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class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Combat service and support and medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_service_and_support_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammunition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammunition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ammunition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammunition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Invasion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crossing_the_Russian_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_the_Russian_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Crossing the Russian border </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_the_Russian_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_on_Vilna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_on_Vilna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 March on Vilna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_on_Vilna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_on_Vitebsk_and_Minsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_on_Vitebsk_and_Minsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 March on Vitebsk and Minsk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_on_Vitebsk_and_Minsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_on_Smolensk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_on_Smolensk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 March on Smolensk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_on_Smolensk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Borodino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Borodino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 The Battle of Borodino </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Borodino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Capture of Moscow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Retreat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Cold weather </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Summary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Historical assessment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical assessment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grande_Armée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grande_Armée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Grande Armée </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grande_Armée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_Russian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_Russian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Imperial Russian Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_Russian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 German invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Cultural impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">French invasion of Russia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russlandfeldzug_1812" title="Russlandfeldzug 1812 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russlandfeldzug 1812" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الغزو الفرنسي لروسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو الفرنسي لروسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_napole%C3%B3nica_de_Rusia" title="Invasión napoleónica de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Invasión napoleónica de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransan%C4%B1n_Rusiyaya_h%C3%BCcumu" title="Fransanın Rusiyaya hücumu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransanın Rusiyaya hücumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="ناپولئونون روسیه تهاجومو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناپولئونون روسیه تهاجومو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="1812 йылғы Ватан һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1812 йылғы Ватан һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вайна 1812 года – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна 1812 года" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Вайна 1812 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вайна 1812 году" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1812)" title="Френско-руска война (1812) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френско-руска война (1812)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampagn_Rusia" title="Kampagn Rusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kampagn Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="1812 оной Эсэгэ ороноо хамгаалха дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="1812 оной Эсэгэ ороноо хамгаалха дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_francesa_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Invasió francesa de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasió francesa de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BD_1812_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Тăван Çĕршывăн 1812 çулхи вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăван Çĕршывăн 1812 çулхи вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsulong_sa_mga_Pranses_sa_Rusya" title="Pagsulong sa mga Pranses sa Rusya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagsulong sa mga Pranses sa Rusya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonovo_rusk%C3%A9_ta%C5%BEen%C3%AD" title="Napoleonovo ruské tažení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Napoleonovo ruské tažení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleons_felttog_i_Rusland" title="Napoleons felttog i Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Napoleons felttog i Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russlandfeldzug_1812" title="Russlandfeldzug 1812 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russlandfeldzug 1812" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812._aasta_Prantsuse-Vene_s%C3%B5da" title="1812. aasta Prantsuse-Vene sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1812. aasta Prantsuse-Vene sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλική εισβολή στη Ρωσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλική εισβολή στη Ρωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_napole%C3%B3nica_de_Rusia" title="Invasión napoleónica de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión napoleónica de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_invado_al_Rusio" title="Franca invado al Rusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca invado al Rusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_frantziar_inbasioa" title="Errusiako frantziar inbasioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako frantziar inbasioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تهاجم فرانسه به روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تهاجم فرانسه به روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_Russie" title="Campagne de Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne de Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionradh_Francach_ar_an_R%C3%BAis" title="Ionradh Francach ar an Rúis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionradh Francach ar an Rúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95" title="러시아 원정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 원정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A8_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանսիական ներխուժումը Ռուսաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիական ներխուժումը Ռուսաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="नेपोलियन का रूस पर आक्रमण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपोलियन का रूस पर आक्रमण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonova_invazija_na_Rusiju" title="Napoleonova invazija na Rusiju – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Napoleonova invazija na Rusiju" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Rusia_oleh_Prancis" title="Invasi Rusia oleh Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Rusia oleh Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAsslandsherf%C3%B6r_Nap%C3%B3leons" title="Rússlandsherför Napóleons – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússlandsherför Napóleons" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_di_Russia" title="Campagna di Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_(1812)" title="מלחמת רוסיה–צרפת (1812) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת רוסיה–צרפת (1812)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(1812)" title="საფრანგეთ-რუსეთის ომი (1812) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთ-რუსეთის ომი (1812)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B_(1812%E2%80%941814)" title="Француз-Орыс соғысы (1812—1814) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Француз-Орыс соғысы (1812—1814)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Patrium" title="Bellum Patrium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Patrium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812._gada_kar%C5%A1" title="1812. gada karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1812. gada karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleono_%C5%BEygis_%C4%AF_Rusij%C4%85" title="Napoleono žygis į Rusiją – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Napoleono žygis į Rusiją" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszorsz%C3%A1gi_hadj%C3%A1rat_(1812)" title="Oroszországi hadjárat (1812) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszországi hadjárat (1812)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Француска инвазија на Русија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Француска инвазија на Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="फ्रान्सचे रशियावरील आक्रमण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्सचे रशियावरील आक्रमण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الغزو الفرنسى لروسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الغزو الفرنسى لروسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veldtocht_van_Napoleon_naar_Rusland" title="Veldtocht van Napoleon naar Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veldtocht van Napoleon naar Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="रूसमाथि नेपोलियनको आक्रमण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रूसमाथि नेपोलियनको आक्रमण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E5%BD%B9" title="1812年ロシア戦役 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1812年ロシア戦役" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleons_felttog_i_Russland_1812" title="Napoleons felttog i Russland 1812 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Napoleons felttog i Russland 1812" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_Russia_(1812)" title="Campanha de Russia (1812) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Campanha de Russia (1812)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya-Rossiya_urushi" title="Fransiya-Rossiya urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiya-Rossiya urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81" title="روس اُتے فرانسیسی حملہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس اُتے فرانسیسی حملہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%90_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%84" title="پر روسيې باندې د فرانسې يرغل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پر روسيې باندې د فرانسې يرغل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwazja_na_Rosj%C4%99_(1812)" title="Inwazja na Rosję (1812) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inwazja na Rosję (1812)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_da_R%C3%BAssia_(1812)" title="Campanha da Rússia (1812) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha da Rússia (1812)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_din_Rusia_(1812)" title="Campania din Rusia (1812) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Campania din Rusia (1812)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Отечественная война 1812 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отечественная война 1812 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_o_Roushie" title="French invasion o Roushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="French invasion o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimi_francez_i_Rusis%C3%AB" title="Pushtimi francez i Rusisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pushtimi francez i Rusisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="French invasion of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonov_pohod_na_Rusijo" title="Napoleonov pohod na Rusijo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Napoleonov pohod na Rusijo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%86_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لەشکرکێشی فەڕەنسا بۆ سەر ڕووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەشکرکێشی فەڕەنسا بۆ سەر ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83" title="Наполеонова инвазија на Русију – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наполеонова инвазија на Русију" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Francuske_na_Rusiju" title="Invazija Francuske na Rusiju – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Invazija Francuske na Rusiju" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonin_sotaretki_Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4lle" title="Napoleonin sotaretki Venäjälle – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Napoleonin sotaretki Venäjälle" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleons_ryska_f%C3%A4ltt%C3%A5g" title="Napoleons ryska fälttåg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Napoleons ryska fälttåg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="1812 елгы Ватан сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1812 елгы Ватан 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1812 conflict during the Napoleonic Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Russian campaign" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_campaign_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Russian campaign (disambiguation)">Russian campaign (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Second Polish War" redirects here. For the 1794 uprising, see <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Patriotic War of 1812" redirects here. For the 1812–15 conflict in North America, see <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">French invasion of Russia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style 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/></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Retreat_of_Napoleon_Army_from_Moscow_1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Retreat_of_Napoleon_Army_from_Moscow_1812.jpg/134px-Retreat_of_Napoleon_Army_from_Moscow_1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Retreat_of_Napoleon_Army_from_Moscow_1812.jpg/201px-Retreat_of_Napoleon_Army_from_Moscow_1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Retreat_of_Napoleon_Army_from_Moscow_1812.jpg/268px-Retreat_of_Napoleon_Army_from_Moscow_1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="594" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Biarezina._%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(V._Adam,_1801-50).