki/Pertambangan" title="Pertambangan">tambang</a> tembaga terbuka terbesar di dunia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/220px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/330px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/440px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Tren produksi dunia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2012copper_(mined).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2012copper_%28mined%29.svg/220px-2012copper_%28mined%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2012copper_%28mined%29.svg/330px-2012copper_%28mined%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2012copper_%28mined%29.svg/440px-2012copper_%28mined%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>Produksi tembaga tahun 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_Price_History_USD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Copper_Price_History_USD.png/220px-Copper_Price_History_USD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Copper_Price_History_USD.png/330px-Copper_Price_History_USD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Copper_Price_History_USD.png/440px-Copper_Price_History_USD.png 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Harga tembaga, 2003–2011 dalam dolar AS per ton</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_berdasarkan_produksi_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara berdasarkan produksi tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar negara berdasarkan produksi tembaga</a></div> Sebagian besar tembaga ditambang atau <a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi_tembaga" title="Ekstraksi tembaga">diekstraksi</a> sebagai tembaga sulfida dari tambang terbuka besar dalam deposit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deposit_tembaga_porfiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deposit tembaga porfiri (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga porfiri</a> yang mengandung 0,4 hingga 1,0% tembaga. Contoh tambang yang ada antara lain <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a>, di Chili, <a href="/wiki/Tambang_Kanyon_Bingham" title="Tambang Kanyon Bingham">Tambang Kanyon Bingham</a>, di Utah, Amerika Serikat, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Chino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Chino (halaman belum tersedia)">Tambang El Chino</a>, di New Mexico, Amerika Serikat. Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survei_Geologi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survei Geologi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Survei Geologi Britania Raya</a>, pada tahun 2005, Chili adalah produsen tembaga terbesar dan menguasai sepertiga pasar dunia, diikuti oleh Amerika Serikat, Indonesia, dan Peru.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-11">[11]</a> Tembaga juga dapat diperoleh kembali melalui proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindian_in_situ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindian in situ (halaman belum tersedia)">pelindian in-situ</a>. Beberapa lokasi di negara bagian Arizona dianggap sebagai kandidat utama untuk metode ini.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Jumlah tembaga yang digunakan terus meningkat dan kuantitas yang tersedia hampir tidak cukup untuk memungkinkan semua negara mencapai tingkat penggunaan dunia maju.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Sumber tembaga alternatif untuk <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_bawah_laut" title="Penambangan bawah laut">pengumpulan</a> yang saat ini sedang diteliti adalah <a href="/wiki/Nodul_mangan" title="Nodul mangan">nodul polimetalik</a>, yang terletak di <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a> pada kedalaman sekitar 3000–6500 meter di bawah permukaan laut. Nodul ini mengandung logam berharga lainnya seperti <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadangan_dan_harga">Cadangan dan harga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Cadangan dan harga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cadangan dan harga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_puncak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga puncak (halaman belum tersedia)">Tembaga puncak § Cadangan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Price_of_Copper.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Price_of_Copper.webp/325px-Price_of_Copper.webp.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Price_of_Copper.webp/488px-Price_of_Copper.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Price_of_Copper.webp/650px-Price_of_Copper.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Harga tembaga 1959–2022</figcaption></figure> Tembaga telah digunakan setidaknya selama 10.000 tahun, tetapi lebih dari 95% dari semua tembaga yang pernah ditambang dan <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">dilebur</a> telah diekstraksi sejak tahun 1900.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006-30">[30]</a> Seperti banyak sumber daya alam lainnya, jumlah total tembaga di Bumi sangat besar, dengan sekitar 1014 ton dalam kilometer teratas kerak Bumi, yang bernilai sekitar 5 juta tahun pada tingkat ekstraksi saat ini. Namun, hanya sebagian kecil dari cadangan ini yang layak secara ekonomi dengan harga dan teknologi saat ini. Estimasi cadangan tembaga yang tersedia untuk pertambangan bervariasi dari 25 hingga 60 tahun, tergantung pada asumsi inti seperti tingkat pertumbuhan.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Daur ulang adalah sumber utama tembaga di dunia modern.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006-30">[30]</a> Karena faktor-faktor ini dan faktor lainnya, masa depan produksi dan pasokan tembaga menjadi bahan perdebatan, termasuk konsep <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_puncak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga puncak (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga puncak</a>, analog dengan <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">minyak puncak</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] Harga tembaga secara historis tidak stabil,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> dan harganya meningkat dari level terendah dalam 60 tahun terakhir sebesar AS$0,60/lb (AS$1,32/kg) pada Juni 1999 menjadi $3,75/lb ($8,27/kg) pada Mei 2006. Harga tersebut turun menjadi $2,40/lb ($5,29/kg) pada Februari 2007, kemudian naik kembali menjadi $3,50/lb ($7,71/kg) pada April 2007.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><span title="Halaman ini tidak berguna untuk verifikasi karena diperbarui setiap jam. Terdapat arsip, tetapi tidak cukup jauh ke belakang dan dalam hal apa pun grafik tidak ditampilkan dengan presisi yang dikutip since Juli 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya">butuh sumber yang lebih baik</a>] Pada Februari 2009, melemahnya permintaan global dan penurunan tajam harga komoditas sejak harga tertinggi tahun sebelumnya membuat harga tembaga berada di angka $1,51/lb ($3,32/kg).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Antara September 2010 dan Februari 2011, harga tembaga naik dari £5.000 per metrik ton menjadi £6.250 per metrik ton.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metode">Metode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Metode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metode">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi_tembaga" title="Ekstraksi tembaga">Ekstraksi tembaga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_(EN).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg/220px-Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg/330px-Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg/440px-Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>Skema proses peleburan kilat</figcaption></figure> Konsentrasi tembaga pada bijih-bijih yang ada rata-rata hanya 0,6%, dan sebagian besar bijih komersial yang ada adalah sulfida, terutama kalkopirit (CuFeS2), bornit (Cu5FeS4) dan, pada tingkat yang lebih rendah, kovelit (CuS) dan kalkosit (Cu2S).<a href="#cite_note-G&E-36">[36]</a> Sebaliknya, konsentrasi rata-rata tembaga dalam nodul polimetalik diperkirakan 1,3%. Metode ekstraksi tembaga serta logam lain yang ditemukan dalam nodul ini meliputi pelindian belerang, <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">peleburan</a>, dan penerapan proses Cuprion.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Untuk mineral yang ditemukan dalam bijih tanah, mereka dipekatkan dari bijih yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kominusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kominusi (halaman belum tersedia)">dihancurkan</a> hingga kadar tembaga 10–15% melalui <a href="/wiki/Pengapungan" title="Pengapungan">flotasi buih</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindian_biologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindian biologis (halaman belum tersedia)">pelindian biologis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Pemanasan bahan ini dengan <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silika</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_kilat" title="Peleburan kilat">peleburan kilat</a> menghilangkan sebagian besar besi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Terak" title="Terak">terak</a>. Proses ini memanfaatkan kemudahan yang lebih besar untuk mengubah besi sulfida menjadi oksida, yang pada gilirannya bereaksi dengan silika untuk membentuk terak <a href="/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat">silikat</a> yang mengapung di atas massa yang dipanaskan. Matte tembaga tembaga yang dihasilkan, terdiri dari Cu2S, <a href="/wiki/Pemanggangan_(metalurgi)" title="Pemanggangan (metalurgi)">dipanggang</a> untuk mengubah tembaga sulfida menjadi oksida:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <dl><dd>2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2</dd></dl> Kuproksida bereaksi dengan kuprosulfida untuk diubah menjadi tembaga melepuh saat dipanaskan: <dl><dd>2 Cu2O + Cu2S → 6 Cu + 2 SO2</dd></dl> Proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matte_(metalurgi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matte (metalurgi) (halaman belum tersedia)">matte</a> Sudbury hanya mengubah setengah sulfida tersebut menjadi oksida dan kemudian menggunakan oksida ini untuk menghilangkan sisa belerang sebagai oksida. Ia kemudian disempurnakan secara elektrolitik dan lumpur anoda dieksploitasi untuk <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> dan emas yang dikandungnya. Langkah ini memanfaatkan reduksi tembaga oksida menjadi logam tembaga yang relatif mudah. <a href="/wiki/Gas_fosil" title="Gas fosil">Gas alam</a> kemudian dialirkan ke seluruh lepuh untuk menghilangkan sebagian besar oksigen yang tersisa dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengekstrakan_elektrolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengekstrakan elektrolisis (halaman belum tersedia)">pengekstrakan elektrolisis</a> dilakukan pada bahan yang dihasilkan untuk menghasilkan tembaga murni:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <dl><dd>Cu2+ + 2 e− → Cu</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16489489">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}.mw-parser-output div.thumb.image-stackable img{background-color:transparent}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb image-stackable tnone"> <div style="width:650px;"> <div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float: left; margin-top: 0.25em; width: 11px; height: 9.5px;"><div style="position: relative; float: left; width: 0px; height: 0px; -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); border-style: solid inset; border-width: 9.5px 5.5px 0 5.5px; border-color: #ccc transparent transparent transparent;"></div></div><div style="padding-left: 20px"><big>Diagram alir pemurnian tembaga (Pabrik pengecoran anoda Uralelektromed)</big> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi_tembaga#Konversi" title="Ekstraksi tembaga">Tembaga melepuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">Peleburan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanur_pantulan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanur pantulan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanur pantulan</a></li> <li>Penghapusan <a href="/wiki/Terak" title="Terak">terak</a></li> <li>Pengecoran tembaga terhadap <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anoda</a></li> <li>Roda pengecoran</li> <li>Mesin pelepas anoda</li> <li>Lepas landas anoda</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kereta_tambang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kereta tambang (halaman belum tersedia)">Kereta rel</a></li> <li>Transportasi ke rumah tangki</li></ol></div> </div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram alir pemurnian tembaga (Pabrik pengecoran anoda Uralelektromed) # Tembaga melepuh # Peleburan # Tanur pantulan # Penghapusan terak # Pengecoran tembaga terhadap anoda # Roda pengecoran # Mesin pelepas anoda # Lepas landas anoda # Kereta rel # Transportasi ke rumah tangki"><img alt="Diagram alir pemurnian tembaga (Pabrik pengecoran anoda Uralelektromed) # Tembaga melepuh # Peleburan # Tanur pantulan # Penghapusan terak # Pengecoran tembaga terhadap anoda # Roda pengecoran # Mesin pelepas anoda # Lepas landas anoda # Kereta rel # Transportasi ke rumah tangki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg/650px-Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg/975px-Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg/1300px-Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="354" /></a> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daur_ulang">Daur ulang</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Daur ulang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daur ulang">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Seperti <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, tembaga dapat didaur ulang tanpa mengurangi kualitasnya, baik dari keadaan mentah maupun dari produk manufaktur.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Dilihat dari volumenya, tembaga adalah logam yang paling banyak didaur ulang ketiga setelah besi dan aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Diperkirakan 80% dari semua tembaga yang pernah ditambang masih digunakan hingga saat ini.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laporan_Persediaan_Logam_dalam_Masyarakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laporan Persediaan Logam dalam Masyarakat (halaman belum tersedia)">laporan Persediaan Logam dalam Masyarakat</a> dari <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>, pemakaian tembaga per kapita global adalah sekitar 35–55 kg. Sebagian besar pemakaiannya terjadi di negara-negara yang lebih maju (140–300 kg per kapita) daripada negara-negara kurang berkembang (30–40 kg per capita). Proses daur ulang tembaga kira-kira sama dengan yang digunakan untuk mengekstraksi tembaga tetapi membutuhkan langkah yang lebih sedikit. Tembaga bekas dengan kemurnian tinggi dilebur dalam sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanur_metalurgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanur metalurgi (halaman belum tersedia)">tanur</a> dan kemudian <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">direduksi</a> dan dicetak menjadi <a href="/wiki/Produk_pengecoran_logam_setengah_jadi#Bilet" title="Produk pengecoran logam setengah jadi">bilet</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batang logam (halaman belum tersedia)">ingot</a>; tembaga bekas dengan kemurnian lebih rendah dimurnikan melalui <a href="/wiki/Penyepuhan" title="Penyepuhan">penyepuhan</a> dalam bak <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paduan">Paduan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Paduan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Paduan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg/220px-1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg/330px-1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg/440px-1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Paduan tembaga banyak digunakan dalam produksi koin logam; terdapat dua contoh pada gambar ini - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketip_(uang_koin_Amerika_Serikat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketip (uang koin Amerika Serikat) (halaman belum tersedia)">ketip Amerika</a> pasca-1964, yang terdiri dari paduan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupronikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupronikel (halaman belum tersedia)">kupronikel</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketip_(uang_koin_Kanada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketip (uang koin Kanada) (halaman belum tersedia)">ketip Kanada</a> pra-1968, yang terdiri dari paduan 80 persen perak dan 20 persen tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_paduan_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar paduan tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar paduan tembaga</a></div> Terdapat banyak <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> tembaga yang telah diformulasikan, banyak di antaranya memiliki kegunaan penting. <a href="/wiki/Kuningan" title="Kuningan">Kuningan</a> adalah paduan tembaga dan <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">Perunggu</a> biasanya mengacu pada paduan tembaga-<a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>, tetapi dapat merujuk pada paduan tembaga apa pun seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perunggu_aluminium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perunggu aluminium (halaman belum tersedia)">perunggu aluminium</a>. Tembaga adalah salah satu konstituen terpenting dari solder perak dan emas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemurnian_(metalurgi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemurnian (metalurgi) (halaman belum tersedia)">karat</a> yang digunakan dalam industri perhiasan, mengubah warna, kekerasan, dan titik lebur paduan yang dihasilkan.<a href="#cite_note-goldalloys-48">[48]</a> Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Solder#Paduan" title="Solder">solder</a> bebas timbal terdiri dari paduan timah dengan sebagian kecil tembaga dan logam lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Paduan tembaga dan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>, disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupronikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupronikel (halaman belum tersedia)">kupronikel</a>, digunakan dalam koin berdenominasi rendah, seringkali untuk kelongsong luar. Koin lima sen A.S. (saat ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(uang_koin_Amerika_Serikat)" title="Nickel (uang koin Amerika Serikat)">nikel</a>) terdiri dari 75% tembaga dan 25% nikel dalam komposisi homogen. Sebelum pengenalan kupronikel, yang diadopsi secara luas oleh banyak negara pada paruh kedua abad ke-20,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> paduan tembaga dan <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a> juga digunakan, dengan Amerika Serikat menggunakan paduan 90% perak dan 10% tembaga hingga tahun 1965, ketika perak yang beredar telah dihapus dari semua koin dengan pengecualian Setengah dolar - mereka diturunkan menjadi paduan 40% perak dan 60% tembaga antara tahun 1965 dan 1970.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Paduan 90% tembaga dan 10% nikel tidaklah biasa karena ketahanannya terhadap korosi, digunakan untuk berbagai benda yang terpapar air laut, meskipun rentan terhadap sulfida yang terkadang ditemukan di pelabuhan dan muara yang tercemar.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Paduan tembaga dengan aluminium (sekitar 7%) memiliki warna keemasan dan digunakan dalam dekorasi.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-23">[23]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakud%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakudō (halaman belum tersedia)">Shakudō</a> adalah paduan tembaga dekoratif Jepang yang mengandung persentase emas yang rendah, biasanya 4–10%, yang dapat di<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patina (halaman belum tersedia)">patinakan</a> menjadi warna biru tua atau hitam.<a href="#cite_note-Shakudō-53">[53]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komposisi">Komposisi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Komposisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Komposisi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kemiripan tampilan luar dari berbagai paduan, bersama dengan kombinasi unsur yang berbeda yang digunakan saat membuat setiap paduan, dapat menimbulkan kebingungan saat mengkategorikan komposisi yang berbeda. Ada sebanyak 400 komposisi tembaga dan paduan tembaga berbeda yang dikelompokkan secara longgar ke dalam kategori: tembaga, paduan tembaga tinggi, kuningan, perunggu, nikel tembaga, tembaga-nikel-seng (perak nikel), tembaga bertimbal, dan paduan khusus. Tabel berikut mencantumkan elemen paduan utama untuk empat jenis yang lebih umum digunakan dalam industri modern, bersama dengan nama untuk setiap jenis. Jenis sejarah, seperti yang menjadi ciri Zaman Perunggu, lebih kabur karena campuran umumnya bervariasi. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Klasifikasi tembaga dan paduannya </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Keluarga</th> <th>Unsur paduan utama</th> <th>nomor UN </th></tr> <tr> <td>Paduan tembaga, kuningan</td> <td>Seng (Zn)</td> <td>C1xxxx–C4xxxx,C66400–C69800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perunggu_fosfor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perunggu fosfor (halaman belum tersedia)">Perunggu fosfor</a></td> <td>Timah (Sn)</td> <td>C5xxxx </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perunggu_aluminium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perunggu aluminium (halaman belum tersedia)">Perunggu aluminium</a></td> <td>Aluminium (Al)</td> <td>C60600–C64200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perunggu <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a></td> <td>Silikon (Si)</td> <td>C64700–C66100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupronikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupronikel (halaman belum tersedia)">Kupronikel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_nikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak nikel (halaman belum tersedia)">perak nikel</a></td> <td>Nikel (Ni)</td> <td>C7xxxx </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabel berikut menguraikan komposisi kimia dari berbagai tingkat paduan tembaga. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Komposisi kimia paduan tembaga<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Keluarga</th> <th>CDA</th> <th>AMS</th> <th>UNS</th> <th>Cu [%]</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> [%]</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> [%]</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> [%]</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> [%]</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> [%]</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> [%]</th> <th>Lainnya [%] </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Kuningan merah</td> <td>833</td> <td></td> <td>C83300</td> <td>93</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C83400<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>90</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>836</td> <td>4855B</td> <td>C83600</td> <td>85</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>838</td> <td></td> <td>C83800</td> <td>83</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Kuningan setengah merah</td> <td>844</td> <td></td> <td>C84400</td> <td>81</td> <td>3</td> <td>7</td> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>845</td> <td></td> <td>C84500</td> <td>78</td> <td>3</td> <td>7</td> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>848</td> <td></td> <td>C84800</td> <td>76</td> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Perunggu mangan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C86100<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></td> <td>67</td> <td>0,5</td> <td></td> <td>21</td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>5</td> <td>Mn 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>862†</td> <td></td> <td>C86200</td> <td>64</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>26</td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>Mn 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>863†</td> <td>4862B</td> <td>C86300</td> <td>63</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>25</td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>Mn 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>865</td> <td>4860A</td> <td>C86500</td> <td>58</td> <td>0,5</td> <td></td> <td>39,5</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>Mn 0,25 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Perunggu timah</td> <td>903</td> <td></td> <td>C90300</td> <td>88</td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>905</td> <td>4845D</td> <td>C90500</td> <td>88</td> <td>10</td> <td>0,3 maks</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>907</td> <td></td> <td>C90700</td> <td>89</td> <td>11</td> <td>0,5 maks</td> <td>0,5 maks</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Perunggu timah bertimbal</td> <td>922</td> <td></td> <td>C92200</td> <td>88</td> <td>6</td> <td>1,5</td> <td>4,5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>923</td> <td></td> <td>C92300</td> <td>87</td> <td>8</td> <td>1 maks</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>926</td> <td>4846A</td> <td>C92600</td> <td>87</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>927</td> <td></td> <td>C92700</td> <td>88</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>0,7 maks</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Perunggu timah bertimbal tinggi</td> <td>932</td> <td></td> <td>C93200</td> <td>83</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>934</td> <td></td> <td>C93400</td> <td>84</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>0,7 maks</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>935</td> <td></td> <td>C93500</td> <td>85</td> <td>5</td> <td>9</td> <td>1</td> <td>0,5 maks</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>937</td> <td>4842A</td> <td>C93700</td> <td>80</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td>0,7 maks</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>938</td> <td></td> <td>C93800</td> <td>78</td> <td>7</td> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td>0,75 maks</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>943</td> <td>4840A</td> <td>C94300</td> <td>70</td> <td>5</td> <td>25</td> <td></td> <td>0,7 maks</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Perunggu aluminium</td> <td>952</td> <td></td> <td>C95200</td> <td>88</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>953</td> <td></td> <td>C95200</td> <td>89</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>954</td> <td>4870B 4872B</td> <td>C95400</td> <td>85</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C95410<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></td> <td>85</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>11</td> <td>Ni 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>955</td> <td></td> <td>C95500</td> <td>81</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C95600<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></td> <td>91</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>7</td> <td>Si 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C95700<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></td> <td>75</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>8</td> <td>Mn 12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>958</td> <td></td> <td>C95800</td> <td>81</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td>4</td> <td>9</td> <td>Mn 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Perunggu silikon</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C87200<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></td> <td>89</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Si 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C87400<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></td> <td>83</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Si 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C87500<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></td> <td>82</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Si 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C87600<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td> <td>90</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Si 4,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>878</td> <td></td> <td>C87800<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></td> <td>80</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Si 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C87900<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></td> <td>65</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>34</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Si 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12">† Komposisi kimia dapat bervariasi untuk menghasilkan sifat mekanik </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senyawa">Senyawa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:CopperIoxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CopperIoxide.jpg/220px-CopperIoxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CopperIoxide.jpg/330px-CopperIoxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/CopperIoxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Sampel <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(I)_oksida" title="Tembaga(I) oksida">tembaga(I) oksida</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_tembaga" title="Kategori:Senyawa tembaga">Kategori:Senyawa tembaga</a></div> Tembaga membentuk berbagai macam senyawa, biasanya dengan <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">keadaan oksidasi</a> +1 dan +2, yang masing-masing sering disebut kupro dan kupri.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-66">[66]</a> Senyawa tembaga, baik <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks</a> organik maupun <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam">organologam</a>, mempromosikan atau mengatalisasi berbagai proses kimia dan biologi.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senyawa_biner">Senyawa biner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa biner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa biner">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Seperti unsur lainnya, senyawa tembaga yang paling sederhana adalah <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_biner" title="Senyawa biner">senyawa biner</a>, yaitu senyawa yang hanya mengandung dua unsur, contoh utamanya adalah oksida, sulfida, dan <a href="/wiki/Halida" title="Halida">halida</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(I)_oksida" title="Tembaga(I) oksida">Kupro-</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_oksida" title="Tembaga(II) oksida">kuprioksida</a> telah diketahui. Di antara banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga sulfida</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wells-68">[68]</a> contoh pentingnya ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga(I) sulfida</a> (Cu 2S) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_monosulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga monosulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga monosulfida</a> (CuS).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Kuprohalida dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">fluorin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(I)_klorida" title="Tembaga(I) klorida">klorin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">bromin</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_iodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) iodida (halaman belum tersedia)">iodin</a> telah dikenal, sama seperti kuprihalida dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">fluorin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">klorin</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">bromin</a>. Percobaan untuk membuat tembaga(II) iodida hanya menghasilkan tembaga(I) iodida dan iodin.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-66">[66]</a> <dl><dd>2 Cu2+ + 4 I− → 2 CuI + I2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimia_koordinasi">Kimia koordinasi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Kimia koordinasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kimia koordinasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tetramminkupfer(II)-sulfat-Monohydrat_Kristalle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Tetramminkupfer%28II%29-sulfat-Monohydrat_Kristalle.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Tembaga(II) memberikan warna biru tua dengan adanya ligan amonia. Yang digunakan di sini adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraamminatembaga(II)_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraamminatembaga(II) sulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">tetraamminatembaga(II) sulfat</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tembaga membentuk <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks koordinasi</a> dengan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a>. Dalam larutan berair, tembaga(II) eksis sebagai [Cu(H2O)6]2+. Kompleks ini menunjukkan nilai tukar air tercepat (kecepatan pengikatan dan pelepasan ligan air) untuk setiap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_akuo_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks akuo logam (halaman belum tersedia)">kompleks akuo logam</a> transisi. Menambahkan larutan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_hidroksida" title="Natrium hidroksida">natrium hidroksida</a> akan menyebabkan pengendapan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_hidroksida" title="Tembaga(II) hidroksida">tembaga(II) hidroksida</a> padat berwarna biru muda. Persamaan yang disederhanakan adalah: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg/220px-Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg/330px-Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg/440px-Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Diagram Pourbaix untuk tembaga dalam media yang tidak dikomplekskan (anion selain OH- tidak diperhitungkan). Konsentrasi ion 0,001 m (mol/kg air). Suhu 25 °C.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Cu2+ + 2 OH− → Cu(OH)2</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Amonium_hidroksida" title="Amonium hidroksida">Amonia berair</a> menghasilkan endapan yang sama. Setelah menambahkan amonia berlebih, endapan tersebut akan larut, membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pereaksi_Schweizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pereaksi Schweizer (halaman belum tersedia)">tetraamminatembaga(II)</a>: <dl><dd>Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 + 4 NH3 → [Cu(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+ + 2 H2O + 2 OH−</dd></dl> Banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksianion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksianion (halaman belum tersedia)">oksianion</a> lainnya membentuk kompleks; mereka meliputi <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_asetat" title="Tembaga(II) asetat">tembaga(II) asetat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_nitrat" title="Tembaga(II) nitrat">tembaga(II) nitrat</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) karbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga(II) karbonat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_sulfat" title="Tembaga(II) sulfat">Tembaga(II) sulfat</a> membentuk penta<a href="/wiki/Hidrat" title="Hidrat">hidrat</a> kristalin biru, senyawa tembaga yang paling dikenal di laboratorium. Ia digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Fungisida" title="Fungisida">fungisida</a> yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campuran_Bordeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campuran Bordeaux (halaman belum tersedia)">campuran Bordeaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boux-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/200px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/300px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/400px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_bola-dan-tongkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model bola-dan-tongkat (halaman belum tersedia)">Model bola-dan-tongkat</a> dari kompleks [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Geometri_molekul_oktahedral" title="Geometri molekul oktahedral">geometri koordinasi oktahedron</a> yang umum untuk tembaga(II).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Poliol" title="Poliol">Poliol</a>, senyawa yang mengandung lebih dari satu <a href="/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi">gugus fungsi</a> alkohol, umumnya berinteraksi dengan garam tembaga. Misalnya, garam tembaga digunakan untuk menguji <a href="/wiki/Gula_pereduksi" title="Gula pereduksi">gula pereduksi</a>. Secara khusus, dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Larutan_Benedict" title="Larutan Benedict">reagen Benedict</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Larutan_Fehling" title="Larutan Fehling">larutan Fehling</a>, adanya gula tersebut ditandai dengan perubahan warna dari tembaga(II) biru menjadi tembaga(I) oksida kemerahan.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Reagen Schweizer dan kompleks terkait dengan <a href="/wiki/Etilendiamina" title="Etilendiamina">etilenadiamina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Amina" title="Amina">amina</a> lainnya melarutkan <a href="/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa">selulosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">Asam amino</a> seperti sistina membentuk <a href="/wiki/Pengelatan" title="Pengelatan">kompleks kelat</a> yang sangat stabil dengan tembaga(II)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> termasuk dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biohibrida_logam%E2%80%93organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biohibrida logam–organik (halaman belum tersedia)">biohibrida logam–organik</a> (MOBs). Ada banyak uji kimia basah untuk ion tembaga, salah satunya melibatkan <a href="/wiki/Kalium_ferisianida" title="Kalium ferisianida">kalium ferisianida</a>, yang menghasilkan endapan biru cemerlang dengan garam tembaga(II).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimia_organotembaga">Kimia organotembaga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Kimia organotembaga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kimia organotembaga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organotembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organotembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organotembaga</a></div> Senyawa yang mengandung ikatan karbon–tembaga dikenal sebagai senyawa organotembaga. Mereka sangat reaktif terhadap oksigen untuk membentuk tembaga(I) oksida dan memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_pereaksi_organotembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi pereaksi organotembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">banyak kegunaan dalam kimia</a>. Mereka disintesis dengan mereaksikan senyawa tembaga(I) dengan <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_Grignard" title="Reaksi Grignard">reagen Grignard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkuna#Alkuna_terminal_dan_internal" title="Alkuna">alkuna terminal</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pereaksi_organolitium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pereaksi organolitium (halaman belum tersedia)">reagen organolitium</a>;<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> khususnya, reaksi terakhir yang dijelaskan menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pereaksi_Gilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pereaksi Gilman (halaman belum tersedia)">reagen Gilman</a>. Mereka dapat mengalami <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_substitusi" title="Reaksi substitusi">substitusi</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Haloalkana" title="Haloalkana">alkil halida</a> untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_penggandengan" title="Reaksi penggandengan">produk penggandengan</a>; dengan demikian, mereka dinilai penting dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_organik" title="Sintesis organik">sintesis organik</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_asetilida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) asetilida (halaman belum tersedia)">Tembaga(I) asetilida</a> sangat peka terhadap kejutan tetapi merupakan perantara dalam reaksi seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggandengan_Cadiot%E2%80%93Chodkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggandengan Cadiot–Chodkiewicz (halaman belum tersedia)">penggandengan Cadiot–Chodkiewicz</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggandengan_Sonogashira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggandengan Sonogashira (halaman belum tersedia)">penggandengan Sonogashira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adisi_konjugat_nukleofilik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adisi konjugat nukleofilik (halaman belum tersedia)">Adisi konjugat</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_karbonil_%CE%B1,%CE%B2-tak_jenuh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa karbonil α,β-tak jenuh (halaman belum tersedia)">enona</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbometalasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbometalasi (halaman belum tersedia)">karbokuprasi</a> alkuna<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> juga dapat dicapai dengan senyawa organotembaga. Tembaga(I) membentuk berbagai kompleks lemah dengan <a href="/wiki/Alkena" title="Alkena">alkena</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a>, terutama dengan adanya ligan amina.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tembaga(III)_dan_tembaga(IV)">Tembaga(III) dan tembaga(IV)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Tembaga(III) dan tembaga(IV)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tembaga(III) dan tembaga(IV)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tembaga(III) paling sering ditemukan dalam oksida. Contoh sederhananya adalah kalium <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuprat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuprat (halaman belum tersedia)">kuprat</a>, KCuO2, padatan berwarna biru kehitaman.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Senyawa tembaga(III) yang paling banyak dipelajari adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superkonduktor_kuprat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superkonduktor kuprat (halaman belum tersedia)">superkonduktor kuprat</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Itrium_barium_tembaga_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itrium barium tembaga oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Itrium barium tembaga oksida</a> (YBa2Cu3O7) terdiri dari pusat Cu(II) dan Cu(III). Seperti oksida, <a href="/wiki/Fluorida" title="Fluorida">fluorida</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anion_dan_kation" title="Ion">anion</a> yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> dan diketahui dapat menstabilkan ion logam dalam keadaan oksidasi tinggi. Baik tembaga(III) dan bahkan tembaga(IV) fluorida telah diketahui, masing-masing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalium_heksafluorokuprat(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalium heksafluorokuprat(III) (halaman belum tersedia)">K3CuF6</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesium_heksafluorokuprat(IV)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sesium heksafluorokuprat(IV) (halaman belum tersedia)">Cs2CuF6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-66">[66]</a> Beberapa protein tembaga membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_okso_logam_transisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks okso logam transisi (halaman belum tersedia)">kompleks okso</a>, yang juga mengandung tembaga(III).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapeptida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrapeptida (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrapeptida</a>, kompleks tembaga(III) berwarna ungu akan distabilkan oleh ligan <a href="/wiki/Amida" title="Amida">amida</a> yang terdeprotonasi.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Kompleks tembaga(III) juga ditemukan sebagai perantara dalam reaksi senyawa organotembaga,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> misalnya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_Kharasch%E2%80%93Sosnovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi Kharasch–Sosnovsky (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi Kharasch–Sosnovsky</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Garis waktu tembaga menggambarkan bagaimana logam ini telah memajukan peradaban manusia selama 11.000 tahun terakhir.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prasejarah">Prasejarah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Prasejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prasejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaman_Tembaga">Zaman Tembaga</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Zaman Tembaga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Zaman Tembaga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Tembaga" title="Zaman Tembaga">Zaman Tembaga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros,_Crete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/220px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/330px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/440px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batang logam (halaman belum tersedia)">batangan</a> tembaga terkorosi dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakros (halaman belum tersedia)">Zakros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a>, berbentuk kulit binatang yang khas pada zaman itu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/170px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/255px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/340px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption>Terdapat banyak alat selama Era <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Tembaga" title="Zaman Tembaga">Kalkolitik</a>, termasuk tembaga, seperti bilah replika kapak milik <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a> ini</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg/220px-Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg/330px-Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg/440px-Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Bijih tembaga (<a href="/wiki/Krisokola" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisokola">krisokola</a>) pada batu pasir Era <a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Kambrium</a> dari tambang Kalkolitik di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembah_Timna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembah Timna (halaman belum tersedia)">Lembah Timna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> selatan.