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<li id="toc-Intensifying_executive-legislative_power_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensifying_executive-legislative_power_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Intensifying executive-legislative power struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensifying_executive-legislative_power_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seventh_Congress_of_People's_Deputies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Congress_of_People's_Deputies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Seventh Congress of People's Deputies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Congress_of_People's_Deputies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Eighth congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Special_regime"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Special_regime""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>"Special regime"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Special_regime"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Ninth congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>National referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Constitutional convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>July–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_and_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_and_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Siege and assault</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Siege_and_assault-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Siege and assault subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Siege_and_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament_purports_to_impeach_Yeltsin_as_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_purports_to_impeach_Yeltsin_as_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Parliament purports to impeach Yeltsin as president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_purports_to_impeach_Yeltsin_as_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_protests_and_the_barricading_of_the_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_protests_and_the_barricading_of_the_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mass protests and the barricading of the parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_protests_and_the_barricading_of_the_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storming_of_Ostankino_Television_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storming_of_Ostankino_Television_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Storming of Ostankino Television Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storming_of_Ostankino_Television_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storming_of_the_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storming_of_the_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Storming of the White House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storming_of_the_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_on_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_on_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Public opinion on crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_on_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeltsin's_consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeltsin's_consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Yeltsin's consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yeltsin's_consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Yeltsin's consolidation of power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Yeltsin's_consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Immediate aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_first_constitutional_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_first_constitutional_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>End of the first constitutional period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_first_constitutional_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_1993" title="الأزمة الدستورية الروسية 1993 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأزمة الدستورية الروسية 1993" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96_(1993)" title="Канстытуцыйны крызіс у Расіі (1993) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыйны крызіс у Расіі (1993)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(1992_%E2%80%93_1993)" title="Руска конституционна криза (1992 – 1993) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руска конституционна криза (1992 – 1993)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_constitucional_russa_de_1993" title="Crisi constitucional russa de 1993 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crisi constitucional russa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstavn%C3%AD_krize_1993" title="Ruská ústavní krize 1993 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská ústavní krize 1993" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Verfassungskrise_1993" title="Russische Verfassungskrise 1993 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Verfassungskrise 1993" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992.%E2%80%931993._aasta_konstitutsioonikriis_Venemaal" title="1992.–1993. aasta konstitutsioonikriis Venemaal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1992.–1993. aasta konstitutsioonikriis Venemaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_(1993)" title="Συνταγματική κρίση στη Ρωσία (1993) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνταγματική κρίση στη Ρωσία (1993)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_constitucional_rusa_de_1993" title="Crisis constitucional rusa de 1993 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis constitucional rusa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993ko_Errusiako_konstituzio-krisia" title="1993ko Errusiako konstituzio-krisia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1993ko Errusiako konstituzio-krisia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_constitutionnelle_russe" title="Crise constitutionnelle russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise constitutionnelle russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%EB%85%84_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%97%8C%EC%A0%95%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="1993년 러시아 헌정위기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1993년 러시아 헌정위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_ustavna_kriza_1993." title="Ruska ustavna kriza 1993. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska ustavna kriza 1993." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_konstitusional_Rusia_1993" title="Krisis konstitusional Rusia 1993 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis konstitusional Rusia 1993" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_costituzionale_russa_del_1993" title="Crisi costituzionale russa del 1993 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi costituzionale russa del 1993" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="המשבר החוקתי ברוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשבר החוקתי ברוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(1993)" title="რუსეთის კონსტიტუციური კრიზისი (1993) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის კონსტიტუციური კრიზისი (1993)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993._gada_konstitucion%C4%81l%C4%81_kr%C4%ABze_Krievij%C4%81" title="1993. gada konstitucionālā krīze Krievijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1993. gada konstitucionālā krīze Krievijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_m._Rusijos_konstitucin%C4%97_kriz%C4%97" title="1993 m. Rusijos konstitucinė krizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1993 m. Rusijos konstitucinė krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(1992-1993)" title="Руска уставна криза (1992-1993) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руска уставна криза (1992-1993)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_constitutionele_crisis_van_1993" title="Russische constitutionele crisis van 1993 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische constitutionele crisis van 1993" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%89" title="10月政変 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="10月政変" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryzys_konstytucyjny_w_Rosji_(1993)" title="Kryzys konstytucyjny w Rosji (1993) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryzys konstytucyjny w Rosji (1993)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_constitucional_russa_de_1993" title="Crise constitucional russa de 1993 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise 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(1992—1993)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_1993." title="Руска уставна криза 1993. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руска уставна криза 1993." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_ustavna_kriza" title="Ruska ustavna kriza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska ustavna kriza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / 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interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97_1993" title="Конституційна криза у Росії 1993 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституційна криза у Росії 1993" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_ho%E1%BA%A3ng_Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Nga_1993" title="Khủng hoảng Hiến pháp Nga 1993 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khủng hoảng Hiến pháp Nga 1993" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Crisis between the Russian presidency and parliament of Russia.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1993 Russian constitutional crisis or "October Coup"</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">post-Soviet conflicts</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/300px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/450px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/600px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="921" /></a></span><br />The White House in October 1993, soon after the assault of government troops supported by tanks</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 September – 4 October 1993<br />(1 week and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><b>Victory of pro-Yeltsin forces:</b> </p> <ul><li>Presidential <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> imposed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">New constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">adopted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a>, regional and local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> disbanded</li> <li>Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_legislative_election" title="1993 Russian legislative election">New parliamentary election</a> held</li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">Soviet system of government</a> in Russia</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Presidential</a> forces</b>: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Main Administration of Protection</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="375" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs">Ministry of the Interior</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/15px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/23px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/30px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="561" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="4th Guards Tank Division">Kantemir Division</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/15px-2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/23px-2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/30px-2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division">Taman Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Pro-Yeltsin demonstrators and organizations</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Federalists and anti-communists</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b>Parliamentary forces</b>: </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_(1992-1993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="952" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_(1992-1993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="952" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Anti-Yeltsin opposition</b>: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/23px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/35px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/45px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">National Unity</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Russia" title="Labour Russia">Labour Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br />Other opposition forces<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Diplomatic support<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">:<br /><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Support<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yerin" title="Viktor Yerin">Viktor Yerin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golushko" title="Nikolai Golushko">Nikolai Golushko</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kulikov" title="Anatoly Kulikov">Anatoly Kulikov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korzhakov" title="Alexander Korzhakov">Alexander Korzhakov</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a></b><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Achalov" title="Vladislav Achalov">Vladislav Achalov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Andrey Dunayev<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Barannikov" title="Viktor Barannikov">Viktor Barannikov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/23px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/35px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/45px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Baburin" title="Sergey Baburin">Sergey Baburin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/23px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/35px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/45px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Makashov" title="Albert Makashov">Albert Makashov</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Alexander Barkashov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Anpilov" title="Viktor Anpilov">Viktor Anpilov</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Political support</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberals</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communists">Anti-communists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States"><img alt="Commonwealth of Independent States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Russia">Communists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg/23px-National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg/35px-National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg/46px-National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National-bolsheviks</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 147 killed, 437 wounded (official assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Russia" title="Prosecutor-General of Russia">Prosecutor-General of Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^</a></b></span> Became <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Russia" title="Acting President of Russia">Acting President of Russia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeachment</a> of Yeltsin, in accordance with the Constitution.