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<li id="toc-Chechnya_within_Imperial_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechnya_within_Imperial_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Chechnya within Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechnya_within_Imperial_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechen_declaration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechen_declaration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Chechen declaration of independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechen_declaration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_conflict_in_Chechnya_and_the_Grozny–Moscow_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_conflict_in_Chechnya_and_the_Grozny–Moscow_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Internal conflict in Chechnya and the Grozny–Moscow tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_conflict_in_Chechnya_and_the_Grozny–Moscow_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_stages_of_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_stages_of_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Initial stages of conflict</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_stages_of_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial stages of conflict subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_stages_of_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Initial conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storming_of_Grozny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storming_of_Grozny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Storming of Grozny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storming_of_Grozny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_Russian_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_Russian_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Continued Russian offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_Russian_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuation_of_the_conflict_and_mounting_Russian_defeats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuation_of_the_conflict_and_mounting_Russian_defeats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Continuation of the conflict and mounting Russian defeats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continuation_of_the_conflict_and_mounting_Russian_defeats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Continuation of the conflict and mounting Russian defeats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Continuation_of_the_conflict_and_mounting_Russian_defeats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growing_Russian_defeats_and_unpopularity_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_Russian_defeats_and_unpopularity_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Growing Russian defeats and unpopularity in Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_Russian_defeats_and_unpopularity_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Battle_of_Grozny_and_the_Khasavyurt_Accord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Battle_of_Grozny_and_the_Khasavyurt_Accord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Third Battle of Grozny and the Khasavyurt Accord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Battle_of_Grozny_and_the_Khasavyurt_Accord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_violations_and_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_violations_and_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human rights violations and war crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_violations_and_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spread of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_and_missing_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_and_missing_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Prisoners and missing persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_and_missing_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moscow_peace_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moscow_peace_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Moscow peace treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moscow_peace_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Foreign policy implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">First Chechen War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="الحرب الشيشانية الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الشيشانية الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_guerra_chechena" title="Primer guerra chechena – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer guerra chechena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci Çeçenistan müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Çeçenistan müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی چچن-روس ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی چچن-روس ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রথম চেচেন যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম চেচেন যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Chechnya_I" title="Perang Chechnya I – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Perang Chechnya I" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая чачэнская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая чачэнская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая расейска-чачэнская вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Першая расейска-чачэнская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Първа чеченска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първа чеченска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_de_Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Primera guerra de Txetxènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera guerra de Txetxènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_%C4%8De%C4%8Densk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="První čečenská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První čečenská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cyntaf_Tsietsnia" title="Rhyfel Cyntaf Tsietsnia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cyntaf Tsietsnia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Tschetschenienkrieg" title="Erster Tschetschenienkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Tschetschenienkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimene_T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eenia_s%C3%B5da" title="Esimene Tšetšeenia sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esimene Tšetšeenia sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πρώτος Πόλεμος της Τσετσενίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτος Πόλεμος της Τσετσενίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_chechena" title="Primera guerra chechena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra chechena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_%C4%88e%C4%89enia_milito" title="Unua Ĉeĉenia milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua Ĉeĉenia milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_Txetxeniako_Gerra" title="Lehen Txetxeniako Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen Txetxeniako Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86" title="جنگ نخست چچن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ نخست چچن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_de_Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A9nie" title="Première guerre de Tchétchénie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre de Tchétchénie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ad_Chogadh_na_Seisnia" title="Céad Chogadh na Seisnia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céad Chogadh na Seisnia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%B2%B4%EC%B2%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 체첸 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 체첸 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_%C4%8De%C4%8Denski_rat" title="Prvi čečenski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi čečenski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unesma_milito_di_Chechenia" title="Unesma milito di Chechenia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unesma milito di Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Chechnya_I" title="Perang Chechnya I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Chechnya I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrra_T%C3%A9t%C3%A9n%C3%ADustr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Fyrra Téténíustríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrra Téténíustríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_cecena" title="Prima guerra cecena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra cecena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת צ'צ'ניה הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת צ'צ'ניה הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჩეჩნეთის პირველი ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეჩნეთის პირველი ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denijas_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais Čečenijas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais Čečenijas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8D%C4%97nijos_karas" title="Čečėnijos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čečėnijos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els%C5%91_csecsen_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Első csecsen háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Első csecsen háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прва чеченска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прва чеченска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ჩეჩნეთიშ მაართა ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეჩნეთიშ მაართა ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Чеченийн нэгдүгээр дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чеченийн нэгдүгээр дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Tsjetsjeense_Oorlog" title="Eerste Tsjetsjeense Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste Tsjetsjeense Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89" title="第一次チェチェン紛争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第一次チェチェン紛争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Дуьххьара нохчийн-оьрсийн тӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьххьара нохчийн-оьрсийн тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_Tsjetsjenia-krigen" title="Den første Tsjetsjenia-krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den første Tsjetsjenia-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_Tsjetsjenia-krigen" title="Den første Tsjetsjenia-krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den første Tsjetsjenia-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Chechenia" title="Primièra Guèrra de Chechenia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Primièra Guèrra de Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinchi_Chechen_urushi" title="Birinchi Chechen urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birinchi Chechen urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی چیچن جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی چیچن جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د چیچنیا لومړۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چیچنیا لومړۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_czecze%C5%84ska" title="I wojna czeczeńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna czeczeńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_da_Chech%C3%AAnia" title="Primeira Guerra da Chechênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Guerra da Chechênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Cecen" title="Primul Război Cecen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul Război Cecen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Перша російско-чеченьска война – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Перша російско-чеченьска война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая чеченская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая чеченская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="First Chechen War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Par%C3%AB_%C3%87e%C3%A7ene" title="Lufta e Parë Çeçene – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Parë Çeçene" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First Chechen War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_vojna_v_%C4%8Ce%C4%8Densku" title="Prvá vojna v Čečensku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá vojna v Čečensku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_%C4%8De%C4%8Denska_vojna" title="Prva čečenska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prva čečenska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جەنگی یەکەمی چیچان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی یەکەمی چیچان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Први чеченски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први чеченски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_%C4%8De%C4%8Denski_rat" title="Prvi čečenski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi čečenski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_T%C5%A1et%C5%A1enian_sota" title="Ensimmäinen Tšetšenian sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen Tšetšenian sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_Tjetjenienkriget" title="Första Tjetjenienkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Första Tjetjenienkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beren%C3%A7e_%C3%A7e%C3%A7en_su%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Berençe çeçen suğışı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Berençe çeçen suğışı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Chechen War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of The <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian<br />conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">post-Soviet conflicts</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg/300px-Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg/450px-Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg/600px-Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="463" /></a></span><br />A Russian <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a> helicopter brought down by Chechen fighters near the Chechen capital of <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> in 1994.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>11 December 1994 – 31 August 1996 (1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> </p> <hr /> <p><i>Foreign volunteers</i>: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen Mujahideen">Foreign Mujahideen</a><sup id="cite_ref-jamestown.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamestown.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chechens_p237_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chechens_p237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/UNA-UNSO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNA-UNSO">UNA-UNSO</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/23px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/35px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/45px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cooley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goltz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goltz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isingor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isingor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_Today_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt_Today-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> Loyalist opposition</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination"><b>X</b></a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zelimkhan_Yandarbiyev" title="Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev">Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Gelayev" title="Ruslan Gelayev">Ruslan Gelayev</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aslambek_Abdulkhadzhiev" title="Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev">Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Alikhadzhiyev" title="Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev">Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vakha_Arsanov" title="Vakha Arsanov">Vakha Arsanov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Salman_Raduyev" title="Salman Raduyev">Salman Raduyev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lecha_Khultygov" title="Lecha Khultygov">Lecha Khultygov</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turpal-Ali_Atgeriyev" title="Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev">Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Akhmed Zakayev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dokka_Umarov" title="Dokka Umarov">Dokka Umarov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khunkar-Pasha_Israpilov" title="Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov">Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Akhmadov" title="Ramzan Akhmadov">Ramzan Akhmadov</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Khattab">Ibn Al-Khattab</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/15px-UNSO-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/23px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/30px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Muzychko" title="Oleksandr Muzychko">Oleksandr Muzychko</a><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kulikov" title="Anatoly Kulikov">Anatoly Kulikov</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shamanov" title="Vladimir Shamanov">Vladimir Shamanov</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Shkirko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Shkirko (page does not exist)">Anatoly Shkirko</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шкирко, Анатолий Афанасьевич">ru</a>]</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kvashnin" title="Anatoly Kvashnin">Anatoly Kvashnin</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Romanov" title="Anatoly Romanov">Anatoly Romanov</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pulikovsky" title="Konstantin Pulikovsky">Konstantin Pulikovsky</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay-Skrypnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay-Skrypnik (page does not exist)">Nikolay-Skrypnik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Скрыпник, Николай Васильевич">ru</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Vorobyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Vorobyov (page does not exist)">Viktor Vorobyov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" class="extiw" title="ru:Воробьёв, Виктор Васильевич (генерал)">ru</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doku_Zavgayev" title="Doku Zavgayev">Doku Zavgayev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_before_2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Labazanov" title="Ruslan Labazanov">Ruslan Labazanov</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> 1,000 (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> Approx. 6,000 (late 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-lutz97_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutz97-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"><img alt="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/15px-UNSO-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/23px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/30px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> 200<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 23,800 (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 70,509 (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Official estimates:</b> <br /> 3,000 (Chechen estimate) <br /> 3,000+ (Russian military data)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>Independent estimates:</b> Approx. 