</figcaption></figure> Tembaga terjadi secara alami sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_asli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga asli (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga metalik asli</a> dan diketahui oleh beberapa peradaban tertua yang pernah tercatat. Sejarah penggunaan tembaga dimulai pada 9000 SM di Timur Tengah;<a href="#cite_note-discovery-91">[91]</a> sebuah liontin tembaga ditemukan di Irak utara yang berasal dari tahun 8700 SM.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Bukti menunjukkan bahwa emas dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_meteorik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi meteorik (halaman belum tersedia)">besi meteorik</a> (tetapi bukan besi yang dilebur) adalah dua logam pertama yang digunakan manusia sebelum tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-vander-93">[93]</a> Sejarah metalurgi tembaga dianggap mengikuti urutan ini: Pertama, <a href="/wiki/Pengerjaan_dingin" title="Pengerjaan dingin">pengerjaan dingin</a> tembaga asli, kemudian <a href="/wiki/Penganilan" title="Penganilan">penganilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">peleburan</a>, dan, akhirnya, <a href="/wiki/Cire_perdue" title="Cire perdue">pengecoran lilin yang hilang</a>. Di <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> tenggara, keempat teknik ini muncul kurang lebih secara bersamaan pada permulaan zaman <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitikum</a> sekitar 7500 SM.<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew1990-94">[94]</a> Peleburan tembaga ditemukan secara independen di berbagai tempat. Teknik ini mungkin ditemukan di Tiongkok sebelum 2800 SM, di Amerika Tengah sekitar 600 M, dan di Afrika Barat sekitar abad ke-9 atau ke-10 M.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Bukti paling awal dari tembaga pengecoran lilin yang hilang berasal dari jimat yang ditemukan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehrgarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehrgarh (halaman belum tersedia)">Mehrgarh</a>, Pakistan dan bertanggal 4000 SM.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pengecoran_investasi" title="Pengecoran investasi">Pengecoran investasi</a> ditemukan pada 4500–4000 SM di Asia Tenggara<a href="#cite_note-discovery-91">[91]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_radiokarbon" title="Penanggalan radiokarbon">penanggalan karbon</a> telah mendirikan penambangan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Alderley_Edge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Alderley Edge (halaman belum tersedia)">Alderley Edge</a> di <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, Inggris, pada tahun 2280 hingga 1890 SM.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi si Manusia Es</a>, seorang pria dari tahun 3300 hingga 3200 SM, ditemukan bersama kapak dengan kepala tembaga 99,7% murni; kadar <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a> yang tinggi di rambutnya menunjukkan keterlibatan dalam peleburan tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-CSA-98">[98]</a> Pengalaman dengan tembaga telah membantu pengembangan logam lain; khususnya, peleburan tembaga menyebabkan penemuan <a href="/wiki/Tungku_tempa" title="Tungku tempa">peleburan besi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSA-98">[98]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_knife,_spearpoints,_awls,_and_spud,_Late_Archaic_period,_Wisconsin,_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG/224px-Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG/336px-Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG/448px-Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4322" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Artefak tembaga dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_Tembaga_Tua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks Tembaga Tua (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompleks Tembaga Tua</a> di Amerika Utara, yang mungkin telah ada dari sekitar 9500-5400 tahun <a href="/wiki/Sebelum_Sekarang" title="Sebelum Sekarang">sebelum sekarang</a>.</figcaption></figure> Produksi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_Tembaga_Tua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks Tembaga Tua (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompleks Tembaga Tua</a> di Michigan dan Wisconsin bertanggal antara 6500 dan 3000 SM.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-occ-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Sebuah tombak tembaga yang ditemukan di Wisconsin bertanggal 6500 SM.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a> Penggunaan tembaga oleh penduduk asli Kompleks Tembaga Tua dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_Danau-Danau_Besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah Danau-Danau Besar (halaman belum tersedia)">wilayah Danau-Danau Besar</a> di Amerika Utara telah ditentukan secara radiometrik sejak 7500 SM.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bebber-2022-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Penduduk asli Amerika Utara di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Danau-Danau_Besar_(Amerika)" title="Danau-Danau Besar (Amerika)">Danau-Danau Besar</a> mungkin juga telah menambang tembaga semasa itu, menjadikannya sebagai salah satu contoh <a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi_tembaga" title="Ekstraksi tembaga">ekstraksi tembaga</a> tertua di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2013-104">[104]</a> Terdapat bukti dari pencemaran timbal prasejarah dari danau di Michigan bahwa orang-orang di wilayah tersebut mulai menambang tembaga <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 6000 SM.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2013-104">[104]</a> Bukti menunjukkan bahwa benda-benda tembaga utilitarian semakin tidak digunakan di Kompleks Tembaga Tua di Amerika Utara selama Zaman Perunggu dan terjadi pergeseran ke arah peningkatan produksi benda-benda tembaga hias.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaman_Perunggu">Zaman Perunggu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Zaman Perunggu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Zaman Perunggu">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Perunggu" title="Zaman Perunggu">Zaman Perunggu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Tembaga digunakan dalam pigmen biru seperti cawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembikar_glasir_bening_Mesir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembikar glasir bening Mesir (halaman belum tersedia)">tembikar</a> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biru_Mesir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biru Mesir (halaman belum tersedia)">Biru Mesir</a>" ini dan telah ada sejak Zaman Perunggu, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Baru_Mesir" title="Kerajaan Baru Mesir">Kerajaan Baru Mesir</a> (1400–1325 SM).</figcaption></figure> Perunggu alami, sejenis tembaga yang terbuat dari bijih yang kaya akan silikon, arsen, dan timah (jarang), mulai digunakan secara umum di Balkan sekitar 5500 SM.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Pemaduan tembaga dengan timah untuk membuat perunggu pertama kali dilakukan sekitar 4000 tahun setelah penemuan peleburan tembaga, dan sekitar 2000 tahun setelah "perunggu alami" mulai digunakan secara umum.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Artefak perunggu dari <a href="/wiki/Kebudayaan_Vin%C4%8Da" title="Kebudayaan Vinča">kebudayaan Vinča</a> berasal dari tahun 4500 SM.<a href="#cite_note-antiquity1312-108">[108]</a> Artefak paduan tembaga dan perunggu <a href="/wiki/Sumeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeria">Sumeria</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir</a> berasal dari tahun 3000 SM.<a href="#cite_note-hist-109">[109]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biru_Mesir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biru Mesir (halaman belum tersedia)">Biru Mesir</a>, atau kuprorivait (kalsium tembaga silikat) adalah pigmen sintetis yang mengandung tembaga dan mulai digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir kuno</a> sekitar 3250 SM.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Proses pembuatan biru Mesir diketahui oleh orang Romawi, tetapi pada abad keempat Masehi pigmen tersebut tidak lagi digunakan dan rahasia proses pembuatannya menjadi hilang. Bangsa Romawi mengatakan bahwa pigmen biru tersebut terbuat dari tembaga, silika, kapur, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natron (halaman belum tersedia)">natron</a>, dan dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Biru_samudra" title="Biru samudra">caeruleum</a> oleh mereka. <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Perunggu" title="Zaman Perunggu">Zaman Perunggu</a> dimulai di Eropa Tenggara sekitar 3700–3300 SM, di Eropa Barat Laut sekitar 2500 SM. Zaman tersebut berakhir dengan dimulainya Zaman Besi, 2000–1000 SM di Timur Dekat, dan 600 SM di Eropa Utara. Transisi antara periode <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitikum</a> dan Zaman Perunggu dulunya disebut periode <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Tembaga" title="Zaman Tembaga">Kalkolitik</a> (batu tembaga), ketika perkakas tembaga digunakan dengan perkakas batu. Istilah ini berangsur-angsur tidak digunakan karena di beberapa bagian dunia, Kalkolitik dan Neolitikum saling berdekatan di kedua akhirnya. Kuningan, paduan tembaga dan seng, ditemukan lebih baru. Ia dikenal oleh bangsa Yunani, tetapi menjadi tambahan yang signifikan untuk perunggu selama Kekaisaran Romawi.<a href="#cite_note-hist-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuno_dan_pasca-klasik">Kuno dan pasca-klasik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Kuno dan pasca-klasik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kuno dan pasca-klasik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/100px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/150px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/200px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimia</a>, lambang tembaga juga merupakan lambang dewi dan planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/220px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/330px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/440px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Tambang tembaga Kalkolitik di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembah_Timna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembah Timna (halaman belum tersedia)">Lembah Timna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Gurun Negev</a>, Israel.</figcaption></figure> Di Yunani, tembaga dikenal dengan nama chalkos (χαλκός). Ia adalah sumber daya penting bagi orang Romawi, Yunani, dan orang kuno lainnya. Di zaman Romawi, ia dikenal sebagai aes Cyprium, aes menjadi istilah Latin umum untuk paduan tembaga dan Cyprium dari <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>, tempat banyak tembaga ditambang. Ungkapan itu disederhanakan menjadi cuprum, yang menjadi asal kata copper dalam bahasa Inggris. <a href="/wiki/Afrodit" title="Afrodit">Afrodit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologi)" title="Venus (mitologi)">Venus</a> di Roma) mewakili tembaga dalam mitologi dan alkimia karena keindahannya yang berkilau dan penggunaannya yang kuno dalam pembuatan cermin; Siprus, sumber tembaga, disakralkan oleh sang dewi. Tujuh benda langit yang diketahui orang-orang kuno dikaitkan dengan tujuh logam yang dikenal di zaman kuno, dan Venus dikaitkan dengan tembaga, baik karena hubungannya dengan sang dewi maupun karena Venus adalah benda langit paling terang setelah Matahari dan Bulan sehingga berhubungan dengan logam yang paling berkilau dan diinginkan setelah emas dan perak.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Tembaga pertama kali ditambang di Inggris kuno pada awal 2100 SM. Penambangan di tambang terbesar ini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Orme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Orme (halaman belum tersedia)">Great Orme</a>, berlanjut hingga akhir Zaman Perunggu. Penambangan tampaknya sebagian besar terbatas pada bijih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergene_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supergene (geologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">supergene</a>, yang lebih mudah dilebur. Deposit tembaga yang kaya di <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> tampaknya sebagian besar belum tersentuh, terlepas dari penambangan <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> yang ekstensif di wilayah tersebut, karena alasan yang lebih bersifat sosial dan politik daripada teknologi.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Di Amerika Utara, tembaga asli diketahui telah diekstraksi dari situs di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Nasional_Isle_Royale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Nasional Isle Royale (halaman belum tersedia)">Isle Royale</a> dengan alat batu primitif antara tahun 800 dan 1600 M.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Penganilan tembaga dilakukan di kota <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> di Amerika Utara sekitar tahun 1000–1300 M.<a href="#cite_note-Chastain-2011-114">[114]</a> Terdapat beberapa pelat tembaga yang sangat indah, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelat_tembaga_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelat tembaga Mississippi (halaman belum tersedia)">pelat tembaga Mississippi</a> yang ditemukan di Amerika Utara di daerah sekitar Cahokia yang berasal dari periode ini (1000-1300 M).<a href="#cite_note-Chastain-2011-114">[114]</a> Pelat tembaga ini diperkirakan telah diproduksi di Cahokia sebelum berakhir di tempat lain di Amerika Serikat bagian <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat_Barat_Tengah" title="Amerika Serikat Barat Tengah">Barat Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat_Tenggara" title="Amerika Serikat Tenggara">Tenggara</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelat_Malden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelat Malden (halaman belum tersedia)">pelat Malden</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelat_Etowah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelat Etowah (halaman belum tersedia)">pelat Etowah</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg/224px-Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg/336px-Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg/448px-Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelat_tembaga_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelat tembaga Mississippi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelat tembaga Mississippi</a> dari Amerika Utara diproduksi dengan gaya ini sekitar tahun 800–1600 Masehi.</figcaption></figure> Di Amerika Selatan, topeng tembaga bertanggal 1000 SM yang ditemukan di Andes Argentina adalah artefak tembaga tertua yang ditemukan di Andes.<a href="#cite_note-Cortés-2017-115">[115]</a> Peru telah dianggap sebagai asal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgi_di_Amerika_Pra-Kolumbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalurgi di Amerika Pra-Kolumbus (halaman belum tersedia)">metalurgi tembaga awal di Amerika Pra-Kolumbus</a>, tetapi topeng tembaga dari Argentina menunjukkan bahwa lembah Cajon di Andes selatan adalah pusat penting lainnya untuk pengerjaan tembaga awal di Amerika Selatan.<a href="#cite_note-Cortés-2017-115">[115]</a> Metalurgi tembaga berkembang pesat di Amerika Selatan, khususnya di Peru sekitar tahun 1000 Masehi. Ornamen penguburan tembaga dari abad ke-15 telah ditemukan, tetapi produksi komersial logam tersebut baru dimulai pada awal abad ke-20.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] Peran tembaga terhadap budaya sangatlah penting, terutama dalam mata uang. Bangsa Romawi pada abad ke-6 hingga ke-3 SM menggunakan bongkahan tembaga sebagai uang. Pada awalnya, tembaga itu sendiri yang dihargai, namun lambat laun bentuk dan tampilan tembaga menjadi lebih penting. <a href="/wiki/Yulius_Kaisar" title="Yulius Kaisar">Julius Caesar</a> memiliki koin sendiri yang terbuat dari kuningan, sedangkan koin <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavianus Augustus Caesar</a> terbuat dari paduan Cu-Pb-Sn. Dengan perkiraan hasil tahunan sekitar 15.000 <a href="/wiki/Ton_metrik" title="Ton metrik">t</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgi_Romawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalurgi Romawi (halaman belum tersedia)">aktivitas penambangan dan peleburan tembaga Romawi</a> mencapai skala yang tak tertandingi hingga masa <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri">Revolusi Industri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_(Romawi)" title="Provinsi (Romawi)">provinsi</a> yang paling banyak ditambang adalah provinsi <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>, dan di Eropa Tengah.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Gerbang <a href="/wiki/Bait_Allah_(Yerusalem)" title="Bait Allah (Yerusalem)">Kuil Yerusalem</a> menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perunggu_Korintus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perunggu Korintus (halaman belum tersedia)">perunggu Korintus</a> yang diolah melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelapisan_emas_terdeplesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelapisan emas terdeplesi (halaman belum tersedia)">pelapisan emas terdeplesi</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Klarifikasi" title="Wikipedia:Klarifikasi">butuh klarifikasi</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] Proses ini paling lazim dilakukan di <a href="/wiki/Iskandariyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandariyah">Aleksandria</a>, tempat di mana alkimia dianggap telah dimulai.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> kuno, tembaga digunakan dalam ilmu kedokteran <a href="/wiki/Holisme" title="Holisme">holistik</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayurweda" title="Ayurweda">Ayurweda</a> untuk peralatan <a href="/wiki/Bedah" title="Bedah">bedah</a> dan peralatan medis lainnya. <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Orang Mesir Kuno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Lama_Mesir" title="Kerajaan Lama Mesir">~2400 SM</a>) menggunakan tembaga untuk mensterilkan luka dan air minum, dan kemudian untuk mengobati sakit kepala, luka bakar, dan gatal-gatal.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Modern">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/220px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/330px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/440px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainase_tambang_asam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drainase tambang asam (halaman belum tersedia)">Drainase tambang asam</a> memengaruhi aliran yang mengalir dari bekas tambang tembaga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_Parys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung Parys (halaman belum tersedia)">Gunung Parys</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_Pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Copper_Pot.jpg/220px-Copper_Pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Copper_Pot.jpg/330px-Copper_Pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Copper_Pot.jpg/440px-Copper_Pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="3608" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Cerek" title="Cerek">Cerek</a> tembaga abad ke-18 dari Norwegia terbuat dari tembaga Swedia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Falun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Falun (halaman belum tersedia)">Great Copper Mountain</a> adalah sebuah tambang di Falun, Swedia, yang beroperasi dari abad ke-10 hingga 1992. Ia memenuhi dua pertiga konsumsi tembaga Eropa pada abad ke-17 dan membantu mendanai banyak perang Swedia selama waktu itu.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Ia disebut sebagai perbendaharaan negara; Swedia memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_mata_uang_tembaga_di_Swedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah mata uang tembaga di Swedia (halaman belum tersedia)">mata uang yang didukung tembaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg/220px-Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg/330px-Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg/440px-Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gravir" title="Gravir">Kalkografi</a> kota <a href="/wiki/Vyborg,_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg, Rusia">Vyborg</a> pada pergantian abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Tahun 1709 diukir di pelat cetak.</figcaption></figure> Tembaga digunakan untuk atap,<a href="#cite_note-Grieken-2005-16">[16]</a> mata uang, dan untuk teknologi fotografi yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>. Tembaga digunakan dalam patung <a href="/wiki/Renaisans" title="Renaisans">Renaisans</a>, dan digunakan untuk membangun <a href="/wiki/Patung_Liberty" title="Patung Liberty">Patung Liberty</a>; tembaga terus digunakan dalam berbagai jenis konstruksi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyepuhan_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyepuhan tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyepuhan tembaga</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelapisan_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelapisan tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">pelapisan tembaga</a> banyak digunakan untuk melindungi lambung kapal di bawah air, sebuah teknik yang dipelopori oleh Angkatan Laut Inggris pada abad ke-18.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurubis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurubis (halaman belum tersedia)">Norddeutsche Affinerie</a> di Hamburg adalah pabrik <a href="/wiki/Penyepuhan" title="Penyepuhan">penyepuhan</a> modern pertama, mulai berproduksi pada tahun 1876.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Ilmuwan Jerman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Osann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Osann (halaman belum tersedia)">Gottfried Osann</a> menemukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgi_bubuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalurgi bubuk (halaman belum tersedia)">metalurgi bubuk</a> pada tahun 1830 saat menentukan massa atom logam tersebut; sekitar saat itu ditemukan bahwa jumlah dan jenis unsur pemadu (misalnya timah) tembaga akan mempengaruhi nada lonceng.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] Selama peningkatan permintaan tembaga pada Zaman Listrik, dari tahun 1880-an hingga Depresi Besar tahun 1930-an, Amerika Serikat memproduksi sepertiga hingga setengah dari tembaga dunia yang baru ditambang.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Distrik-distrik penambangan utama meliputi distrik Keweenaw di Michigan utara, terutama endapan tembaga asli, yang dikalahkan oleh endapan sulfida yang luas di <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte, Montana</a> pada akhir tahun 1880-an, yang dikalahkan oleh endapan porfiri di Amerika Serikat Barat Daya, khususnya di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarai_Bingham,_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngarai Bingham, Utah (halaman belum tersedia)">Ngarai Bingham, Utah</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morenci,_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morenci, Arizona (halaman belum tersedia)">Morenci, Arizona</a>. Pengenalan penambangan sekop uap lubang terbuka dan inovasi dalam peleburan, pemurnian, pemusatan pengapungan, dan langkah pemrosesan lainnya menghasilkan produksi massal. Di awal abad ke-20, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> menduduki peringkat pertama, diikuti oleh <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, kemudian <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_kilat" title="Peleburan kilat">Peleburan kilat</a> dikembangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Outokumpu" title="Outokumpu">Outokumpu</a> di Finlandia dan pertama kali diterapkan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harjavalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harjavalta (halaman belum tersedia)">Harjavalta</a> in 1949; pada tahun 1949; proses hemat energi ini menyumbang 50% dari produksi tembaga primer dunia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CIPEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIPEC (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Antarpemerintah Negara Pengekspor Tembaga</a>, dibentuk pada tahun 1967 oleh Chili, Peru, Zaire, dan Zambia, beroperasi di pasar tembaga seperti yang dilakukan <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Negara-Negara_Pengekspor_Minyak_Bumi" title="Organisasi Negara-Negara Pengekspor Minyak Bumi">OPEC</a> dalam minyak, meskipun tidak pernah mencapai pengaruh yang sama, terutama karena produsen terbesar kedua, Amerika Serikat, tidak pernah menjadi anggota; organisasi itu dibubarkan pada tahun 1988.