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">2022 clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1992 South Ossetia War">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kodori_crisis" title="2001 Kodori crisis">Kodori</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">North Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War">guerrilla phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">North Caucasus insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">IS insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)" title="War in Dagestan (1999)">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Central Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batken_conflict" title="Batken conflict">Batken spillover</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyz revolutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2020">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">South Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Gorno-Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Dungan%E2%80%93Kazakh_ethnic_clashes" title="2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes">Dungan–Kazakh clashes</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Karakalpak_protests" title="2022 Karakalpak protests">Karakalpakstan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Eastern Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1993 Moscow</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian unrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">(outline)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">prelude</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#0036A7;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#0036A7;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Boris Yeltsin</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin#Early_life_and_education" title="Boris Yeltsin">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeltsinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeltsinism">Yeltsinism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin#Communist_Party_membership" title="Boris Yeltsin">CPSU membership</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_elected_by_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee elected by the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_elected_by_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee elected by the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin">Elections</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vote_or_lose" title="Vote or lose">Vote or lose</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Loans for shares</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soskovets_campaign_strategy" title="Soskovets campaign strategy">Soskovets campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_affair" title="Xerox affair">Xerox affair</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>First term</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Yegor_Gaidar" title="Cabinet of Boris Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar">Gaidar Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin%27s_First_Cabinet" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin's First Cabinet">1st Chernomyrdin Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Conference_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation">Constitutional conference</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1993 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin#First_term_as_president" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trips made by Boris Yeltsin">International trips</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Second term</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Second inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">Ruble crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin#Resignation" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin#Second_term_as_president" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trips made by Boris Yeltsin">International trips</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Post-Presidency</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Library" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin#Illness_and_suspected_alcoholism" title="Boris Yeltsin">Illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeltsin_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/150px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/225px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/300px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="174" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_(1978%E2%80%931991),_Emblem_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/68px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boris_Yeltsin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boris Yeltsin"><b>Media gallery</b></a> </p> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yeltsin_sidebar" title="Template:Yeltsin sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yeltsin_sidebar" title="Template talk:Yeltsin sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yeltsin_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yeltsin sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In September and October 1993, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> arose in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> from a conflict between the then Russian president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and the country's <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. Yeltsin performed a <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a>, dissolving parliament and instituting a presidential <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> system. The crisis ended with Yeltsin using military force to attack Moscow's <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">House of Soviets</a> and arrest the lawmakers. In Russia, the events are known as the "<b>October Coup</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Октябрьский путч</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Oktyabr'skiy putch</i></span>) or "<b>Black October</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Чëрный октябрь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Chornyi Oktyabr'</i></span>). </p><p>Yeltsin assumed the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of the Russian Federation">presidency of the Russian Federation</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991; the Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/1978_Russian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Russian constitution">1978 Russian constitution</a> remained in effect. Yeltsin began assuming increasing powers, leading to a political standoff with Russia's parliament, which in 1993 was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a>. After holding a <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_government_referendum" title="1993 Russian government referendum">four-part referendum in April</a> on support for his leadership and socio-economical policies, as well as on support for early elections, Yeltsin called for parliamentary elections and dissolved the legislature on 21 September in a move not authorized by the constitution, nor approved by the referendum. </p><p>On 23 September, the parliament (led by Supreme Soviet Chairman <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>) <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeached</a> Yeltsin, proclaimed vice president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a> the acting president, and barricaded itself in the White House building. Ten days of street fighting commenced between police and demonstrators loyal to Yeltsin and the parliamentarians. On 3 October, demonstrators removed <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> cordons around the parliament and, urged by their leaders, took over the mayor's offices and tried to storm the <a href="/wiki/Ostankinsky_District" title="Ostankinsky District">Ostankino</a> television centre. On 4 October, the army, which had remained neutral, shelled the White House using tanks and stormed the building with special forces on Yeltsin's orders, arresting the surviving leaders of the resistance. All of those involved in the events were later granted amnesty by the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> in February 1994 and released from jail. </p><p>At the climax of the crisis, Russia was thought by some to be "on the brink" of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10-day conflict became the deadliest single event of street fighting in <a href="/wiki/Moscow%27s_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow's history">Moscow's history</a> since the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 147 people were killed and 437 wounded according to the official Russian government statistics. In the wake of the events, Yeltsin consolidated his position, further expanded the powers of the executive, and pushed through the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1993_constitution_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 constitution of the Russian Federation">1993 constitution of the Russian Federation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensifying_executive-legislative_power_struggle">Intensifying executive-legislative power struggle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Intensifying executive-legislative power struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">was dissolved</a> on 26 December 1991 and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> gained its independence as the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>. In Russia, Yeltsin's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia#Transition_to_market_economy_(1991–98)" title="Economy of Russia">economic reform program</a> took effect on 2 January 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterward, <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> skyrocketed, government spending was slashed, and heavy new <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> went into effect. A deep <a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">credit crunch</a> shut down many <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a> and led to a protracted depression. As a result, unemployment reached record levels. The program began to lose support, and the ensuing political confrontation between Yeltsin on one side, and the opposition to radical economic reform on the other, became increasingly centered in the two branches of government. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Real GDP percentage change in Russia<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1990 </th> <th>1991 </th> <th>1992 </th> <th>1993 </th> <th>1994 </th></tr> <tr> <td>−3.0% </td> <td>−5.0% </td> <td>−14.5% </td> <td>−8.7% </td> <td>−12.7% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Throughout 1992, opposition to Yeltsin's reform policies grew stronger and more intractable among bureaucrats concerned about the condition of Russian industry and among regional leaders who wanted more independence from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Russia's vice president, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a>, denounced the Yeltsin program as "economic genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1991 to 1998, the first seven years of Yeltsin's incumbency, the Russian <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (measured by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>) went from over two trillion U.S. dollars annually to less than one and a quarter trillion U.S. per annum. The United States provided an estimated $2.58 billion of official aid to Russia during the eight years of Clinton's presidency, to build a new economic system, and he encouraged American businesses to invest.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-rich republics such as <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkiria</a> called for full independence from Russia. </p><p>Also throughout 1992, Yeltsin wrestled with the Supreme Soviet (the standing legislature) and the Russian Congress of People's Deputies (the country's highest legislative body, from which the Supreme Soviet members were drawn) for control over government and government policy. In 1992 the speaker of the Russian Supreme Soviet, <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>, came out in opposition to the reforms, despite claiming to support Yeltsin's overall goals. </p><p>The president was concerned about the terms of the constitutional amendments passed in late 1991, which meant that his special powers of decree were set to expire by the end of 1992 (Yeltsin expanded the powers of the presidency beyond normal constitutional limits in carrying out the reform program). Yeltsin, awaiting implementation of his <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> program, demanded that parliament reinstate his decree powers (only parliament had the authority to replace or amend the constitution). In the Russian Congress of People's Deputies and in the Supreme Soviet, the deputies refused to adopt a new constitution that would enshrine the scope of presidential powers demanded by Yeltsin into law. </p><p>Another cause of conflict also called repeated refusal of the Congress of People's Deputies to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a> on the termination of the existence of the USSR,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to exclude from the text of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 references to the Constitution and laws of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_Congress_of_People's_Deputies"><span id="Seventh_Congress_of_People.27s_Deputies"></span>Seventh Congress of People's Deputies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seventh Congress of People's Deputies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png/220px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png/330px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png/440px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Congressional factions in December 1992</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">Constitution of Russia 1992 edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During its December session, the parliament clashed with Yeltsin on a number of issues, and the conflict came to a head on 9 December when the parliament refused to confirm <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a>, the widely unpopular architect of Russia's "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>" market liberalizations, as prime minister. The parliament refused to nominate Gaidar, demanding modifications of the economic program and directed the Central Bank, which was under the parliament's control, to continue issuing credits to enterprises to keep them from shutting down.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an angry speech the next day on 10 December, Yeltsin accused the Congress of blocking the government's reforms and suggested the people decide on a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, "which course do the citizens of Russia support? The course of the President, a course of transformations, or the course of the Congress, the Supreme Soviet and its Chairman, a course towards folding up reforms, and ultimately towards the deepening of the crisis."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament responded by voting to take control of the army. </p><p>On 12 December, Yeltsin and parliament speaker Khasbulatov agreed on a compromise that included the following provisions: (1) a national referendum on framing a new Russian constitution to be held in April 1993; (2) most of Yeltsin's emergency powers were extended until the referendum; (3) the parliament asserted its right to nominate and vote on its own choices for prime minister; and (4) the parliament asserted its right to reject the president's choices to head the Defense, Foreign Affairs, Interior, and Security ministries. Yeltsin nominated <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> to be prime minister on 14 December, and the parliament confirmed him. </p><p>Yeltsin's December 1992 compromise with the seventh Congress of the People's Deputies temporarily backfired. Early 1993 saw increasing tension between Yeltsin and the parliament over the language of the referendum and power sharing. In a series of collisions over policy, the congress whittled away the president's extraordinary powers, which it had granted him in late 1991. The legislature, marshaled by Speaker <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>, began to sense that it could block and even defeat the president. The tactic that it adopted was gradually to erode presidential control over the government. In response, the president called a referendum on a constitution for 11 April. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighth_congress">Eighth congress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eighth congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eighth Congress of People's Deputies opened on 10 March 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a strong attack on the president by Khasbulatov, who accused Yeltsin of acting unconstitutionally. In mid-March, an emergency session of the Congress of People's Deputies voted to amend the constitution, strip Yeltsin of many of his powers, and cancel the scheduled April referendum, again opening the door to legislation that would shift the balance of power away from the president. The president stalked out of the congress. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shumeyko" title="Vladimir Shumeyko">Vladimir Shumeyko</a>, first deputy prime minister, declared that the referendum would go ahead, but on 25 April. </p><p>The parliament was gradually expanding its influence over the government. On 16 March, the president signed a decree that conferred Cabinet rank on <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Gerashchenko" title="Viktor Gerashchenko">Viktor Gerashchenko</a>, chairman of the central bank, and three other officials; this was in accordance with the decision of the eighth congress that these officials should be members of the government. The congress' ruling, however, had made it clear that as ministers they would continue to be subordinate to parliament. In general, the parliament's lawmaking activity decreased in 1993, as its agenda increasingly became dominated by efforts to increase the parliamentarian powers and reduce those of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Special_regime""><span id=".22Special_regime.22"></span>"Special regime"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Special regime""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president's response was dramatic. On 20 March, Yeltsin addressed the nation directly on television, declaring that he had signed a decree on a "special regime" (Об особом порядке управления до преодоления кризиса власти), under which he would assume extraordinary executive power pending the results of a referendum on the timing of new legislative elections, on a new constitution, and on public confidence in the president and vice-president.<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeltsin also bitterly attacked the parliament, accusing the deputies of trying to restore the Soviet-era order. </p><p>Soon after Yeltsin's televised address, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Zorkin" title="Valery Zorkin">Valery Zorkin</a> (Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation</a>), Yuri Voronin (first vice-chairman of the Supreme Soviet), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Stepankov" title="Valentin Stepankov">Valentin Stepankov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Russia" title="Prosecutor-General of Russia">Prosecutor-General</a>) made an address, publicly condemning Yeltsin's declaration as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 March, although not yet possessing the signed document,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation">Constitutional Court</a> ruled that some of the measures proposed in Yeltsin's TV address were unconstitutional;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the decree itself, that was only published a few days later,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not contain unconstitutional steps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ninth_congress">Ninth congress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ninth congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png/220px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png/330px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png/440px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Congressional factions in March 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>The ninth congress, which opened on 26 March,<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began with an extraordinary session of the Congress of People's Deputies taking up discussions of emergency measures to defend the constitution, including <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeachment</a> of President Yeltsin. Yeltsin conceded that he had made mistakes and reached out to swing voters in parliament. Yeltsin narrowly survived an impeachment vote on March 28, votes for impeachment falling 72 short of the 689 votes needed for a 2/3 majority. The similar proposal to dismiss Ruslan Khasbulatov, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet was defeated by a wider margin (339 in favour of the motion), though 614 deputies had initially been in favour of including the re-election of the chairman in the agenda, a tell-tale sign of the weakness of Khasbulatov's own positions (517 votes for would have sufficed to dismiss the speaker).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the ninth Congress, the legislative branch was dominated by the joint communist-nationalist Russian Unity bloc,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included representatives of the <a href="/wiki/CPRF" class="mw-redirect" title="CPRF">CPRF</a> and the Fatherland faction (communists, retired military personnel, and other deputies of a socialist orientation),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Party_of_Russia" title="Agrarian Party of Russia">Agrarian Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russia</a> faction led by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Baburin" title="Sergey Baburin">Sergey Baburin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups, together with more centrist groups like Change (Смена), left the opposing bloc of Yeltsin supporters (Democratic Russia and Radical Democrats) in a clear minority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_referendum">National referendum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_government_referendum" title="1993 Russian government referendum">1993 Russian government referendum</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/160px-Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/240px-Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/321px-Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin speaking at a meeting of his supporters on 28 March 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>The referendum would go ahead, but since the impeachment vote failed, the Congress of People's Deputies sought to set new terms for a popular referendum. The legislature's version of the referendum asked whether citizens had confidence in Yeltsin, approved of his reforms, and supported early presidential and legislative elections. The parliament voted that in order to win, the president would need to obtain 50 percent of the whole electorate, rather than 50 percent of those actually voting, to avoid an early presidential election. This time, the Constitutional Court supported Yeltsin and ruled that the president required only a simple majority on two issues: confidence in him, and economic and social policy; he would need the support of half the electorate in order to call new parliamentary and presidential elections. </p><p>On 25 April, a majority of voters expressed confidence in the president,<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and called for new legislative elections. Yeltsin termed the results a mandate for him to continue in power. Before the referendum, Yeltsin had promised to resign, if the electorate failed to express confidence in his policies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this permitted the president to declare that the population supported him, not the parliament, Yeltsin lacked a constitutional mechanism to implement his victory. As before, the president had to appeal to the people over the heads of the legislature. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">1 May</a>, antigovernment protests organized by the hardline opposition turned violent.<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous deputies of the Supreme Soviet took part in organizing the protest and in its course. One <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a> police officer suffered fatal injuries during the riot. As a reaction, a number of the representatives of Saint Petersburg intelligentia (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Basilashvili" title="Oleg Basilashvili">Oleg Basilashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Yuryevich_German" title="Aleksei Yuryevich German">Aleksei German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkady_and_Boris_Strugatsky" title="Arkady and Boris Strugatsky">Boris Strugatsky</a>) sent a petition to president Yeltsin, urging "putting an end to the street criminality under political slogans".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_convention">Constitutional convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitutional convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Conference_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation">Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation</a></div> <p>On 29 April 1993, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> released the text of his proposed constitution to a meeting of government ministers and leaders of the republics and regions, according to <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">ITAR-TASS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGönenç2002161_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGönenç2002161-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 May Yeltsin called for a special assembly of the Federation Council, which had been formed 17 July 1990 within the office of the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other representatives, including political leaders from a wide range of government institutions, regions, public organizations, and political parties, to finalize a draft for a new constitution from 5–10 June, and was followed by a similar decree 21 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGönenç2002161_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGönenç2002161-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After much hesitation, the Constitutional Committee of the Congress of People's Deputies decided to participate and present its own draft constitution. Of course, the two main drafts contained contrary views of legislative-executive relations. Some 700 representatives at the conference ultimately adopted a draft constitution on 12 July that envisaged a bicameral legislature and the dissolution of the congress. But because the convention's draft of the constitution would dissolve the congress, there was little likelihood that the congress would vote itself out of existence. The Supreme Soviet immediately rejected the draft and declared that the Congress of People's Deputies was the supreme lawmaking body and hence would decide on the new constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parliament was active in July–August, while the president was on vacation, and passed a number of decrees that revised economic policy,<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to "end the division of society", It also launched investigations of key advisers of the president, accusing them of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president returned in August and declared that he would deploy all means, including circumventing the constitution, to achieve new parliamentary elections. </p><p>In July, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation</a> confirmed the election of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Sumin" title="Pyotr Sumin">Pyotr Sumin</a> to head the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>, something that Yeltsin had refused to accept. As a result, a situation of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a> existed in that region from July to October in 1993, with two administrations claiming legitimacy simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta.ru_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another conflict involved the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation regarding the regional presidency in <a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a>. The court delegated the question of legality of abolishing the post of the region's president to the Constitutional Court of Mordovia. As a result, popularly elected President <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Guslyannikov" title="Vasily Guslyannikov">Vasily Guslyannikov</a>, member of the pro-Yeltsin <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a> movement, lost his position. Thereafter, the state news agency (<a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">ITAR-TASS</a>) ceased to report on a number of Constitutional Court decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta.ru_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Soviet also tried to further foreign policies that differed from Yeltsin's line. Thus, on 9 July 1993, it passed resolutions on <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, "confirming the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal status</a>" of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine saw its territorial integrity at stake and filed a complaint to the Security Council of the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeltsin condemned the resolution of the Supreme Soviet. In August 1993, a commentator reflected on the situation as follows: "The President issues decrees as if there were no Supreme Soviet, and the Supreme Soviet suspends decrees as if there were no President." (<i><a href="/wiki/Izvestiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvestiya">Izvestiya</a></i>, August 13, 1993).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president launched his offensive on 1 September when he attempted to suspend Vice President Rutskoy, a key adversary.<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutskoy, elected on the same ticket as Yeltsin in 1991, was the president's automatic successor. A presidential spokesman said that he had been suspended because of "accusations of corruption", due to alleged corruption charges, which was not further confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 September, the Supreme Soviet rejected Yeltsin's suspension of Rutskoy and referred the question to the Constitutional Court.<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two weeks later, Yeltsin declared that he would agree to call early presidential elections provided that the parliament also called elections. The parliament ignored him. On 18 September, Yeltsin then named Yegor Gaidar, who had been forced out of office by parliamentary opposition in 1992, a deputy prime minister and a deputy premier for economic affairs. This appointment was unacceptable to the Supreme Soviet.<sup id="cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege_and_assault">Siege and assault</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Siege and assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_(1993).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png/220px-Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png/330px-Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Supreme Soviet session, 21 September 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 September, Yeltsin declared the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a> dissolved;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this act was in contradiction with a number of articles of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">Constitution of 1978</a> (as amended 1989–1993), such as, Article 121<sup>6</sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The powers of the President of Russian Federation cannot be used to change the national and state organization of the Russian Federation, to dissolve or to interfere with the functioning of any elected organs of state power. In this case, his powers cease immediately.