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Biarezina._%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28V._Adam%2C_1801-50%29.jpg/158px-Biarezina._%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28V._Adam%2C_1801-50%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Biarezina._%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28V._Adam%2C_1801-50%29.jpg/237px-Biarezina._%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28V._Adam%2C_1801-50%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Biarezina._%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28V._Adam%2C_1801-50%29.jpg/316px-Biarezina._%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28V._Adam%2C_1801-50%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1208" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre-peinture-francaise-Ney-a-Kowno-p1020309.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Louvre-peinture-francaise-Ney-a-Kowno-p1020309.jpg/126px-Louvre-peinture-francaise-Ney-a-Kowno-p1020309.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Louvre-peinture-francaise-Ney-a-Kowno-p1020309.jpg/189px-Louvre-peinture-francaise-Ney-a-Kowno-p1020309.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Louvre-peinture-francaise-Ney-a-Kowno-p1020309.jpg/252px-Louvre-peinture-francaise-Ney-a-Kowno-p1020309.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>Top to bottom, left to right: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>French soldiers struggling with thirst and heat by Albrecht Adam</li> <li>The end of Borodino battle by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a></li> <li>Moscow burning by Viktor Mazurovsky</li> <li>French soldiers attacked by Russian Cossacks</li> <li>Crossing the Berezina River by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Adam" title="Victor Adam">Victor Adam</a></li> <li>Marshal Ney at the Kowno redoubt by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Raffet" title="Auguste Raffet">Auguste Raffet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 June – 24 December 1812 (6 months)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Russian victory <ul><li>Escalation of the conflict into the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw"><img alt="Duchy of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Rhine Confederation</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony"><img alt="Kingdom of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria"><img alt="Kingdom of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia"><img alt="Kingdom of Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg"><img alt="Kingdom of Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse"><img alt="Grand Duchy of Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Berg_%281806-1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Berg_%281806-1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Berg_%281806-1808%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Berg_%281806-1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Berg_%281806-1808%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Berg_%281806-1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden"><img alt="Grand Duchy of Baden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/15px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/23px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/30px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Switzerland</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski200487-1">[1]</a> French allies: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw"><img alt="Duchy of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Reynier" title="Jean Reynier">Jean Reynier</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent Saint-Cyr</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ambro%C5%BCy_Miko%C5%82aj_Skar%C5%BCy%C5%84ski" title="Ambroży Mikołaj Skarżyński">Ambroży Mikołaj Skarżyński</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Karl von Schwarzenberg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Claude Victor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Yorck_von_Wartenburg" title="Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg">Johann Yorck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Barclay_de_Tolly" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Barclay de Tolly">Mikhail Barclay de Tolly</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Benckendorff" title="Alexander von Benckendorff">Alexander von Benckendorff</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Levin von Bennigsen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Chichagov" title="Pavel Chichagov">Pavel Chichagov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eufemiusz_Czaplic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eufemiusz Czaplic">Eufemiusz Czaplic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Dokhturov" title="Dmitry Dokhturov">Dmitry Dokhturov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Golitsyn" title="Dmitry Golitsyn">Dmitry Golitsyn</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Kulnev" title="Yakov Kulnev">Yakov Kulnev</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lambert_(soldier)" title="Charles de Lambert (soldier)">Charles de Lambert</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich" title="Mikhail Miloradovich">Mikhail Miloradovich</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Orlov-Denisov" title="Vasily Orlov-Denisov">Vasily Orlov-Denisov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ivanovich_Ostermann-Tolstoy" title="Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy">Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_der_Osten-Sacken" title="Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken">Fabian Osten-Sacken</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_der_Pahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter von der Pahlen">Peter von der Pahlen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Platov" title="Matvei Platov">Matvei Platov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Raevsky" title="Nikolay Raevsky">Nikolay Raevsky</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alexandrovich_Stroganov" title="Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov">Pavel Stroganov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tormasov" title="Alexander Tormasov">Alexander Tormasov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Tuchkov" title="Nikolay Tuchkov">Nikolay Tuchkov</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Yermolov (general)">Aleksey Yermolov</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 450,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127-2">[2]</a> – 685,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199077,_501-3">[3]</a> total: <ul><li>449,000 <a href="#Crossing_the_Russian_border">First wave</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159-4">[4]</a></li> <li>134,000 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990241-5">[5]</a></li> <li>108,000 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990491-6">[6]</a></li> <li>33,000 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908445-7">[7]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 508,000 – 723,000 total:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127-2">[2]</a> <ul><li>98,000 <a href="#Crossing_the_Russian_border">First wave</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159-4">[4]</a></li> <li>118,000 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990239-8">[8]</a></li> <li>129,000 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990493-9">[9]</a></li> <li>126,000 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908445-7">[7]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 434,000 – 500,000 <ul><li>284,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916127-11">[11]</a> – 350,000 dead <ul><li>100,000 killed in combat<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008163-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentz2004vol._2-13">[13]</a></li> <li>200,000 died from other causes<a href="#cite_note-The_retreat_from_Moscow-14">[14]</a></li> <li>50,000 died in captivity<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127-2">[2]</a></li></ul></li> <li>50,000 wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916127-11">[11]</a></li> <li>50,000 deserted<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916127-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175-10">[10]</a></li> <li>50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127-2">[2]</a>–100,000 prisoners<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175-10">[10]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 410,000 <ul><li>210,000 dead<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanovich-16">[16]</a></li> <li>150,000 wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916128-17">[17]</a></li> <li>50,000 deserted<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916128-17">[17]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total military and civilian deaths: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536-18">[18]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Battle of Vilnius (1812)">Vilna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1812)" title="Siege of Riga (1812)">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">1st Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inkovo" title="Battle of Inkovo">Inkovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swolna" title="Battle of Swolna">Swolna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="First Battle of Krasnoi">1st Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dahlenkirchen" title="Battle of Dahlenkirchen">Dahlenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shevardino" title="Battle of Shevardino">Shevardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mozhaysk_(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mozhaysk (1812) (page does not exist)">Mozhaysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zvenigorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zvenigorod (page does not exist)">Zvenigorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ustyluh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ustyluh (page does not exist)">Ustyluh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Vitebsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Vitebsk (page does not exist)">2nd Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaskowa" title="Battle of Liaskowa">Liaskowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowo_Schwerschen" title="Battle of Nowo Schwerschen">Nowo Schwerschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolkowisk" title="Battle of Wolkowisk">Wolkowisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaidanowo" title="Battle of Kaidanowo">Kaidanowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">2nd Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borisov" title="Battle of Borisov">Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loschniza" title="Battle of Loschniza">Loschniza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pleshchenitsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pleshchenitsy (page does not exist)">Pleshchenitsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 304px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold">French invasion of Russia</div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 120px; width: 304px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 304px; height: 120px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="304" data-height="120" data-zoom="4" data-lat="54.6" data-lon="29.5" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/54.6/29.5/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,4,54.6,29.5,304x120.png?lang=en" width="304" height="120" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,4,54.6,29.5,304x120@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -92px; left: 0px; width: 304px; height: 304px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 53px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 102px; left: 291px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 75.875px; left: 288px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> 500km 300miles</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 88.949918859732px; left: 47.465671136319px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 89.949918859732px; left: 65.965671136319px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 88.949918859732px; left: 54.965671136319px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">15</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 71.266203807243px; left: 102.66691047801px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 72.266203807243px; left: 121.16691047801px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 71.266203807243px; left: 110.16691047801px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">14</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 