3,000+ killed<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nezavisimaya_Gazeta" title="Nezavisimaya Gazeta">Nezavisimaya Gazeta</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-nvo.ng.ru_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvo.ng.ru-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 3,000 killed (<a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/15px-UNSO-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/23px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/30px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> 4 <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Russian estimate:</b> <br /> 5,552 soldiers killed or missing <br /> 16,098-18,000 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_in_Chechnya_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_in_Chechnya-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Independent estimates:</b><br />14,000 killed (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Committees_of_Soldiers%27_Mothers_of_Russia" title="Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia">CSMR</a>) <br /> 9,000+ killed or missing. Up to 52,000 wounded (<i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Saradzhyan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saradzhyan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 100,000–130,000 civilians killed (Bonner)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />80,000–100,000 civilians killed (Human rights groups estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-civdeath_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civdeath-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 30,000–40,000+ civilians killed (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service">RFSSS</a> data)<sup id="cite_ref-chechenlosses_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chechenlosses-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> At least 161 civilians killed outside Chechnya<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />500,000+ civilians displaced<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Уничтожение чеченской авиации">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" class="extiw" title="uk:Знищення чеченської авіації">uk</a>]</span></li></ul> <p><b>1994–1995</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolinskoye" title="Battle of Dolinskoye">Dolinskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khankala_(1994)" title="Battle of Khankala (1994)">Khankala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%931995)" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)">2nd Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Shali_cluster_bomb_attack" title="1995 Shali cluster bomb attack">Shali cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksai_incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksai incident (page does not exist)">Aksai incident</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Пленение аксайского спецназа">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamut" title="Battle of Bamut">Bamut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vedeno_(1995)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vedeno (1995) (page does not exist)">Vedeno</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_(1995)" class="extiw" title="ru:Взятие Ведено (1995)">ru</a>; <a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denski_napad_na_Gudermes_(1995)" class="extiw" title="sh:Čečenski napad na Gudermes (1995)">sh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samashki_massacre" title="Samashki massacre">Samashki massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gudermes" title="Battle of Gudermes">Gudermes</a></li></ul> <p><b>1996</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar%E2%80%93Pervomayskoye_hostage_crisis" title="Kizlyar–Pervomayskoye hostage crisis">Kizlyar–Pervomayskoye crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_hostage_crisis" title="Black Sea hostage crisis">Black Sea crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(March_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (March 1996)">3rd Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatoy_ambush" title="Shatoy ambush">Shatoy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_Nalchik_bombing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 Nalchik bombing (page does not exist)">Nalchik bombing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_(1996)" class="extiw" title="ru:Террористический акт в Нальчике (1996)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">4th Grozny</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-Soviet_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Post-Soviet_conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Post-Soviet_conflicts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li 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conflict">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">2022 clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1992 South Ossetia War">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kodori_crisis" title="2001 Kodori crisis">Kodori</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">North Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War">guerrilla phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">North Caucasus insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">IS insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)" title="War in Dagestan (1999)">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Central Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batken_conflict" title="Batken conflict">Batken spillover</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyz revolutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2020">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">South Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Gorno-Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Dungan%E2%80%93Kazakh_ethnic_clashes" title="2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes">Dungan–Kazakh clashes</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Karakalpak_protests" title="2022 Karakalpak protests">Karakalpakstan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Eastern Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Moscow</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian unrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">(outline)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">prelude</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Terrorism_in_Russia" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russia_terrorism" title="Template:Campaignbox Russia terrorism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russia_terrorism" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russia terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russia_terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russia terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Terrorism_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia"><span class="wrap">Terrorism in Russia</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><div id="Bold_italics_indicate_incidents_resulting_in_morethan_50_deaths._Incidents_are_bombings,unless_described_otherwise."><i><b>Bold italics</b></i> indicate incidents resulting in more<br />than 50 deaths. Incidents are bombings,<br />unless described otherwise.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Moscow_bombings" title="1977 Moscow bombings">Moscow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis">Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Kaspiysk_bombing" title="1996 Kaspiysk bombing">Kaspiysk</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/1999_Vladikavkaz_bombing" title="1999 Vladikavkaz bombing">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">Apartment bombings</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Kaspiysk_bombing" title="2002 Kaspiysk bombing">Kaspiysk</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2002_Grozny_truck_bombing" title="2002 Grozny truck bombing">Grozny</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2003_Znamenskoye_suicide_bombing" title="2003 Znamenskoye suicide bombing">Znamenskoye</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tushino_bombing" title="2003 Tushino bombing">Tushino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mozdok_truck_bombing" title="Mozdok truck bombing">Mozdok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Stavropol_train_bombing" title="2003 Stavropol train bombing">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Red_Square_bombing" title="2003 Red Square bombing">Red Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2004_Moscow_Metro_bombing" title="February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing">Moscow (February)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Grozny_stadium_bombing" title="2004 Grozny stadium bombing">Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2004_Moscow_Metro_bombing" title="August 2004 Moscow Metro bombing">Moscow (August)</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_aircraft_bombings" title="2004 Russian aircraft bombings">Aircraft bombings</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Moscow_market_bombing" title="2006 Moscow market bombing">Moscow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Vladikavkaz_bombing" title="2008 Vladikavkaz bombing">Vladikavkaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nazran_bombing" title="2009 Nazran bombing">Nazran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nevsky_Express_bombing" title="2009 Nevsky Express bombing">Nevsky Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings" title="2010 Moscow Metro bombings">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kizlyar_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Kizlyar bombings">Kizlyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Stavropol_bomb_blast" title="2010 Stavropol bomb blast">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Tsentoroy_attack" title="2010 Tsentoroy attack">Tsentoroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Vladikavkaz_bombing" title="2010 Vladikavkaz bombing">Vladikavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Chechen_Parliament_attack" title="2010 Chechen Parliament attack">Grozny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing" title="Domodedovo International Airport bombing">Domodedovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Makhachkala_attack" title="2012 Makhachkala attack">Makhachkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2013_Volgograd_bus_bombing" title="October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing">Volgograd (October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Volgograd_bombings" title="December 2013 Volgograd bombings">Volgograd (December)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_gang" title="GTA gang">GTA gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Grozny_bombing" title="2014 Grozny bombing">Grozny bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Grozny_clashes" title="2014 Grozny clashes">Grozny clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_gang" title="GTA gang">GTA gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Metrojet Flight 9268</a></b></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(going to Russia)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shchelkovo_Highway_police_station_attack" title="Shchelkovo Highway police station attack">Shchelkovo Highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">Saint Petersburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_church_shooting" title="Kizlyar church shooting">Kizlyar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_pipelines_sabotage" title="Nord Stream pipelines sabotage">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_commissariats_attacks" title="Russian military commissariats attacks">commissariats attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina#Killing" title="Darya Dugina">Liquidation of Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ust-Ilimsk_military_commissariat_shooting" title="Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting">Ust-Ilimsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soloti_military_training_ground_shooting" title="Soloti military training ground shooting">Soloti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Vladlen_Tatarsky" title="Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky">Explosion on Universitetskaya Embankment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don_pre-trial_detention_center_hostage_crisis" title="Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis">Rostov-on-Don hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surovikino_penal_colony_hostage_crisis" title="Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis">Surovikino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Chechen War</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Chechen–Russian conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Chechen–Russian conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Chechen–Russian conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chechen–Russian_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict"><span class="wrap">Chechen–Russian conflict</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Tsardom of Russia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chechnya_(1708)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Chechnya (1708)">Murat Kuchukov Movement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Russian Empire</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chechnya_(1722)" title="Insurgency in Chechnya (1722)">Insurgency in Chechnya (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chechen-Aul" title="Battle of Chechen-Aul">Insurgency in Chechnya (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur_Movement" title="Sheikh Mansur Movement">Sheikh Mansur Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Chechnya_and_Dagestan" title="Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan">Murid War</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Soviet Union</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">1940–1944 insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Operation Lentil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_anti-Chechen_pogrom_in_Kazakhstan" title="1951 anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan">Anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Slav_ethnic_clashes_(1958%E2%80%931965)" title="Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes (1958–1965)">Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Grozny_riots" title="1958 Grozny riots">Grozny riots</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Russian Federation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)" title="War in Dagestan (1999)">War in Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Ingushetia">War in Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>First Chechen War</b>, also referred to as the <b>First Russo-Chechen War</b>, was a struggle for independence waged by the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> from 11 December 1994 to 31 August 1996. This conflict was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(November_1994)" title="Battle of Grozny (November 1994)">battle of Grozny in November 1994</a>, during which Russia covertly sought to overthrow the new Chechen government. Following the intense <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%931995)" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)">Battle of Grozny in 1994–1995</a>, which concluded with a victory for the Russian federal forces, Russia's subsequent efforts to establish control over the remaining lowlands and mountainous regions of Chechnya were met with fierce resistance and frequent surprise raids by Chechen guerrillas. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">recapture of Grozny in 1996</a> played a part in the <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a> (ceasefire), and the signing of the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Chechnya_Peace_Treaty" title="Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty">Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty</a>. </p><p>The official Russian estimate of Russian military deaths was 6,000, but according to other estimates, the number of Russian military deaths was as high as 14,000.<sup id="cite_ref-jamestown_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to various estimates, the number of Chechen military deaths was approximately 3,000–10,000,<sup id="cite_ref-nvo.ng.ru_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvo.ng.ru-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number of Chechen <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> deaths was between 30,000 and 100,000. Over 200,000 Chechen civilians may have been injured, more than 500,000 people were <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced</a>, and cities and villages were reduced to rubble across the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechnya_within_Imperial_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Chechnya within Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> resistance against Russian <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> has its origins from 1785 during the time of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur" title="Sheikh Mansur">Sheikh Mansur</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> (leader) of the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian peoples</a>. He united various North-Caucasian nations under his command to resist Russian invasions and expansion. </p><p>Following long local resistance during the 1817–1864 <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>, Imperial Russian forces defeated the Chechens and annexed their lands and deported thousands to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in the latter part of the 19th century. The Chechens' subsequent attempts at gaining independence after the 1917 fall of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> failed, and in 1922 <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> became part of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and in December 1922 part of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR). In 1936, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>. </p><p>In 1944, on the orders of <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, more than 500,000 Chechens, the <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a> and several other North <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian people</a> were <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lentil_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Lentil (Caucasus)">ethnically cleansed and deported</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The official pretext was punishment for collaboration with the invading <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the fact that many Chechens and Ingush were loyal to the Soviet government and fought against the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> and they even received the highest military awards in the Soviet Union (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Khanpasha_Nuradilov" title="Khanpasha Nuradilov">Khanpasha Nuradilov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movlid_Visaitov" title="Movlid Visaitov">Movlid Visaitov</a>). In March 1944, the Soviet authorities abolished the Checheno-Ingush Republic. Eventually, Soviet first secretary <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Vainakh</a> (Chechen and Ingush) peoples permission to return to their homeland and he restored their republic in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation_Treaty">Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation Treaty</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/First_Chechen_War" title="Special:EditPage/First Chechen War">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> became an independent state after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in December 1991. The Russian Federation was widely accepted as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states#Soviet_Union" title="Succession of states">successor state to the USSR</a>, but it lost a significant amount of its military and <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a>. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> made up more than 80% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>, but significant ethnic and religious differences posed a threat of political <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">disintegration</a> in some regions. In the Soviet period, some of Russia's approximately 100 <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationalities</a> were granted ethnic <a href="/wiki/Enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaves">enclaves</a> that had various formal federal rights attached. Relations of these entities with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">federal government</a> and demands for <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> erupted into a major political issue in the early 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> incorporated these demands into his 1990 election campaign by claiming that their resolution was a high priority. </p><p>There was an urgent need for a law to clearly define the powers of each federal subject. Such a law was passed on 31 March 1992, when Yeltsin and <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>, then chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Supreme_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Supreme Soviet">Russian Supreme Soviet</a> and an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> himself, signed the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Treaty">Federation Treaty</a> bilaterally with 86 out of 88 federal subjects. In almost all cases, demands for greater autonomy or independence were satisfied by concessions of regional autonomy and tax privileges. The treaty outlined three basic types of federal subjects and the powers that were reserved for local and federal government. The only federal subjects that did not sign the treaty were Chechnya and <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>. Eventually, in early 1994, Yeltsin signed a special political accord with <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaeymiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintimer Shaeymiev">Mintimer Shaeymiev</a>, the president of Tatarstan, granting many of its demands for greater autonomy for the republic within Russia. Thus, Chechnya remained the only federal subject that did not sign the treaty. Neither Yeltsin nor the Chechen government attempted any serious negotiations and the situation deteriorated into a full-scale conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechen_declaration_of_independence">Chechen declaration of independence</h3></div> <p>Meanwhile, on 6 September 1991, militants of the <a href="/wiki/All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People" title="All-National Congress of the Chechen People">All-National Congress of the Chechen People</a> (NCChP) party, created by the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> general <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>, stormed a session of the Supreme Soviet of the <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, with the aim of asserting independence. The storming caused the death of the head of <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>'s branch of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> Vitaliy Kutsenko, who was <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestrated</a> or fell while trying to escape. This effectively dissolved the government of the Checheno-Ingush <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union">Autonomous Republic of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1991_Chechen_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Chechen presidential election">Elections for the president</a> and parliament of Chechnya were held on 27 October 1991. The day before, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a> published a notice in the local Chechen press that the elections were illegal. With a turnout of 72%, 90.1% voted for Dudayev.