</p></blockquote> <p>In his television appearance to the citizens of Russia, President Yeltsin argued for the decree nr 1400 as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>Already for more than a year attempts were made to reach a compromise with the corps of deputies, with the Supreme Soviet. Russians know well how many steps were taken by my side during the last congresses and between them. ... The last days destroyed once and for all the hopes for a resurrection of at least some constructive cooperation. The majority of the Supreme Soviet is directly against the will of the Russian people. A course was taken in favour of the weakening of the president and ultimately his removal from office, of the disorganization of the work of the government; during the last months, dozens of unpopular decisions have been prepared and passed. ... Many of these were deliberately planned to worsen the situation in Russia. The more flagrant ones are the so-called economic policies of the Supreme Soviet, and its decisions on the budget and privatization; there are many others that deepen the crisis, cause colossal damage to the country. All attempts of the government undertaken to at least somewhat alleviate the economic situation are met with incomprehension. There is hardly a day when the cabinet of ministers is not harassed, its hands are not being tied. And this happens in a situation of a deepest economic crisis. The Supreme Soviet has stopped taking into account the decrees of the president, his amendments of the legislative projects, even his constitutional veto rights. Constitutional reform has practically been pared down. The process of creating rule of law in Russia has essentially been disorganized. On the contrary, what is going on is a deliberate reduction of the legal basis of the young Russian state, which is weak enough without this. The legislative work became a weapon of political struggle. Laws, that Russia urgently needs, are being delayed for years. ...<br /> <br />For a long time, most of the sessions of the Supreme Soviet take place with infringements of elementary procedures and order... A cleansing of committees and commissions is taking place. Everyone who does not show personal loyalty to its leader is being mercilessly expelled from the Supreme Soviet, from its presidium. ... This is all bitter evidence of the fact that the Supreme Soviet as a state institution is currently in a state of decay ... . The power in the Supreme Soviet has been captured by a group of persons who have turned it into an HQ of the intransigent opposition. ... The only way to overcome the paralysis of the state authority in the Russian Federation is its fundamental renewal on the basis of the principles of popular power and constitutionality. The constitution currently in force does not enable this. The constitution in force also does not provide for a procedure of passing a new constitution, that would provide for a worthy exit from the crisis of state power. I as the guarantor of the security of our state have to propose an exit from this deadlock, have to break this vicious circle.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the same time, Yeltsin repeated his announcement of a constitutional referendum, and new legislative elections for December. He also repudiated the Constitution of 1978, declaring that it had been replaced with one that gave him extraordinary executive powers. According to the new plan, the lower house would have 450 deputies and be called the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, the name of the Russian legislature before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a>, which would bring together representatives from the 89 subdivisions of the Russian Federation, would assume the role of an upper house. Yeltsin claimed that by dissolving the Russian parliament in September 1993 he was clearing the tracks for a rapid transition to a functioning market economy. With this pledge, he received strong backing from the leading powers of the West. Yeltsin enjoyed a strong relationship with the Western powers, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but the relationship made him unpopular with many Russians. In Russia, the Yeltsin side had control over television, where hardly any pro-parliament views were expressed during the September–October crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_purports_to_impeach_Yeltsin_as_president">Parliament purports to impeach Yeltsin as president</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliament purports to impeach Yeltsin as president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rutskoy called Yeltsin's move a step toward a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i>. The next day, the Constitutional Court held that Yeltsin had violated the constitution and could be impeached.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an all-night session, chaired by Khasbulatov, parliament declared the president's decree null and void.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutskoy was proclaimed acting president until new elections.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dismissed the key ministers <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a> (defense),<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Golushko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Golushko">Nikolay Golushko</a> (security),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yerin" title="Viktor Yerin">Viktor Yerin</a> (interior).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia now had two presidents and two ministers of defense, security, and interior.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> and other top leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a> did not participate in the events, individual members of communist organizations actively supported the parliament. </p><p>On 23 September, with the observance of a quorum, the Congress of People's Deputies was convened (the quorum was 638).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress purported to impeach Yeltsin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996113_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996113-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, Yeltsin announced presidential elections for June 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 September, the Congress of People's Deputies voted to hold simultaneous parliamentary and presidential elections by March 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeltsin scoffed at the parliament-backed proposal for simultaneous elections, and responded the next day by cutting off electricity, phone service, and hot water in the parliament building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_protests_and_the_barricading_of_the_parliament">Mass protests and the barricading of the parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mass protests and the barricading of the parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yeltsin also sparked popular unrest with his dissolution of a Congress and parliament increasingly opposed to his <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> economic reforms. Tens of thousands of Russians marched in the streets of Moscow seeking to bolster the parliamentary cause. The demonstrators were protesting against the deteriorating living conditions. Since 1989, the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> had been declining, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> was rampant, <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crime</a> was skyrocketing, medical services were collapsing and <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> falling. Yeltsin was also increasingly getting the blame.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still hotly debated among Western economists, social scientists, and policy-makers as to whether or not the IMF, World Bank, and U.S. Treasury Department-backed reform policies adopted in Russia, often called "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>", were responsible for Russia's poor record of economic performance in the 1990s or rather that Yeltsin had not gone far enough. </p><p>Under the Western-backed economic program adopted by Yeltsin, the Russian government took several radical measures at once that were supposed to stabilize the economy by bringing state spending and revenues into balance and by letting <a href="/wiki/Market_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Market demand">market demand</a> determine the prices and supply of goods. Under the reforms, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation#Monetary_and_fiscal_policies" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">the government let most prices float</a>, raised taxes, and cut back sharply on spending in industry and construction. These policies caused widespread hardship as many <a href="/wiki/State_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State enterprise">state enterprises</a> found themselves without orders or financing. The rationale of the program was to squeeze the built-in <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflationary pressure</a> out of the economy so that the newly privatized producers would begin making sensible decisions about production, pricing and investment instead of chronically overusing resources, as in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet era</a>. By letting the market rather than <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planners</a> determine prices, product mixes, output levels, and the like, the reformers intended to create an incentive structure in the economy where efficiency and risk would be rewarded and waste and carelessness were punished. Removing the causes of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflation" title="Chronic inflation">chronic inflation</a>, the reform's architects argued, was a precondition for all other reforms. <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a> would wreck both democracy and economic progress, they argued; only by stabilizing the state budget could the government proceed to restructure the economy. A <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland#1990–2009" title="Economy of Poland">similar reform program had been adopted in Poland in January 1990</a>, with generally favorable results. However, Western critics of Yeltsin's reform, most notably <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Goldman" title="Marshall Goldman">Marshall Goldman</a> (who would have favored a more "gradual" transition to market capitalism) consider policies adopted in Poland ill-suited for Russia, given that the impact of communism on the Polish economy and political culture was far less indelible.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Moscow, the Russian masses overall were confused and disorganized. Nonetheless, some of them also tried to voice their protest, and sporadic strikes took place across Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="General statement about historical event not covered in subsequent source. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The protesters included supporters of various communist (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Russia" title="Labour Russia">Labour Russia</a>) and nationalist organizations, including those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (July 2020)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="Talk:1993 Russian constitutional crisis">disputed</a></i>]</sup> A number of armed militants of <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a> took part in the defense of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">Russian White House</a>, as reportedly did veterans of <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistrian</a> forces, including the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> detachment '<a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dnestr</a>', stirred General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a> to protest against Transnistrian interference in Russia's internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 September, Moscow saw the first bloody clashes between the special police and anti-Yeltsin demonstrators. Also on the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Russian Interior Ministry</a> moved to seal off the parliament building. Barricades and wire were put around the building. On 1 October, the Interior Ministry estimated that 600 fighting men with a large cache of arms had joined Yeltsin's political opponents in the parliament building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ostankino"></span><span class="anchor" id="Terry_Michael_Duncan"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storming_of_Ostankino_Television_Tower">Storming of Ostankino Television Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Storming of Ostankino Television Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Congress of People's Deputies still did not discount the prospect of a compromise with Yeltsin. The Russian Orthodox Church acted as a host to desultory discussions between representatives of the Congress and the president. The negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Alexy II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediator</a> continued until 2 October. On the afternoon of 3 October, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Police" title="Moscow City Police">Moscow Municipal Militsiya</a> failed to control a demonstration near the White House, and the political impasse developed into armed conflict. </p><p>On 2 October, supporters of parliament constructed barricades and blocked traffic on Moscow's main streets. Rutskoy signed a decree that had no practical consequences on the release of Viktor Chernomyrdin from the post of Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the afternoon of 3 October, armed opponents of Yeltsin successfully stormed the police cordon around the White House territory, where the Russian parliament was barricaded.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paramilitaries from factions supporting the parliament, as well as a few units of the internal military (armed forces normally reporting to the Ministry of Interior), supported the Supreme Soviet. </p><p>Rutskoy greeted the crowds from the White House balcony, and urged them to form battalions and to go on to seize the mayor's office and the national television center at Ostankino. Khasbulatov also called for the storming of the Kremlin and imprisoning "the criminal and usurper Yeltsin" in <a href="/wiki/Matrosskaya_Tishina" title="Matrosskaya Tishina">Matrosskaya Tishina</a>. At 16:00 Yeltsin signed a decree<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declaring a state of emergency in Moscow. </p><p>On the evening of 3 October, after taking the mayor's office located in the former <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> HQ nearby, pro-parliament demonstrators and gunmen led by General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Makashov" title="Albert Makashov">Albert Makashov</a> moved toward Ostankino, the television center. But the pro-parliament crowds were met by <a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Russia)" title="Militsiya (Russia)">Militsiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a> forces who took positions in and around the TV complex. A pitched battle followed. Part of the TV center was significantly damaged. Television stations went off the air and 46 people were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to official Russian state estimates, including <a href="/wiki/Terry_Michael_Duncan" title="Terry Michael Duncan">Terry Michael Duncan</a>, an American lawyer, who was in Moscow to establish a law firm and was killed while attempting to help the wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Isvestia_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isvestia-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government originally refused to report the number killed, which led to reports that as many as 1,500 people were killed. A report on Ukrainian radio put the number killed at 2,783.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before midnight, the Interior Ministry's units had turned back the parliament loyalists. </p><p>When broadcasting resumed late in the evening, vice-premier <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> called on television for a meeting in support of democracy and President Yeltsin "so that the country would not be turned yet again into a huge concentration camp".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of people with different political convictions and interpretations over the causes of the crisis (such as <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Grigory Yavlinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev" title="Alexander Yakovlev">Alexander Yakovlev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Yury Luzhkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ales_Adamovich" title="Ales Adamovich">Ales Adamovich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a>) also appealed to support the President.