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_dalam_energi_terbarukan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga dalam energi terbarukan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tembaga dalam energi terbarukan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/220px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/330px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/440px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Perlengkapan tembaga untuk sambungan pipa yang disolder</figcaption></figure> Aplikasi utama tembaga adalah kabel listrik (60%), atap dan pipa ledeng (20%), dan mesin industri (15%). Tembaga sebagian besar digunakan sebagai logam murni, tetapi jika diperlukan kekerasan yang lebih besar, tembaga dimasukkan ke dalam paduan seperti <a href="/wiki/Kuningan" title="Kuningan">kuningan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">perunggu</a> (5% dari total penggunaan).<a href="#cite_note-emsley-23">[23]</a> Selama lebih dari dua abad, cat tembaga telah digunakan pada lambung kapal untuk mengontrol pertumbuhan tumbuhan dan kerang.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Sebagian kecil pasokan tembaga digunakan untuk suplemen nutrisi dan fungisida di bidang pertanian.<a href="#cite_note-Boux-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Applications_for_Copper-129">[129]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemesinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemesinan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemesinan</a> tembaga dimungkinkan, meskipun paduannya lebih disukai karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemampuan_mesin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemampuan mesin (halaman belum tersedia)">kemampuan mesinnya</a> yang baik dalam membuat bagian yang rumit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kawat_dan_kabel">Kawat dan kabel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Kawat dan kabel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kawat dan kabel">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kawat_dan_kabel_tembaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawat dan kabel tembaga">Kawat dan kabel tembaga</a></div> Terlepas dari persaingan dari bahan lain, tembaga tetap menjadi <a href="/wiki/Penghantar_listrik" title="Penghantar listrik">konduktor listrik</a> yang disukai di hampir semua kategori kabel listrik kecuali <a href="/wiki/Transmisi_tenaga_listrik" title="Transmisi tenaga listrik">transmisi tenaga listrik</a> di mana <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> lebih disukai.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Kawat tembaga digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik" title="Pembangkit listrik">pembangkit daya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmisi_daya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmisi daya (halaman belum tersedia)">transmisi daya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distribusi_tenaga_listrik" title="Distribusi tenaga listrik">distribusi daya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a>, sirkuit <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronika</a>, dan jenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perangkat_listrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perangkat listrik (halaman belum tersedia)">peralatan listrik</a> yang tak terhitung jumlahnya.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabel_listrik" title="Kabel listrik">Kabel listrik</a> adalah pasar terpenting bagi industri tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Ini meliputi kawat daya struktural, kabel distribusi daya, kawat alat, kabel komunikasi, kawat dan kabel otomotif, dan kawat magnet. Kira-kira setengah dari semua tembaga yang ditambang digunakan untuk kawat listrik dan konduktor kabel.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Banyak perangkat listrik mengandalkan kawat tembaga karena banyaknya sifat menguntungkan yang melekat, seperti <a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_dan_konduktivitas_listrik" title="Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik">konduktivitas listrik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_tarik" title="Kekuatan tarik">kekuatan tarik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">keuletan</a>, ketahanan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangkak_(deformasi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangkak (deformasi) (halaman belum tersedia)">rangkak (deformasi)</a>, dan ketahanan <a href="/wiki/Korosi" title="Korosi">korosi</a> yang tinggi, <a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">ekspansi termal</a> yang rendah, <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">konduktivitas termal</a> yang tinggi, kemudahan <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">penyolderan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">kelenturan</a>, dan kemudahan pemasangan. Untuk waktu yang singkat dari akhir 1960-an hingga akhir 1970-an, kabel tembaga digantikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabel_bangunan_aluminium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabel bangunan aluminium (halaman belum tersedia)">kabel aluminium</a> di banyak proyek pembangunan perumahan di Amerika. Kabel baru ini terlibat dalam sejumlah kebakaran rumah dan industri akhirnya kembali ke tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronika_dan_perangkat_terkait">Elektronika dan perangkat terkait</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Elektronika dan perangkat terkait" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Elektronika dan perangkat terkait">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Busbars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Busbars.jpg/220px-Busbars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Busbars.jpg/330px-Busbars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Busbars.jpg/440px-Busbars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Busbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Busbar (halaman belum tersedia)">Busbar</a> listrik tembaga mendistribusikan daya ke gedung besar</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu">Sirkuit terpadu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Papan_sirkuit_cetak" title="Papan sirkuit cetak">papan sirkuit cetak</a> semakin menonjolkan tembaga sebagai pengganti aluminium karena konduktivitas listriknya yang unggul; <a href="/wiki/Pembuang_panas" title="Pembuang panas">pembuang panas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penukar_panas" title="Penukar panas">penukar panas</a> menggunakan tembaga karena sifat pembuangan panasnya yang unggul. <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnet" title="Elektromagnet">Elektromagnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabung_elektron" title="Tabung elektron">tabung vakum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabung_sinar_katode" title="Tabung sinar katode">tabung sinar katoda</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" title="Magnetron">magnetron</a> dalam oven gelombang mikro menggunakan tembaga, seperti halnya <a href="/wiki/Pandu_gelombang" title="Pandu gelombang">pandu gelombang</a> untuk radiasi gelombang mikro.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_listrik">Motor listrik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Motor listrik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Motor listrik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kabel_tembaga#Konduktivitas_listrik" title="Kabel tembaga">Konduktivitas</a> tembaga yang unggul akan meningkatkan efisiensi <a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motor</a> listrik.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Hal ini penting karena motor dan sistem yang digerakkan motor menyumbang 43%–46% dari seluruh konsumsi listrik global dan 69% dari seluruh listrik yang digunakan oleh industri.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Meningkatkan massa dan penampang lintang tembaga dalam <a href="/wiki/Induktor" title="Induktor">koil</a> akan meningkatkan efisiensi motor. <a href="/wiki/Motor_induksi" title="Motor induksi">Rotor motor tembaga</a>, teknologi baru yang dirancang untuk aplikasi motor di mana penghematan energi adalah tujuan desain utama,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Motor_induksi" title="Motor induksi">motor induksi</a> serba guna untuk memenuhi dan melampaui standar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efisiensi_premium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efisiensi premium (halaman belum tersedia)">efisiensi premium</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asosiasi_Produsen_Listrik_Nasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asosiasi Produsen Listrik Nasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Asosiasi Produsen Listrik Nasional</a> (NEMA).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produksi_energi_terbarukan">Produksi energi terbarukan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi energi terbarukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi energi terbarukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sumber <a href="/wiki/Energi_terbarukan" title="Energi terbarukan">energi terbarukan</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Energi_surya" title="Energi surya">matahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_angin" title="Tenaga angin">angin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energi_pasang_surut" title="Energi pasang surut">pasang surut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidroelektrisitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidroelektrisitas">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioenergi" title="Bioenergi">biomassa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Energi_panas_bumi" title="Energi panas bumi">panas bumi</a> telah menjadi sektor penting dalam pasar energi.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Pesatnya pertumbuhan sumber-sumber ini di abad ke-21 telah didorong oleh meningkatnya biaya <a href="/wiki/Bahan_bakar_fosil" title="Bahan bakar fosil">bahan bakar fosil</a> serta masalah <a href="/wiki/Masalah_lingkungan" title="Masalah lingkungan">dampak lingkungan</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Penghapusan_bertahap_bahan_bakar_fosil" title="Penghapusan bertahap bahan bakar fosil">secara signifikan menurunkan</a> penggunaannya. Tembaga memainkan peran penting dalam sistem energi terbarukan ini.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Penggunaan tembaga memiliki rata-rata hingga lima kali lebih banyak dalam sistem energi terbarukan daripada pembangkit listrik tradisional, seperti bahan bakar fosil dan pembangkit listrik tenaga <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_nuklir" title="Tenaga nuklir">nuklir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-issues.solarindustrymag.com-149">[149]</a> Karena tembaga adalah <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">konduktor termal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penghantar_listrik" title="Penghantar listrik">listrik</a> yang sangat baik di antara logam teknik (kedua setelah perak),<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> sistem kelistrikan yang memanfaatkan tembaga dapat menghasilkan dan mentransmisikan energi dengan efisiensi tinggi dan dengan dampak lingkungan yang minimal. Saat memilih konduktor listrik, perencana dan insinyur fasilitas memperhitungkan biaya investasi modal bahan terhadap penghematan operasional karena efisiensi energi listrik selama masa manfaatnya, ditambah biaya pemeliharaan. Tembaga sering berhasil dengan baik dalam perhitungan ini. Faktor yang disebut "intensitas penggunaan tembaga", adalah ukuran kuantitas tembaga yang diperlukan untuk memasang satu megawatt kapasitas pembangkit listrik baru. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg/180px-Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg/270px-Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg/360px-Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Kabel tembaga untuk daur ulang</figcaption></figure> Saat merencanakan fasilitas daya terbarukan yang baru, para insinyur dan penentu produk berupaya menghindari kekurangan pasokan bahan pilihan. Menurut <a href="/wiki/Survei_Geologi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat">Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasifikasi_sumber_daya_mineral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasifikasi sumber daya mineral (halaman belum tersedia)">cadangan</a> tembaga di dalam tanah telah meningkat lebih dari 700% sejak tahun 1950, dari hampir 100 juta ton menjadi 720 juta ton pada tahun 2017, terlepas dari fakta bahwa penggunaan olahan dunia meningkat lebih dari tiga kali lipat dalam 50 tahun terakhir.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Sumber daya tembaga diperkirakan melebihi 5 miliar ton.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Memperkuat pasokan dari <a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi_tembaga" title="Ekstraksi tembaga">ekstraksi tembaga</a> adalah fakta bahwa lebih dari 30 persen tembaga yang dipasang selama dekade terakhir berasal dari sumber daur ulang.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_ulang_berdasarkan_bahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur ulang berdasarkan bahan (halaman belum tersedia)">Laju daur ulangnya</a> lebih tinggi daripada logam lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur">Arsitektur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_dalam_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga dalam arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Tembaga dalam arsitektur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg/440px-Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Atap tembaga di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balai_Kota_Minneapolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balai Kota Minneapolis (halaman belum tersedia)">Balai Kota Minneapolis</a>, terlapisi dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patina (halaman belum tersedia)">patina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Peralatan tembaga tua di restoran Yerusalem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg/220px-Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg/330px-Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg/440px-Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Mangkuk tembaga besar. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhankar_Gompa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhankar Gompa (halaman belum tersedia)">Dhankar Gompa</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tembaga telah digunakan sejak zaman kuno sebagai bahan arsitektur yang tahan lama, <a href="/wiki/Korosi#Ketahanan_terhadap_korosi" title="Korosi">tahan korosi</a>, dan tahan cuaca.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstruksi_atap_rumah_tangga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstruksi atap rumah tangga (halaman belum tersedia)">Atap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talang_air_hujan" title="Talang air hujan">talang air hujan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talang_tegak" title="Talang tegak">talang tegak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kubah" title="Kubah">kubah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_menara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak menara (halaman belum tersedia)">puncak menara</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pintu" title="Pintu">pintu</a> telah dibuat dari tembaga selama ratusan atau ribuan tahun. Penggunaan arsitektur tembaga telah diperluas di zaman modern untuk mencakup <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_dalam_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga dalam arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">pelapis dinding</a> interior dan eksterior, <a href="/wiki/Sambungan_siar_muai" title="Sambungan siar muai">sambungan ekspansi</a> bangunan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindung_elektromagnetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindung elektromagnetik (halaman belum tersedia)">pelindung frekuensi radio</a>, dan produk dalam ruangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permukaan_sentuh_paduan_tembaga_antimikroba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permukaan sentuh paduan tembaga antimikroba (halaman belum tersedia)">antimikroba</a> dan dekoratif seperti pegangan tangan yang menarik, perlengkapan kamar mandi, dan meja dapur. Beberapa manfaat penting tembaga lainnya sebagai bahan arsitektur meliputi <a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">pergerakan termal</a> yang rendah, ringan, <a href="/wiki/Penangkal_petir" title="Penangkal petir">proteksi petir</a>, dan dapat didaur ulang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patina (halaman belum tersedia)">Patina</a> hijau alami yang khas dari logam ini telah lama didambakan oleh para arsitek dan desainer. Patina akhir adalah lapisan yang sangat tahan lama dan sangat tahan terhadap korosi atmosfer, sehingga melindungi logam di bawahnya dari pelapukan lebih lanjut.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Ia dapat berupa campuran senyawa karbonat dan sulfat dalam berbagai jumlah, tergantung pada kondisi lingkungan seperti hujan asam yang mengandung belerang.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Tembaga arsitektur dan paduannya juga dapat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_dalam_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga dalam arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">'diselesaikan'</a> untuk mendapatkan tampilan, rasa, atau warna tertentu. Penyelesaian ini meliputi perawatan permukaan mekanis, pewarnaan kimia, dan pelapisan.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Tembaga memiliki sifat <a href="/wiki/Patri" title="Patri">mematri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">menyolder</a> yang sangat baik dan dapat <a href="/wiki/Las" title="Las">dilas</a>; hasil terbaik diperoleh dengan <a href="/wiki/Las_busur_logam_gas" title="Las busur logam gas">las busur logam gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perlawanan_terhadap_penumpukan_biologis">Perlawanan terhadap penumpukan biologis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Perlawanan terhadap penumpukan biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perlawanan terhadap penumpukan biologis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tembaga bersifat <a href="/wiki/Bakteriostatik" title="Bakteriostatik">biostatik</a>, artinya bakteri dan banyak bentuk kehidupan lainnya tidak akan tumbuh di atasnya. Karena alasan ini, ia telah lama digunakan untuk melapisi bagian kapal sebagai perlindungan dari <a href="/wiki/Teritip" title="Teritip">teritip</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Remis" title="Remis">remis</a>. Ia awalnya digunakan dalam bentuk murni, tetapi telah digantikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_Muntz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam Muntz (halaman belum tersedia)">logam Muntz</a> dan cat berbasis tembaga. Demikian pula, seperti yang dibahas dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paduan_tembaga_dalam_budi_daya_perairan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paduan tembaga dalam budi daya perairan (halaman belum tersedia)">paduan tembaga dalam budi daya perairan</a>, paduan tembaga telah menjadi bahan jaring yang penting dalam industri <a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_perairan" title="Budi daya perairan">budi daya perairan</a> karena mereka bersifat <a href="/wiki/Antimikroba" title="Antimikroba">antimikroba</a> dan mencegah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penumpukan_biologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penumpukan biologis (halaman belum tersedia)">penumpukan biologis</a>, bahkan dalam kondisi ekstrem<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1995-169">[169]</a> serta memiliki sifat struktural dan <a href="/wiki/Korosi#Ketahanan_terhadap_korosi" title="Korosi">ketahanan korosi</a> yang kuat<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> di lingkungan laut. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimikroba">Antimikroba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Antimikroba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antimikroba">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sifat_antimikroba_dari_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sifat antimikroba dari tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Sifat antimikroba dari tembaga</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permukaan_sentuh_paduan_tembaga_antimikroba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permukaan sentuh paduan tembaga antimikroba (halaman belum tersedia)">Permukaan sentuh paduan tembaga antimikroba</a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permukaan_sentuh_paduan_tembaga_antimikroba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permukaan sentuh paduan tembaga antimikroba (halaman belum tersedia)">Permukaan sentuh paduan tembaga</a> memiliki sifat alami yang menghancurkan berbagai <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a> (misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a> O157:H7, <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a> resisten-<a href="/wiki/Metisilin" title="Metisilin">metisilin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resisten-metisilin" title="Staphylococcus aureus resisten-metisilin">MRSA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile" title="Clostridium difficile">Clostridium difficile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus_influenza_A" title="Virus influenza A">virus influenza A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">adenovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koronavirus_sindrom_pernapasan_akut_berat_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2">SARS-Cov-2</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">jamur</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Copper_Touch_Surfaces-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Orang India telah menggunakan bejana tembaga sejak zaman kuno untuk menyimpan air, bahkan sebelum ilmu pengetahuan modern menyadari sifat antimikrobanya.<a href="#cite_note-Montero-2019-173">[173]</a> Beberapa paduan tembaga terbukti membunuh lebih dari 99,9% bakteri penyebab penyakit hanya dalam waktu dua jam bila dibersihkan secara teratur.