<sup id="cite_ref-kommersant_history_and_memory_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kommersant_history_and_memory-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dudayev won overwhelming popular support (as evidenced by the later presidential elections with high turnout and a clear Dudayev victory) to oust the interim administration supported by the central government. He became president and declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>In November 1991, Yeltsin dispatched <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a> to <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, but they were forced to withdraw when Dudayev's forces surrounded them at the airport. After Chechnya made its initial declaration of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Republic split in two in June 1992 amidst the <a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">armed conflict between the Ingush and Ossetians</a>. The newly created <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Republic of Ingushetia</a> then joined the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, while Chechnya declared full independence from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1993 as the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> (ChRI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_conflict_in_Chechnya_and_the_Grozny–Moscow_tensions"><span id="Internal_conflict_in_Chechnya_and_the_Grozny.E2.80.93Moscow_tensions"></span>Internal conflict in Chechnya and the Grozny–Moscow tensions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-iternal-praying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Evstafiev-chechnya-iternal-praying.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-iternal-praying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Evstafiev-chechnya-iternal-praying.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-iternal-praying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Evstafiev-chechnya-iternal-praying.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-iternal-praying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dudayev's</a> supporters pray in front of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Grozny" title="Presidential Palace, Grozny">Presidential Palace in Grozny</a>, 1994.</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy of Chechnya collapsed as Dudayev severed economic links with Russia while black market trading, arms trafficking and counterfeiting grew.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence and social disruption increased and the marginal social groups, such as unemployed young men from the countryside, became armed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic Russians and other non-Chechens faced constant harassment as they fell outside the vendetta system which protected the Chechens to a certain extent.<sup id="cite_ref-mountains_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mountains-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1991 to 1994, tens of thousands of people of non-Chechen ethnicity left the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mountains_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mountains-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the undeclared Chechen <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, factions both sympathetic and opposed to <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a> fought for power, sometimes in pitched battles with the use of heavy weapons. In March 1993, the opposition attempted a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, but their attempt was crushed by force. A month later, Dudayev introduced direct presidential rule, and in June 1993 dissolved the Chechen parliament to avoid a referendum on a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_non-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of non-confidence">vote of non-confidence</a>. In late October 1992, Russian forces dispatched to the zone of the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian-Ingush_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetian-Ingush conflict">Ossetian-Ingush conflict</a> were ordered to move to the Chechen border; Dudayev, who perceived this as "an act of aggression against the Chechen Republic", declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> and threatened general <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> if the Russian troops did not withdraw from the Chechen border. To prevent the invasion of Chechnya, he did not provoke the Russian troops. </p><p>After staging another <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> attempt in December 1993, the opposition organized themselves into the Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic as a potential alternative government for Chechnya, calling on Moscow for assistance. In August 1994, the coalition of the opposition factions based in north Chechnya launched a large-scale armed campaign to remove Dudayev's government. </p><p>However, the issue of contention was not independence from Russia: even the opposition stated there was no alternative to an international boundary separating Chechnya from Russia. In 1992, Russian newspaper <i>Moscow News</i> noted that, just like most of the other seceding republics, other than <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, ethnic Chechens universally supported the establishment of an independent Chechen state<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1995, during the heat of the First Chechen War, Khalid Delmayev, a Dudayev opponent belonging to an Ichkerian liberal coalition, stated that "Chechnya's statehood may be postponed... but cannot be avoided".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> covertly supplied opposition forces with finances, military equipment and <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>. Russia also suspended all civilian flights to <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> while the aviation and border troops established a military <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of the republic, and eventually unmarked Russian aircraft began combat operations over <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. The opposition forces, who were joined by Russian troops, launched a poorly organized assault on Grozny in mid-October 1994, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(November_1994)" title="Battle of Grozny (November 1994)">second, larger attack</a> on 26–27 November 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Russian support, both attempts were unsuccessful. Chechen separatists succeeded in capturing some 20 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Army">regulars</a> and about 50 other Russian citizens who were covertly hired by the Russian <a href="/wiki/FSK_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="FSK (Russia)">FSK</a> state security organization (which was later converted to the <a href="/wiki/FSB_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="FSB (Russia)">FSB</a>) to fight for the Provisional Council forces.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 November, President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> issued an ultimatum to all warring factions in Chechnya, ordering them to disarm and surrender. When the government in Grozny refused, Yeltsin ordered the Russian army to invade the region. Both the Russian government and military command never referred to the conflict as a war but instead a 'disarmament of illegal gangs' or a 'restoration of the constitutional order'.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning on 1 December, Russian forces openly carried out heavy <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">aerial bombardments</a> of Chechnya. On 11 December 1994, five days after Dudayev and Russian Minister of Defense Gen. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a> of Russia had agreed to "avoid the further use of force", Russian forces entered the republic in order to "establish constitutional order in Chechnya and to preserve the territorial integrity of Russia." Grachev boasted he could topple Dudayev in a couple of hours with a single airborne regiment, and proclaimed that it will be "a bloodless <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a>, that would not last any longer than 20 December." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_stages_of_conflict">Initial stages of conflict</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/First_Chechen_War" title="Special:EditPage/First Chechen War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_conflict">Initial conflict</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-women-pray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evstafiev-chechnya-women-pray.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-women-pray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evstafiev-chechnya-women-pray.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-women-pray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evstafiev-chechnya-women-pray.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-women-pray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Chechen women praying for Russian troops not to advance on <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, December 1994.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 December 1994, Russian forces launched a three-pronged ground attack towards <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. The main attack was temporarily halted by the deputy commander of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a>, General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Vorobyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Vorobyov (page does not exist)">Eduard Vorobyov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Воробьёв, Эдуард Аркадьевич">ru</a>]</span>, who then resigned in protest, stating that it is "a crime" to "send the army against its own people."<sup id="cite_ref-Gall_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gall-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the Russian military and government opposed the war as well. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Yeltsin</a>'s adviser on nationality affairs, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Pain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Pain (page does not exist)">Emil Pain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Паин, Эмиль Абрамович">ru</a>]</span>, and Russia's Deputy Minister of Defense General <a href="/wiki/Boris_Gromov" title="Boris Gromov">Boris Gromov</a> (commander of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a>), also resigned in protest of the invasion ("It will be a bloodbath, another <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghanistan</a>", Gromov said on television), as did General Boris Poliakov. More than 800 professional soldiers and officers refused to take part in the operation; of these, 83 were convicted by <a href="/wiki/Military_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Military court">military courts</a> and the rest were discharged. Later General <a href="/wiki/Lev_Rokhlin" title="Lev Rokhlin">Lev Rokhlin</a> also refused to be decorated as a <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Hero of the Russian Federation">Hero of the Russian Federation</a> for his part in the war. </p><p>The advance of the northern column was halted by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolinskoye" title="Battle of Dolinskoye">unexpected Chechen resistance</a> at Dolinskoye and the Russian forces suffered their first serious losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Gall_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gall-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Units of Chechen fighters inflicted severe losses on the Russian troops. Deeper in Chechnya, a group of 50 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Airborne Troops">Russian paratroopers</a> was captured by the local Chechen <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>, after being deployed by helicopters behind enemy lines to capture a Chechen weapons cache.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 December, in a rare instance of a Russian outright victory, the Russian airborne forces seized the military airfield next to <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> and repelled a Chechen counter-attack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khankala_(1994)" title="Battle of Khankala (1994)">Battle of Khankala</a>; the next objective was the city itself. With the Russians closing in on the capital, the Chechens began to set up <a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">defensive fighting positions</a> and grouped their forces in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storming_of_Grozny">Storming of Grozny</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–95)">Battle of Grozny (1994–95)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>A Chechen fighter near the burned-out ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Grozny" title="Presidential Palace, Grozny">Presidential Palace in Grozny</a>, January 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> besieged the <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen</a> capital, thousands of civilians died from a week-long series of <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air raids</a> and artillery bombardments in the heaviest bombing campaign in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">destruction of Dresden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial assault on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> 1994 ended in a big Russian defeat, resulting in many casualties and at first a nearly complete breakdown of morale in the Russian forces. The fighting claimed the lives of an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 Russian soldiers, mostly barely trained conscripts; the worst losses were inflicted on the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Soviet_Union)#Post-war_service_history" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Infantry Division (Soviet Union)">131st 'Maikop' Motor Rifle Brigade</a>, which was destroyed in the fighting near the central railway station.<sup id="cite_ref-Gall_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gall-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the early Chechen defeat of the New Year's assault and the many further casualties that the Russians had suffered, <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> was eventually conquered by Russian forces after an <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> campaign. After armored assaults failed, the Russian military set out to take the city using air power and artillery. At the same time, the Russian military accused the Chechen fighters of using civilians as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a> by preventing them from leaving the capital as it was bombarded.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 January 1995, the Russian Major-General Viktor Vorobyov was killed by <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> fire, becoming the first on a long list of Russian generals to be killed in Chechnya. On 19 January, despite many casualties, Russian forces seized the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Grozny" title="Presidential Palace, Grozny">Chechen presidential palace</a>, which had been fought over for more than three weeks as the Chechens abandoned their positions in the ruins of the downtown area. The battle for the southern part of the city continued until the official end on 6 March 1995. </p><p>By the estimates of Yeltsin's human rights adviser <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev" title="Sergei Kovalev">Sergei Kovalev</a>, about 27,000 civilians died in the first five weeks of fighting. The Russian historian and general <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Dmitri Volkogonov</a> said the Russian military's bombardment of Grozny killed around 35,000 civilians, including 5,000 children and that the vast majority of those killed were ethnic Russians. While military casualties are not known, the Russian side admitted to having 2,000 soldiers killed or missing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bloodbath of Grozny shocked Russia and the outside world, inciting severe criticism of the war. International monitors from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) described the scenes as nothing short of an "unimaginable catastrophe", while former Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> called the war a "disgraceful, bloody adventure" and German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> called it "sheer madness".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_Russian_offensive">Continued Russian offensive</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-boy-house-burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Evstafiev-chechnya-boy-house-burns.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-boy-house-burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Evstafiev-chechnya-boy-house-burns.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-boy-house-burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Evstafiev-chechnya-boy-house-burns.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-boy-house-burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>A Chechen stands near a burning house in Grozny.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the fall of <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, the Russian government slowly and methodically expanded its control over the lowland areas and then into the mountains. In what was dubbed the worst massacre in the war, the <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a> and other federal forces <a href="/wiki/Samashki_massacre" title="Samashki massacre">killed up to 300 civilians</a> while seizing the border village of <a href="/wiki/Samashki" title="Samashki">Samashki</a> on 7 April (several hundred more were detained and beaten or otherwise tortured).<sup id="cite_ref-human_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern mountains, the Russians launched an offensive along all the front on 15 April, advancing in large columns of 200–300 vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ChRI forces defended the city of <a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Argun</a>, moving their military headquarters first to surrounded <a href="/wiki/Shali,_Chechen_Republic" title="Shali, Chechen Republic">Shali</a>, then shortly after to the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serzhen%27-Yurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serzhen'-Yurt (page does not exist)">Serzhen'-Yurt</a> as they were forced into the mountains and finally to <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a>'s ancestral stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Vedeno" title="Vedeno">Vedeno</a>. Chechnya's second-largest city of <a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a> was surrendered without a fight but the village of <a href="/wiki/Shatoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatoy">Shatoy</a> was fought for and defended by the men of <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Gelayev" title="Ruslan Gelayev">Ruslan Gelayev</a>. Eventually, the Chechen command withdrew from the area of Vedeno to the Chechen opposition-aligned village of <a href="/wiki/Dargo,_Vedensky_District" title="Dargo, Vedensky District">Dargo</a> and from there to <a href="/wiki/Benoy,_Vedensky_District" title="Benoy, Vedensky District">Benoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an estimate cited in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> analysis report, between January and May 1995, when the Russian forces conquered most of the republic in the conventional campaign, their losses in Chechnya were approximately 2,800 killed, 10,000 wounded and more than 500 missing or captured.