<sup id="cite_ref-yabloko.ru_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yabloko.ru-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Union_(Russia)" title="Civic Union (Russia)">Civic Union</a> bloc of 'constructive opposition' issued a statement accusing the Supreme Soviet of having crossed the border separating political struggle from criminality.<sup id="cite_ref-yabloko.ru_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yabloko.ru-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hundred of Yeltsin's supporters spent the night in the square in front of the Moscow City Hall preparing for further clashes, only to learn in the morning of 4 October that the army was on their side. </p><p>The Ostankino killings went unreported by Russian state television. The only independent Moscow radio station's studios were burnt. Two French, one British, and one American journalist were killed by sniper fire during the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fifth journalist died from a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press and broadcast news were censored starting on 4 October, and by the middle of October, prior censorship was replaced by punitive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storming_of_the_White_House">Storming of the White House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Storming of the White House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/220px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/330px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/440px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Burned facade of the White House after the storming</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 2–4 October, the position of the army was the deciding factor. The military equivocated for several hours about how to respond to Yeltsin's call for action. By this time dozens of people had been killed and hundreds had been wounded. Rutskoy, as a former general, appealed to some of his ex-colleagues. After all, many officers and especially rank-and-file soldiers had little sympathy for Yeltsin. The supporters of the parliament did not send any emissaries to the barracks to recruit lower-ranking officer corps, making the fatal mistake of attempting to deliberate only among high-ranking military officials who already had close ties to parliamentary leaders. In the end, a prevailing bulk of the generals did not want to take their chances with a Rutskoy-Khasbulatov regime. Some generals had stated their intention to back the parliament, but at the last moment moved over to Yeltsin's side. </p><p>The plan of action was proposed by Captain Gennady Zakharov. Ten tanks were to fire at the upper floors of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">White House</a>, with the aim of minimizing casualties but creating confusion and panic amongst the defenders. Five tanks were deployed at <a href="/wiki/New_Arbat_Avenue" title="New Arbat Avenue">Novy Arbat</a> bridge and the other five at Pavlik Morozov playground, behind the building. Then, <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">special troops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vympel" title="Vympel">Vympel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha</a> units would storm the parliament premises.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Yeltsin's bodyguard <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korzhakov" title="Alexander Korzhakov">Alexander Korzhakov</a>, firing on the upper floors was also necessary to scare off snipers. By sunrise on 4 October, the Russian army encircled the parliament building, and a few hours later army tanks began to shell the White House, punching holes in the front of it.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 8:00 am Moscow time, Yeltsin's declaration was announced by his press service. Yeltsin declared: </p> <blockquote><p>Those, who went against the peaceful city and unleashed bloody slaughter, are criminals. But this is not only a crime of individual <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">bandits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>-makers. Everything that took place and is still taking place in Moscow is a pre-planned armed rebellion. It has been organized by Communist <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchists</a>, Fascist leaders, a part of former deputies, and the representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>. </p><p>Under the cover of negotiations they gathered forces, recruited bandit troops of mercenaries, who were accustomed to murders and violence. A petty gang of politicians attempted by armed force to impose their will on the entire country. The means by which they wanted to govern Russia have been shown to the entire world. These are cynical lies and bribery. These are <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestones</a>, sharpened iron rods, automatic weapons and machine guns. </p><p> Those, who are waving <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flags</a>, again stained Russia with blood. They hoped for the unexpectedness, for the fact that their impudence and unprecedented cruelty will sow fear and confusion.</p></blockquote> <p>Yeltsin assured the listeners: "The fascist-communist armed rebellion in Moscow shall be suppressed within the shortest period. The Russian state has necessary forces for this."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By noon, troops entered the White House and began to occupy it, floor by floor. Rutskoy's desperate appeal to Air Force pilots to bomb the Kremlin was broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a> radio station but went unanswered.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also tried to have the Chairman of the Constitutional Court, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Zorkin" title="Valery Zorkin">Valery Zorkin</a>, call the Western embassies to guarantee Rutskoy's and his associates' safety – to no avail. Hostilities were stopped several times to allow some in the White House to leave. By mid-afternoon, popular resistance in the streets was completely suppressed, barring occasional sniper fire. </p><p>The "second October Revolution",<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it came to be known, saw the deadliest street fighting in Moscow since 1917. The official list of the dead, presented on July 27, 1994 by the investigation team of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, includes 147 people: 45 civilians and 1 serviceman in Ostankino, and 77 civilians and 24 military personnel of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the "White House area".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some claim Yeltsin was backed by the military only grudgingly, and only at the eleventh hour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The instruments of coercion gained the most, and they would expect Yeltsin to reward them in the future. A paradigmatic example of this was General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a>, who had demonstrated his loyalty during this crisis. Grachev became a key political figure, despite many years of charges that he was linked to corruption within the Russian military.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion_on_crisis">Public opinion on crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public opinion on crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg/145px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg/218px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg/290px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Memory action in 2019. The plaque, showing <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">Yeltsin with a bottle of vodka</a>, says "Nothing is forgotten, no-one is forgiven".</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian public opinion research institute <a href="/wiki/Russian_Public_Opinion_Research_Center" title="Russian Public Opinion Research Center">VCIOM</a>, a state-controlled agency, conducted a poll in the aftermath of October 1993 events and found out that 70% of the people polled thought that the use of military force by Yeltsin was justified and 30% thought it was not justified. This support for Yeltsin's actions declined in later years. When VCIOM-A asked the same question in 2010, only 41% agreed with the use of the military, with 59% opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about the main cause of the events of 3–4 October, 46% in the 1993 VCIOM poll blamed Rutskoy and Khasbulatov. Nine years following the crisis, the most popular culprit was the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> with 36%, closely followed by Yeltsin's policies with 32%.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yeltsin's_consolidation_of_power"><span id="Yeltsin.27s_consolidation_of_power"></span>Yeltsin's consolidation of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yeltsin's consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Immediate aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 October 1993, the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> published the <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> "Writers demand decisive actions of the government" to the government and President signed by 42 well-known Russian <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">literati</a> and hence called the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Forty-Two" title="Letter of Forty-Two">Letter of Forty-Two</a>. It was written in reaction to the events and contained the following seven demands:<sup id="cite_ref-letter_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>All kinds of communist and nationalist parties, fronts, and associations should be disbanded and banned by a decree of the President.</li> <li>All illegal paramilitary and a fortiori armed groups and associations should be identified and disbanded (with bringing them to criminal responsibility when it is bound by a law).</li> <li>Legislation providing for heavy sanctions for propaganda of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_hatred" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial hatred">racial hatred</a>, for calls for violence and brutality should finally begin to work. Prosecutors, investigators, and judges patronizing such socially dangerous crimes should be immediately removed from their work.</li> <li>The organs of the press, which from day to day inspire hatred, call for violence and are, in our opinion, one of the main organizers and perpetrators of the tragedy (and potential perpetrators of a multitude of future tragedies), such as <i>Den</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a></i>, <i>Literaturnaya Rossiya</i> (as well as the television program <i><a href="/wiki/600_Seconds" title="600 Seconds">600 Seconds</a></i>) and a number of others, should be closed until the judicial proceedings start.</li> <li>The activities of bodies of the Soviet authority which refused to obey the legitimate authority of Russia should be suspended.</li> <li>We all together must prevent the trial of the organizers and participants of the bloody drama in Moscow from becoming similar to that shameful farce which is called "the trial of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Eight_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang of Eight (Soviet Union)">Gang of Eight</a>".</li> <li>Recognize not only the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Council</a> but also all bodies (including the Constitutional Court) formed by them as nonlegitimate.</li></ol></blockquote> <p>In the weeks following the storming of the White House, Yeltsin issued a barrage of presidential decrees intended to consolidate his position. On 5 October, Yeltsin banned political leftist and nationalist organizations and newspapers like <i>Den'</i>, <i>Sovetskaya Rossiya</i> and <i>Pravda</i> that had supported the parliament (they would later resume publishing).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an address to the nation on 6 October, Yeltsin also called on those regional <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> that had opposed him – by far the majority – to disband. <a href="/wiki/Valery_Zorkin" title="Valery Zorkin">Valery Zorkin</a>, chairman of the Constitutional Court, was forced to resign. The chairman of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions was also sacked. The anti-Yeltsin TV broadcast <i><a href="/wiki/600_Seconds" title="600 Seconds">600 Seconds</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevzorov" title="Alexander Nevzorov">Alexander Nevzorov</a> was ultimately closed down. </p><p>Yeltsin decreed on 12 October that both houses of parliament would be elected in December. On 15 October, he ordered that a popular referendum be held in December on a new constitution. Rutskoy and Khasbulatov were charged on 15 October with "organizing mass disorders" and imprisoned. On 23 February 1994, the State Duma amnestied all individuals involved in the events of September–October 1993. They were later released in 1994 when Yeltsin's position was sufficiently secure. In early 1995, the criminal proceedings were discontinued and were eventually placed into the archives.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Russia needs order," Yeltsin told the Russian people in a television broadcast in November in introducing his new draft of the constitution, which was to be put to a referendum on 12 December. The new basic law would concentrate sweeping powers in the hands of the president. The bicameral legislature, to sit for only two years, was restricted in crucial areas. The president could choose the prime minister even if the parliament objected and could appoint the military leadership without parliamentary approval. He would head and appoint the members of a new, more powerful security council. If a vote of no confidence in the government was passed, the president would be enabled to keep it in office for three months and could dissolve the parliament if it repeated the vote. The president could veto any bill passed by a simple majority in the lower house, after which a two-thirds majority would be required for the legislation to be passed. The president could not be impeached for contravening the constitution. The central bank would become independent, but the president would need the approval of the State Duma to appoint the bank's governor, who would thereafter be independent of the parliament. At the time, most political observers regarded the draft constitution as shaped by and for Yeltsin and perhaps unlikely to survive him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_first_constitutional_period">End of the first constitutional period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: End of the first constitutional period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">1993 Russian constitutional referendum</a></div> <p>On 12 December, Yeltsin managed to push through his new constitution, creating a strong presidency and giving the president sweeping powers to issue decrees; however, the parliament elected on the same day (with a turnout of about 53%) delivered a stunning rebuke to his neoliberal economic program. Candidates identified with Yeltsin's economic policies were overwhelmed by a huge protest vote, the bulk of which was divided between the Communists (who mostly drew their support from industrial workers, out-of-work bureaucrats, some professionals, and pensioners) and the ultra-nationalists (who drew their support from disaffected elements of the lower <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a>). Unexpectedly, the most surprising insurgent group proved to be the ultranationalist <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a>. It gained 23% of the vote while the Gaidar-led <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Choice_of_Russia" title="Democratic Choice of Russia">Russia's Choice</a> received 15.5% and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 12.4%. Zhirinovsky alarmed many observers abroad with his <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauvinist">chauvinist</a> declarations. Nevertheless, the referendum marked the end of the constitutional period defined by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">constitution</a> adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> in 1978, which was <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978#List_of_amendments" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">amended many times</a> while <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> was a part of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Although Russia would emerge as a dual presidential-parliamentary system in theory, substantial power would rest in the president's hands. Russia now had a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a> who heads a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">cabinet</a> and directs the <a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">administration</a>. Despite officially following a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> constitutional model, the system was effectively an example of president-parliamentary presidentialism because the prime minister is appointed and in effect freely dismissed by the president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">History of Russia (1991–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_legislatures" title="List of attacks on legislatures">List of attacks on legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">1992 Peruvian self-coup</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transnistria is a separatist and internationally unrecognized <i>de facto</i> state, regarded as <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldovan</a> territory by all <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> members.