71.266203807243px; left: 102.66691047801px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno"><img alt="Battle of Gorodechno 12 August 1812: Schwarzenberg's Austrians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 94.63561949773px; left: 65.558770461257px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 95.63561949773px; left: 84.058770461257px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 94.63561949773px; left: 73.058770461257px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">13</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 38.964239029468px; left: 61.410034310316px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 39.964239029468px; left: 79.910034310316px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 38.964239029468px; left: 68.910034310316px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">12</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 38.964239029468px; left: 61.410034310316px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Yorck_von_Wartenburg" title="Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg"><img alt="Tauroggen 30 December 1812: Ludwig Yorck's Prussians signed the Convention of Tauroggen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 3.831421586034px; left: 82.268957735881px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 4.831421586034px; left: 100.76895773588px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 3.831421586034px; left: 89.768957735881px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">11</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 3.831421586034px; left: 82.268957735881px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1812)" title="Siege of Riga (1812)"><img alt="Siege of Riga 24 July – 18 December 1812: Macdonald's Prussians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 42.393996374096px; left: 56.685084805077px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 43.393996374096px; left: 53.185084805077px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 42.393996374096px; left: 64.185084805077px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">10</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 97.65219681756px; left: 46.658972440302px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 98.65219681756px; left: 65.158972440302px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 97.65219681756px; left: 54.158972440302px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">9</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 57.551299847906px; left: 131.24709285116px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 58.551299847906px; left: 149.74709285116px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 57.551299847906px; left: 138.74709285116px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">8</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 57.551299847906px; left: 131.24709285116px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina"><img alt="Battle of Berezina 26–29 November 1812: Napoleon, Chichagov, Wittgenstein, Kutuzov only pursuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 43.601018209862px; left: 224.7088989182px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 44.601018209862px; left: 243.2088989182px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 43.601018209862px; left: 232.2088989182px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">7</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 43.601018209862px; left: 224.7088989182px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets"><img alt="Battle of Maloyaroslavets 24 October 1812: Kutuzov, Napoleon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 28.790923713216px; left: 238.19229140876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 29.790923713216px; left: 256.69229140876px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 28.790923713216px; left: 245.69229140876px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">6</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 28.790923713216px; left: 238.19229140876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow"><img alt="Moscow 14 September to 19 October 1812: Napoleon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 33.486699088726px; left: 217.33336798319px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 34.486699088726px; left: 235.83336798319px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 33.486699088726px; left: 224.83336798319px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">5</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 33.486699088726px; left: 217.33336798319px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino"><img alt="Battle of Borodino 7 September 1812: Kutuzov, Napoleon October 1812: Napoleon's Retreat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 48.610921364871px; left: 173.65639572745px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 49.610921364871px; left: 192.15639572745px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 48.610921364871px; left: 181.15639572745px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">4</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 48.610921364871px; left: 173.65639572745px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)"><img alt="Battle of Smolensk 16 August 1812: Napoleon November 1812: : Napoleon's retreat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 40.176412211444px; left: 152.22125894759px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 41.176412211444px; left: 170.72125894759px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 40.176412211444px; left: 159.72125894759px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">3</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 40.176412211444px; left: 152.22125894759px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)"><img alt="Battle of Vitebsk 26 July 1812: Napoleon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 50.207550212448px; left: 95.8675928973px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #7A0101; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 51.207550212448px; left: 114.3675928973px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 50.207550212448px; left: 103.3675928973px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">2</div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 46.009653118417px; left: 79.964104318692px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #7A0101; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 47.009653118417px; left: 98.464104318692px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 46.009653118417px; left: 87.464104318692px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">1</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 268px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/54.6/29.5/en" data-zoom="5" data-lat="54.6" data-lon="29.5" data-overlays="["_6b4744ea89ed3b14a43384409321b283657e4887"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Prussian corps</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Napoleon</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Austrian corps</div></div></div></div> The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Campagne de Russie), the Second Polish War, and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Оте́чественная война́ 1812 го́да, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Otéchestvennaya voyná 1812 góda), was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> with the aim of compelling the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">continental blockade of the United Kingdom</a>. Widely studied, Napoleon's incursion into Russia stands as a focal point in <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>, recognized as among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties" title="List of battles by casualties">most devastating military endeavors globally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2009212–213-19">[19]</a> In a span of fewer than six months, the campaign exacted a staggering toll, claiming the lives of nearly a million soldiers and civilians.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536-18">[18]</a> On 24 June 1812 and subsequent days, the initial wave of the multinational <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niemen">Niemen</a> River, marking the entry from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> into Russia. Employing extensive forced marches, Napoleon rapidly advanced his army of nearly half a million individuals through <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">Western Russia</a>, encompassing present-day <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, in a bid to dismantle the disparate Russian forces led by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Barclay de Tolly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a> totaling approximately 180,000–220,000 soldiers at that juncture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz19064,_25-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010134-22">[22]</a> Despite losing half of his men within six weeks due to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> conditions, diseases and scarcity of provisions, Napoleon emerged victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Battle of Smolensk</a>. However, the Russian Army, now commanded by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, opted for a strategic retreat, employing <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare_against_Napoleon" title="Attrition warfare against Napoleon">attrition warfare against Napoleon</a> compelling the invaders to rely on an inadequate supply system, incapable of sustaining their vast army in the field. The fierce <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a>, located 110 kilometres (70 mi) west of Moscow, concluded as a narrow victory for the French although Napoleon was not able to beat the Russian army and Kutuzov could not stop the French. At the <a href="/wiki/Council_at_Fili" title="Council at Fili">Council at Fili</a> Kutuzov made the critical decision not to defend the city but to orchestrate a general withdrawal, prioritizing the preservation of the Russian army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990263-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[a]</a> On 14 September, Napoleon and his roughly 100,000-strong army <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">took control of Moscow</a>, only to discover it deserted, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">set ablaze</a> by its military governor <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a>. Remaining in Moscow for five weeks, Napoleon awaited a peace proposal that never materialized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285-25">[24]</a> Due to favorable weather conditions, Napoleon delayed his retreat and, hoping to secure supplies, began a different route westward than the one the army had devastated on the way there. However, after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Battle of Maloyaroslavets</a>, he was compelled to retrace his initial path. As early November arrived, snowfall and frost complicated the retreat. Shortages of food and winter attire for the soldiers and provision for the horses, combined with <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a> from Russian peasants and <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a>, resulted in significant losses. More than half of the soldiers perished from exhaustion, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, and the unforgiving <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Battle of Krasnoi</a>, Napoleon faced a critical scarcity of cavalry and artillery due to severe snowfall and icy conditions. Employing a strategic maneuver, he deployed the <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(France)" title="Old Guard (France)">Old Guard</a> against <a href="/wiki/Miloradovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloradovich">Miloradovich</a>, who obstructed the primary road to Krasny, effectively isolating him from the main army. <a href="/wiki/Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Davout">Davout</a> successfully broke through, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_de_Beauharnais" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene de Beauharnais">Eugene de Beauharnais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> were forced to take a detour.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Despite the consolidation of several retreating French corps with the main army, by the time they reached the <a href="/wiki/Berezina" title="Berezina">Berezina</a>, Napoleon commanded only around 49,000 troops alongside 40,000 stragglers of little military significance. On 5 December, Napoleon departed from the army at <a href="/wiki/Smorgonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Smorgonie">Smorgonie</a> in a sled and returned to Paris. Within a few days, an additional 20,000 people succombed to the bitter cold and diseases carried by <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Murat and Ney assumed command, pressing forward but leaving over 20,000 men in the hospitals of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. The remnants of the principal armies, disheartened, crossed the frozen Niemen and the <a href="/wiki/Bug_(river)" title="Bug (river)">Bug</a>. While exact figures remain elusive due to the absence of meticulous records,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> estimations varied and often included exaggerated counts, overlooking auxiliary troops. Napoleon's initial force upon entering Russia exceeded 450,000 men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190647,_52,_94-29">[28]</a> accompanied by over 150,000 horses,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> approximately 25,000 wagons and nearly 1,400 artillery pieces. However, the surviving count dwindled to a mere 120,000 men (excluding early deserters);<a href="#cite_note-32">[b]</a> signifying a staggering loss of approximately 380,000 lives throughout the campaign, half of which resulted from diseases.