<a href="#cite_note-US_EPA-2008-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Badan_Perlindungan_Lingkungan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat">Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat</a> (EPA) telah menyetujui pendaftaran paduan tembaga ini sebagai "bahan <a href="/wiki/Antimikroba" title="Antimikroba">antimikroba</a> dengan manfaat kesehatan masyarakat";<a href="#cite_note-US_EPA-2008-174">[174]</a> persetujuan itu memungkinkan produsen untuk membuat klaim hukum atas manfaat kesehatan masyarakat dari produk yang terbuat dari paduan terdaftar. Selain itu, EPA telah menyetujui daftar panjang produk tembaga antimikroba yang terbuat dari paduan ini, seperti pegangan tempat tidur, <a href="/wiki/Susur_tangan" title="Susur tangan">pegangan tangan</a>, meja di atas tempat tidur, <a href="/wiki/Wastafel" title="Wastafel">wastafel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keran" title="Keran">keran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagang_pintu" title="Gagang pintu">gagang pintu</a>, perangkat keras <a href="/wiki/Toilet" class="mw-redirect" title="Toilet">toilet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papan_tombol" title="Papan tombol">papan tombol komputer</a>, peralatan <a href="/wiki/Pusat_kebugaran" title="Pusat kebugaran">pusat kebugaran</a>, dan pegangan <a href="/wiki/Keranjang_belanja" title="Keranjang belanja">keranjang belanja</a> (untuk daftar lengkap, lihat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permukaan_sentuh_paduan_tembaga_antimikroba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permukaan sentuh paduan tembaga antimikroba (halaman belum tersedia)">Permukaan sentuh paduan tembaga antimikroba#Produk tembaga antimikroba</a>). Kenop pintu tembaga digunakan oleh rumah sakit untuk mengurangi perpindahan penyakit, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_Legionella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit Legionella (halaman belum tersedia)">penyakit Legionella</a> ditekan oleh pipa tembaga dalam sistem perpipaan.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Produk paduan tembaga antimikroba sekarang dipasang di fasilitas kesehatan di Britania Raya, Irlandia, Jepang, Korea, Prancis, Denmark, dan Brasil, serta diminta di Amerika Serikat,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> dan di sistem transit kereta bawah tanah di Santiago, Chili, di mana pegangan tangan paduan tembaga-seng dipasang di sekitar 30 stasiun antara tahun 2011 dan 2014.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Serat tekstil dapat dicampur dengan tembaga untuk membuat kain pelindung antimikroba.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya">sumber tepercaya?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investasi_spekulatif">Investasi spekulatif</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Investasi spekulatif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Investasi spekulatif">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tembaga dapat digunakan sebagai investasi spekulatif karena perkiraan peningkatan penggunaannya dari pertumbuhan infrastruktur di seluruh dunia, dan peran pentingnya dalam memproduksi <a href="/wiki/Turbin_angin" title="Turbin angin">turbin angin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panel_surya" title="Panel surya">panel surya</a>, dan sumber energi terbarukan lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Alasan lain yang memprediksi peningkatan permintaan adalah fakta bahwa <a href="/wiki/Mobil_listrik" title="Mobil listrik">mobil listrik</a> rata-rata mengandung tembaga 3,6 kali lebih banyak daripada mobil konvensional, meskipun pengaruh mobil listrik terhadap permintaan tembaga masih diperdebatkan.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Beberapa orang berinvestasi dalam tembaga melalui saham pertambangan tembaga, <a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-traded fund">ETF</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kontrak_berjangka" title="Kontrak berjangka">kontrak berjangka</a>. Yang lainnya menyimpan tembaga fisik dalam bentuk batangan atau bulatan tembaga meskipun keduanya cenderung memiliki harga premium yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan logam mulia.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Mereka yang ingin menghindari harga premium dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulion (halaman belum tersedia)">bulion</a> tembaga dapat menyimpan <a href="/wiki/Kabel_tembaga" title="Kabel tembaga">kawat tembaga</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabung_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabung tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">tabung tembaga</a> tua, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_(uang_koin_Amerika_Serikat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penny (uang koin Amerika Serikat) (halaman belum tersedia)">penny Amerika yang dibuat sebelum tahun 1982</a> sebagai alternatifnya.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengobatan_tradisional">Pengobatan tradisional</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Pengobatan tradisional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengobatan tradisional">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tembaga umumnya digunakan dalam perhiasan, dan menurut beberapa cerita rakyat, gelang tembaga dapat meredakan gejala <a href="/wiki/Artritis" title="Artritis">artritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Dalam satu percobaan untuk osteoartritis dan satu percobaan untuk artritis reumatoid, tidak ada perbedaan yang ditemukan antara gelang tembaga dan gelang (non-tembaga) kontrol.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-RichmondBrown2009-189">[189]</a> Tidak ada bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa tembaga dapat diserap melalui kulit. Jika iya, maka ia dapat menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Toksisitas_tembaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Toksisitas tembaga">keracunan tembaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakaian_kompresi">Pakaian kompresi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Pakaian kompresi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pakaian kompresi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Baru-baru ini, beberapa pakaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perban (halaman belum tersedia)">kompresi</a> dengan jalinan tembaga telah dipasarkan dengan klaim kesehatan yang mirip dengan klaim pengobatan tradisional. Karena pakaian kompresi adalah pengobatan yang valid untuk beberapa penyakit, pakaian tersebut mungkin memiliki manfaat itu, tetapi tembaga tambahan mungkin tidak memiliki manfaat selain <a href="/wiki/Plasebo#Efek_plasebo" title="Plasebo">efek plasebo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Degradasi">Degradasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Degradasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Degradasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_fluorescens" title="Pseudomonas fluorescens">Pseudomonas fluorescens</a> dapat memobilisasi tembaga padat sebagai senyawa sianida.<a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd_609–643-192">[192]</a> Jamur mikoriza erikoid yang berasosiasi dengan Calluna, Erica dan Vaccinium dapat tumbuh di tanah logam yang mengandung tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd_609–643-192">[192]</a> Jamur ektomikoriza Suillus luteus melindungi pohon pinus muda dari toksisitas tembaga. Sampel jamur <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a> ditemukan tumbuh dari larutan tambang emas dan ditemukan mengandung kompleks siano dari beberapa logam seperti emas, perak, tembaga, besi, dan seng. Jamur tersebut juga berperan dalam pelarutan sulfida logam berat.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peran_biologis">Peran biologis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Peran biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peran biologis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_dalam_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga dalam biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Tembaga dalam biologi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg/220px-ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg/330px-ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg/440px-ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>Sumber makanan kaya tembaga meliputi tiram, hati sapi dan domba, kacang Brazil, tetes tebu, kakao, dan lada hitam. Sumber yang baik meliputi lobster, kacang-kacangan dan biji bunga matahari, zaitun hijau, alpukat, dan dedak gandum.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biokimia">Biokimia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Biokimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Biokimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protein tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Protein tembaga</a> memiliki peran yang beragam dalam transpor elektron dan transportasi oksigen biologis, proses yang memanfaatkan interkonversi mudah dari Cu(I) dan Cu(II).<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Tembaga sangat penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Respirasi_seluler" title="Respirasi seluler">respirasi</a> aerobik semua <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>. Pada <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a>, ia ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Sitokrom_c_oksidase" title="Sitokrom c oksidase">sitokrom c oksidase</a>, yang merupakan protein terakhir dalam <a href="/wiki/Fosforilasi_oksidatif" title="Fosforilasi oksidatif">fosforilasi oksidatif</a>. Sitokrom c oksidase adalah protein yang mengikat O2 antara tembaga dan besi; protein tersebut mentransfer 8 elektron ke molekul O2 untuk mereduksinya menjadi dua molekul air. Tembaga juga ditemukan di banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superoksida_dismutase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superoksida dismutase (halaman belum tersedia)">superoksida dismutase</a>, protein yang mengatalisis dekomposisi <a href="/wiki/Superoksida" title="Superoksida">superoksida</a> dengan mengubahnya (melalui <a href="/wiki/Dismutasi" title="Dismutasi">disproporsionasi</a>) menjadi oksigen dan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">hidrogen peroksida</a>: <ul><li>Cu2+-SOD + O2− → Cu+-SOD + O2 (reduksi tembaga; oksidasi superoksida)</li> <li>Cu+-SOD + O2− + 2H+ → Cu2+-SOD + H2O2 (oksidasi tembaga; reduksi superoksida)</li></ul> Protein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemosianin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemosianin (halaman belum tersedia)">hemosianin</a> adalah pembawa oksigen pada sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">moluska</a> dan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Artropoda" title="Artropoda">artropoda</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Belangkas" title="Belangkas">kepiting tapal kuda</a> (Limulus polyphemus).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-195">[195]</a> Karena hemosianin berwarna biru, organisme ini memiliki darah biru alih-alih darah merah <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> berbasis besi. Yang terkait dengan hemosianin secara struktural adalah <a href="/wiki/Lakase" title="Lakase">lakase</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tirosinase" title="Tirosinase">tirosinase</a>. Alih-alih mengikat oksigen secara reversibel, protein ini menghidroksilat substrat, diilustrasikan oleh perannya dalam pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakuer (halaman belum tersedia)">lakuer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lippard-196">[196]</a> Peran biologis tembaga dimulai dengan munculnya oksigen di atmosfer bumi.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Beberapa protein tembaga, seperti "protein tembaga biru", tidak berinteraksi langsung dengan substrat; karenanya mereka bukan enzim. Protein ini menyampaikan elektron melalui proses yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Transfer_elektron" title="Transfer elektron">transfer elektron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lippard-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Thylakoid_membrane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/440px-Thylakoid_membrane.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/660px-Thylakoid_membrane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/880px-Thylakoid_membrane.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Fungsi fotosintesis melalui rantai transpor elektron yang rumit di dalam <a href="/wiki/Tilakoid#Membran" title="Tilakoid">membran tilakoid</a>. Tautan sentral dalam rantai ini adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastosianin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastosianin (halaman belum tersedia)">plastosianin</a>, sebuah protein tembaga biru.</figcaption></figure> Sebuah pusat tembaga berinti 4 yang unik telah ditemukan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinitrogen_monoksida_reduktase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinitrogen monoksida reduktase (halaman belum tersedia)">dinitrogen monoksida reduktase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Senyawa kimia yang dikembangkan untuk pengobatan penyakit Wilson telah diteliti untuk digunakan dalam terapi kanker.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrisi">Nutrisi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Nutrisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nutrisi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tembaga adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_renik" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur renik">unsur renik</a> penting pada tumbuhan dan hewan, tetapi tidak semua mikroorganisme. Tubuh manusia mengandung tembaga pada tingkat sekitar 1,4 hingga 2,1 mg per kg massa tubuh.<a href="#cite_note-copper.org-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penyerapan">Penyerapan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Penyerapan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyerapan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tembaga diserap di usus, kemudian diangkut ke hati dengan terikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albumin_serum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albumin serum (halaman belum tersedia)">albumin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Setelah diproses di hati, tembaga didistribusikan ke jaringan lain pada fase kedua, yang melibatkan protein <a href="/wiki/Seruloplasmin" title="Seruloplasmin">seruloplasmin</a>, yang membawa sebagian besar tembaga dalam darah. Seruloplasmin juga membawa tembaga yang diekskresikan dalam susu, dan diserap dengan baik sebagai sumber tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Tembaga dalam tubuh biasanya mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkulasi_enterohepatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirkulasi enterohepatik (halaman belum tersedia)">sirkulasi enterohepatik</a> (sekitar 5 mg per hari, vs. sekitar 1 mg per hari yang diserap dalam makanan dan dikeluarkan dari tubuh), dan tubuh dapat mengeluarkan beberapa kelebihan tembaga, jika diperlukan, melalui <a href="/wiki/Empedu" title="Empedu">empedu</a>, yang membawa beberapa tembaga keluar dari hati yang tidak diserap kembali oleh usus.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rekomendasi_diet">Rekomendasi diet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Rekomendasi diet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rekomendasi diet">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademi_Kedokteran_Nasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademi Kedokteran Nasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Kedokteran</a> A.S. (IOM) memperbarui Kebutuhan Perkiraan Rata-rata (EAR) dan Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) untuk tembaga pada tahun 2001. Jika tidak ada informasi yang cukup untuk menetapkan EAR dan AKG, digunakan perkiraan <a href="/wiki/Asupan_Referensi_Diet#Parameter" title="Asupan Referensi Diet">Asupan Adekuat</a> (AI) sebagai gantinya. AI untuk tembaga adalah: 200 μg tembaga untuk laki-laki dan perempuan berusia 0–6 bulan, dan 220 μg tembaga untuk laki-laki dan perempuan berusia 7–12 bulan. Untuk kedua jenis kelamin, AKG untuk tembaga adalah: 340 μg tembaga untuk usia 1–3 tahun, 440 μg tembaga untuk usia 4–8 tahun, 700 μg tembaga untuk usia 9–13 tahun, 890 μg tembaga untuk usia 14–18 tahun, dan 900 μg tembaga untuk usia 19 tahun ke atas. Untuk ibu hamil, 1.000 μg. Untuk ibu menyusui, 1.300 μg.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Mengenai keamanan, IOM juga menetapkan <a href="/wiki/Asupan_Referensi_Diet#Parameter" title="Asupan Referensi Diet">Batas Atas Asupan</a> (UL) yang dapat ditoleransi untuk vitamin dan mineral bila bukti cukup. Dalam kasus tembaga, UL ditetapkan pada 10 mg/hari. Secara kolektif EAR, AKG, AI, dan UL disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Asupan_Referensi_Diet" title="Asupan Referensi Diet">Asupan Referensi Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otoritas_Keamanan_Makanan_Eropa" title="Otoritas Keamanan Makanan Eropa">Otoritas Keamanan Makanan Eropa</a> (EFSA) menyebut kumpulan informasi kolektif tersebut sebagai Nilai Referensi Diet, dengan Asupan Referensi Populasi (PRI) alih-alih AKG, dan Kebutuhan Rata-rata alih-alih EAR. AI dan UL didefinisikan sama seperti di Amerika Serikat. Untuk wanita dan pria berusia 18 tahun ke atas, AI ditetapkan masing-masing sebesar 1,3 dan 1,6 mg/hari. AI untuk ibu hamil dan menyusui adalah 1,5 mg/hari. Untuk anak usia 1–17 tahun, AI meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia dari 0,7 menjadi 1,3 mg/hari. AI ini lebih tinggi dari AKG Amerika Serikat.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Otoritas Keamanan Makanan Eropa meninjau pertanyaan keamanan yang sama dan menetapkan UL pada 5 mg/hari, yang merupakan setengah dari nilai Amerika Serikat.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Untuk tujuan pelabelan makanan dan suplemen makanan A.S., jumlah dalam satu porsi dinyatakan sebagai persentase dari Nilai Harian (%DV). Untuk tujuan pelabelan tembaga, 100% Nilai Harian adalah 2,0 mg, tetapi pada 27 Mei 2016 direvisi menjadi 0,9 mg agar sesuai dengan AKG.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Tabel nilai harian dewasa lama dan baru disediakan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asupan_Harian_Referensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asupan Harian Referensi (halaman belum tersedia)">Asupan Harian Referensi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kekurangan_tembaga">Kekurangan tembaga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Kekurangan tembaga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kekurangan tembaga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Karena perannya dalam memfasilitasi penyerapan zat besi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekurangan_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekurangan tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">kekurangan tembaga</a> dapat menghasilkan gejala seperti-<a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>, kelainan tulang, hipopigmentasi, gangguan pertumbuhan, peningkatan insiden infeksi, osteoporosis, hipertiroidisme, dan kelainan metabolisme glukosa dan kolesterol. Sebaliknya, <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Wilson" title="Penyakit Wilson">penyakit Wilson</a> menyebabkan penumpukan tembaga di jaringan tubuh. Defisiensi yang parah dapat ditemukan dengan menguji kadar tembaga plasma atau serum yang rendah, seruloplasmin yang rendah, dan kadar superoksida dismutase sel darah merah yang rendah; mereka tidak sensitif terhadap status tembaga marjinal. "Aktivitas sitokrom c oksidase leukosit dan trombosit" telah dinyatakan sebagai faktor lain dalam kekurangan tembaga, tetapi hasilnya belum dikonfirmasi melalui replikasi.<a href="#cite_note-Bonhametal2002-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toksisitas">Toksisitas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Sunting bagian: Toksisitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=41" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Toksisitas">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Toksisitas_tembaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Toksisitas tembaga">Toksisitas tembaga</a></div> Jumlah gram dari berbagai garam tembaga telah diambil dalam upaya bunuh diri dan menghasilkan toksisitas tembaga akut pada manusia, kemungkinan karena siklus redoks dan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">spesies oksigen reaktif</a> yang merusak <a href="/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat">DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Jumlah garam tembaga yang sesuai (30 mg/kg) bersifat racun bagi hewan.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Nilai makanan minimum untuk pertumbuhan yang sehat pada kelinci telah dilaporkan setidaknya 3 <a href="/wiki/Notasi_bagian_per#Bagian_per_juta" title="Notasi bagian per">ppm</a> dalam makanan.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Namun, konsentrasi tembaga yang lebih tinggi (100 ppm, 200 ppm, atau 500 ppm) dalam makanan kelinci dapat memengaruhi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasio_konversi_pakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasio konversi pakan (halaman belum tersedia)">efisiensi konversi pakan</a>, tingkat pertumbuhan, dan persentase ganti karkas.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Toksisitas tembaga kronis biasanya tidak terjadi pada manusia karena sistem transportasi yang mengatur penyerapan dan ekskresi. Mutasi resesif autosomal pada protein transpor tembaga dapat menonaktifkan sistem ini, menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Wilson" title="Penyakit Wilson">penyakit Wilson</a> dengan akumulasi tembaga dan <a href="/wiki/Sirosis" title="Sirosis">sirosis</a> hati pada orang yang mewarisi dua gen yang rusak.<a href="#cite_note-copper.org-200">[200]</a> Peningkatan kadar tembaga juga dikaitkan dengan memburuknya gejala <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Alzheimer" title="Penyakit Alzheimer">penyakit Alzheimer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paparan_manusia">Paparan manusia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Sunting bagian: Paparan manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=42" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Paparan manusia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Di Amerika Serikat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrasi_Keselamatan_dan_Kesehatan_Kerja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (halaman belum tersedia)">Administrasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja</a> (OSHA) telah menetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batas_paparan_diizinkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batas paparan diizinkan (halaman belum tersedia)">batas paparan yang diizinkan</a> (PEL) untuk debu dan asap tembaga di tempat kerja sebagai rata-rata tertimbang waktu (TWA) sebesar 1 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Institut_Nasional_untuk_Keselamatan_dan_Kesehatan_Kerja" title="Institut Nasional untuk Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja">Institut Nasional untuk Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja</a> (NIOSH) telah menetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batas_paparan_direkomendasikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batas paparan direkomendasikan (halaman belum tersedia)">batas paparan yang direkomendasikan</a> (REL) sebesar 1 mg/m3, rata-rata tertimbang waktu. Nilai <a href="/w/index.php?title=IDLH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IDLH (halaman belum tersedia)">IDLH</a> (langsung berbahaya bagi kehidupan dan kesehatan) tembaga adalah 100 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Tembaga adalah komponen dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asap_tembakau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asap tembakau (halaman belum tersedia)">asap tembakau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-TalhoutSchulz2011-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Tumbuhan tembakau</a> dapat dengan mudah menyerap dan mengakumulasi <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam berat</a>, seperti tembaga dari tanah di sekitarnya ke dalam daunnya. Ia mudah diserap ke dalam tubuh pengguna setelah menghirup asap.