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki 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10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a></i> are <b>discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes</b>, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a></i>), or an abbreviated title. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supporters of Alexander Rutskoy, the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies frequently used those flags. The Russian tricolor itself only remained hoisted at the White House building (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rutube.ru/tracks/2075182.html?v=98de7ffd647be63539e63ac035f67f84">see video documentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105916/http://rutube.ru/tracks/2075182.html?v=98de7ffd647be63539e63ac035f67f84">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Congress enabled this formerly-suspended amendment after it had failed to impeach Yeltsin after his declaration of a 'Special Rule' in March 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBID</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/20040223_199804.pdf">"Russia's New Foreign Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research</i>. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>Hence their wholehearted support for Yeltsin in his September–October 1993 confrontation with the Left-nationalist radical supporters of the Supreme Soviet. The Czech President Václav Havel said October 4 that the clashes in Moscow were not simply 'a power struggle, but rather a fight between democracy and totalitarianism.' In a joint statement Presidents Lennart Meri of Estonia, Guntis Ulmanis of Latvia, and Algirdas Brazauskas of Lithuania called the struggle in Moscow 'a contest between a democratically elected President and antidemocratic power structures.' Their Moldovan counterpart, Mircea Snegur, called the Supreme Soviet supporters 'Communist, imperialist forces who want to turn Russia into a concentration camp'. 'In my thoughts I am on the barricades with the defenders of Russian democracy, as I was next to them in August 1991,' Eduard Shevardnadze said in a message to the Kremlin on the late afternoon of October 3, 1993, when the outcome looked quite grim for Yeltsin. 'Deeply concerned about the events in Moscow, I am again expressing my resolute support for President Yeltsin and his allies.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+New+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F01%2F20040223_199804.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/10/05/yeltsin-receives-widespread-backing-for-assault/46b63d6e-1ec8-4e5e-9045-5415ef4d737e/">"Yeltsin Receives Widespread Backing for Assault"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 4 October 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Yeltsin+Receives+Widespread+Backing+for+Assault&rft.date=1993-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1993%2F10%2F05%2Fyeltsin-receives-widespread-backing-for-assault%2F46b63d6e-1ec8-4e5e-9045-5415ef4d737e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipn.md/en/russian-revolution-of-october-1993-seen-from-office-of-moldovas-ambassador-in-mo-7978_1099671.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Russian Revolution of October 1993' seen from office of Moldova's ambassador in Moscow. Op-Ed by Anatol Țăranu, ex-ambassador of Moldova to Russia"</a>. <i>IPN press agency</i>. 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>Unlike Chisinau, the leaders of the Transnistrian separatists supported almost openly the Rutskoy-Khasbulatov camp, sending paramilitaries from Transnistria to the Russian capital to defend the White House. On October 4, the Moldovan ambassador in Moscow gave an interview for the Russian press, in which he warned about the presence of representatives of paramilitary detachments of the Transnistrian separatists among the defenders of the White House.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPN+press+agency&rft.atitle=%27Russian+Revolution+of+October+1993%27+seen+from+office+of+Moldova%27s+ambassador+in+Moscow.+Op-Ed+by+Anatol+%C8%9A%C4%83ranu%2C+ex-ambassador+of+Moldova+to+Russia&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.md%2Fen%2Frussian-revolution-of-october-1993-seen-from-office-of-moldovas-ambassador-in-mo-7978_1099671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3161002.stm">"Remembering Russia's civil siege"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Russia%27s+civil+siege&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3161002.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/04/putin-continuum-tsars-russia">"Putin is part of a continuum that stretches back to the tsars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 4 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Putin+is+part+of+a+continuum+that+stretches+back+to+the+tsars&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fapr%2F04%2Fputin-continuum-tsars-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraithwaite2011" class="citation book cs1">Braithwaite, Rodric (2011). <i>Afgantsy: the Russians in Afghanistan 1979–89</i>. Profile Books. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-054-0"><bdi>978-1-84668-054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afgantsy%3A+the+Russians+in+Afghanistan+1979%E2%80%9389&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-054-0&rft.aulast=Braithwaite&rft.aufirst=Rodric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrmanov1992" class="citation web cs1">Urmanov, Alexandr (February 6, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231213/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg879.cfm">"The creeping counterrevolution in Russia: local resistance to privatization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg879.cfm">the original</a> on September 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+creeping+counterrevolution+in+Russia%3A+local+resistance+to+privatization&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1992-02-06&rft.aulast=Urmanov&rft.aufirst=Alexandr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2FResearch%2FRussiaandEurasia%2Fbg879.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=pub/uz01">Динамика и структура ВВП Российской Федерации:причины и масштабы искажений</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111094103/http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=pub%2Fuz01">Archived</a> 11 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Marat Nailyevich Usyakov <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohlen1992" class="citation news cs1">Bohlen, Celestine (9 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/09/world/yeltsin-deputy-calls-reforms-economic-genocide.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Yeltsin deputy calls reforms 'economic genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yeltsin+deputy+calls+reforms+%27economic+genocide%27&rft.date=1992-02-09&rft.aulast=Bohlen&rft.aufirst=Celestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F02%2F09%2Fworld%2Fyeltsin-deputy-calls-reforms-economic-genocide.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacehistory-usfp.org/post-cold-war-era/">"The post-Cold War era, 1989–2001"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+post-Cold+War+era%2C+1989%E2%80%932001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeacehistory-usfp.org%2Fpost-cold-war-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРимашевская1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Римашевская, Наталья Михайловна (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210844/http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/data/501/178/1217/006.RIMASHEVSKAYA.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Социальные последствия экономических трансформаций в России</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian), Социологические исследования., pp. 55–65, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/data/501/178/1217/006.RIMASHEVSKAYA.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pages=55-65&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecsocman.edu.ru%2Fdata%2F501%2F178%2F1217%2F006.RIMASHEVSKAYA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Станкевич З. А.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129173645/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2001/n5_6_2001/fc143dae/4cdb3b9b/index.htm">С Союзом покончено. Забудьте!</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207090112/https://rusplt.ru/society/dodavit-gnoy-poka-ne-poluchaetsya.html">"Экс-сопредседателем Фронта национального спасения Ильей Константиновым – Русская планета"</a>. 7 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusplt.ru/society/dodavit-gnoy-poka-ne-poluchaetsya.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC+%E2%80%93+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2019-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusplt.ru%2Fsociety%2Fdodavit-gnoy-poka-ne-poluchaetsya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Павлов Н. А.</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/TEXT/STATYI/pavlov.htm">Незаконченный переворот: причины и последствия</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Воронин Ю. М.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/">Беловежское предательство</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/">Archived</a> August 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. // <i>Советская Россия</i>: газета. – 16.12.2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Central Bank's efforts got in the way of pro-Yeltsin, Western-oriented leaders were seeking to carry out a decisive neoliberal economic transformation of Russia. They undermined the regime of fiscal austerity that the Yeltsin government was attempting to pursue. See, e.g., Thomas F. Remington, <i>Politics in Russia</i> (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2002), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРумянцев2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Румянцев, Олег Г (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9POldxUqhMC&pg=PA784"><bdi lang="ru">Из истории создания Конституции Российской Федерации: Конституционная комиссия стенограммы, материалы, документы (1990–1993 гг.) в 6 томах</bdi></a> (in Russian). Wolters Kluwer Russia. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-466-00354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-466-00354-3"><bdi>978-5-466-00354-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%281990%E2%80%931993+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29+%D0%B2+6+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Russia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5-466-00354-3&rft.aulast=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3+%D0%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9POldxUqhMC%26pg%3DPA784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ya93-s93-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya93-s93_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030174151/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/predely/2-3/ya93-s93.htm">"Хроника Второй Российской республики (январь 1993 – сентябрь 1993 гг.)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/predely/2-3/ya93-s93.htm">the original</a> on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%28%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+1993+%E2%80%93+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1993+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.russ.ru%2Fantolog%2Fpredely%2F2-3%2Fya93-s93.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Josephine T (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenmajoritiesfa0000andr"><i>When majorities fail: the Russian Parliament, 1990–1993</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenmajoritiesfa0000andr/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80112-6"><bdi>978-0-521-80112-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+majorities+fail%3A+the+Russian+Parliament%2C+1990%E2%80%931993&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80112-6&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Josephine+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenmajoritiesfa0000andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFР.Г._Пихоя" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Р.Г. 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Каспаров.Ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Обозреватель. March 23, 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103545/http://www.nasledie.ru/oboz/N09_93/9_02.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220434/http://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=151800"><bdi lang="ru">Дело о Президентском обращении к народу 20 марта 1993 года</bdi></a> (in Russian). Правоведение. pp. 48–63. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=151800">the original</a> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+20+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pages=48-63&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.edu.ru%2Farticle%2Farticle.asp%3FarticleID%3D151800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=43501"><bdi lang="ru">Съезд завершен: противостояние продолжается</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a></i> (in Russian). 30 March 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kommersant&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F&rft.date=1993-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc.aspx%3FDocsID%3D43501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=26903"><bdi lang="ru">Ъ – Блок "Российское единство" не хочет никого свергать</bdi></a> (in Russian). October 16, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610170527/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=26903">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AA+%E2%80%93+%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA+%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%22+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.date=1992-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc.aspx%3FDocsID%3D26903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/29621"><bdi lang="ru">Пресс-конференция фракции 'Отчизна'</bdi></a> (in Russian). Ъ-Газета. 12 November 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%27%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%27&rft.pub=%D0%AA-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=1992-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F29621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126234200/http://panorama.ru/gazeta/p32frac.html"><bdi lang="ru">Владимир Прибыловский: Блоки и фракции российского парламента</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.ru/gazeta/p32frac.