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> This catastrophic outcome shattered Napoleon's once-untarnished reputation of invincibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009-35">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> The French invasion is known as the Russian campaign,<a href="#cite_note-36">[c]</a> the Second Polish War,<a href="#cite_note-37">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> the Second Polish campaign,<a href="#cite_note-39">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> the Patriotic War of 1812,<a href="#cite_note-41">[f]</a> or the War of 1812.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> It should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a> (Великая Отечественная война, Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna), a term for the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of the Soviet Union">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The "Patriotic War of 1812" is also occasionally referred to as simply the "War of 1812", a term which should not be confused with the conflict between Great Britain and the United States, also known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. In Russian literature written before the Russian revolution, the war was occasionally described as "the invasion of twelve languages" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: нашествие двенадцати языков). Napoleon termed this war the "Second Polish War" in an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArsenyevPetrushevsky1897-43">[37]</a> Though the stated goal of the war was the resurrection of the Polish state on the territories of the former <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (modern territories of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), in fact, this issue was of no real concern to Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt1935294-44">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1812_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1812_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/330px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/440px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The French Empire in 1812</figcaption></figure> From 1792 onwards, France found itself frequently embroiled in conflicts with major European powers, a direct aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Napoleon, rising to power in 1799 and assuming autocratic rule over France, orchestrated numerous military campaigns that led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First French empire">first French empire</a>. Starting in 1803, the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> served as a testament to Napoleon's military prowess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43-45">[39]</a> He secured victories in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> (1803–1806, leading to the dissolution of the thousand-year-old <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>), the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> (1806–1807), and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> (1809). In 1807, following a French triumph at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a> Napoleon and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> along the Neman River. These treaties progressively solidified Russia's alignment with France, allowing Napoleon to exert dominance over neighboring states. The accord rendered Russia an ally of France, leading to their adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>, a blockade aimed at the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> However, the treaty imposed significant economic strain on Russia, prompting Tsar Alexander to break away from the Continental blockade on December 31, 1810. This decision left Napoleon without his primary foreign policy tool against the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199026-47">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Treaty of Schönbrunn</a>, concluding the 1809 conflict between <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> and France included a clause that transferred <a href="/wiki/West_Galicia" title="West Galicia">Western Galicia</a> from Austria and annexing it to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Grand Duchy of Warsaw</a>. This move was seen unfavorably by Russia, perceiving the territory's annexation as a potential threat for a French invasion point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199025-48">[42]</a> Russia's foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Nikolay Rumyantsev</a> advocated for a closer alliance with France in response.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> In an attempt to secure greater cooperation from Russia, Napoleon initially pursued an alliance by proposing marriage to <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Anna Pavlovna</a>, the youngest sister of Alexander. However, he ultimately married <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a>, the daughter of the Austrian emperor. Subsequently, France and Austria solidified their relationship by signing an <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">alliance treaty</a> on 14 March 1812. In March 1811, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Davout">Marshal Davout</a> received orders to clandestinely prepare for a demonstration of military strength aimed at impressing Russia. This plan involved deploying (Dutch) troops to <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> and occupying the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Provinces">Baltic</a> ports Stettin and Danzig.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> During this period, Napoleon's physical and mental condition underwent changes. He experienced weight gain and increasing susceptibility to various health issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011490–520-51">[45]</a> In May 1812 he left his <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">palace in Saint-Cloud</a>; one month later he arrived in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Declaration of war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1812_French_declaration_of_war_on_Russia" title="1812 French declaration of war on Russia">1812 French declaration of war on Russia</a></div> Committed to Catherine the Great's expansion policy, Alexander I issued an ultimatum in April 1812, demanding the evacuation of French troops from Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. When Napoleon chose war over retreat, between June 8 and 20, the troops remained in constant motion, enduring arduous marches amid intense heat.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> Napoleon's primary objective was to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> and compel Czar Alexander I to rejoin to the Continental System.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> From 21–22 June 1812, Bonaparte stayed at <a href="/wiki/Vilkavi%C5%A1kis_Manor" title="Vilkaviškis Manor">Vilkaviškis Manor</a> (in Polish: Wilkowiszky). There Napoleon announced the following proclamation:<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> <blockquote> Soldiers, the second Polish war is begun. The first terminated at Friedland, and at Tilsit, Russia vowed an eternal alliance with France, and war with the English. She now breaks her vows and refuses to give any explanation of her strange conduct until the French eagles have repassed the Rhine, and left our allies at her mercy. Russia is hurried away by a fatality: her destinies will be fulfilled. Does she think us degenerated? Are we no more the soldiers who fought at Austerlitz? She places us between dishonour and war—our choice cannot be difficult. Let us then march forward; let us cross the Niemen and carry the war into her country. This second Polish war will be as glorious for the French arms as the first has been, but the peace we shall conclude shall carry with it its own guarantee, and will terminate the fatal influence which Russia for fifty years past has exercised in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186014-55">[49]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logistics">Logistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Logistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_attack_in_1812_in_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/French_attack_in_1812_in_Russia.jpg/170px-French_attack_in_1812_in_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/French_attack_in_1812_in_Russia.jpg/255px-French_attack_in_1812_in_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/French_attack_in_1812_in_Russia.jpg/340px-French_attack_in_1812_in_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>French attack by infantry</figcaption></figure> The invasion of Russia starkly highlights the pivotal role of <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics in military strategy</a>, particularly in situations where the available terrain cannot sustain the large number of deployed troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990chapter_8-56">[50]</a> Napoleon meticulously prepared for supplying his army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016270-57">[51]</a> significantly surpassing the logistical efforts of previous campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> To sustain the Grande Armée and its operations, twenty <a href="/wiki/Train_(military)" title="Train (military)">train</a> battalions with 7,848 vehicles, were mobilized to provide a 40-day supply. Extensive magazines were strategically set up in towns and cities across Poland and East Prussia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271–272-59">[53]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river valley was developed into a vital supply base in 1811–1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016270-57">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">Quartermaster</a> General <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Dumas</a> organized five supply lines from the Rhine to the Vistula,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> establishing administrative headquarters in three <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement" title="Arrondissement">arrondissements</a> in French-controlled Germany and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> This logistical preparation served as a significant trial of Napoleon's administrative and logistical acumen, with his focus in the first half of 1812 dedicated mainly to provisioning his invading army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016270-57">[51]</a> Napoleon's study of Russian geography and history, including <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia" title="Swedish invasion of Russia">Charles XII's invasion of 1708–1709</a>, reinforced his understanding of the imperative to transport as many supplies as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016270-57">[51]</a> The French Army's prior experience operating in the sparsely populated and underdeveloped regions of Poland and East Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) also informed their approach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016270-57">[51]</a> <blockquote> However, nothing was to go as planned, because Napoleon had failed to take into account conditions that were totally different from what he had known so far.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990151-60">[54]</a></blockquote> Napoleon and the Grande Armée were accustomed to utilizing the method of living off the land, which proved successful in the densely populated and agriculturally prosperous regions of central Europe, characterized by a well-connected network of roads. Swift forced marches had disoriented the traditional Austrian and Prussian armies, relying extensively on foraging for sustenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990139-61">[55]</a> Colonel Pion<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> documented the logistical challenges that this strategy imposed on the army: <blockquote>There is no fodder for the horses; as usual there is no order or administration; the Army must live by the sword, and even on Prussian territory and with their allies, the troops pillage atrociously, as if they were in an enemy’s country.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[57]</a></blockquote> During the campaign, the widespread death and depletion of horses emerged as a significant issue.