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Chechen fighters infiltrated occupied areas, hiding in crowds of returning refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the war continued, the Chechens resorted to mass <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a>-takings, attempting to influence the Russian public and leadership. In June 1995, a group led by the maverick field commander <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a> took more than 1,500 people hostage in southern Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis</a>; about 120 Russian civilians died before a ceasefire was signed after negotiations between Basayev and the Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a>. The raid forced a temporary stop in Russian military operations, giving the Chechens time to regroup and to prepare for the national militant campaign. The full-scale Russian attack led many of <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>'s opponents to side with his forces and thousands of volunteers to swell the ranks of mobile militant units. Many others formed local self-defence <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> units to defend their settlements in the case of federal offensive action, officially numbering 5,000–6,000 armed men in late 1995. According to a UN report, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Armed Forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Armed Forces</a> included a large number of <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">child soldiers</a>, some as young as 11 years old, and also included females.<sup id="cite_ref-humanrts_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanrts-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the territory controlled by them shrank, the Chechens increasingly resorted to classic <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> tactics, such as <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mining</a> roads in enemy-held territory. The use of <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> was particularly noteworthy; they also exploited a combination of <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a>. </p><p>On 6 October 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gen. <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Romanov">Anatoliy Romanov</a>, the federal commander in Chechnya at the time, was critically injured and <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzed</a> in a bomb blast in <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. Suspicion of responsibility for the attack fell on rogue elements of the Russian military, as the attack destroyed hopes for a permanent ceasefire based on the developing trust between Gen. Romanov and the ChRI Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a>, a former colonel in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>; in August, the two went to southern Chechnya to try to convince the local commanders to release Russian prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1996, federal and pro-Russian Chechen forces in Grozny opened fire on a massive pro-independence peace march of tens of thousands of people, killing a number of demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins of the presidential palace, the symbol of Chechen independence, were then demolished two days later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuation_of_the_conflict_and_mounting_Russian_defeats">Continuation of the conflict and mounting Russian defeats</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_Russian_defeats_and_unpopularity_in_Russia">Growing Russian defeats and unpopularity in Russia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-handshake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Evstafiev-chechnya-handshake.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-handshake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Evstafiev-chechnya-handshake.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-handshake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Evstafiev-chechnya-handshake.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-handshake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>A group of Chechen fighters.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 March 1996, a group of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(March_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (March 1996)">Chechen fighters infiltrated Grozny</a> and launched a three-day surprise raid on the city, taking most of it and capturing caches of weapons and ammunition. During the battle, much of the Russian troops were wiped out, with most of them surrendering or routing. After two columns of Russian reinforcements were destroyed on the roads leading to the city, Russian troops eventually gave up on trying to reach the trapped soldiers in the city. Chechen fighters subsequently withdrew from the city on orders from the high command.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month in March, Chechen fighters and Russian federal troops clashed near the village of <a href="/wiki/Samashki" title="Samashki">Samashki</a>. The losses on the Russian side amounted to 28 killed and 116 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 16, a month after the initial conflict, Chechen fighters successfully carried out an <a href="/wiki/Shatoy_ambush" title="Shatoy ambush">ambush near Shatoy</a>, wiping out an entire Russian armored column resulting in losses up to 220 soldiers killed in action. In another attack near <a href="/wiki/Vedeno" title="Vedeno">Vedeno</a>, at least 28 Russian soldiers were killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As military defeats and growing casualties made the war more and more unpopular in Russia, and as the 1996 presidential elections neared, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s government sought a way out of the conflict. Although a Russian <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missile</a> attack assassinated the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ichkeria" title="President of Ichkeria">Chechen president</a> <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a> on 21 April 1996. Yeltsin even officially declared "victory" in Grozny on 28 May 1996, after a new temporary ceasefire was signed with the Chechen <a href="/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">acting president</a> <a href="/wiki/Zelimkhan_Yandarbiyev" title="Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev">Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the political leaders were discussing the ceasefire and peace negotiations, Russian forces continued to conduct combat operations. On 6 August 1996, three days before Yeltsin was to be inaugurated for his second term as Russian president and when most of the Russian troops were moved south due to what was planned as their final offensive against remaining mountainous Chechen strongholds, the Chechens subsequently launched another surprise attack on Grozny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Battle_of_Grozny_and_the_Khasavyurt_Accord">Third Battle of Grozny and the Khasavyurt Accord</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">Battle of Grozny (August 1996)</a></div> <p>Despite Russian troops in and around <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> numbering approximately 12,000, more than 1,500 Chechen guerrillas (whose numbers soon swelled) overran the key districts within hours in an operation prepared and led by <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a> (who named it Operation Zero) and <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a> (who called it Operation Jihad). The fighters then laid <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> to the Russian posts and bases and the government compound in the city centre, while a number of Chechens deemed to be Russian collaborators were rounded up, detained and, in some cases, executed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Russian troops in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Argun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a> were also surrounded in their garrisons. Several attempts by the armored columns to rescue the units trapped in Grozny were repelled with heavy Russian casualties (the 276th Motorized Regiment of 900 men suffered 50% casualties in a two-day attempt to reach the city centre). Russian military officials said that more than 200 soldiers had been killed and nearly 800 wounded in five days of fighting, and that an unknown number were missing; Chechens put the number of Russian dead at close to 1,000. Thousands of troops were either taken prisoner or surrounded and largely disarmed, their heavy weapons and ammunition commandeered by Chechen fighters. </p><p>On 19 August, despite the presence of 50,000 to 200,000 Chechen civilians and thousands of federal servicemen in Grozny, the Russian commander <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pulikovsky" title="Konstantin Pulikovsky">Konstantin Pulikovsky</a> gave an ultimatum for Chechen fighters to leave the city within 48 hours, or else it would be leveled in a massive aerial and artillery bombardment. He stated that federal forces would use <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bombers</a> (not used in Chechnya up to this point) and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. This announcement was followed by chaotic scenes of <a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">panic</a> as civilians tried to flee before the army carried out its threat, with parts of the city ablaze and falling shells scattering refugee columns.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombardment was however soon halted by the ceasefire brokered by General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Yeltsin</a>'s national security adviser, on 22 August. Gen. Lebed called the ultimatum, issued by General Pulikovsky (replaced by then), a "bad joke".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During eight hours of subsequent talks, Lebed and Maskhadov drafted and signed the <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a> on 31 August 1996. It included: technical aspects of <a href="/wiki/Demilitarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Demilitarization">demilitarization</a>, the withdrawal of both sides' forces from Grozny, the creation of joint headquarters to preclude looting in the city, the withdrawal of all federal forces from <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> by 31 December 1996, and a stipulation that any agreement on the relations between the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the Russian federal government need not be signed until late 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_violations_and_war_crimes">Human rights violations and war crimes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chechen_woman_with_a_wounded_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/A_Chechen_woman_with_a_wounded_child.jpg/170px-A_Chechen_woman_with_a_wounded_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/A_Chechen_woman_with_a_wounded_child.jpg/255px-A_Chechen_woman_with_a_wounded_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/A_Chechen_woman_with_a_wounded_child.jpg/340px-A_Chechen_woman_with_a_wounded_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>A Chechen woman with a wounded child.</figcaption></figure> <p>Human rights organizations accused Russian forces of engaging in indiscriminate and disproportionate use of force whenever they encountered resistance, resulting in numerous civilian deaths. (According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Russian artillery and rocket attacks killed at least 267 civilians during the December 1995 raid by the Chechens on the city of <a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-human_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Throughout the span of the first Chechen war, Russian forces have been accused by <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organizations of starting a brutal war with total disregard for <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian law">humanitarian law</a>, causing tens of thousands of unnecessary civilian casualties among the Chechen population. The main strategy in the Russian war effort had been to use heavy artillery and air strikes leading to numerous <a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">indiscriminate attacks</a> on civilians. This has led to Western and Chechen sources calling the Russian strategy deliberate <a href="/wiki/Terror_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror bombing">terror bombing</a> on parts of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Human Rights Watch, the campaign was "unparalleled in the area since World War II for its scope and destructiveness, followed by months of indiscriminate and targeted fire against civilians".<sup id="cite_ref-hrwdevelopment_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwdevelopment-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to ethnic Chechens in Grozny seeking refuge among their respective <i><a href="/wiki/Teips" class="mw-redirect" title="Teips">teips</a></i> in the surrounding villages of the countryside, a high proportion of initial civilian casualties were inflicted against ethnic Russians who were unable to find viable escape routes. The villages were also attacked from the first weeks of the conflict (Russian <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>, for example, killed at least 55 civilians during the 3 January <a href="/wiki/1995_Shali_cluster_bomb_attack" title="1995 Shali cluster bomb attack">1995 Shali cluster bomb attack</a>). </p><p>Russian soldiers often prevented civilians from evacuating areas of imminent danger and prevented <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian organization">humanitarian organizations</a> from assisting civilians in need. It was widely alleged that Russian troops, especially those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a> (MVD), committed numerous and in part systematic acts of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> on Chechen civilians; they were often linked to <i>zachistka</i> ("cleansing" raids on town districts and villages suspected of harboring <i>boyeviki</i> – militants). Humanitarian and aid groups chronicled persistent patterns of Russian soldiers killing, <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">raping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> civilians at random, often in disregard of their nationality. Chechen fighters took hostages on a massive scale, kidnapped or killed Chechens considered to be collaborators and mistreated civilian captives and federal prisoners of war (especially pilots). Russian federal forces kidnapped hostages for ransom and used human shields for cover during the fighting and movement of troops (for example, a group of surrounded Russian troops took approximately 500 civilian hostages at Grozny's 9th Municipal Hospital).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The violations committed by members of the Russian forces were usually tolerated by their superiors and were not punished even when investigated (the story of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Glebov" title="Vladimir Glebov">Vladimir Glebov</a> serving as an example of such policy). Television and newspaper accounts widely reported largely uncensored images of the carnage to the Russian public. The Russian media coverage partially precipitated a loss of public confidence in the government and a steep decline in President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Yeltsin</a>'s popularity. Chechnya was one of the heaviest burdens on Yeltsin's <a href="/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russia#The_1996_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="History of post-Soviet Russia">1996 presidential election campaign</a>. The protracted war in Chechnya, especially many reports of extreme violence against civilians, ignited fear and contempt of Russia among other ethnic groups in the federation. One of the most notable war crimes committed by the Russian army is the <a href="/wiki/Samashki_massacre" title="Samashki massacre">Samashki massacre</a>, in which it is estimated that up to 300 civilians died during the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian forces conducted an operation of <a href="/wiki/Zachistka" title="Zachistka">zachistka</a>, house-by-house searches throughout the entire village. Federal soldiers deliberately and arbitrarily attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in <a href="/wiki/Samashki" title="Samashki">Samashki</a> by shooting residents and burning houses with <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flame-throwers</a>. They wantonly opened fire or threw <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> into basements where residents, mostly women, elderly persons and children, had been hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian troops intentionally burned many bodies, either by throwing the bodies into burning houses or by setting them on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chechen surgeon, <a href="/wiki/Khassan_Baiev" title="Khassan Baiev">Khassan Baiev</a>, treated wounded in Samashki immediately after the operation and described the scene in his book:<sup id="cite_ref-Baiev_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baiev-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Dozens of charred corpses of women and children lay in the courtyard of the mosque, which had been destroyed. The first thing my eye fell on was the burned body of a baby, lying in fetal position... A wild-eyed woman emerged from a burned-out house holding a dead baby. Trucks with bodies piled in the back rolled through the streets on the way to the cemetery. <br /> While treating the wounded, I heard stories of young men – gagged and trussed up – dragged with chains behind personnel carriers. I heard of Russian aviators who threw Chechen prisoners, screaming, out their helicopters. There were rapes, but it was hard to know how many because women were too ashamed to report them. One girl was raped in front of her father. I heard of one case in which the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> grabbed a newborn baby, threw it among each other like a ball, then shot it dead in the air. <br /> Leaving the village for the hospital in Grozny, I passed a Russian armored personnel carrier with the word SAMASHKI written on its side in bold, black letters. I looked in my rearview mirror and to my horror saw a human skull mounted on the front of the vehicle. The bones were white; someone must have boiled the skull to remove the flesh. </p> </blockquote> <p>Major Vyacheslav Izmailov is said to have rescued at least 174 people from captivity on both sides in the war, was later involved in the tracing of <a href="#Prisoners_and_missing_persons">missing persons after the war</a> and in 2021 won the hero's prize at the <a href="/wiki/Stalker_(film_festival)" title="Stalker (film festival)">Stalker Human Rights Film Festival</a> in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-247bulletin_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247bulletin-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-missingiz_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missingiz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_the_war">Spread of the war</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg/170px-Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg/255px-Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg/340px-Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Chechen irregular fighter with a <i><a href="/wiki/Borz" title="Borz">Borz</a></i> submachine gun</figcaption></figure> <p>The declaration by Chechnya's Chief Mufti <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a> that the ChRI was waging a <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i> (<i>struggle</i>) against Russia raised the spectre that <a href="/wiki/Jihadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadi">Jihadis</a> from other regions and even outside Russia would enter the war. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Limited fighting occurred in the neighbouring a small republic of <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, mostly when Russian commanders sent troops over the border in pursuit of Chechen fighters, while as many as 200,000 refugees (from <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and the conflict in <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia</a>) strained Ingushetia's already weak economy. On several occasions, Ingush president <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Aushev" title="Ruslan Aushev">Ruslan Aushev</a> protested incursions by Russian soldiers and even threatened to sue the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Defence</a> for damages inflicted, recalling how the federal forces previously assisted in the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">expulsion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a> population from North Ossetia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undisciplined Russian soldiers were also reported to be committing murders, rapes, and looting in Ingushetia (in an incident partially witnessed by visiting Russian <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a> deputies, at least nine Ingush civilians and an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a> soldier were murdered by apparently drunk Russian soldiers; earlier, drunken Russian soldiers killed another Russian soldier, five Ingush villagers and even Ingushetia's Health Minister).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much larger and more deadly acts of hostility took place in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Dagestan">Republic of Dagestan</a>. In particular, the border village of <a href="/wiki/Pervomayskoye,_Khasavyurtovsky_District,_Republic_of_Dagestan" title="Pervomayskoye, Khasavyurtovsky District, Republic of Dagestan">Pervomayskoye</a> was completely destroyed by Russian forces in January 1996 in reaction to the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis">Chechen hostage taking in Kizlyar</a> in Dagestan (in which more than 2,000 hostages were taken), bringing strong criticism from this hitherto loyal republic and escalating domestic dissatisfaction. The <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a>, originally sympathetic to the Chechen cause,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> turned hostile as a result of their Russian-esque culture and language, stronger affinity to Moscow than to Grozny, and a history of conflict with indigenous peoples such as the Chechens. The <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a> started organizing themselves against the Chechens, including manning <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> roadblocks against infiltration of their territories. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the war in Chechnya spawned new forms of resistance to the federal government. Opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> of men from minority ethnic groups to fight in Chechnya was widespread among other republics, many of which passed laws and decrees on the subject. For example, the government of <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuvashia Republic">Chuvashia</a> passed a decree providing legal protection to soldiers from the republic who refused to participate in the Chechen war and imposed limits on the use of the federal army in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic or regional conflicts</a> within Russia. <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> president <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaimiev" title="Mintimer Shaimiev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a> vocally opposed the war and appealed to Yeltsin to stop it and return conscripts, warning the conflict was at risk of expanding across the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regional and local <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> bodies called for the prohibition on the use of draftees in quelling internal conflicts, while others demanded a total ban on the use of the armed forces in such situations. Russian government officials feared that a move to end the war short of victory would create a cascade of secession attempts by other ethnic minorities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 16 January 1996, a <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">passenger ship</a> carrying 200 Russian passengers <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_hostage_crisis" title="Black Sea hostage crisis">was taken over</a> by what were mostly Turkish gunmen who were seeking to publicize the Chechen cause. On 6 March, a <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriot</a> <a href="/wiki/Passenger_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger jet">passenger jet</a> was <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacked</a> by Chechen sympathisers while flying toward <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Both of these incidents were resolved through negotiations, and the hijackers surrendered without any fatalities being inflicted. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B,_1995_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_10_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_1995_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_10_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_1995_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_10_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_1995_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_10_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_1995_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_10_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_1995_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_10_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_1995_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_10_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Drawing by 10 year old <a href="/wiki/Polina_Zherebtsova" title="Polina Zherebtsova">Polina Zherebtsova</a> from her <a href="/wiki/Polina_Zherebtsova%27s_Journal" title="Polina Zherebtsova's Journal">diary</a> showing the battle of Grozny.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Dead bodies on a truck in Grozny.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a>, 3,826 troops were killed, 17,892 troops were wounded, and 1,906 troops are <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_in_Chechnya_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_in_Chechnya-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>NVO</i>, the authoritative Russian independent military weekly, at least 5,362 Russian soldiers died during the war, 52,000 Russian soldiers were wounded or became diseased and some 3,000 more Russian soldiers were still missing in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Saradzhyan_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saradzhyan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Soldiers%27_Mothers_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia">Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia</a> estimated that the total number of Russian military deaths was 14,000,<sup id="cite_ref-jamestown_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on information which it collected from wounded troops and soldiers' relatives (only counting regular troops, i.e. not the <i>kontraktniki</i> (contract soldiers, not conscripts) and members of the special service forces).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list which contains the names of the dead soldiers, drawn up by the Human Rights Center "Memorial", contains 4,393 names.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the official number of Russian troops who fought in the two wars and were still missing in Chechnya and presumed dead was some 700, while about 400 remains of the missing servicemen were said to have been recovered up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian military was notorious for hiding casualties. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let me tell you about one specific case. I knew for sure that on this day – it was the end of February or the beginning of March 1995 – forty servicemen of the Joint Group were killed. And they bring me information about fifteen. I ask: "Why don't you take into account the rest?" They hesitated: "Well, you see, 40 is a lot. We'd better spread those losses over a few days." Of course, I was outraged by these manipulations.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kulikov" title="Anatoly Kulikov">Anatoly Kulikov</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>The Chechen formations also suffered fairly high losses. According to the militants, they lost 3,000 fighters. According to official Russian data, Chechen militants lost 17,391 people killed.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Foundation" title="World Peace Foundation">World Peace Foundation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>, </p> <blockquote><p>Estimates of the number of civilians killed range widely from 20,000 to 100,000, with the latter figure commonly referenced by Chechen sources. Most scholars and human rights organizations generally estimate the number of civilian casualties to be 40,000; this figure is attributed to the research and scholarship of Chechnya expert <a href="/wiki/John_B._Dunlop" title="John B. Dunlop">John Dunlop</a>, who estimates that the total number of civilian casualties is at least 35,000. This range is also consistent with post-war publications by the Russian statistics office estimating 30,000 to 40,000 civilians killed. The Moscow-based human rights organization, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>, which actively documented human rights abuses throughout the war, estimates the number of civilian casualties to be a slightly higher at 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-sites.tufts.edu_2015_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sites.tufts.edu_2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Russian Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kulikov" title="Anatoly Kulikov">Anatoly Kulikov</a> claimed that fewer than 20,000 civilians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> estimated a death toll of 50,000 people out of a population of 1,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kovalyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kovalyov">Sergey Kovalyov</a>'s team could offer their conservative, documented estimate of more than 50,000 civilian deaths. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a> asserted that 80,000 to 100,000 had been killed and 240,000 had been injured. The number given by the ChRI authorities was about 100,000 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to claims made by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Govorukhin" title="Sergey Govorukhin">Sergey Govorukhin</a> which were published in the Russian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Gazeta.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazeta.ru">Gazeta</a></i>, approximately 35,000 ethnic Russian civilians were killed by Russian forces which operated in Chechnya, most of them were killed during the bombardment of Grozny.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to various estimates, the number of Chechens who are dead or missing is between 50,000 and 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_and_missing_persons">Prisoners and missing persons</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a>, both sides agreed to an "all for all" exchange of prisoners to be carried out at the end of the war. However, despite this commitment, many persons remained forcibly detained. A partial analysis of the list of 1,432 reported missing found that, as of 30 October 1996, at least 139 Chechens were still being forcibly detained by the Russian side; it was entirely unclear how many of these men were alive.<sup id="cite_ref-missing_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missing-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of mid-January 1997, the Chechens still held between 700 and 1,000 Russian soldiers and officers as prisoners of war, according to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-missing_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missing-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> that same month, 1,058 Russian soldiers and officers were being detained by Chechen fighters who were willing to release them in exchange for members of Chechen armed groups.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Freelance_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Freelance journalist">freelance journalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Shumack" title="Andrew Shumack">Andrew Shumack</a> has been missing from the Chechen <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> since July 1995 and is presumed dead.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="izmailov"></span> Major Vyacheslav Izmailov, who had rescued at least 174 people from captivity on both sides in the war, was later involved in the search for missing persons. He was honoured as the human rights hero in the <a href="/wiki/Stalker_(film_festival)" title="Stalker (film festival)">Stalker Human Rights Film Festival</a> after he featured in Anna Artemyeva's film <i>Don't Shoot at the Bald Man!</i>, which won the jury prize for Best Documentary at the festival in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-247bulletin_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247bulletin-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later worked as military correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i>, was part of the team of journalists investigating the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya">murder of journalist Anna Politkovskaya</a> in 2006 <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also helped families to find their sons who had gone missing in the Chechen war.<sup id="cite_ref-missingiz_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missingiz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moscow_peace_treaty">Moscow peace treaty</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grozny2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Grozny2.jpg/220px-Grozny2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Grozny2.jpg/330px-Grozny2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/Grozny2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Street of the ruined capital Grozny after war.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a> paved the way for the signing of two further agreements between Russia and Chechnya. In mid-November 1996, Yeltsin and Maskhadov signed an agreement on economic relations and <a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">reparations</a> to Chechens who had been affected by the 1994–96 war. In February 1997, Russia also approved an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> for Russian soldiers and Chechen fighters alike who committed illegal acts in connection with the War in Chechnya between December 1994 and September 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interwar_Crisis_in_Chechnya_1997-1999.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Interwar_Crisis_in_Chechnya_1997-1999.png/220px-Interwar_Crisis_in_Chechnya_1997-1999.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Interwar_Crisis_in_Chechnya_1997-1999.png/330px-Interwar_Crisis_in_Chechnya_1997-1999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Interwar_Crisis_in_Chechnya_1997-1999.png/440px-Interwar_Crisis_in_Chechnya_1997-1999.png 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Situation in Chechnya in the period between the end of the First Chechen War and the beginning of the Second Chechen War: In red the territory under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in green the territory under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> and in grey the areas under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">islamists</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Six months after the Khasavyurt Accord, on 12 May 1997, Chechen-elected president Aslan Maskhadov traveled to Moscow where he and Yeltsin signed a formal treaty "on peace and the principles of Russian-Chechen relations" that Maskhadov predicted would demolish "any basis to create ill-feelings between Moscow and Grozny."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maskhadov's optimism, however, proved misplaced. Little more than two years later, some of Maskhadov's former comrades-in-arms, led by field commanders <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khattab" title="Ibn al-Khattab">Ibn al-Khattab</a>, launched an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dagestan_(1999)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Dagestan (1999)">invasion of Dagestan</a> in the summer of 1999 – and soon Russia's forces entered Chechnya again, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy_implications">Foreign policy implications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_First_Chechen_War" title="Reactions to the First Chechen War">Reactions to the First Chechen War</a></div> <p>From the outset of the First Chechen conflict, Russian authorities struggled to reconcile new international expectations with widespread accusations of Soviet-style heaviness in their execution of the war. For example, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kozyrev" title="Andrei Kozyrev">Andrei Kozyrev</a>, who was generally regarded as a Western-leaning <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>, made the following remark when questioned about Russia's conduct during the war; "'Generally speaking, it is not only our right but our duty not to allow uncontrolled armed formations on our territory. The Foreign Ministry stands on guard over the country's territorial unity. International law says that a country not only can but must use force in such instances ... I say it was the right thing to do ... The way in which it was done is not my business."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attitudes contributed greatly to the growing doubts in the West as to whether Russia was sincere in its stated intentions to implement democratic reforms. The general disdain for Russian behavior in the Western political establishment contrasted heavily with widespread support in the Russian public.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic political authorities' arguments emphasizing stability and the restoration of order resonated with the public and quickly became an issue of state identity. </p><p>On 18 October 2022, <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukraine's parliament</a> condemned the "genocide of the Chechen people" during the First and Second Chechen War.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chechnya" title="History of Chechnya">History of Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">History of Russia (1991–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Islam in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> – 1999–2009 conflict in Chechnya and the North Caucasus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Author says the figure could reach as high as 10,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Movladi_Udugov" title="Movladi Udugov">Movladi Udugov</a>, the press secretary of <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a> in an interview in January 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">120 in <a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk</a>, and 41 in <a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlyar raid">Pervomayskoe hostage crisis</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jamestown.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jamestown.org_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30233&no_cache=1#.VN-g-C7SWUk">"TURKISH VOLUNTEERS IN CHECHNYA"</a>. <i>Jamestown</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210947/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30233&no_cache=1#.VN-g-C7SWUk">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=TURKISH+VOLUNTEERS+IN+CHECHNYA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D30233%26no_cache%3D1%23.VN-g-C7SWUk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chechens_p237-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chechens_p237_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmjad_M._Jaimoukha2005" class="citation book cs1">Amjad M. Jaimoukha (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&pg=PA237"><i>The Chechens: A Handbook</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32328-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32328-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32328-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906142625/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chechens%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32328-4&rft.au=Amjad+M.+Jaimoukha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnjAlei9fe0C%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZomsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Politics of Conflict: A Survey</a></i>, p. 68, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTaMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Energy and Security in the Caucasus</a></i>, p. 66, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/radical-ukrainian-nationalism-and-the-war-in-chechnya-2/">"Radical Ukrainian Nationalism and the War in Chechnya"</a>. <i>Jamestown</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412133436/https://jamestown.org/program/radical-ukrainian-nationalism-and-the-war-in-chechnya-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Radical+Ukrainian+Nationalism+and+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fradical-ukrainian-nationalism-and-the-war-in-chechnya-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span> -UNSO's "Argo" squad -Viking Brigade</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooley_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_K._Cooley" title="John K. Cooley">Cooley, John K.