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%3A+%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.ru%2Fgazeta%2Fp32frac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718212051/http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi//veil//data/zavtra/98/239/21.html"><bdi lang="ru">Николай Анисин __ ЗАПРОС НА БАБУРИНА</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi//veil//data/zavtra/98/239/21.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD+__+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%91%D0%90%D0%91%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zavtra.ru%2Fcgi%2F%2Fveil%2F%2Fdata%2Fzavtra%2F98%2F239%2F21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scilla.ru/works/partii07/kprf.html"><bdi lang="ru">Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации ("Есть такие партии!")</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014190518/http://www.scilla.ru/works/partii07/kprf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28%22%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%21%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scilla.ru%2Fworks%2Fpartii07%2Fkprf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Российская газета. 1993. 1 апр. Cited in: Белкин А.А.. Дело о референдуме 25 апреля 1993 года. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web1.law.edu.ru/magazine/article.asp?magID=5&magNum=5-6&magYear=1994&articleID=151704">Правоведение"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090512004722/http://web1.law.edu.ru/magazine/article.asp?magID=5&magNum=5-6&magYear=1994&articleID=151704">Archived</a> May 12, 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> 1994, № 5-6. Accessed 2009-04-12. 2009-05-11. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Известия, 4 мая 1993. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%2C+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81+%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9+%22%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81+%D0%9B%D1%82%D0%B4%22+%E2%80%93+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyeltsin.ru%2Fday-by-day%2F1993%2F12%2F04%2F39005%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://base.garant.ru/172280/">"Указ Президента РФ от 21.09.1993 N 1400 "О поэтапной конституционной реформе в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями) | ГАРАНТ"</a>. <i>base.garant.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=base.garant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE%D1%82+21.09.1993+N+1400+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%29+%26%23124%3B+%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbase.garant.ru%2F172280%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Десятый (Чрезвычайный) Съезд народных депутатов Российской Федерации. 24 сентября – 4 октября 1993 года. Стенографический отчет. М. Российский государственный торгово-экономический университет, 2008, с. 441–450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickiewicz1999" class="citation book cs1">Mickiewicz, Ellen P (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingchannels00mick"><i>Changing channels: television and the struggle for power in Russia</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingchannels00mick/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2463-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-2463-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+channels%3A+television+and+the+struggle+for+power+in+Russia&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2463-8&rft.aulast=Mickiewicz&rft.aufirst=Ellen+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingchannels00mick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://base.garant.ru/1778386/">"Заключение Конституционного Суда РФ от 21.09.1993 N З-2 "О соответствии Конституции Российской Федерации действий и решений Президента Российской Федерации Б.Н. Ельцина, связанных с его Указом "О поэтапной конституционной реформе в Российской Федерации" от 21 сентября 1993 года N 1400 и Обращением к гражданам России 21 сентября 1993 года" | ГАРАНТ"</a>. <i>base.garant.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=base.garant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE%D1%82+21.09.1993+N+%D0%97-2+%22%D0%9E+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%91.%D0%9D.+%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%22+%D0%BE%D1%82+21+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+N+1400+%D0%B8+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BA+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+21+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%22+%26%23124%3B+%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbase.garant.ru%2F1778386%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=1&nd=102026173&intelsearch=">Постановление Верховного Совета Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 года № 5790-I «О неотложных мерах по преодолению государственного переворота 21 сентября 1993 года»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=9&nd=102026182&intelsearch=">Постановление Верховного Совета Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 года № 5781-I «Об исполнении полномочий Президента Российской Федерации вице-президентом Российской Федерации Руцким А. В.»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=2&nd=102026214&intelsearch=">Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 г. № 3 «О Министре обороны Российской Федерации»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=1&nd=102026213&intelsearch=">Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 г. № 4 «О Министре безопасности Российской Федерации»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=0&nd=102026212&intelsearch=&firstDoc=1">Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 г. № 5 «О Министре внутренних дел Российской Федерации»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1993" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Margaret (22 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519101305/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/dissolve092293.htm">"Yeltsin Dissolves Parliament, Orders New Vote"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/dissolve092293.htm">the original</a> on 19 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Yeltsin+Dissolves+Parliament%2C+Orders+New+Vote&rft.date=1993-09-22&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Frussiagov%2Fstories%2Fdissolve092293.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Воронин Ю. М.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/KNIGI/Voronin_YuM/Voronin_YuM_2-2.htm">Стреноженная Россия. Политико-экономический портрет ельцинизма</a>. – М.: Республика, 2003. – с.158 – 656 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996113-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996113_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffries1996">Jeffries 1996</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609214752/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron31.htm">"Октябрь 1993. Хроника переворота. 23 сентября. Третий день противостояния"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron31.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1993.+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.+23+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F.+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.russ.ru%2Fantolog%2F1993%2Fchron31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedomosti.rsfsr-rf.ru/1993/39/#1668">Постановление Съезда народных депутатов Российской Федерации от 24 сентября 1993 года № 5813-I «О досрочных выборах народных депутатов Российской Федерации и Президента Российской Федерации»</a> // Москва. Осень-93: Хроника противостояния. – (2-е изд., испр. и доп.). – М.: Республика, 1995., с.138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/082602.htm">'Has Russia Been on the Right Path?'</a> by Kenneth Rogoff, IMF, August 26, 2002. Criticism on Stiglitz's perspective can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp0471.html">'Whence Reform? A Critique of the Stiglitz Perspective'</a> by M. Dabrowski, S. Gomulka, J. Rostowski, Centre for Economic Performance, September 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2001" class="citation book cs1">Cox, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsB-5-e0RwgC&pg=PA78"><i>Close protection: the politics of guarding Russia's rulers</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96688-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96688-1"><bdi>978-0-275-96688-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Close+protection%3A+the+politics+of+guarding+Russia%27s+rulers&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96688-1&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsB-5-e0RwgC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220091412/http://panorama.ru/gazeta/p41leb.html"><bdi lang="ru">ЛЕБЕДЬ Александр Иванович</bdi></a> (in Russian). ПАНОРАМА. July 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.ru/gazeta/p41leb.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%91%D0%95%D0%94%D0%AC+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%90&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.ru%2Fgazeta%2Fp41leb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133751/http://www.specnaz.ru/archive/05_2002/2.htm"><bdi lang="ru">ПУТЬ ГЕНЕРАЛА ЛЕБЕДЯ</bdi></a> (in Russian). СПЕЦНАЗ РОССИИ N. May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specnaz.ru/archive/05_2002/2.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%AC+%D0%93%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%90+%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%91%D0%95%D0%94%D0%AF&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A6%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%97+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%98+N&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specnaz.ru%2Farchive%2F05_2002%2F2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=EXP;n=607407">"Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 2 октября 1993 года № 31 «О Президиуме Совета Министров – Правительства Российской Федерации»"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+2+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+31+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%3Bbase%3DEXP%3Bn%3D607407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Brian D (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oanB4q0o2vsC&q=1993+october+moscow+rutskoy+mayor%27s&pg=PA290"><i>Politics and the Russian army: civil-military relations, 1689–2000</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01694-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01694-0"><bdi>978-0-521-01694-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Russian+army%3A+civil-military+relations%2C+1689%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01694-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Brian+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoanB4q0o2vsC%26q%3D1993%2Boctober%2Bmoscow%2Brutskoy%2Bmayor%2527s%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of the President of Russian Federation of October 3, 1993 Number 1575: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=085389">УКАЗ Президента РФ от 03.10.1993 N 1575</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002080416/http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=085389">Archived</a> October 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПрошкин_Л." class="citation web cs1">Прошкин Л. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2001/proshkin.html">"Неизвестные страницы уголовного дела № 18/123669-93"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+18%2F123669-93&rft.au=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fstatii%2F2001%2Fproshkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isvestia-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isvestia_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article2803780/">Quiet American</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005082147/http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article2803780/">Archived</a> October 5, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by A. Bratersky, for <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a>, October 2005 (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/08/world/us-lawyer-died-as-hero-for-russians.html">"U.S. Lawyer Died as Hero For Russians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 8 October 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Lawyer+Died+as+Hero+For+Russians&rft.date=1993-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fus-lawyer-died-as-hero-for-russians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grigoryants.ru/sovremennaya-diskussiya/chuma-na-oba-vashix-doma">Chuma na oba vashix doma</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqPLUz1Mlfg">"Егор Гайдар в октябре 1993 г."</a> 17 October 2009 – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5+1993+%D0%B3.&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlqPLUz1Mlfg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yabloko.ru-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yabloko.ru_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yabloko.ru_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121062131/http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2003/2003_10/031007_ng_sheynis.html"><bdi lang="ru">Октябрь 1993-го: конец переy the middle of October, ходной эпохи</bdi></a> (in Russian). Yabloko. October 7, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2003/2003_10/031007_ng_sheynis.html">the original</a> on January 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1993-%D0%B3%D0%BE%3A+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5y+the+middle+of+October%2C+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8&rft.pub=Yabloko&rft.date=2003-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabloko.ru%2FPubl%2F2003%2F2003_10%2F031007_ng_sheynis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 36 ff, <i>Restoration in Russia: Why Capitalism Failed</i>, by Boris Kagarlitsky. Verso, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyfCCS1k-IAC&dq=ostankino+massacre&pg=PA36">Google Books excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Treisman" title="Daniel Treisman">Treisman, Daniel</a> (2011) <i>The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev.</i> Simon and Schuster, p. 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4516-0574-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4516-0574-9">1-4516-0574-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelkay2002" class="citation book cs1">Felkay, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YEBhxioiRYC&q=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993&pg=PA77"><i>Yeltsin's Russia and the West</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96538-9"><bdi>978-0-275-96538-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeltsin%27s+Russia+and+the+West&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96538-9&rft.aulast=Felkay&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1YEBhxioiRYC%26q%3Dyeltsin%2Bdecree%2B1400%2B1993%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"After a grisly 10-hour gun battle in which tanks punched holes in the front of the White House, all but an unknown number of last-ditch snipers surrendered." Jonathan Steele and David Hearst, "Yeltsin crushes revolt". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst"><i>The Guardian</i></a>, October 5, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609215024/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron141.htm">"4 октября – Четырнадцатый день противостояния. Расстрел Дома Советов"</a>. <i>Октябрь 1993. Хроника переворота</i> (in Russian). Russian Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron141.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1993.+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=4+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.russ.ru%2Fantolog%2F1993%2Fchron141.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/22/080922fa_fact_remnick">"Echo in the Dark"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. 15 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Echo+in+the+Dark&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2008%2F09%2F22%2F080922fa_fact_remnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2009" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UeIcBQAAQBAJ&q=second+October+Revolution&pg=PA1"><i>The Russian Revolution, 1900–1927</i></a>. 