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[60]</a> Forced marches often forced troops to go without essential supplies, as supply wagons struggled to keep pace;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990139-61">[55]</a> The scarcity of roads, frequently turned to mud by rainstorms (<a href="/wiki/Rasputitsa" title="Rasputitsa">rasputitsa</a>), further impeded horse-drawn wagons and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990169-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> In thinly populated and agriculturally sparse regions, the lack of food and water led to casualties among troops and their mounts, exposing them to waterborne diseases from drinking contaminated water and consuming spoiled food and forage. While the foremost sections of the army received whatever provisions could be supplied, formations behind them suffered from starvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990139–153-69">[63]</a> During the attack phase, Vilna stood as the most advanced magazine in the operational area. Beyond that point, the army had to rely solely on its own resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990151-60">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions_and_transportation">Provisions and transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provisions and transportation">edit</a>]</div> Danzig contained enough provisions to feed 400,000 men for 50 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a> Breslau, <a href="/wiki/Plock" class="mw-redirect" title="Plock">Plock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyszogr%C3%B3d" title="Wyszogród">Wyszogród</a> were turned into grain depots, milling vast quantities of flour for delivery to Thorn, where 60,000 biscuits were produced every day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a> A large bakery was established at Villenberg (<a href="/wiki/Braniewo_County" title="Braniewo County">Braniewo County</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> 50,000 cattle were collected to follow the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> After the invasion began, large magazines were constructed at Kovno (<a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>), Vilna (<a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, with the Vilna base having enough rations to feed 100,000 men for 40 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> It also contained 27,000 muskets, 30,000 pairs of shoes along with brandy and wine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> Medium-sized depots were established at <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orsha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, and several small ones throughout the Russian interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> The French also captured numerous intact Russian supply dumps, which the Russians had failed to destroy or empty, and Moscow itself was filled with food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> Twenty train battalions provided most of the transportation, with a combined load of 8,390 tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a> Twelve of these battalions had a total of 3,024 heavy wagons drawn by four horses each, four had 2,424 one-horse light wagons and four had 2,400 wagons drawn by <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a> Auxiliary supply convoys were formed on Napoleon's orders in early June 1812, using vehicles requisitioned in East Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016272-71">[65]</a> Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a>'s II Corps alone took 600 carts formed into six companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997569-72">[66]</a> The wagon trains were supposed to carry enough bread, flour and medical supplies for 300,000 men for two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997569-72">[66]</a> The standard heavy wagons, well-suited for the dense and partially <a href="/wiki/Paved_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Paved road">paved road</a> networks of Germany and France, proved too cumbersome for the sparse and primitive Russian dirt tracks, further damaged by the unstable weather. Many horses also died during the march towards Vilnius through forests which lacked the necessary fodder, slowing even further the transport of supplies for Napoleon's troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016273-73">[67]</a> The supply route from Smolensk to Moscow was therefore entirely dependent on light wagons with small loads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997569-72">[66]</a> Central to the problem were the expanding distances to supply magazines and the fact that no supply wagon could keep up with a forced marched infantry column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990169-67">[61]</a> The weather itself became an issue, where, according to historian Richard K. Riehn: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The thunderstorms of the 29th [of June] turned into other downpours, turning the tracks—some diarists claim there were no roads in Lithuania—into bottomless mires. Wagons sank up to their hubs; horses dropped from exhaustion; men lost their boots. Stalled wagons became obstacles that forced men around them and stopped supply wagons and artillery columns. Then came the sun which would bake the deep ruts into canyons of concrete, where horses would break their legs and wagons their wheels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990169-67">[61]</a></blockquote><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boulart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Boulart (page does not exist)">Jean-François Boulart</a> reported:<blockquote>Then on June 29th came a fresh and awful and extraordinary storm; such a terrible tempest had not been known in the memory of man.Thunder and lightning burst forth from every side of the horizon; soldiers were struck dead; torrents of rain flooded the bivouacs; the downpour lasted all the next day.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[60]</a></blockquote>The heavy losses to disease, hunger and desertion in the early months of the campaign were in large part due to the inability to transport provisions quickly enough to the troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016273-73">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendance</a> administration failed to distribute with sufficient rigor the supplies that were built up or captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> By that, despite all these preparations, the Grande Armée was not self-sufficient logistically and still depended on foraging to a significant extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016272-71">[65]</a> Inadequate supplies played a key role in the losses suffered by the army as well. Davidov and other Russian campaign participants record wholesale surrenders of starving members of the Grande Armée even before the onset of the frosts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeavenworth2006-74">[68]</a> Caulaincourt describes men swarming over and cutting up horses that slipped and fell, even before the horse had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt1935191-75">[69]</a> Other accounts describe eating the flesh of horses still walking, too cold to react in pain; drinking blood and preparing <a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">black pudding</a> was popular.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> The French simply were unable to feed their army. Starvation led to a general loss of cohesion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt1935213-77">[71]</a> Constant harassment of the French Army by Cossacks added to the losses during the retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeavenworth2006-74">[68]</a> Though starvation caused horrendous casualties in Napoleon's army, losses arose from other sources as well. The main body of Napoleon's Grande Armée diminished by a third in just the first eight weeks of the campaign, before the major battle was fought. This loss in strength was in part due to diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and typhus and the need for garrison supply centres.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeavenworth2006-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDTIC1998-79">[73]</a> There are eyewitness reports of cannibalism in November 1812.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_service_and_support_and_medicine">Combat service and support and medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combat service and support and medicine">edit</a>]</div> Nine <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon</a> companies, three pontoon trains with 100 pontoons each, two companies of marines, nine <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sapper</a> companies, six miner companies and an engineer park were deployed for the invasion force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a> Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Military_hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Military hospitals">military hospitals</a> were created at <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, Warsaw, Thorn, Marienburg, <a href="/wiki/Elbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbing">Elbing</a> and Danzig,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a> while hospitals in East Prussia (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>), had beds for 28,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997566-58">[52]</a> The main hospital was in Vilnius,<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> another was set up in <a href="/wiki/Hlybokaye" title="Hlybokaye">Hlybokaye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammunition">Ammunition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ammunition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Zamku_Krzy%C5%BCackiego_MALBORK_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Zamku_Krzy%C5%BCackiego_MALBORK_01.jpg/220px-Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Zamku_Krzy%C5%BCackiego_MALBORK_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Zamku_Krzy%C5%BCackiego_MALBORK_01.jpg/330px-Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Zamku_Krzy%C5%BCackiego_MALBORK_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Zamku_Krzy%C5%BCackiego_MALBORK_01.jpg/440px-Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Zamku_Krzy%C5%BCackiego_MALBORK_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon stopped at <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Castle Malbork</a>, a large military warehouse </figcaption></figure> A significant <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a> was established in Warsaw, forming a crucial part of the logistical infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016270-57">[51]</a> The distribution of artillery was concentrated across strategic locations at <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCstrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Küstrin">Küstrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glogau" class="mw-redirect" title="Glogau">Glogau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a> <ul><li>Magdeburg contained a siege artillery train housing 100 heavy guns and storing 462 cannons, two million <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper cartridges</a> and 300,000 pounds/135 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>;</li> <li>Danzig had a siege train with 130 heavy guns and 300,000 pounds of gunpowder;</li> <li>Stettin contained 263 guns, a million cartridges and 200,000 pounds/90 tonnes of gunpowder;</li> <li>Küstrin contained 108 guns and a million cartridges;</li> <li>Glogau contained 108 guns, a million cartridges and 100,000 pounds/45 tonnes of gunpowder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016271-70">[64]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Modlin_Fortress" title="Modlin Fortress">Modlin Fortress</a> near Warsaw, <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Malbork</a> (Marienburg) served as vital ammunition and supply depots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016270-57">[51]</a> Troops gathered in Thorn, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Znamensk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Znamensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insterburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Insterburg">Insterburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumbinnen">Gumbinnen</a>, where Napoleon arrived on 18 June.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> Meanwhile, Davout had ordered his I corps to pillage the town.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> The corps coming from Warsaw used the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Gap" title="Suwałki Gap">Suwałki Gap</a>. Several corps, except <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(Grande_Armee)" class="mw-redirect" title="X Corps (Grande Armee)">X Corps</a>, passed <a href="/wiki/Marijampol%C4%97" title="Marijampolė">Marijampolė</a> before arriving at the river <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a>. On 23 June Napoleon arrived at Naugardiškė. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_French_invasion_of_Russia" title="List of battles of the French invasion of Russia">List of battles of the French invasion of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_the_Russian_border">Crossing the Russian border</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crossing the Russian border">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_French_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the French invasion of Russia">Order of battle of the French invasion of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_border_of_Nieman_1812.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/On_the_border_of_Nieman_1812.PNG/220px-On_the_border_of_Nieman_1812.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/On_the_border_of_Nieman_1812.PNG/330px-On_the_border_of_Nieman_1812.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/On_the_border_of_Nieman_1812.PNG/440px-On_the_border_of_Nieman_1812.PNG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>On the border of Nieman 1812 by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur" title="Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur">Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur</a> </figcaption></figure> After two days of preparation, the invasion commenced on Wednesday, 24 June  [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 12 June] 1812 with Napoleon's army crossing the border.<a href="#cite_note-87">[g]</a> The army was split up into five columns: <ol><li>The left wing under <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Macdonald</a> with the <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="X Corps (Grande Armée)">X Corps</a> of 30,000 men (half of them Prussians) crossed the Niemen at <a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Tilsit</a> on the 24th.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> He moved north in <a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland</a> but did not succeed in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1812)" title="Siege of Riga (1812)">occupying Riga</a>. Early August he occupied <a href="/wiki/Dunaburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunaburg">Dunaburg</a>; early September he returned to Riga with his entire force.