</a> (2002). <i>Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism</i> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1pdon/PoliticsUnholyWarsAf/resources/195.htm">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1917-9"><bdi>978-0-7453-1917-9</bdi></a>. <q>A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Wars%3A+Afghanistan%2C+America+and+International+Terrorism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=195&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1917-9&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goltz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goltz_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoltz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goltz" title="Thomas Goltz">Goltz, Thomas</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechnyadiarywar00thom/page/22"><i>Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya</i></a></span>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechnyadiarywar00thom/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26874-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26874-9"><bdi>978-0-312-26874-9</bdi></a>. <q>I called a well-informed diplomat pal and arranged to meet him at a bar favored by the pan-Turkic crowd known as the Gray Wolves, who were said to be actively supporting the Chechens with men and arms. <br />...the Azerbaijani Gray Wolf leader, Iskander, Hamidov...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya+Diary%3A+A+War+Correspondent%27s+Story+of+Surviving+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-26874-9&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchechnyadiarywar00thom%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isingor-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isingor_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsingor2000" class="citation news cs1">Isingor, Ali (6 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017193747/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/06/chechnya.istanbul/">"Istanbul: Gateway to a holy war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/06/chechnya.istanbul/">the original</a> on 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Istanbul%3A+Gateway+to+a+holy+war&rft.date=2000-09-06&rft.aulast=Isingor&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2000%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F09%2F06%2Fchechnya.istanbul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt_Today-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_Today_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721053838/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/4984/Grey-Wolves-Turkey%E2%80%99s-armed-proxy-in-Syria/">"Grey Wolves in Syria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Today" title="Egypt Today">Egypt Today</a></i>. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Today&rft.atitle=Grey+Wolves+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F1%2F4984%2FGrey-Wolves-Turkey%25E2%2580%2599s-armed-proxy-in-Syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaleotti2014" class="citation book cs1">Galeotti, Mark (2014). <i>Russia's War in Chechnya 1994–2009</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-279-6"><bdi>978-1-78200-279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+War+in+Chechnya+1994%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-279-6&rft.aulast=Galeotti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13938/567930PUB0brea10Box353739B01PUBLIC1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Bank Document</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423225126/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13938/567930PUB0brea10Box353739B01PUBLIC1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Document&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Conflict+Trap%3A+Civil+War+and+Development+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F13938%2F567930PUB0brea10Box353739B01PUBLIC1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lutz97-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lutz97_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz1997" class="citation web cs1">Lutz, Raymond R. (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027183615/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA399031">"Russian Strategy In Chechnya: a Case Study in Failure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA399031">the original</a> on 27 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Strategy+In+Chechnya%3A+a+Case+Study+in+Failure&rft.date=1997-04&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Raymond+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fget-tr-doc%2Fpdf%3FAD%3DADA399031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/radical-ukrainian-nationalism-and-the-war-in-chechnya-2/">"Radical Ukrainian Nationalism and the War in Chechnya"</a>. <i>Jamestown</i>. The Jamestown Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412133436/https://jamestown.org/program/radical-ukrainian-nationalism-and-the-war-in-chechnya-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+War+That+Continues+to+Shape+Russia%2C+25+Years+Later&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F10%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fphotos-chechen-war-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurélie2007" class="citation web cs1">Aurélie, Campana (2007-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/massive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html">"The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People: How and why Chechens were Deported"</a>. <i>Sciences Po</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906142740/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/massive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciences+Po&rft.atitle=The+Massive+Deportation+of+the+Chechen+People%3A+How+and+why+Chechens+were+Deported&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft.aulast=Aur%C3%A9lie&rft.aufirst=Campana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fmassive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/uncategorized/explore-chechnyas-turbulent-past-1944-deportation/3314/">"Explore Chechnya's Turbulent Past ~ 1944: Deportation | Wide Angle | PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. 25 July 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409015830/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/uncategorized/explore-chechnyas-turbulent-past-1944-deportation/3314/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Explore+Chechnya%27s+Turbulent+Past+~+1944%3A+Deportation+%26%23124%3B+Wide+Angle+%26%23124%3B+PBS&rft.date=2002-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fwideangle%2Funcategorized%2Fexplore-chechnyas-turbulent-past-1944-deportation%2F3314%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2002" class="citation book cs1">Evangelista, Matthew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechenwars00matt/page/18"><i>The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?</i></a>. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechenwars00matt/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2498-8"><bdi>978-0-8157-2498-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chechen+Wars%3A+Will+Russia+Go+the+Way+of+the+Soviet+Union%3F&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2498-8&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchechenwars00matt%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman2003" class="citation book cs1">German, Tracey C. (2003). <i>Russia's Chechen War</i>. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29720-2"><bdi>978-0-415-29720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Chechen+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29720-2&rft.aulast=German&rft.aufirst=Tracey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallDe_Waal1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Gall" title="Carlotta Gall">Gall, Carlotta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Waal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas De Waal">De Waal, Thomas</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechnyacalamity00gall/page/96"><i>Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechnyacalamity00gall/page/96">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2963-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-2963-2</bdi></a>. <q>Vitaly Kutsenko, the elderly First Secretary of the town soviet either was <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestrated</a> or tried to clamber out to escape the crowd.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+Calamity+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2963-2&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Carlotta&rft.au=De+Waal%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchechnyacalamity00gall%2Fpage%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kommersant_history_and_memory-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kommersant_history_and_memory_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2630476">"Первая война"</a> [First war]. <i>kommersant.ru</i> (in Russian). 13 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507230240/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2630476">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2020</span>. <q>... По данным Центризбиркома Чечено-Ингушетии, в выборах принимают участие 72% избирателей, за генерала Дудаева голосуют 412,6 тыс. человек (90,1%) ...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kommersant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F2630476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempton2002" class="citation book cs1">Kempton, Daniel R., ed. (2002). <i>Unity Or Separation Center-periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union</i>. Praeger. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97011-6"><bdi>978-0-275-97011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+Or+Separation+Center-periphery+Relations+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97011-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishkov2004" class="citation book cs1">Tishkov, Valery (2004). <i>Chechnya Life in a War-Torn Society</i>. University of California Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23888-6"><bdi>978-0-520-23888-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya+Life+in+a+War-Torn+Society&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23888-6&rft.aulast=Tishkov&rft.aufirst=Valery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mountains-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mountains_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mountains_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Allah's Mountains: Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus</i> By <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Smith_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastian Smith (writer) (page does not exist)">Sebastian Smith</a> p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Moscow News</i>. November 22–29, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Moscow News</i>. September 1–7, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Efim Sandler, <i>Battle for Grozny, Volume 1: Prelude and the Way to the City: First Chechen War 1994</i> (Helion Europe @ War No. 31), Warwick, 2023, pp.34-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/07bdr299.pdf">The battle(s) of Grozny</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927074010/http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/07bdr299.pdf">Archived</a> September 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherkasovGolubevMalykhin2023" class="citation cs2">Cherkasov, Alexander; Golubev, Ostav; Malykhin, Vladimir (24 February 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruswars.org/report/Report_Memorial.pdf">"A chain of wars, a chain of crimes, a chain of impunity: Russian wars in Chechnya, Syria and Ukraine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Memorial Human Rights Defence Centre</i>, pp. 17–18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906142631/https://ruswars.org/report/Report_Memorial.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memorial+Human+Rights+Defence+Centre&rft.atitle=A+chain+of+wars%2C+a+chain+of+crimes%2C+a+chain+of+impunity%3A+Russian+wars+in+Chechnya%2C+Syria+and+Ukraine&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Cherkasov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Golubev%2C+Ostav&rft.au=Malykhin%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruswars.org%2Freport%2FReport_Memorial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gall-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gall_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gall_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gall_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallThomas_de_Waal1998" class="citation book cs1">Gall, Carlotta; Thomas de Waal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechnyacalamity00gall"><i>Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus</i></a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2963-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-2963-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+Calamity+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2963-2&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Carlotta&rft.au=Thomas+de+Waal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchechnyacalamity00gall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfron1995" class="citation news cs1">Efron, Sonni (January 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-10-mn-18475-story.html">"Aerial Death Threat Sends Chechens Fleeing From Village: Caucasus: Russians warn they will bomb five towns near Grozny unless 50 captured paratroopers are quickly freed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317122524/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-10-mn-18475-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Aerial+Death+Threat+Sends+Chechens+Fleeing+From+Village%3A+Caucasus%3A+Russians+warn+they+will+bomb+five+towns+near+Grozny+unless+50+captured+paratroopers+are+quickly+freed.&rft.date=1995-01-10&rft.aulast=Efron&rft.aufirst=Sonni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1995-01-10-mn-18475-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Bryan Glyn (2001).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-4967.00012">The Russo-Chechen War: A Threat to Stability in the Middle East and Eurasia?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316202623/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-4967.00012">Archived</a> 2022-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Policy" title="Middle East Policy">Middle East Policy</a></i> 8.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/545672.stm">"BBC News – EUROPE – Chechens 'using human shields'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030317185829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/545672.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2003-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+EUROPE+%E2%80%93+Chechens+%27using+human+shields%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F545672.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaurbyMärta-Lisa_Magnusson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Faurby, Ib; Märta-Lisa Magnusson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720083643/http://www.caucasus.dk/publication1.htm">"The Battle(s) of Grozny"</a>. <i>Baltic Defence Review</i> (2): 75–87. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caucasus.dk/publication1.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltic+Defence+Review&rft.atitle=The+Battle%28s%29+of+Grozny&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-87&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Faurby&rft.aufirst=Ib&rft.au=M%C3%A4rta-Lisa+Magnusson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caucasus.dk%2Fpublication1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/482323.stm">"The First Bloody Battle"</a>. <i>The Chechen Conflict</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hartford-hwp.com&rft.atitle=Mass+protests+in+Grozny+end+in+bloodshed&rft.au=Chris+Hunter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F63%2F080.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhmadovLanskoy2010" class="citation book cs1">Akhmadov, Ilyas; Lanskoy, Miriam (2010). <i>The Chechen Struggle: Independence Won and Lost</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/chechen/checheng/fin_rep.htm">the original</a> on 2016-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memo.ru&rft.atitle=czecz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Fhr%2Fhotpoints%2Fchechen%2Fchecheng%2Ffin_rep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021120100946/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1996/08/22/wrus22.html">Lebed calls off assault on Grozny</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/21/chechnya.final/">Lebed promises peace in Grozny and no Russian assault</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211122033/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/21/chechnya.final/">Archived</a> December 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Hockstader_and_David_Hoffman1996" class="citation web cs1">Lee Hockstader and David Hoffman (1996-08-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207065343/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-08-22/news/9608220016_1_grozny-gen-konstantin-pulikovsky-alexander-lebed">"Russian Official Vows To Stop Raid"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Official+Vows+To+Stop+Raid&rft.pub=Sun+Sentinel&rft.date=1996-08-22&rft.au=Lee+Hockstader+and+David+Hoffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F1996-08-22%2Fnews%2F9608220016_1_grozny-gen-konstantin-pulikovsky-alexander-lebed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank" class="citation web cs1">Blank, Stephen J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308081654/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/research_pubs/chechna.pdf">"Russia's invasion of Chechnya: a preliminary assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dtic.mil</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Developments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1996%2FWR96%2FHelsinki-16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195318/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/chechen/szczyt/eng/Chapter7.htm">"Grozny, August 1996. Occupation of Municipal Hospital No. 9 Memorial"</a>. <i>memo.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/chechen/szczyt/eng/Chapter7.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memo.ru&rft.atitle=Grozny%2C+August+1996.+Occupation+of+Municipal+Hospital+No.+9+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Fhr%2Fhotpoints%2Fchechen%2Fszczyt%2Feng%2FChapter7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wri-irg.org/en/story/1995/mothers-march-grozny">"Mothers' March to Grozny"</a>. <i>War Resisters' International</i>. 1 June 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Resisters%27+International&rft.atitle=Mothers%27+March+to+Grozny&rft.date=1995-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwri-irg.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F1995%2Fmothers-march-grozny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/1996_13.htm">The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation – Report of the Secretary-General</a> UNCHR <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211102551/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/1996_13.htm">Archived</a> 11 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=14&issue_id=564&article_id=4076">DETAILS OF SAMASHKI MASSACRE EMERGE.</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>, 5 May 1995 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625152714/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=14&issue_id=564&article_id=4076">Archived</a> 25 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baiev-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baiev_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiev2003" class="citation book cs1">Baiev, Khassan (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oathsurgeonunder00baie/page/130"><i>The Oath A Surgeon Under Fire</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oathsurgeonunder00baie/page/130">130–131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1404-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1404-8"><bdi>0-8027-1404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oath+A+Surgeon+Under+Fire&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8027-1404-8&rft.aulast=Baiev&rft.aufirst=Khassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foathsurgeonunder00baie%2Fpage%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247bulletin-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-247bulletin_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-247bulletin_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904074838/https://247newsbulletin.com/entertainment/55278.html">"The Jury Prize of the Stalker Festival was awarded to a film about Major Izmailov"</a>. <i>247 News Bulletin</i>. 