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Implikasi kesehatannya tidak jelas.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=43" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_dalam_energi_terbarukan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga dalam energi terbarukan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tembaga dalam energi terbarukan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanopartikel_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanopartikel tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Nanopartikel tembaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korosi_erosi_tabung_air_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korosi erosi tabung air tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Korosi erosi tabung air tembaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_produksi_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut produksi tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar negara menurut produksi tembaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencurian_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencurian logam (halaman belum tersedia)">Pencurian logam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Tremor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Tremor (halaman belum tersedia)">Operasi Tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Copper" title="Anaconda Copper">Anaconda Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_PLC" title="Antofagasta PLC">Antofagasta PLC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codelco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codelco (halaman belum tersedia)">Codelco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Boleo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Boleo (halaman belum tersedia)">Tambang El Boleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambang_Grasberg" title="Tambang Grasberg">Tambang Grasberg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=44" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> (Indonesia) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/tembaga">"Tembaga"</a>. KBBI Daring. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBBI+Daring&rft.atitle=Tembaga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Ftembaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja4006578">10.1021/ja4006578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23418750">23418750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc&rft.atitle=A+Polar+Copper%E2%80%93Boron+One-Electron+%CF%83-Bond&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3792-3795&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja4006578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23418750&rft.aulast=Moret&rft.aufirst=Marc-Etienne&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Limei&rft.au=Peters%2C+Jonas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (edisi ke-86th). Boca Raton (FL): <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8493-0486-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8493-0486-5">0-8493-0486-5</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 19 Juli 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. hlm. E110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8493-0464-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8493-0464-4">0-8493-0464-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-EncBrit-5"><a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_5-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Cite_EB15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Cite EB15 (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Cite EB15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copper">"Copper"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2018. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Johnson, MD PhD, Larry E., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024751/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/minerals/copper.html">"Copper"</a>. Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/minerals/copper.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 7 Maret 2016. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merck+Manual+Home+Health+Handbook&rft.atitle=Copper&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fhome%2Fdisorders_of_nutrition%2Fminerals%2Fcopper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/cu_health_uk.html">"Copper in human health"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+in+human+health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fconsumers%2Fhealth%2Fcu_health_uk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1_9-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Trigg, George L.; Immergut, Edmund H. 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Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Physics&rft.pages=267-272&rft.pub=VCH&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-527-28126-8&rft.aulast=Trigg&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Immergut%2C+Edmund+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVQ5RAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmat0000smit_u1l5">Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering</a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmat0000smit_u1l5/page/n246">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-07-292194-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-07-292194-6">978-0-07-292194-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Materials+Science+and+Engineering&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-292194-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Hashemi%2C+Javad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofmat0000smit_u1l5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_11-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book">Hammond, C. R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (edisi ke-81). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0485-9">978-0-8493-0485-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance (2003). 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W. & R. 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Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corrosion+Doctors&rft.atitle=Galvanic+Corrosion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corrosion-doctors.org%2FForms-galvanic%2Fgalvanic-corrosion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Grieken-2005-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grieken-2005_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grieken-2005_16-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Grieken, Rene van; Janssens, Koen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qL3vfUZHMYC">Cultural Heritage Conservation and Environmental Impact Assessment by Non-Destructive Testing and Micro-Analysis</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). 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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 378 (1): L59–L63. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0703760">astro-ph/0703760</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.378L..59R">2007MNRAS.378L..59R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2007.00320.x">10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00320.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%3A+Letters&rft.atitle=Contrasting+copper+evolution+in+%CF%89+Centauri+and+the+Milky+Way&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L59-L63&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0703760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2007.00320.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007MNRAS.378L..59R&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Donatella&rft.au=Matteucci%2C+Fransesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-emsley-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_23-3">d</a> <cite class="citation book">Emsley, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl">Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (5): 1209–1214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.1209G">2006PNAS..103.1209G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509498103">10.1073/pnas.0509498103</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360560">1360560</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16432205">16432205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Metal+stocks+and+sustainability&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1209-1214&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1360560&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16432205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0509498103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..103.1209G&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rft.au=Bertram%2C+M.&rft.au=Graedel%2C+T.E.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1360560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Beaudoin, Yannick C.; Baker, Elaine (Desember 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264763450">Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental and technical review</a>. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. hlm. 7–18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-82-7701-119-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-82-7701-119-6">978-82-7701-119-6</a>. 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Economic History Review. 2. 39 (3): 392–410. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1986.tb00411.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1986.tb00411.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2596347">2596347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Big+Business+in+the+World%2C+Copper+Industry+1870%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=392-410&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1986.tb00411.x&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2596347&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501073103/http://metalspotprice.com/copper-trends/">"Copper Trends: Live Metal Spot Prices"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalspotprice.com/copper-trends/">versi asli</a> tanggal 1 Mei 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+Trends%3A+Live+Metal+Spot+Prices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetalspotprice.com%2Fcopper-trends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine">Ackerman, R. (2 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208191251/http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/04/copper-frontera-southern-markets-equity-0205_china_51.html">"A Bottom in Sight For Copper"</a>. Forbes. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2009/02/04/copper-frontera-southern-markets-equity-0205_china_51.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Desember 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+Bottom+in+Sight+For+Copper&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft.au=Ackerman%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F04%2Fcopper-frontera-southern-markets-equity-0205_china_51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Employment Appeal Tribunal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/59d76e6240f0b63115586eaf/AEI_Cables_Ltd_v_1__GMB_and_Others_UKEAT_0375_12__LA.pdf">AEI Cables Ltd. v GMB and others</a>, 5 April 2013. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infolib.hua.edu.vn/Fulltext/ChuyenDe/ChuyenDe07/CDe53/59.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 18 Agustus 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrometallurgy&rft.atitle=The+bioleaching+of+sulphide+minerals+with+emphasis+on+copper+sulphides+%E2%80%93+A+review&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-108&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.hydromet.2006.05.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006HydMe..84...81W&rft.aulast=Watling&rft.aufirst=H.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfolib.hua.edu.vn%2FFulltext%2FChuyenDe%2FChuyenDe07%2FCDe53%2F59.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, hlm. 1174–1175, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1174-1175&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Samans, Carl (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.19384">Engineering metals and their alloys</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/716492542">716492542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+metals+and+their+alloys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F716492542&rft.aulast=Samans&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.19384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bahadir, Ali Mufit; Duca, Gheorghe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_QLBwAAQBAJ&q=copper+recyclable+without+any+loss+of+quality&pg=PA249">The Role of Ecological Chemistry in Pollution Research and Sustainable Development</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-481-2903-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-481-2903-4">978-90-481-2903-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Ecological+Chemistry+in+Pollution+Research+and+Sustainable+Development&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2903-4&rft.aulast=Bahadir&rft.aufirst=Ali+Mufit&rft.au=Duca%2C+Gheorghe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_QLBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcopper%2Brecyclable%2Bwithout%2Bany%2Bloss%2Bof%2Bquality%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Green, Dan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnN3DAAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0copper+third+most+recycled+metal+after+iron+and+aluminium&pg=PT281">The Periodic Table in Minutes</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Quercus. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-68144-329-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-68144-329-4">978-1-68144-329-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Table+in+Minutes&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-68144-329-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnN3DAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0copper%2Bthird%2Bmost%2Brecycled%2Bmetal%2Bafter%2Biron%2Band%2Baluminium%26pg%3DPT281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305203937/http://www.copperinfo.com/environment/recycling.html">"International Copper Association"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copperinfo.com/environment/recycling.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 Maret 2012. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Copper+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copperinfo.com%2Fenvironment%2Frecycling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/1998/06/recycle_overview.html">"Overview of Recycled Copper" Copper.org</a>. (25 Agustus 2010). Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.usmint.gov/coins/proof-sets/?cm_mmc=infosite-_-coin+medal+page-_-dime-_-proof+sets&_ga=2.208394578.1155158775.1562711261-1399855302.1562187688">"Dime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">US Mint</a>. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Mint&rft.atitle=Dime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.usmint.gov%2Fcoins%2Fproof-sets%2F%3Fcm_mmc%3Dinfosite-_-coin%2Bmedal%2Bpage-_-dime-_-proof%2Bsets%26_ga%3D2.208394578.1155158775.1562711261-1399855302.1562187688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/10-cents-5300008#.XSUUVuhKiUk">"Pride and skill – the 10-cent coin"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Canadian_Mint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Canadian Mint (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Canadian Mint</a>. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Canadian+Mint&rft.atitle=Pride+and+skill+%E2%80%93+the+10-cent+coin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mint.ca%2Fstore%2Fmint%2Fabout-the-mint%2F10-cents-5300008%23.XSUUVuhKiUk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-goldalloys-48"><a href="#cite_ref-goldalloys_48-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414151414/http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys">"Gold Jewellery Alloys"</a>. World Gold Council. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/">versi asli</a> tanggal 14 April 2009. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Jewellery+Alloys&rft.pub=World+Gold+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utilisegold.com%2Fjewellery_technology%2Fcolours%2Fcolour_alloys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balverzinn.com/downloads/Solder_Sn97Cu3.pdf">Balver Zinn Solder Sn97Cu3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707210148/http://www.balverzinn.com/downloads/Solder_Sn97Cu3.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 7 Juli 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. (PDF) . balverzinn.com. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Deane, D. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1968_BNJ_37_20.pdf">"Modern Coinage Systems"</a> (PDF). British Numismatic Society. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=Modern+Coinage+Systems&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=D.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britnumsoc.org%2Fpublications%2FDigital%2520BNJ%2Fpdfs%2F1968_BNJ_37_20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728210159/https://www.apmex.com/education/bullion/what-is-90-percent-silver-junk-silver">"What is 90% Silver?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=APMEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APMEX (halaman belum tersedia)">American Precious Metals Exchange</a> (APMEX). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apmex.com/education/bullion/what-is-90-percent-silver-junk-silver">versi asli</a> tanggal 28 Juli 2020. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Precious+Metals+Exchange+%28APMEX%29&rft.atitle=What+is+90%25+Silver%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apmex.com%2Feducation%2Fbullion%2Fwhat-is-90-percent-silver-junk-silver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C7pXhnqje4C">Corrosion Tests and Standards</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). ASTM International. 2005. hlm. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corrosion+Tests+and+Standards&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8C7pXhnqje4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Shakudō-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Shakudō_53-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Oguchi, Hachiro (1983). "Japanese Shakudō: its history, properties and production from gold-containing alloys". Gold Bulletin. 16 (4): 125–132. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03214636">10.1007/BF03214636</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gold+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Japanese+Shakud%C5%8D%3A+its+history%2C+properties+and+production+from+gold-containing+alloys&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=125-132&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03214636&rft.aulast=Oguchi&rft.aufirst=Hachiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825225125/http://www.ischumann.com/brass_bronze.html">Brass and Bronze Alloys</a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ischumann.com/brass_bronze.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 25 Agustus 2009, diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brass+and+Bronze+Alloys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ischumann.com%2Fbrass_bronze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C83400&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS%20C83400">UNS C83400</a>, diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNS+C83400&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Falloys%2Fcopper%2Fshow_copper.cfm%3FID%3DUNS_C83400%26show_prop%3Dall%26Page_Title%3DUNS%2520C83400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C86100&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS%20C86100">UNS C86100</a>, diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNS+C86100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Falloys%2Fcopper%2Fshow_copper.cfm%3FID%3DUNS_C86100%26show_prop%3Dall%26Page_Title%3DUNS%2520C86100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95410&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS%20C95410">UNS C95410</a>, diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNS+C95410&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Falloys%2Fcopper%2Fshow_copper.cfm%3FID%3DUNS_C95410%26show_prop%3Dall%26Page_Title%3DUNS%2520C95410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95600&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS%20C95600">UNS C95600</a>, diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNS+C95600&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Falloys%2Fcopper%2Fshow_copper.cfm%3FID%3DUNS_C95600%26show_prop%3Dall%26Page_Title%3DUNS%2520C95600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95700%20&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS%20C95700">UNS C95700</a>, diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNS+C95700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Falloys%2Fcopper%2Fshow_copper.cfm%3FID%3DUNS_C95700%2520%26show_prop%3Dall%26Page_Title%3DUNS%2520C95700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a 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Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Essays+on+Geology%2C+History%2C+and+People%3A+Chapter+3%3A+Fire+and+Metals&rft.au=Cowen%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geology.ucdavis.edu%2F~cowen%2F~GEL115%2F115CH3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thoury, M.; Mille, B.; Séverin-Fabiani, T.; Robbiola, L.; Réfrégiers, M.; Jarrige, J.-F.; Bertrand, L. (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116070">"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object"</a>. Nature Communications. 7: 13356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713356T">2016NatCo...713356T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms13356">10.1038/ncomms13356</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116070">5116070</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27843139">27843139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=High+spatial+dynamics-photoluminescence+imaging+reveals+the+metallurgy+of+the+earliest+lost-wax+cast+object&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=13356&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5116070&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...713356T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27843139&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms13356&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Thoury&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Mille%2C+B.&rft.au=S%C3%A9verin-Fabiani%2C+T.&rft.au=Robbiola%2C+L.&rft.au=R%C3%A9fr%C3%A9giers%2C+M.&rft.au=Jarrige%2C+J.-F.&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5116070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Timberlake, S.; Prag A.J.N.W. (2005). The Archaeology of Alderley Edge: Survey, excavation and experiment in an ancient mining landscape. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd. hlm. 396. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30861%2F9781841717159">10.30861/9781841717159</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781841717159" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781841717159">9781841717159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Alderley+Edge%3A+Survey%2C+excavation+and+experiment+in+an+ancient+mining+landscape&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=John+and+Erica+Hedges+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30861%2F9781841717159&rft.isbn=9781841717159&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+S.&rft.au=Prag+A.J.N.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-CSA-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSA_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSA_98-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203154021/http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php">"CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper"</a>. CSA Discovery Guides. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Februari 2015. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSA+Discovery+Guides&rft.atitle=CSA+%E2%80%93+Discovery+Guides%2C+A+Brief+History+of+Copper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.com%2Fdiscoveryguides%2Fcopper%2Foverview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pompeani-2021_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pompeani-2021_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pompeani-2021_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pompeani-2021_99-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pompeani, David P; Steinman, Byron A; Abbott, Mark B; Pompeani, Katherine M; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822221000072/type/journal_article">"On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts"</a>. Radiocarbon (dalam bahasa Inggris). 63 (2): 513–531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Radcb..63..513P">2021Radcb..63..513P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2021.7">10.1017/RDC.2021.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=On+the+Timing+of+the+Old+Copper+Complex+in+North+America%3A+A+Comparison+of+Radiocarbon+Dates+from+Different+Archaeological+Contexts&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=513-531&rft.date=2021-04&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FRDC.2021.7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Radcb..63..513P&rft.aulast=Pompeani&rft.aufirst=David+P&rft.au=Steinman%2C+Byron+A&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Mark+B&rft.au=Pompeani%2C+Katherine+M&rft.au=Reardon%2C+William&rft.au=DePasqual%2C+Seth&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Robin+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0033822221000072%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-occ-100"><a href="#cite_ref-occ_100-0">^</a> Pleger, Thomas C. 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PLOS ONE (dalam bahasa Inggris). 17 (4): e0266908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1766908B">2022PLoSO..1766908B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0266908">10.1371/journal.pone.0266908</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9041870">9041870</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>). <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35472064">35472064</a> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Refining+the+chronology+of+North+America%27s+copper+using+traditions%3A+A+macroscalar+approach+via+Bayesian+modeling&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0266908&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9041870&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1766908B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35472064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0266908&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Bebber&rft.aufirst=Michelle+R.&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+Briggs&rft.au=Holland-Lulewicz%2C+Jacob&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9041870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Malakoff, David (19 Maret 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6135">"Ancient Native Americans were among the world's first coppersmiths"</a>. Science. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abi6135">10.1126/science.abi6135</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Native+Americans+were+among+the+world%27s+first+coppersmiths&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abi6135&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Malakoff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abi6135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pompeani-2013-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pompeani-2013_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pompeani-2013_104-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pompeani, David P.; Abbott, Mark B.; Steinman, Byron A.; Bain, Daniel J. (14 Mei 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304499c">"Lake Sediments Record Prehistoric Lead Pollution Related to Early Copper Production in North America"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (11): 5545–5552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EnST...47.5545P">2013EnST...47.5545P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes304499c">10.1021/es304499c</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621800">23621800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Lake+Sediments+Record+Prehistoric+Lead+Pollution+Related+to+Early+Copper+Production+in+North+America&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=5545-5552&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes304499c&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23621800&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EnST...47.5545P&rft.aulast=Pompeani&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Steinman%2C+Byron+A.&rft.au=Bain%2C+Daniel+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1021%2Fes304499c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bebber, Michelle R.; Eren, Metin I. 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Journal of Archaeological Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 98: 34–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JArSc..98...34B">2018JArSc..98...34B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2018.08.001">10.1016/j.jas.2018.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403">0305-4403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Toward+a+functional+understanding+of+the+North+American+Old+Copper+Culture+%22technomic+devolution%22&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=34-44&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.issn=0305-4403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2018.08.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JArSc..98...34B&rft.aulast=Bebber&rft.aufirst=Michelle+R.&rft.au=Eren%2C+Metin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305440318301596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dainian, Fan. Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology. hlm. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Studies+in+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=228&rft.aulast=Dainian&rft.aufirst=Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wallach, Joel. 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Antiquity Publications Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tainted+ores+and+the+rise+of+tin+bronzes+in+Eurasia%2C+c.+6500+years+ago&rft.pub=Antiquity+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=Radivojevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Miljana&rft.au=Rehren%2C+Thilo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F087%2Fant0871030.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_109-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">McNeil, Ian (2002). Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. 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"The Graeco-Roman Economy in the Super Long-Run: Lead, Copper, and Shipwrecks". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18: 361–372 (366–369). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS104775940000742X">10.1017/S104775940000742X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Graeco-Roman+Economy+in+the+Super+Long-Run%3A+Lead%2C+Copper%2C+and+Shipwrecks&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=361-372+%28366-369%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS104775940000742X&rft.aulast=de+Callata%C3%BF&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Savenije, Tom J.; Warman, John M.; Barentsen, Helma M.; van Dijk, Marinus; Zuilhof, Han; Sudhölter, Ernst J.R. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldbulletin.org/downloads/JACOB_2_33.PDF">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.atitle=Corinthian+Bronze+and+the+Gold+of+the+Alchemists&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-66&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fma9904870&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000MaMol..33...60S&rft.au=Savenije%2C+Tom+J.&rft.au=Warman%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Barentsen%2C+Helma+M.&rft.au=van+Dijk%2C+Marinus&rft.au=Zuilhof%2C+Han&rft.au=Sudh%C3%B6lter%2C+Ernst+J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldbulletin.org%2Fdownloads%2FJACOB_2_33.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Yuniastuti, Ari (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.unnes.ac.id/27080/1/2014-BUKU_AJAR_NUTRISI.pdf">Nutrisi Mikromineral dan Kesehatan</a> (PDF). 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outokumpu.com/files/Technology/Documents/Newlogobrochures/FlashSmelting.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 24 Juli 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outokumpu+Flash+Smelting&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Outokumpu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outokumpu.com%2Ffiles%2FTechnology%2FDocuments%2FNewlogobrochures%2FFlashSmelting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karen A. Mingst (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_spring-1976_30_2/page/263">"Cooperation or illusion: an examination of the intergovernmental council of copper exporting countries"</a>. 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Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 8 (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13756-018-0456-4">10.1186/s13756-018-0456-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2047-2994">2047-2994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6321648">6321648</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30627427">30627427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antimicrobial+Resistance+and+Infection+Control&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+properties+of+a+novel+copper-based+composite+coating+with+potential+for+use+in+healthcare+facilities&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6321648&rft.issn=2047-2994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30627427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13756-018-0456-4&rft.aulast=Montero&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Arellano%2C+Carolina&rft.au=Pardo%2C+Mirka&rft.au=Vera%2C+Rosa&rft.au=G%C3%A1lvez%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Cifuentes%2C+Marcela&rft.au=Berasain%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+A.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+Marisol&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+Claudio&rft.au=Vidal%2C+Roberto+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%2Fs13756-018-0456-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-US_EPA-2008-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_EPA-2008_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_EPA-2008_174-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929135757/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm">"EPA registers copper-containing alloy products"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Badan_Perlindungan_Lingkungan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>. 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Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 20 (6): 426–428. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F501645">10.1086/501645</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/30141645">30141645</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10395146">10395146</a>. 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Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 17 (5–6): 249–256. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctim.2009.07.002">10.1016/j.ctim.2009.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0965-2299">0965-2299</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19942103">19942103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Complementary+Therapies+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+effects+of+magnetic+and+copper+bracelets+in+osteoarthritis%3A+A+randomised+placebo-controlled+crossover+trial&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=249-256&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0965-2299&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19942103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctim.2009.07.002&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Stewart+J.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Sally+R.&rft.au=Campion%2C+Peter+D.&rft.au=Porter%2C+Amanda+J.L.&rft.au=Moffett%2C+Jennifer+A.+Klaber&rft.au=Jackson%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Featherstone%2C+Valerie+A.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.napier.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F9912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uams.edu/update/absolutenm/templates/medical.asp?articleid=3454">Find the Truth Behind Medical Myths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106233901/http://www.uams.edu/update/absolutenm/templates/medical.asp?articleid=3454">Diarsipkan</a> 6 Januari 2014 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Meskipun tidak pernah terbukti bahwa tembaga dapat diserap melalui kulit dengan memakai gelang, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tembaga yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan keracunan, menyebabkan muntah dan, dalam kasus yang parah, kerusakan hati. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Truth in Advertising <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthinadvertising.org/tommie-copper/">Tommie Copper</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd_609–643-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd_609–643_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd_609–643_192-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Michael Gadd (halaman belum tersedia)">Geoffrey Michael Gadd</a> (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/156/3/609.full">"Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation"</a>. Microbiology. 156 (3): 609–643. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.037143-0">10.1099/mic.0.037143-0</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019082">20019082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=Metals%2C+minerals+and+microbes%3A+geomicrobiology+and+bioremediation&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=609-643&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.037143-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20019082&rft.au=Geoffrey+Michael+Gadd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F156%2F3%2F609.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Harbhajan Singh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WY3YvfNoouMC&pg=PA533">Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation</a>. hlm. 509. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-470-05058-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-470-05058-3">978-0-470-05058-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycoremediation%3A+Fungal+Bioremediation&rft.pages=509&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-05058-3&rft.au=Harbhajan+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWY3YvfNoouMC%26pg%3DPA533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Vest, Katherine E.; Hashemi, Hayaa F.; Cobine, Paul A. (2013). "Chapter 13 The Copper Metallome in Eukaryotic Cells". Dalam Banci, Lucia. Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 12. Springer. hlm. 451–78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_13">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-94-007-5560-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-94-007-5560-4">978-94-007-5560-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23595680">23595680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+The+Copper+Metallome+in+Eukaryotic+Cells&rft.btitle=Metallomics+and+the+Cell&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=451-78&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23595680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_13&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5560-4&rft.aulast=Vest&rft.aufirst=Katherine+E.&rft.au=Hashemi%2C+Hayaa+F.&rft.au=Cobine%2C+Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  electronic-book <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-94-007-5561-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-94-007-5561-1">978-94-007-5561-1</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1559-0836">1559-0836</a> electronic-<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1868-0402">1868-0402</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-195"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_195-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022053340/http://www.ocean.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/funFacts.html">"Fun facts"</a>. Horseshoe crab. University of Delaware. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocean.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/funFacts.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 Oktober 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horseshoe+crab&rft.atitle=Fun+facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocean.udel.edu%2Fhorseshoecrab%2FfunFacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippard-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lippard_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippard_196-1">b</a> S.J. Lippard, J.M. Berg "Principles of bioinorganic chemistry" University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA; 1994. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-935702-73-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-935702-73-3">0-935702-73-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Decker, H.; Terwilliger, N. (2000). "COPs and Robbers: Putative evolution of copper oxygen-binding proteins". Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 12): 1777–1782. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.203.12.1777">10.1242/jeb.203.12.1777</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10821735">10821735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=COPs+and+Robbers%3A+Putative+evolution+of+copper+oxygen-binding+proteins&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=Pt+12&rft.pages=1777-1782&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.203.12.1777&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10821735&rft.au=Decker%2C+H.&rft.au=Terwilliger%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schneider, Lisa K.; Wüst, Anja; Pomowski, Anja; Zhang, Lin; Einsle, Oliver (2014). "Chapter 8. No Laughing Matter: The Unmaking of the Greenhouse Gas Dinitrogen Monoxide by Nitrous Oxide Reductase". Dalam Peter M.H. Kroneck; Martha E. Sosa Torres. The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 14. Springer. hlm. 177–210. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-9269-1_8">10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-94-017-9268-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-94-017-9268-4">978-94-017-9268-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25416395">25416395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8.+No+Laughing+Matter%3A+The+Unmaking+of+the+Greenhouse+Gas+Dinitrogen+Monoxide+by+Nitrous+Oxide+Reductase&rft.btitle=The+Metal-Driven+Biogeochemistry+of+Gaseous+Compounds+in+the+Environment&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=177-210&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25416395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-9269-1_8&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9268-4&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Lisa+K.&rft.au=W%C3%BCst%2C+Anja&rft.au=Pomowski%2C+Anja&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lin&rft.au=Einsle%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Denoyer, Delphine; Clatworthy, Sharnel A.S.; Cater, Michael A. (2018). "Chapter 16. Copper Complexes in Cancer Therapy". Dalam Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K.O. Metallo-Drugs: Development and Action of Anticancer Agents. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 18. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. hlm. 469–506. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110470734-022">10.1515/9783110470734-022</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-047073-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-047073-4">978-3-11-047073-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29394035">29394035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+16.+Copper+Complexes+in+Cancer+Therapy&rft.btitle=Metallo-Drugs%3A+Development+and+Action+of+Anticancer+Agents&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=469-506&rft.pub=de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29394035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110470734-022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-047073-4&rft.aulast=Denoyer&rft.aufirst=Delphine&rft.au=Clatworthy%2C+Sharnel+A.S.&rft.au=Cater%2C+Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-copper.org-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copper.org_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copper.org_200-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055140/http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/papers/cu_health_uk/cu_health_uk.html">"Amount of copper in the normal human body, and other nutritional copper facts"</a>. 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World Rabbit Science. 3 (3): 113–118. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4995%2Fwrs.1995.249">10.4995/wrs.1995.249</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Rabbit+Science&rft.atitle=Copper-Protein+Nutrition+of+New+Zealand+White+Rabbits+under+Egyptian+Conditions&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=113-118&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4995%2Fwrs.1995.249&rft.au=Ayyat+M.S.&rft.au=Marai+I.F.M.&rft.au=Alazab+A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friunet.upv.es%2Fhandle%2F10251%2F10503%3Flocale-attribute%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Brewer GJ (Maret 2012). 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BioFactors (Review). 38 (2): 107–113. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbiof.1005">10.1002/biof.1005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F90519">2027.42/90519</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22438177">22438177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioFactors&rft.atitle=Copper+excess%2C+zinc+deficiency%2C+and+cognition+loss+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-113&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F90519&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22438177&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbiof.1005&rft.au=Brewer+GJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://examine.com/supplements/Copper#summary9-0">"Copper: Alzheimer's Disease"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Examine.