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> On 18 December, a few days after the French left the Russian Empire, he drew back to Königsberg, followed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a>. On 25 December one of his generals <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Yorck_von_Wartenburg" title="Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg">Yorck von Wartenburg</a> found himself isolated because the Russian army blocked the road. After five days he was urged by his officers (and in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>), at least to <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">neutralization of his troops</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>. Yorck's resolution had enormous consequences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1906230–252-90">[83]</a></li> <li>In the evening of June 23, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Antoine_Morand" title="Charles Antoine Morand">Morand</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Sappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sappers">sappers</a>, occupied the other side of the Niemen. Around noon, the next morning, Napoleon, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a> (47,000), crossed the river on one of the three pontoon bridges nearby <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Hill" title="Napoleon's Hill">Napoleon's Hill</a>. Afterwards, Murat's cavalry and three corps crossed the river destined for Vilnius. Then they followed <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Barclay de Toll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_order_of_battle_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army order of battle (1812)">First Army of the West</a> to <a href="/wiki/Drissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Drissa">Drissa</a> and Polotsk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190653-91">[84]</a> <ul><li>Cavalry corps of <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Murat</a> (32,000) advanced to Vilnius and Polotsk in the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">vanguard</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="I Corps (Grande Armée)">I Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Davout</a> (72,000), the strongest corps, left Vilnius on 1 July and occupied Minsk a week later. His goal was to cut off <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a> from Barclay de Tolly. He already had lost a third of his men but beat Bagration at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Mogilev</a> and then went to Smolensk, where he joined the main army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="II Corps (Grande Armée)">II Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Oudinot</a> (37,000) crossed the Niemen and the <a href="/wiki/Neris" title="Neris">Viliya</a> to combat <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a>, who protected the road to St Petersburg. Oudinot didn't succeed in joining up with Macdonald and joined the VIth corps. For two months these corps kept Wittgenstein at a distance until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">Second Battle of Polotsk</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="III Corps (Grande Armée)">III Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Ney</a> (39,000) defended downstream the 4th pontoon bridge at <a href="/wiki/Aleksotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksotas">Aleksotas</a> which could be used to escape; he then went to Polotsk. Second Central force crossed at Pilona 20 km upstream.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="IV Corps (Grande Armée)">IV Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Beauharnais</a> (45,000 Italians) crossed the Niemen near <a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piliuona" class="extiw" title="lt:Piliuona">Pilona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaume181730-93">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClausENG48-94">[87]</a> Napoleon's stepson had orders to avoid Vilnius on his way to Vitebsk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="VI Corps (Grande Armée)">VI Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">St. Cyr</a> (25,000 Bavarians) crossed at Pilona.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> He was to throw himself between the two Russian armies and cut off all communication between them.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-96">[89]</a> He followed the II Corps to Polotsk, forming the northern flank.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> Both corps never saw Moscow. With French forces moving through different routes in the direction of Polotsk and Vitebsk, the first major engagement took place on 25 July at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrowno" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ostrowno">Battle of Ostrowno</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Right flank force under Napoleon's brother <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>, King of Westphalia (62,000). He crossed the Niemen near <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> on 1 July,<a href="#cite_note-ClausENG48-94">[87]</a> and moved towards Bagration's (second western) army. It seems he was advancing slowly so the stragglers could catch up. On the order of Napoleon Davout secretly took over the command on 6 July.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Battle of Mir</a> was a tactical victory for the Russians; Jerome let Platov escape by deploying too few of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a>'s troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009776-99">[92]</a> Jérôme left the army after being criticised by Davout.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> He went home at the end of July,<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> taking a small <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of guards with him.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-102">[95]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IV_Cavalry_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="IV Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)">IV Cavalry Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Fay_de_La_Tour-Maubourg" title="Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg">Latour Maubourg</a> (8,000) joined Davout.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="V Corps (Grande Armée)">V Corps</a> (36,000 (Polish) soldiers) under Poniatowski joined Davout and went to Mogilev and Smolensk. <a href="/wiki/Polish_legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish legions, including Lithuanians</a> formed the largest foreign contingent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="VIII Corps (Grande Armée)">VIII Corps</a> (17,000 Westphalians) under <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Vandamme" title="Dominique Vandamme">Vandamme</a> who was sent home in early July. Jérôme Bonaparte took over but resigned on 15 July when he found out Davout had been secretly given the command.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> Early August the command was given to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Junot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Battle of Smolensk (1812)</a> Junot was sent to bypass the left flank of the Russian army, but he got lost and was unable to carry out this operation.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1812-105">[98]</a> Junot, a heavy drinker, was blamed for allowing the Russian army to retreat arriving too late at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Battle of Valutino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> he had only 2,000 men left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190665-107">[100]</a> In July 1813, Junot jumped out of a window; he died a few days later.</li></ul></li> <li>The right or southern wing under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Schwarzenberg</a> with the <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="XII Corps (Grande Armée)">XII Corps</a> of 34,000 men (Austrians) crossed the <a href="/wiki/Bug_(river)" title="Bug (river)">Western Bug</a> on a pontoon bridge at <a href="/wiki/Drohiczyn" title="Drohiczyn">Drohiczyn</a> on 2 July. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tormasov" title="Alexander Tormasov">Tormasov</a>'s third army prevented him from joining up with Davout. When Tormasov occupied <a href="/wiki/Brest_(Belarus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest (Belarus)">Brest (Belarus)</a> at the end of July, Schwarzenberg and Reynier were cut off from supplies.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> On 18 September the Austrians withdrew when <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Chichagov" title="Pavel Chichagov">Pavel Chichagov</a> arrived from the south and seized Minsk on 18 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190668,_77-109">[102]</a> On 14 December 1812 Schwarzenberg crossed the border.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="VII Corps (Grande Armée)">VII Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Reynier" title="Jean Reynier">Reynier</a> (17,000 Saxons) stayed in the Grodno region and cooperated with Schwarzenberg to protect the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> against Tormasov.</li></ul></li> <li>During the campaign reinforcements of 80,000 and the baggage trains with 30,000 men were sent on different dates. In November, the division of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Durutte" title="Pierre François Joseph Durutte">Durutte</a> assisted Reynier. In December <a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_Loison" title="Louis Henri Loison">Loison</a> was sent to help extricate the remnants of the Grand Army in its retreat.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> Within a few days many of Loison's unexperienced soldiers died of the extreme cold.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[105]</a> Napoleon arrested him for not marching with his division to the front. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="IX Corps (Grande Armée)">IX Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Victor</a> (33,000). The majority was sent to Smolensk in early September;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190665-107">[100]</a> he took over the command from St. Cyr. At the end of October, he retreated, losing significant supplies in Vitebsk to Wittgenstein. Victor and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels#General_in_Napoleon's_Grande_Armée" title="Herman Willem Daendels">H.W. Daendels</a> were ordered to cover the retreat to the Berezina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="II Corps (Grande Armée)">XI Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Augereau</a> was part of the reserve. It was created later in the late summer.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> It contained an entire division of reformed deserters.<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> This corps, based in Poland did not participate in military operations in Russia until November/December. Augereau also had at his disposal a division of 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Danes</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ewald" title="Johann Ewald">Ewald</a>, which remained in <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> for the duration of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre2021-116">[109]</a> Augereau never left Berlin; his younger brother general <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Augereau" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Pierre Augereau">Jean-Pierre</a> and his troops were compelled to surrender to the partisans <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Figner" title="Aleksandr Figner">Aleksandr Figner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Davydov" title="Denis Davydov">Denis Davydov</a> on 9 November.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_on_Vilna">March on Vilna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: March on Vilna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1812_June_27._Mykoli%C5%A1kiai._Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1812_June_27._Mykoli%C5%A1kiai._Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral.jpg/220px-1812_June_27._Mykoli%C5%A1kiai._Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1812_June_27._Mykoli%C5%A1kiai._Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral.jpg/330px-1812_June_27._Mykoli%C5%A1kiai._Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1812_June_27._Mykoli%C5%A1kiai._Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral.jpg/440px-1812_June_27._Mykoli%C5%A1kiai._Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>27 June, 1812. Quartier Général at Mykoliškiai </figcaption></figure> Napoleon initially met little resistance and moved quickly into the enemy's territory in spite of the transport of more than 1,100 cannons, being opposed by the Russian armies with more than 900 cannons. But the roads in this area of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> were actually small dirt tracks through areas of birched woodland and marshes. At the beginning of the war supply lines already simply could not keep up with the forced marches of the corps and rear formations always suffered the worst privations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159–162-118">[111]</a> On the 25th of June Murat's reserve cavalry provided the vanguard with Napoleon, the Imperial guard and Davout's 1st Corps following behind. Napoleon spent the night and the next day in Kaunas, allowing only his guards, not even the generals to enter the city.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-86">[80]</a> The next day he rushed towards the capital Vilna, pushing the infantry forward in columns that suffered from stifling heat, heavy rain and more heat.