17 December 2021. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=247+News+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Jury+Prize+of+the+Stalker+Festival+was+awarded+to+a+film+about+Major+Izmailov&rft.date=2021-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F247newsbulletin.com%2Fentertainment%2F55278.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-missingiz-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-missingiz_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-missingiz_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/11/22/can-russias-press-ever-be-free">"Can Russia's Press Ever Be Free?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The first Chechen war and the reaction of the authorities of Tatarstan"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i> (in Russian). 10 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906143816/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32118934.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Mintimer+Shaimiev%3A+%22Stop+the+Civil+War%22.+The+first+Chechen+war+and+the+reaction+of+the+authorities+of+Tatarstan&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idelreal.org%2Fa%2F32118934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021228053504/http://www.hrvc.net/htmls/references.htm">"hrvc.net"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/chechnya-sl/conversations/topics/56847">the original</a> on April 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interfax&rft.atitle=700+Russian+servicemen+missing+in+Chechnya+%E2%80%93+officer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.yahoo.com%2Fneo%2Fgroups%2Fchechnya-sl%2Fconversations%2Ftopics%2F56847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.zerkalo.io/cellar/10754.html">"So 500 people or 9 thousand? We tell you how many people Russia lost in past wars and what numbers they called"</a>. <i>Zerkalo</i> (in Russian). 3 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527193444/https://news.zerkalo.io/cellar/10754.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zerkalo&rft.atitle=So+500+people+or+9+thousand%3F+We+tell+you+how+many+people+Russia+lost+in+past+wars+and+what+numbers+they+called&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.zerkalo.io%2Fcellar%2F10754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКривошеев2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Кривошеев, Г. Ф., ed. (2001). <i>Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Потери вооруженных сил</i> (in Russian). Олма-Пресс. p. 584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-224-01515-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-224-01515-4"><bdi>5-224-01515-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB&rft.pages=584&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5-224-01515-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sites.tufts.edu_2015-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sites.tufts.edu_2015_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/russia-1st-chechen-war/#Fatalities">"Russia: Chechen war – Mass Atrocity Endings"</a>. <i>sites.tufts.edu</i>. 2015-08-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908013220/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/russia-1st-chechen-war/#Fatalities">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Journalists+Missing+1982%E2%80%932009&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4b29fd4d2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/vyacheslav-izmailov-we-know-who-ordered-anna-politkovskayas-murder/">"Vyacheslav Izmailov: we know who ordered Anna Politkovskaya's murder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasus Weekly">North Caucasus Weekly</a></i>. <b>8</b> (22). 31 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span> – via The <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Caucasus+Weekly&rft.atitle=Vyacheslav+Izmailov%3A+we+know+who+ordered+Anna+Politkovskaya%27s+murder&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=22&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fvyacheslav-izmailov-we-know-who-ordered-anna-politkovskayas-murder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/showthread.php?t=1965">"Account Suspended"</a>. <i>worldaffairsboard.com</i>. 7 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206093506/http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/showthread.php?t=1965">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldaffairsboard.com&rft.atitle=Account+Suspended&rft.date=2004-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldaffairsboard.com%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206093451/http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1997/05/970512I.html(opt,mozilla,unix,english,,new)">"F&P RFE/RL Archive"</a>. <i>friends-partners.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1997/05/970512I.html(opt,mozilla,unix,english,,new)">the original</a> on 2017-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=friends-partners.org&rft.atitle=F%26P+RFE%2FRL+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friends-partners.org%2Ffriends%2Fnews%2Fomri%2F1997%2F05%2F970512I.html%28opt%2Cmozilla%2Cunix%2Cenglish%2C%2Cnew%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hanna, Smith (2014). "Russian Greatpowerness: Foreign policy, the Two Chechen Wars and International Organisations". <i>University of Helsinki</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Helsinki&rft.atitle=Russian+Greatpowerness%3A+Foreign+policy%2C+the+Two+Chechen+Wars+and+International+Organisations&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorga" class="citation journal cs1">Horga, Ioana. "Cfsp into the Spotlight: The European Union's Foreign Policy toward Russia during the Chechen Wars". <i>Annals of University of Oradea, Series: International Relations & European Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+University+of+Oradea%2C+Series%3A+International+Relations+%26+European+Studies.&rft.atitle=Cfsp+into+the+Spotlight%3A+The+European+Union%27s+Foreign+Policy+toward+Russia+during+the+Chechen+Wars&rft.aulast=Horga&rft.aufirst=Ioana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/18/ukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news">"Ukraine's parliament declares the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 'temporarily occupied by Russia' and condemns 'genocide of Chechens'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i>. 18 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153903/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/18/ukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novaya+Gazeta&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+parliament+declares+the+Chechen+Republic+of+Ichkeria+%27temporarily+occupied+by+Russia%27+and+condemns+%27genocide+of+Chechens%27&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovayagazeta.eu%2Farticles%2F2022%2F10%2F18%2Fukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/18/ukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory">"Ukraine's parliament declares 'Chechen Republic of Ichkeria' Russian-occupied territory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Meduza" title="Meduza">Meduza</a></i>. 18 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326182241/https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/18/ukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+parliament+declares+%27Chechen+Republic+of+Ichkeria%27+Russian-occupied+territory&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2022%2F10%2F18%2Fukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Vanora (1998). <i>Crying Wolf: The Return of War to Chechnya</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35170-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35170-6"><bdi>978-0-330-35170-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crying+Wolf%3A+The+Return+of+War+to+Chechnya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-330-35170-6&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Vanora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoltz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goltz" title="Thomas Goltz">Goltz, Thomas</a> (2003). <i>Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26874-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26874-9"><bdi>978-0-312-26874-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya+Diary%3A+A+War+Correspondent%27s+Story+of+Surviving+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-26874-9&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Stone" title="David R. Stone">Stone, David R.</a> (2006). <i>A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>: Praeger Security International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98502-8"><bdi>978-0-275-98502-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Russia%3A+From+Ivan+the+Terrible+to+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98502-8&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolitkovskaya2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Politkovskaya, Anna</a> (2003). <i>A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67432-2"><bdi>978-0-226-67432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Small+Corner+of+Hell%3A+Dispatches+from+Chechnya&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-67432-2&rft.aulast=Politkovskaya&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Smith" title="Sebastian Smith">Smith, Sebastian</a> (2006). <i>Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-979-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-979-0"><bdi>978-1-85043-979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allah%27s+Mountains%3A+The+Battle+for+Chechnya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-979-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeierstad2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85sne_Seierstad" title="Åsne Seierstad">Seierstad, Åsne</a> (2008). <i>The Angel of Grozny: Inside Chechnya</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Virago_Press" title="Virago Press">Virago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-516-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-516-3"><bdi>978-1-84408-516-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Angel+of+Grozny%3A+Inside+Chechnya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84408-516-3&rft.aulast=Seierstad&rft.aufirst=%C3%85sne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallde_Waal1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Gall" title="Carlotta Gall">Gall, Carlotta</a>; de Waal, Thomas (1998). <i>Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2963-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-2963-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+Calamity+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2963-2&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Carlotta&rft.au=de+Waal%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2007" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, James (2007). <i>Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad</i>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4013-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-4013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+From+Nationalism+to+Jihad&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4013-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2007" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Tony (2007). <i>Chechnya: The Case for Independence</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-114-4"><bdi>978-1-84467-114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+The+Case+for+Independence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-114-4&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Lieven, Anatol</a> (1998). <i>Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07398-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07398-0"><bdi>978-0-300-07398-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+Tombstone+of+Russian+Power&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07398-0&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikitinaQuinlan2017" class="citation book cs1">Nikitina, Elena; <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Quinlan_(author)" title="Patrick Quinlan (author)">Quinlan, Patrick</a> (2017). <i>Girl, Taken: A True Story of Abduction, Captivity and Survival</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Iliad Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9882138-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9882138-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9882138-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girl%2C+Taken%3A+A+True+Story+of+Abduction%2C+Captivity+and+Survival&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Iliad+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9882138-6-9&rft.aulast=Nikitina&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Quinlan%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoytisolo2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Goytisolo" title="Juan Goytisolo">Goytisolo, Juan</a> (2000). <i>Landscapes of War: From Sarajevo to Chechnya</i>. Translated by Bush, Peter. Introduction by Tariq Ali. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-373-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-373-6"><bdi>978-0-87286-373-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscapes+of+War%3A+From+Sarajevo+to+Chechnya&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-373-6&rft.aulast=Goytisolo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aukai_Collins" title="Aukai Collins">Collins, Aukai</a> (2002). <i>My Jihad: The True Story of an American Mujahid's Amazing Journey from Usama Bin Laden's Training Camps to Counterterrorism with the FBI and CIA</i>. <a href="/wiki/Guilford,_Connecticut" title="Guilford, Connecticut">Guilford</a>: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-565-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-565-4"><bdi>978-1-58574-565-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Jihad%3A+The+True+Story+of+an+American+Mujahid%27s+Amazing+Journey+from+Usama+Bin+Laden%27s+Training+Camps+to+Counterterrorism+with+the+FBI+and+CIA&rft.place=Guilford&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58574-565-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Aukai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2003" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Stanley (2003). <i>Open Wound: Chechnya 1994 to 2003</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trolley_Books" title="Trolley Books">Trolley Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904563-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904563-01-3"><bdi>978-1-904563-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Wound%3A+Chechnya+1994+to+2003&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trolley+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-904563-01-3&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunlop, John B. (1998). <i>Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63184-6"><bdi>978-0-521-63184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Confronts+Chechnya%3A+Roots+of+a+Separatist+Conflict&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63184-6&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy2003" class="citation book cs1">Cassidy, Robert M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7D1ou91YCi8C"><i>Russia in Afghanistan and Chechnya: Military Strategic Culture and the Paradoxes of Asymmetric Conflict</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a>: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_War_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army War College">U.S. Army War College</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-110-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-110-1"><bdi>978-1-58487-110-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+Afghanistan+and+Chechnya%3A+Military+Strategic+Culture+and+the+Paradoxes+of+Asymmetric+Conflict&rft.place=Carlisle&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+War+College&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58487-110-1&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7D1ou91YCi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman2003" class="citation book cs1">German, Tracey C. (2003). <i>Russia's Chechen War</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29720-2"><bdi>978-0-415-29720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Chechen+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29720-2&rft.aulast=German&rft.aufirst=Tracey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaleotti2014" class="citation book cs1">Galeotti, Mark (2014). <i>Russia's Wars in Chechnya 1994–2009</i>. Essential Histories. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-277-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-277-2"><bdi>978-1-78200-277-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Wars+in+Chechnya+1994%E2%80%932009&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-277-2&rft.aulast=Galeotti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldisMcDermott2003" class="citation book cs1">Aldis, Anne C.; McDermott, Roger N., eds. (2003). <i>Russian Military Reform, 1992-2002</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5475-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5475-1"><bdi>978-0-7146-5475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Military+Reform%2C+1992-2002&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5475-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2002" class="citation book cs1">Evangelista, Matthew (2002). <i>The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2498-8"><bdi>978-0-8157-2498-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chechen+Wars%3A+Will+Russia+Go+the+Way+of+the+Soviet+Union%3F&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2498-8&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrammer2006" class="citation book cs1">Grammer, Moshe (2006). <i>The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">Hurst Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-743-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-743-9"><bdi>978-1-85065-743-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lone+Wolf+and+the+Bear%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Chechen+Defiance+of+Russian+Rule&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-743-9&rft.aulast=Grammer&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaev1996" class="citation book cs1">Baev, Pavel K. (1996). <i>The Russian Army: In a Time of Troubles</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-5187-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-5187-2"><bdi>978-0-7619-5187-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Army%3A+In+a+Time+of+Troubles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-5187-2&rft.aulast=Baev&rft.aufirst=Pavel+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaievDaniloffDaniloff2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khassan_Baiev" title="Khassan Baiev">Baiev, Khassan</a>; Daniloff, Nicholas; Daniloff, Ruth (2003). <i>The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Random_House_of_Canada" title="Random House of Canada">Random House Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31156-0"><bdi>978-0-679-31156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oath%3A+A+Surgeon+Under+Fire&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House+Canada&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-679-31156-0&rft.aulast=Baiev&rft.aufirst=Khassan&rft.au=Daniloff%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Daniloff%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Chechen+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Chechen_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174621/http://www.boyntonweb.net/Policy/Chechnya.htm">Chechen War 1994–96</a> The World Regional Conflicts Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011145310/http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/chechnya.html">Chechnya</a> Crimes of War Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217004454/http://smallwarsjournal.com/reference/chechnya.php">Chechnya Reference Library</a> A collection of analyses and interviews of Chechen commanders conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606104703/http://russianremote.com/1241.html"><i>Damned and forgotten</i></a> Documentary by Sergey Govorukhin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206141050/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/people/tsypkinConf/Felgenhauer%2095_.doc">The Chechen Campaign</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Felgenhauer" title="Pavel Felgenhauer">Pavel Felgenhauer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040921000456/http://www.hro.org/war/source_e.htm">War and Human Rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial human rights group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100354/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982351,00.html">Why It All Went So Very Wrong</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928120605/http://www.amina.com/article/whyrus_failed.html">Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya</a> U.S. Foreign Studies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chechen–Russian_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chechen_wars" title="Template:Chechen wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chechen_wars" title="Template talk:Chechen wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chechen_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chechen wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chechen–Russian_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Chechen War</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)" title="War in Dagestan (1999)">War in Dagestan</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> (1999–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ingushetia" title="Insurgency in Ingushetia">Insurgency in Ingushetia</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a> (2009–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Chechen War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolinskoye" title="Battle of Dolinskoye">Battle of Dolinskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khankala_(1994)" title="Battle of Khankala (1994)">Battle of Khankala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%931995)" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)">Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Shali_cluster_bomb_attack" title="1995 Shali cluster bomb attack">1995 Shali cluster bomb attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samashki_massacre" title="Samashki massacre">Samashki massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatoy_ambush" title="Shatoy ambush">Shatoy ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">Battle of Grozny (August 1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Chechnya_Peace_Treaty" title="Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty">Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Chechen War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Russian_bombing_of_Chechnya" title="1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya">1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)" title="Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)">Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Height_776" title="Battle for Height 776">Battle for Height 776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komsomolskoye" title="Battle of Komsomolskoye">Battle of Komsomolskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Zhani-Vedeno_ambush" title="2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush">2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Khankala_Mi-26_crash" title="2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash">2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nazran_raid" title="2004 Nazran raid">2004 Nazran raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_raid_on_Grozny" title="2004 raid on Grozny">2004 raid on Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_raid_on_Nalchik" title="2005 raid on Nalchik">2005 raid on Nalchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency_operations_during_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Counter-insurgency operations during the Second Chechen War">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War">Guerrilla phase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2000)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2000)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2001)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2001)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2002)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2002)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2003)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2003)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2004)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2004)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2005)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2005)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2006)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2007)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2008)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2008)">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">1995 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_hostage_crisis" title="Black Sea hostage crisis">1996 Black Sea hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_Avrasya" title="MV Avrasya">MV <i>Avrasya</i> hijacking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar%E2%80%93Pervomayskoye_hostage_crisis" title="Kizlyar–Pervomayskoye hostage crisis">1996 Kizlyar hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Vladikavkaz_bombing" title="1999 Vladikavkaz bombing">1999 Vladikavkaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">1999 Russian apartment bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukhchar_massacre" title="Tukhchar massacre">1999 Tukhchar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Grozny_truck_bombing" title="2002 Grozny truck bombing">2002 Grozny truck bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozdok_truck_bombing" title="Mozdok truck bombing">2003 Mozdok bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tushino_bombing" title="2003 Tushino bombing">2003 Tushino bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2004_Moscow_Metro_bombing" title="February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing">2004 Moscow Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_aircraft_bombings" title="2004 Russian aircraft bombings">2004 Russian aircraft bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">2004 Beslan school siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Vladikavkaz_bombing" title="2008 Vladikavkaz bombing">2008 Vladikavkaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nevsky_Express_bombing" title="2009 Nevsky Express bombing">2009 Nevsky Express bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings" title="2010 Moscow Metro bombings">2010 Moscow Metro bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing" title="Domodedovo International Airport bombing">Domodedovo International Airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Makhachkala_attack" title="2012 Makhachkala attack">2012 Makhachkala attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Grozny_bombing" title="2014 Grozny bombing">2014 Grozny bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">2024 Dagestan attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechen Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(November_1994)" title="Battle of Grozny (November 1994)">Battle of Grozny (November 1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_government_censorship_of_Chechnya_coverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian government censorship of Chechnya coverage">Censorship of Chechnya coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Crimes and terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_graves_in_Chechnya" title="Mass graves in Chechnya">Mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attacks_in_the_North_Caucasus_conflict" title="Suicide attacks in the North Caucasus conflict">Suicide attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_Chechen_War_assassinations" title="List of Second Chechen War assassinations">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Casualties of the Second Chechen War">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_aircraft_losses_in_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War">Aircraft losses</a></li> <li>International response <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_First_Chechen_War" title="Reactions to the First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="International response to the Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chechnya" title="Politics of Chechnya">Politics of Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechenpress" title="Chechenpress">Chechenpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavkaz_Center" title="Kavkaz Center">Kavkaz Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechen genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chechen_Wars_films" title="List of Chechen Wars films">List of films</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polina_Zherebtsova%27s_Journal" title="Polina Zherebtsova's Journal">Polina Zherebtsova's Journal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_(2002_film)" title="War (2002 film)"><i>War</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_3_Rooms_of_Melancholia" title="The 3 Rooms of Melancholia">The 3 Rooms of Melancholia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pathologies" title="The Pathologies">The Pathologies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_(2007_film)" title="Alexandra (2007 film)"><i>Alexandra</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Grozny" title="Angel of Grozny">Angel of Grozny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ant_in_a_Glass_Jar" title="Ant in a Glass Jar">Ant in a Glass Jar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Search_(2014_film)" title="The Search (2014 film)"><i>The Search</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_Operational_Purpose_Division" title="Separate Operational Purpose Division">ODON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Russia" title="Internal Troops of Russia">Internal Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">Main Intelligence Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Special Forces (Spetsnaz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Republic of Chechnya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadyrovites" title="Kadyrovites">Kadyrovites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Troshev" title="Gennady Troshev">Gennady Troshev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alu_Alkhanov" title="Alu Alkhanov">Alu Alkhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Dzhabrail_Yamadayev" title="Dzhabrail Yamadayev">Dzhabrail Yamadayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Yamadayev" title="Ruslan Yamadayev">Ruslan Yamadayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Sulim_Yamadayev" title="Sulim Yamadayev">Sulim Yamadayev</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Separatists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Front_(militant_group)" title="Caucasian Front (militant group)">Caucasian Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayat Dagestan">Vilayat Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Galgayche" title="Vilayat Galgayche">Vilayat Galgayche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Nokhchicho" title="Vilayat Nokhchicho">Vilayat Nokhchicho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Vilayat_of_Kabarda,_Balkaria_and_Karachay" title="United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay">United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Cherkessia" title="Vilayat Cherkessia">Vilayat Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Iriston" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayat Iriston">Vilayat Iriston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Djamaat_of_Dagestan" title="Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan">Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Dagestan" title="Liberation Army of Dagestan">Liberation Army of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Zelimkhan_Yandarbiyev" title="Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev">Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Halim_Sadulayev" title="Abdul-Halim Sadulayev">Abdul-Halim Sadulayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Gelayev" title="Ruslan Gelayev">Ruslan Gelayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Arbi_Barayev" title="Arbi Barayev">Arbi Barayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Salman_Raduyev" title="Salman Raduyev">Salman Raduyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Akhmed Zakayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Turpal-Ali_Atgeriyev" title="Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev">Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Vakha_Arsanov" title="Vakha Arsanov">Vakha Arsanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Akhmadov" title="Ilyas Akhmadov">Ilyas Akhmadov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Movsar_Barayev" title="Movsar Barayev">Movsar Barayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Atayev" title="Muslim Atayev">Muslim Atayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Rasul_Makasharipov" title="Rasul Makasharipov">Rasul Makasharipov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Gorchkhanov" title="Ilyas Gorchkhanov">Ilyas Gorchkhanov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Rappani_Khalilov" title="Rappani Khalilov">Rappani Khalilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mujahideen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_in_Chechnya" title="Mujahideen in Chechnya">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_International_Peacekeeping_Brigade" title="Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade">Islamic International Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad-us_Saliheen_Brigade_of_Martyrs" title="Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs">Riyad-us Saliheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Caucasus_Province" title="Islamic State – Caucasus Province">Islamic State – Caucasus Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Magomed_Suleimanov" title="Magomed Suleimanov">Magomed Suleimanov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Aliaskhab_Kebekov" title="Aliaskhab Kebekov">Aliaskhab Kebekov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Dokka_Umarov" title="Dokka Umarov">Dokka Umarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslambek_Vadalov" title="Aslambek Vadalov">Aslambek Vadalov</a></li> <li> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Ali_Taziev" title="Ali Taziev">Ali Taziev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Anzor_Astemirov" title="Anzor Astemirov">Anzor Astemirov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Supyan_Abdullayev" title="Supyan Abdullayev">Supyan Abdullayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Byutukayev" title="Aslan Byutukayev">Aslan Byutukayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movladi_Udugov" title="Movladi Udugov">Movladi Udugov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Khuseyn_Gakayev" title="Khuseyn Gakayev">Khuseyn Gakayev</a></li> <li> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_Gaziyev" title="Tarkhan Gaziyev">Tarkhan Gaziyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Said_Buryatsky" title="Said Buryatsky">Said Buryatsky</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Magomed_Vagabov" title="Magomed Vagabov">Magomed Vagabov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Asildarov" title="Rustam Asildarov">Rustam Asildarov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Asker_Dzhappuyev" title="Asker Dzhappuyev">Asker Dzhappuyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Getagazhev" title="Arthur Getagazhev">Arthur Getagazhev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khattab" title="Ibn al-Khattab">Ibn al-Khattab</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid" title="Abu al-Walid">Abu al-Walid</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Urduni" title="Abu Hafs al-Urduni">Abu Hafs al-Urduni</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Muhannad_(jihadist)" title="Muhannad (jihadist)">Muhannad</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Kurd" title="Abdulla Kurd">Abdulla Kurd</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Zalim_Shebzukhov" title="Zalim Shebzukhov">Zalim Shebzukhov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boris_Yeltsin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template talk:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boris_Yeltsin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">1st President of Russia</a> (1991–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butka,_Russia" title="Butka, Russia">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City Committee of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Second inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Yegor_Gaidar" title="Cabinet of Boris Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar">Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 Soviet coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">Demographic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">Elizabeth II visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1993">Monetary reform (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">Monetary reform (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 financial crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_miners%27_strike" title="1998 Russian miners' strike">1998 miners' strike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin" title="List of international presidential trips made by Boris Yeltsin">List of trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">Impeachment attempts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vote_or_lose" title="Vote or lose">Vote or lose</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Loans for shares scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soskovets_campaign_strategy" title="Soskovets campaign strategy">Soskovets campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_affair" title="Xerox affair">Xerox affair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Library" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz-Russian_Slavic_University_named_after_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin">Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_Academy,_named_after_the_first_President_of_Russia_Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin (page does not exist)">Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Peak" title="Boris Yeltsin Peak">Boris Yeltsin Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_of_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Street of Boris Yeltsin">Street of Boris Yeltsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Yekaterinburg" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Yekaterinburg">Monument (Yekaterinburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Cholpon-Ata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Cholpon-Ata (page does not exist)">Monument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholpon-Ata" title="Cholpon-Ata">Cholpon-Ata</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Volleyball_Cup" title="Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup">Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_on_a_Given_Theme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confession on a Given Theme (page does not exist)">Confession on a Given Theme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_of_President&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes of President (page does not exist)">Notes of President</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Marathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidential Marathon (page does not exist)">Presidential Marathon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin:_From_Dawn_to_Dusk" title="Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk">Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yeltsin:_Three_Days_in_August" title="Yeltsin: Three Days in August">Yeltsin: Three Days in August</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_August%27s_Days&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three August's Days (page does not exist)">Three August's Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar_Boris_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsar Boris (film) (page does not exist)">Tsar Boris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_All_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of All Russia (page does not exist)">President of All Russia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.N._(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.N. 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Chechen_War" title="Category:First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Category:Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Chechnya" title="Category:Wars involving Chechnya">Wars involving Chechnya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1994" title="Category:Conflicts in 1994">Conflicts in 1994</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1995" title="Category:Conflicts in 1995">Conflicts in 1995</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1996" title="Category:Conflicts in 1996">Conflicts in 1996</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_in_Russia" title="Category:1994 in Russia">1994 in 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