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Осень-93: Хроника противостояния. М., 1995. c. 530–533</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013154200/http://www.rusnet.nl/encyclo/g/grachev.shtml">"Pavel Grachev"</a>. Rusnet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusnet.nl/encyclo/g/grachev.shtml">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pavel+Grachev&rft.pub=Rusnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusnet.nl%2Fencyclo%2Fg%2Fgrachev.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russiavotes.org/admin/single_slide_display.php?sld=243">"Russia Votes"</a>. <i>www.russiavotes.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.russiavotes.org&rft.atitle=Russia+Votes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russiavotes.org%2Fadmin%2Fsingle_slide_display.php%3Fsld%3D365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letter_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716043414/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/HONOUR/LETT42.HTM"><bdi lang="ru">Писатели требуют от правительства решительных действий</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> (in Russian). October 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/HONOUR/LETT42.HTM">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Izvestia&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvivovoco.rsl.ru%2FVV%2FPAPERS%2FHONOUR%2FLETT42.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091447/http://russiancinema.ru/template.php?dept_id=3&e_dept_id=5&e_chrdept_id=4&chr_year=1993&e_chr_id=2154"><bdi lang="ru">Указом Бориса Ельцина при Минпечати России создано управление по предварительной цензуре</bdi></a> (in Russian). Энциклопедия отечественного кино. 5 October 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russiancinema.ru/template.php?dept_id=3&e_dept_id=5&e_chrdept_id=4&chr_year=1993&e_chr_id=2154">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.date=1993-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussiancinema.ru%2Ftemplate.php%3Fdept_id%3D3%26e_dept_id%3D5%26e_chrdept_id%3D4%26chr_year%3D1993%26e_chr_id%3D2154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/TEXT/STATYI/flb_ru_2003.htm">"Октябрьское Восстание 1993 года"</a>. <i>1993.sovnarkom.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1993.sovnarkom.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1993.sovnarkom.ru%2FTEXT%2FSTATYI%2Fflb_ru_2003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_cited">Sources cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGönenç2002" class="citation book cs1">Gönenç, Levent (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVwC9J6EPSwC&pg=PA161"><i>Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries</i></a>. Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-1836-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-1836-5"><bdi>90-411-1836-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Constitutionalism+in+Post-Communist+Countries&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-411-1836-5&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6nen%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Levent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVwC9J6EPSwC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries1996" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac5CUNQPXT8C&pg=PA110"><i>A Guide to the Economies in Transition</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13684-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13684-9"><bdi>0-415-13684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Economies+in+Transition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-13684-9&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAc5CUNQPXT8C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Steele, Jon (2003). <i>War Junkie: One Man's Addiction to the Worst Places on Earth</i>. Corgi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-14984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-14984-6"><bdi>978-0-552-14984-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Junkie%3A+One+Man%27s+Addiction+to+the+Worst+Places+on+Earth&rft.pub=Corgi+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-552-14984-6&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lehrke, Jesse Paul (2013). "The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988–2005." Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. See especially pp. 163–171 and 194–199.</li> <li>Ostrovsky, Alexander (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my-files.su/otgo2w">Расстрел «Белого дома». Чёрный октябрь 1993. (The shooting of the "White House". Black October 1993.)</a> – М.: «Книжный мир», 2014. – 640 с. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8041-0637-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8041-0637-0">978-5-8041-0637-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/weekinreview/12barry.html">"A Specter's Shadow Returns to Haunt Moscow"</a> article by Ellen Barry in <i>The New York Times</i> October 11, 2008 (15th anniversary demonstration)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/">A collection of materials on the topic; pro-parliament</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD)_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Конституция (Основной Закон) Российской Федерации (проект Конституционной комиссии РФ)">Draft Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation</a> (Constitutional Commission draft, text as of August 1993)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD)_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%A4)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Конституция (Основной Закон) Российской Федерации (проект представленный Президентом РФ)">Draft Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation</a> (presidential draft, text as of April 30, 1993)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Конституция Российской Федерации (проект Конституционного совещания)">Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation</a> (Constitutional Convention draft, text as of July 12, 1993)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.su/doc/krf9312.html">Constitution of the Russian Federation</a> as adopted on December 12, 1993 (without <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm">subsequent amendments</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com.au/photos/the-constitutional-crisis-of-1993">Getty Images the Constitutional Crisis of 1993</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups since 1991</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_since_2010" title="List of coups and coup attempts since 2010">since 2010</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Soviet Union (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">Georgia (1991–1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li>Venezuela (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">Azerbaijan (1993)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_the_Volunteers" title="Coup of the Volunteers">Lithuania (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana (1994)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1994 Cambodian coup d'état attempt">Cambodia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_attempt" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup attempt">Azerbaijan (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1995 Qatari coup d'état">Qatar (1995)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Iraqi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Iraqi coup attempt">Iraq (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_attempt" title="1996 Qatari coup attempt">Qatar (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">Cambodia (1997)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">Turkey (1997)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Pakistan (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Solomon_Islands_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Solomon Islands coup d'état">Solomon Islands (2000)</a> <sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Philippines (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylas_uprising" title="Andahuaylas uprising">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">Nepal (2005)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2006)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2006)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_siege" title="Manila Peninsula siege">Philippines (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="2011 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (2011)</a></li> <li>Mali (2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">March</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">April</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2014)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Yemen (2014–15)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">Turkey (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_clashes_(2016%E2%80%932018)" title="Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)">Libya (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aden_(2018)" title="Battle of Aden (2018)">Yemen (2018)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li>Sudan (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Burkina Faso (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Nigeria (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="2024 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a> or its attempt</i></li> <li><sup><small>[no symbol]</small></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup</a> attempt</i></li> <li><sup><small>c</small></sup> <i>Successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></i><br />See also: <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Plots_and_conspiracies" title="Template:Plots and conspiracies">Plots and conspiracies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boris_Yeltsin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template talk:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boris_Yeltsin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">1st President of Russia</a> (1991–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butka,_Russia" title="Butka, Russia">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City Committee of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Second inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Yegor_Gaidar" title="Cabinet of Boris Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar">Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 Soviet coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">Demographic crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">Elizabeth II visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1993">Monetary reform (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">Monetary reform (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 financial crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_miners%27_strike" title="1998 Russian miners' strike">1998 miners' strike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin" title="List of international presidential trips made by Boris Yeltsin">List of trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">Impeachment attempts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vote_or_lose" title="Vote or lose">Vote or lose</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Loans for shares scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soskovets_campaign_strategy" title="Soskovets campaign strategy">Soskovets campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_affair" title="Xerox affair">Xerox affair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Library" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz-Russian_Slavic_University_named_after_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin">Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_Academy,_named_after_the_first_President_of_Russia_Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin (page does not exist)">Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Peak" title="Boris Yeltsin Peak">Boris Yeltsin Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_of_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Street of Boris Yeltsin">Street of Boris Yeltsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Yekaterinburg" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Yekaterinburg">Monument (Yekaterinburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Cholpon-Ata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Cholpon-Ata (page does not exist)">Monument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholpon-Ata" title="Cholpon-Ata">Cholpon-Ata</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Volleyball_Cup" title="Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup">Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_on_a_Given_Theme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confession on a Given Theme (page does not exist)">Confession on a Given Theme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_of_President&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes of President (page does not exist)">Notes of President</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Marathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidential Marathon (page does not exist)">Presidential Marathon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin:_From_Dawn_to_Dusk" title="Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk">Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yeltsin:_Three_Days_in_August" title="Yeltsin: Three Days in August">Yeltsin: Three Days in August</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_August%27s_Days&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three August's Days (page does not exist)">Three August's Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar_Boris_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsar Boris (film) (page does not exist)">Tsar Boris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_All_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of All Russia (page does not exist)">President of All Russia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.N._(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.N. (film) (page does not exist)">B.N.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Farewell_to_the_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Life_and_Fate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._First&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. First (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. First</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Retreat_is_Impossible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Yeltsin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Yeltsin</a> <small>(father)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Yeltsina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Yeltsina (page does not exist)">Claudia Yeltsina</a> <small>(mother)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Yeltsina</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Yumasheva" title="Tatyana Yumasheva">Tatyana Yumasheva</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_Okulova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Okulova (page does not exist)">Elena Okulova</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">← Mikhail Gorbachev</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Category:Boris Yeltsin">Category:Boris Yeltsin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict (1990–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War (1990–1992)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia War (1991–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">East Prigorodny conflict (1992)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian constitutional crisis (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War (1999–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">Tuzla Island conflict (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan Uprising (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion (2023)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td 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Macedonia">Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">List of Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proxy_wars" title="List of proxy wars">List of proxy wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">List of frozen conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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