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> The central group marched 110 kilometres (70 mi) in two days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990166-120">[113]</a> Ney's III Corps marched down the road to <a href="/wiki/Suderv%C4%97" title="Sudervė">Sudervė</a>, with Oudinot marching on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Neris" title="Neris">Viliya river</a>. Since the end of April, the Russian headquarters was centred in Vilna but on June 24 couriers rushed news about the crossing of the Niemen to Barclay de Tolley. Before the night had passed, orders were sent out to Bagration and Platov, who commanded the Cossacks, to take the offensive. Alexander left Vilna on June 26 and Barclay assumed overall command. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Beauharnais_Crossing_Niemen_1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eugene_Beauharnais_Crossing_Niemen_1812.jpg/220px-Eugene_Beauharnais_Crossing_Niemen_1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eugene_Beauharnais_Crossing_Niemen_1812.jpg/330px-Eugene_Beauharnais_Crossing_Niemen_1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eugene_Beauharnais_Crossing_Niemen_1812.jpg/440px-Eugene_Beauharnais_Crossing_Niemen_1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Italian corps of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> crossing the Niemen on 30 June 1812</figcaption></figure> Napoleon reached Vilna on 28 June with only light skirmishing but leaving more than 5,000 dead horses in his wake. These horses were vital to bringing up further supplies to an army in desperate need; he was forced to leave up to 100 guns and up to 500 artillery wagons. Napoleon had supposed that Alexander would sue for peace at this point and was to be disappointed; it would not be his last disappointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990179-121">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balashov" title="Alexander Balashov">Balashov</a> demanded that the French returned across the Niemen before negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> Barclay continued to retreat to Drissa, deciding that the concentration of the 1st and 2nd armies was his first priority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990180-123">[116]</a> Several days after crossing the Niemen, a number of soldiers began to develop high fevers and a red rash on their bodies. Typhus had made its appearance. On 29/30 June, a violent thunderstorm struck Lithuania during the night and continued for several hours or a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourgogne18992-124">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The results were most disastrous to the French forces. The movement of troops was impeded or absolutely checked and the vast troop and supply trains on the Vilnius-Kaunas Road became disorganized. The existing roads became little better than quagmires causing the horses to break down under the additional strain. The delay and frequent loss of these supply trains caused both troops and horses to suffer. Napoleon's forces traditionally were well supplied by his transportation corps, but they proved inadequate during the invasion. <a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a></blockquote> The foraging in Lithuania proved hard as the land was mostly barren and forested. The supplies of forage were less than that of Poland, and two days of forced marching made a bad supply situation worse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990168-128">[121]</a> Some 50,000 stragglers and deserters became a lawless mob warring with the local peasantry in all-out <a href="/wiki/Denis_Davydov#Guerrilla_Warfare" title="Denis Davydov">guerrilla war</a>, which further hindered supplies reaching the Grande Armée. Central to the problem were the expanding distances to supply magazines and the fact that no supply wagon could keep up with a forced marched infantry column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990169-67">[61]</a> A Lieutenant Mertens—a Württemberger serving with Ney's III Corps—reported in his diary that oppressive heat followed by cold nights and rain left them with dead horses and camping in swamp-like conditions with dysentery and fever raging through the ranks with hundreds in a field hospital that had to be set up for the purpose. He reported the times, dates and places of events, reporting new thunderstorms on 6 July and men dying of sunstroke a few days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990169-67">[61]</a> Rapid forced marches quickly caused desertion, suicide and starvation, and exposed the troops to filthy water and disease, while the logistics trains lost horses by the thousands, further exacerbating the problems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_on_Vitebsk_and_Minsk">March on Vitebsk and Minsk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: March on Vitebsk and Minsk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platov3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Platov3.jpg/220px-Platov3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Platov3.jpg/330px-Platov3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Platov3.jpg/440px-Platov3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Cossacks feigning retreat against Polish <a href="/wiki/Uhlans" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhlans">uhlans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Battle of Mir</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raevsky_saltanovka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raevsky_saltanovka.jpg/220px-Raevsky_saltanovka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raevsky_saltanovka.jpg/330px-Raevsky_saltanovka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raevsky_saltanovka.jpg/440px-Raevsky_saltanovka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Raevsky" title="Nikolay Raevsky">Raevsky</a> leading a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Guard (Russia)">Russian Imperial Guard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Battle of Saltanovka</a> </figcaption></figure> Although Barclay wanted to give battle, he assessed it as a hopeless situation and ordered Vilna's magazines burned and its bridge dismantled. Wittgenstein moved his command to <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>, passing beyond Macdonald and Oudinot's operations with Wittgenstein's rear guard clashing with Oudinout's forward elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990167-129">[122]</a> Barclay continued his retreat and, with the exception of the occasional rearguard clash, remained unhindered in his movements ever further east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990182–184-130">[123]</a> The operation intended to split Bagration's forces from Barclay's forces by driving to Vilna had cost the French forces 25,000 losses from all causes in a few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990170-131">[124]</a> Strong probing operations were advanced from Vilna towards <a href="/wiki/Nemen%C4%8Din%C4%97" title="Nemenčinė">Nemenčinė</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990171-132">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mol%C4%97tai" title="Molėtai">Molėtai</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Ashmyany" title="Ashmyany">Ashmyany</a> in the east, the location of Bagration on his way to Minsk. Bagration ordered Platov and Dokhturov to distract the enemy. Murat advanced to Nemenčinė on July 1, running into elements of <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Dokhturov" title="Dmitry Dokhturov">Dmitry Dokhturov</a>'s III Russian Cavalry Corps. Napoleon assumed this was Bagration's 2nd Army and rushed out, before being told it was not. Napoleon then attempted to use Davout, Jerome, and Eugene out on his right in a <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_anvil" title="Hammer and anvil">hammer and anvil</a> to catch Bagration and to destroy the 2nd Army in an operation before reaching Minsk. This operation had failed to produce results on his left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990174–175-133">[126]</a> Conflicting orders and lack of information had almost placed Bagration in a bind marching into Davout; however, Jerome could not arrive in time over the same mud tracks, supply problems, and weather, that had so badly affected the rest of the Grande Armée. Command disputes between Jerome, Vandamme and Davout would not help the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990174–175-133">[126]</a> In the first two weeks of July, the Grande Armée lost 100,000 men due to sickness and desertion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009780-134">[127]</a> On 8 July <a href="/wiki/Dirk_van_Hogendorp_(1761%E2%80%931822)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirk van Hogendorp (1761–1822)">Dirk van Hogendorp</a> was appointed as Governor of Lithuania organizing hospitals for the wounded in Vilnius and supplies for the army; Louis Henri Loison was appointed in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> The main problem was forage from East Prussia. For three weeks, the Dutch soldiers had hardly seen bread and only eaten soup.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klyastitsy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Klyastitsy.jpg/220px-Klyastitsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Klyastitsy.jpg/330px-Klyastitsy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Klyastitsy.jpg/440px-Klyastitsy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Battle of Klyastitsy</a> stopped the French offensive on St. Petersburg</figcaption></figure> Davout had lost 10,000 men marching to Minsk, which he reached on the 8th and would not attack Bagration without Jerome joining him. He ordered Polish cavalry to search for the thousands of looting soldiers who stayed behind. Davout left the city after four days where a Polish governor was appointed; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barban%C3%A8gre" title="Joseph Barbanègre">Joseph Barbanègre</a> had to organize the logistics. Davout crossed the Berezina and ran into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogilev" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mogilev">Battle of Mogilev</a> with Bagration; he went to Orsha, and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Dniepr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr">Dniepr</a> on his way to Smolensk. Davout thought Bagration had some 60,000 men and Bagration thought Davout had 70,000. Bagration was getting orders from both Alexander's staff and Barclay (which Barclay didn't know) and left Bagration without a clear picture of what was expected of him and the general situation. This stream of confused orders to Bagration had him upset with Barclay, which would have repercussions later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990176-137">[130]</a> After five weeks, the loss of troops from disease and desertion had reduced Napoleon's effective fighting strength to about half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190683-138">[131]</a> Ney and his corps were given ten days to recover and search for food.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Walter" title="Jakob Walter">Jakob Walter</a> describes his foraging experience during Russia's <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics:<blockquote>Finally we arrived at Polotsk, a large city on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Western Dvina</a> River. In this region I once left the bivouac to seek provisions. There were eight of us, and we came to a very distant village. Here we searched all the houses. There were no peasants left. I later realized how heedless I had been, since each one ran into a house alone, broke open everything that was covered, and searched all the floors and still nothing was found. Finally, when we assembled and were ready to leave, I once more inspected a little hut somewhat removed from the village. Around it from top to bottom were heaped bundles of hemp and shives, which I tore down; and, as I worked my way to the ground, sacks full of flour appeared. Now I joyfully called all my comrades so that we might dispose of the booty. In the village we saw sieves; these we took to sift the flour mixed with chaff an inch long; and, after that, we refilled the sacks. ... Then the question of carrying and dividing the grain arose, but it occurred to me that I had seen a horse in one of the houses. Everyone immediately hurried to find the horse. We found two instead of one, but unfortunately they were both colts, and one could not be used at all. We took the largest, placed two sacks on it, and started out very slowly. While we were marching there, the Russians saw us from a distance with this booty; and at the same moment we saw a troop of peasants in the valley, about fifty. These ran toward us. What could we do but shoot at them?<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_on_Smolensk">March on Smolensk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: March on Smolensk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille-de-smolensk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bataille-de-smolensk.jpg/220px-Bataille-de-smolensk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bataille-de-smolensk.jpg/330px-Bataille-de-smolensk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bataille-de-smolensk.jpg/440px-Bataille-de-smolensk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a> with the burning city of Smolensk </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_1596-1602%D0%B3.%D0%B3..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_1596-1602%D0%B3.%D0%B3..jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_1596-1602%D0%B3.%D0%B3..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_1596-1602%D0%B3.%D0%B3..jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_1596-1602%D0%B3.%D0%B3..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_1596-1602%D0%B3.%D0%B3..jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_1596-1602%D0%B3.%D0%B3..jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The total length of the city wall around the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Kremlin" title="Smolensk Kremlin">Smolensk Kremlin</a> was 6.5 kilometres, with a height of up to 19 metres and a width of up to 5.2 metres, and a total of 38 watchtowers. The Kremlin lost nine towers because of the bombardment and fire.