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Examine.com (halaman belum tersedia)">Examine.com</a>. 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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (12): 613–628. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8020613">10.3390/ijerph8020613</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482">3084482</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21556207">21556207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Hazardous+Compounds+in+Tobacco+Smoke&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=613-628&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3084482&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21556207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph8020613&rft.aulast=Talhout&rft.aufirst=Reinskje&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Florek%2C+Ewa&rft.au=Van+Benthem%2C+Jan&rft.au=Wester%2C+Piet&rft.au=Opperhuizen%2C+Antoon&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3084482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pourkhabbaz, A.; Pourkhabbaz, H. 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Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 15 (1): 636–644. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586865">3586865</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493960">23493960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+Toxic+Metals+in+the+Tobacco+of+Different+Iranian+Cigarette+Brands+and+Related+Health+Issues&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=636-644&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586865&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23493960&rft.aulast=Pourkhabbaz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Pourkhabbaz%2C+H.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bernhard, David; Rossmann, Andrea; Wick, Georg (2005). 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IUBMB Life. 57 (12): 805–809. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216540500459667">10.1080/15216540500459667</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393783">16393783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUBMB+Life&rft.atitle=Metals+in+cigarette+smoke&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=805-809&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15216540500459667&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16393783&rft.aulast=Bernhard&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rossmann%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Wick%2C+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=45" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_Pourbaix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram Pourbaix (halaman belum tersedia)">Diagram Pourbaix</a> untuk tembaga </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/200px-Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/300px-Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/400px-Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png/200px-Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png/300px-Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png/400px-Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png/200px-Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png/300px-Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png/400px-Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png/200px-Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png/300px-Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png/400px-Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dalam air murni, atau kondisi asam atau alkali. Tembaga dalam air netral lebih mulia daripada hidrogen. </td> <td>dalam air yang mengandung sulfida </td> <td>dalam larutan amonia 10 M </td> <td>dalam larutan klorida </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=46" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Massaro, Edward J., ed. (2002). Handbook of Copper Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-89603-943-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-89603-943-8">978-0-89603-943-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Copper+Pharmacology+and+Toxicology&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89603-943-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1988/8808/880808.PDF">"Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary) Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology"</a> (PDF). Office of Technology Assessment. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper%3A+Technology+%26+Competitiveness+%28Summary%29+Chapter+6%3A+Copper+Production+Technology&rft.pub=Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~ota%2Fdisk2%2F1988%2F8808%2F880808.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Current Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 12, Number 10, Mei 2005, hlm. 1161–1208(48) Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress</li> <li><cite class="citation book">William D. Callister (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsscience00call_0">Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (edisi ke-6). Wiley, New York. Table 6.1, hlm. 137. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-73696-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-73696-7">978-0-471-73696-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pages=Table+6.1%2C+hlm.+137&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Wiley%2C+New+York&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-73696-7&rft.au=William+D.+Callister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialsscience00call_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memsnet.org/material/coppercubulk/">Material: Copper (Cu), bulk</a>, MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Kim BE; Nevitt T; Thiele DJ (2008). "Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation". Nat. Chem. Biol. 4 (3): 176–85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchembio.72">10.1038/nchembio.72</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18277979">18277979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Chem.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+for+copper+acquisition%2C+distribution+and+regulation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=176-85&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio.72&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18277979&rft.au=Kim+BE&rft.au=Nevitt+T&rft.au=Thiele+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATembaga" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga&action=edit&section=47" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Copper" class="extiw" title="commons:Copper">Copper</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tembaga" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tembaga">tembaga</a> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/029.htm">Copper</a> di <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (Universitas Nottingham)</li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530211504/http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/copper/index.html">Lembar fakta tembaga dan senyawanya</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Pollutant_Inventory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Pollutant Inventory (halaman belum tersedia)">National Pollutant Inventory</a> Australia</li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org">Copper.org</a> – situs web resmi Copper Development Association dengan situs luas mengenai sifat dan penggunaan tembaga</li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=copper&months=300">Sejarah harga tembaga, menurut IMF</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">(besar)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_sianida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) sianida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(I)_klorida" title="Tembaga(I) klorida">CuCl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_hidrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_iodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) iodida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_asetilida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) asetilida (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu2C2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_kromit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga kromit (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu2Cr2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(I)_oksida" title="Tembaga(I) oksida">Cu2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(I)_hidroksida" title="Tembaga(I) hidroksida">CuOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu2S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(I)_fosfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(I) fosfida (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu3P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_tetrafluoroborat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) tetrafluoroborat (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu(BF4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_karbida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) karbida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuC2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_sianida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) sianida (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) karbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">CuCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_nitrat" title="Tembaga(II) nitrat">Cu(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_azida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) azida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuN6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_oksida" title="Tembaga(II) oksida">CuO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_hidroksida" title="Tembaga(II) hidroksida">Cu(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_iodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) iodida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuI2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_monosulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga monosulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">CuS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_sulfat" title="Tembaga(II) sulfat">CuSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(II)_arsenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(II) arsenat (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu3(AsO4)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_heksafluorokuprat(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium heksafluorokuprat(III) (halaman belum tersedia)">K3CuF6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Cu2O3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesium_heksafluorokuprat(IV)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sesium heksafluorokuprat(IV) (halaman belum tersedia)">Cs2CuF6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidium_heksafluorokuprat(IV)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidium heksafluorokuprat(IV) (halaman belum tersedia)">Rb2CuF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Perhiasan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C5B358;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Perhiasan" title="Templat:Perhiasan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Perhiasan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perhiasan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan">Perhiasan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_jenis_perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar jenis perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anting" title="Anting">Anting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bros" title="Bros">Bros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin" title="Cincin">Cincin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatelaine_(chain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatelaine (chain) (halaman belum tersedia)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelang" title="Gelang">Gelang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelang_kaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelang kaki (halaman belum tersedia)">Gelang kaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesper" title="Gesper">Gesper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam" title="Jam">Jam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jam_kantung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jam kantung (halaman belum tersedia)">jam kantung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamang" title="Jamang">Jamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalung" title="Kalung">Kalung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kancing_kerah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kancing kerah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kancing kerah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kancing_kerah_tangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kancing kerah tangan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kancing kerah tangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelat_bahu" title="Kelat bahu">Kelat bahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembang_goyang" title="Kembang goyang">Kembang goyang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapel_pin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapel pin (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liontin" title="Liontin">Liontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahkota" title="Mahkota">Mahkota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pending" title="Pending">Pending</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjepit_dasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjepit dasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Penjepit dasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rantai_perut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rantai perut (halaman belum tersedia)">Rantai perut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger" title="Siger">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumping" title="Sumping">Sumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntiang" title="Suntiang">Suntiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameng_puting" title="Tameng puting">Tameng puting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusuk_konde" title="Tusuk konde">Tusuk konde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upawita" title="Upawita">Upawita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Pembuatan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Orang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bench_jeweler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bench jeweler (halaman belum tersedia)">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandai_emas" title="Pandai emas">Pandai emas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perancang_perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perancang perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perancang perhiasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapidary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapidary (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembuat_jam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembuat jam (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembuat jam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Proses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting_(metalworking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casting (metalworking) (halaman belum tersedia)">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing) (halaman belum tersedia)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost-wax casting (halaman belum tersedia)">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting_(filling)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casting (filling) (halaman belum tersedia)">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitreous_enamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitreous enamel (halaman belum tersedia)">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravir" title="Gravir">Gravir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filigree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filigree (halaman belum tersedia)">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_clay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal clay (halaman belum tersedia)">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plating (halaman belum tersedia)">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polishing_(metalworking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polishing (metalworking) (halaman belum tersedia)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repoussé and chasing (halaman belum tersedia)">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldering (halaman belum tersedia)">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonesetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stonesetting (halaman belum tersedia)">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wire sculpture (halaman belum tersedia)">Wire wrapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Alat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draw_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draw plate (halaman belum tersedia)">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_(alat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File (alat) (halaman belum tersedia)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandrel (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang" title="Tang">Tang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Bahan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">Logam mulia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Emas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Paladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Aloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloi">Aloi</a> logam mulia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_Britannia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak Britannia (halaman belum tersedia)">Perak Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_berwarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas berwarna (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas berwarna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_mahkota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas mahkota (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas mahkota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrum (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterling_platinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterling platinum (halaman belum tersedia)">Sterling platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakud%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakudō (halaman belum tersedia)">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shibuichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shibuichi (halaman belum tersedia)">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak Sterling (halaman belum tersedia)">Perak Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_dasar" title="Logam dasar">Logam/aloi dasar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuningan_(logam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuningan (logam)">Kuningan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">Perunggu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tembaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokume-gane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokume-gane (halaman belum tersedia)">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewter (halaman belum tersedia)">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_nirkarat" title="Baja nirkarat">Baja tahan karat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata">Batu permata</a> mineral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalsedon" title="Kalsedon">Aventurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agate" class="mw-redirect" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisoberil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisoberil (halaman belum tersedia)">Aleksandrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ametis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ametis">Ametis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beril#Akuamarin_dan_maksis" title="Beril">Akuamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnelian (halaman belum tersedia)">Karnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitrin (halaman belum tersedia)">Sitrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">Intan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diopsida (halaman belum tersedia)">Diopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrud" title="Zamrud">Zamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazuardi" title="Lazuardi">Lazuardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malasit">Malasit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhiasan_markasit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhiasan markasit (halaman belum tersedia)">Markasit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bulan_(permata)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batu bulan (permata) (halaman belum tersedia)">Batu bulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oniks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oniks (halaman belum tersedia)">Oniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" class="mw-redirect" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peridot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peridot (halaman belum tersedia)">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">Kuarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubi">Rubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir" class="mw-redirect" title="Safir">Safir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalit" title="Sodalit">Sodalit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_matahari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batu matahari (halaman belum tersedia)">Batu matahari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanzanit (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanzanit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mata_Harimau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mata Harimau (halaman belum tersedia)">Mata Harimau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourmalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourmalin (halaman belum tersedia)">Tourmalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata">Batu permata</a> organik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber" class="mw-disambig" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopal" title="Kopal">Kopal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koral_(batu_mulia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koral (batu mulia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Koral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(lignit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jet (lignit) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiara" title="Mutiara">Mutiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abalon">Abalon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Istilah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karat_(massa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karat (massa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Karat (massa)</a></li> <li><a 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