</figcaption></figure> Exactly at midnight, on July 16, Napoleon left Vilnius. On 19 July the Tsar left the army in Polotsk and headed for Moscow, taking the discredited Von Phull with him.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[h]</a> Barclay, the Russian commander-in-chief, refused to fight despite Bagration's urgings. Several times he attempted to establish a strong defensive position, but each time the French advance was too quick for him to finish preparations and he was forced to retreat once more. When the French Army progressed further (under conditions of extreme heat and drought, rivers and wells filled with <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>) it encountered serious problems in foraging, aggravated by the <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics of the Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger1984-143">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger2021-144">[136]</a><blockquote>From Smolensk to Moshaisk the war displayed its horrible work of destruction: all the roads, fields, and woods lay as though sown with people, horses, wagons, burned villages and cities; everything looked like the complete ruin of all that lived. In particular, we saw ten dead Russians to one of our men, although every day our numbers fell off considerably. In order to pass through<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a></blockquote>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">battle of Vitebsk</a> Napoleon discovered that the Russians were able to slip away during the night. The city, at the intersection of important trade routes, and the palace of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Alexander_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_(1771%E2%80%931833)" title="Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1771–1833)">Alexander of Württemberg</a> would be his base for the next two weeks. His army needed to recover and rest, but Napoleon asked himself what to do next. According to <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Antoine-Henri Jomini</a>, Napoleon planned not to go further than Smolensk and make Vilnius his headquarters for the winter. However, he could not go back at the end of July. His position was unfavourable according to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Adam Zamoyski</a>. There was the heat—also at night—and the lack of supplies. He had lost a third of his army due to sickness and straggling.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a> had come to an end as Kutuzov signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> and the Russian general Pavel Chichagov headed north-west. His former ally <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Bernadotte</a> broke off relations with France and entered into an alliance with Russia (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C3%96rebro" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Örebro">Treaty of Örebro</a>). Mid-July Napoleon's brother Jérome resigned and decided to go home. (For Napoleon he lost the opportunity to destroy the Russian armies separately.) On 4 August the corps of Barclay and Bagration finally succeeded to unite in Smolensk.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190659-148">[140]</a> On 5 August they held a council of war. Under pressure, Barclay de Tolly decided to launch an offensive. (The French army arrived on Russian territory before the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>). A Russian force was sent west. Napoleon hoped that the Russian advance would lead to the long-desired battle and the unification of the Russian armies forced Napoleon to change his plans. On 14 August, Ney crossed the Dniepr and won the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="First Battle of Krasnoi">first Battle of Krasnoi</a>. The next day Napoleon celebrated his 43rd birthday with a review of the army. In the late afternoon, Murat's cavalry and Ney's infantry closed up to the western side of Smolensk. The main body of the army did not come up until late the next day.<a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Digby_George_1812-149">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Valutino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Valutino.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Valutino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Valutino.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Valutino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Valutino.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Valutino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Battle of Valutino</a> on 19 August 1812</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Battle of Smolensk (1812)</a> on August 16–18 became the first real confrontation. Napoleon surrounded the southern bank of the Dniepr, while the northern bank was guarded by Barclay's army. When Bagration moved further east, to prevent the French from crossing the river and attacking the Russians from behind, Napoleon began the attack on the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Kremlin" title="Smolensk Kremlin">Smolensk Kremlin</a> in the evening. In the middle of the night Barclay de Tolly withdrew his troops from the burning city to avoid a big battle with no chance of victory. When the French army moved in the Russians left on the east side. Ney, Junot and Oudinot tried to halt their army. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Battle of Valutino</a> could have been decisive but the Russians succeeded to escape via a diversion on the road to Moscow. The French discussed their options or prepare for a new attack after winter. Napoleon pressed his army on after the Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt193577-150">[142]</a> Murat implored him to stop, but Napoleon could see nothing but Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1812-105">[98]</a> After five or six days Napoleon invited the wounded <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1776)" class="extiw" title="ru:Тучков, Павел Алексеевич (1776)">Tuchkov</a> to write the tsar his readiness for peace negotiations; then the general was sent to Paris as honorary prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> On 24 August, the Grande Armée marched out on the <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Старая Смоленская дорога">Old Smolensk road</a>, 30 feet wide; Eugene on the left, Poniatowski on the right and Murat in the centre, with the Emperor, the Guard, I Corps and III Corps in the second line. Joseph Barbanègre was appointed commander of the devastated city and had to organise new supplies. <dl><dt>Kutuzov in command</dt></dl> Meanwhile, Wittgenstein was forced to retreat to the north after the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">First Battle of Polotsk</a>. Bagration asked <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev" title="Aleksey Arakcheyev">Aleksey Arakcheyev</a> to organize the militia, as Barclay had led the French right into the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Digby_George_1812-149">[141]</a> Political pressure on Barclay to give battle and the general's continuing reluctance to do so led to his removal after the defeat. On 20 August he was replaced in his position as commander-in-chief by the popular veteran Mikhail Kutuzov. The former head of the St. Petersburg militia and a member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the Russian Empire">State Council</a> arrived on the 29th at <a href="/wiki/Tsaryovo-Zaymishche" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaryovo-Zaymishche">Tsaryovo-Zaymishche</a>, a border village.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20144-152">[144]</a> <a href="#cite_note-153">[i]</a> The weather was still unbearably hot and Kutuzov went on with Barclay's successful strategy, using <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition warfare</a> instead of risking the army in an open battle. Napoleon's superiority in numbers was almost eliminated. The Russian Army fell back ever deeper into Russia's empty and forested interior as Napoleon continued to move east. Unable because of political pressure to give up Moscow without a fight, Kutuzov took up a defensive position some 120 kilometres (75 mi) before Moscow at <a href="/wiki/Borodino" class="mw-redirect" title="Borodino">Borodino</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_Borodino">The Battle of Borodino</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Battle of Borodino">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg/220px-Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg/330px-Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg/440px-Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon and his staff at Borodino by Vasily Vereshchagin</figcaption></figure> The Battle of Borodino, fought on 7 September 1812, was the largest battle of the French invasion of Russia, involving more than 250,000 troops and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007217-154">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> attacked the Imperial Russian Army near the village of <a href="/wiki/Borodino_(village),_Mozhaysky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Borodino (village), Mozhaysky District, Moscow Oblast">Borodino</a>, west of the town of <a href="/wiki/Mozhaysk" title="Mozhaysk">Mozhaysk</a>, and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield but failed to destroy the Russian army. About a third of Napoleon's soldiers were killed or wounded; Russian losses, while heavier, could be replaced due to Russia's large population, since Napoleon's campaign took place on Russian soil. The battle ended with the Russian Army, while out of position, still offering resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990260-155">[146]</a> The state of exhaustion of the French forces and the lack of recognition of the state of the Russian Army led Napoleon to remain on the battlefield with his army, instead of engaging in the forced pursuit that had marked other campaigns that he had conducted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253-156">[147]</a> The entirety of the Guard was still available to Napoleon, and in refusing to use it he lost this singular chance to destroy the Russian Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255–256-157">[148]</a> Borodino was a pivotal point in the campaign, as it was the last offensive action fought by Napoleon in Russia. By withdrawing, the Russian Army preserved its combat strength, eventually allowing it to force Napoleon out of the country. Borodino was the bloodiest day of battle in the Napoleonic Wars. The Russian Army could only muster half of its strength on September 8. Kutuzov chose to act in accordance with his scorched earth tactics and retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. Kutuzov also ordered the evacuation of the city. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg/220px-Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg/330px-Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg/440px-Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a> giving orders during the battle while being wounded</figcaption></figure> By this point the Russians had managed to draft large numbers of reinforcements (volunteers) into the army, bringing the Russian army to their peak strength in 1812 of 904,000, with perhaps 100,000 in the vicinity of Moscow—the remnants of Kutuzov's army from Borodino partially reinforced. Both armies began to move and rebuild. The Russian retreat was significant for two reasons: firstly, the move was to the south and not the east; secondly, the Russians immediately began operations that would continue to deplete the French forces. Platov, commanding the rear guard on September 8, offered such strong resistance that Napoleon remained on the Borodino field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990260-155">[146]</a> On the following day, Miloradovich assumed command of the rear guard, adding his forces to the formation. On 8 September the Russian army began retreating east from Borodino.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990260-155">[146]</a> They camped outside Mozhaysk.<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite201274-159">[150]</a> When the village of Mozhaysk was captured by the French on the 9th, the Grande Armée rested for two days to recover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860159-160">[151]</a> Napoleon asked <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Berthier</a> to send reinforcements from Smolensk to Moscow and from Minsk to Smolensk. The French Army began to move out on September 10 with the still ill Napoleon not leaving until the 12th. Some 18,000 men were ordered in from Smolensk, and Marshal Victor's corps supplied another 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990262-161">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Moscow">Capture of Moscow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Capture of Moscow">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">French occupation of Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_in_burning_Moscow_-_Adam_Albrecht_(1841).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon_in_burning_Moscow_-_Adam_Albrecht_%281841%29.jpg/220px-Napoleon_in_burning_Moscow_-_Adam_Albrecht_%281841%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon_in_burning_Moscow_-_Adam_Albrecht_%281841%29.jpg/330px-Napoleon_in_burning_Moscow_-_Adam_Albrecht_%281841%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon_in_burning_Moscow_-_Adam_Albrecht_%281841%29.jpg/440px-Napoleon_in_burning_Moscow_-_Adam_Albrecht_%281841%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon watching the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">fire of Moscow</a> in September 1812</figcaption></figure> On 10 September the main quarter of the Russian army was situated at <a href="/wiki/Bolshiye_Vyazyomy" title="Bolshiye Vyazyomy">Bolshiye Vyazyomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a> Kutuzov settled in a Vyazyomy Manor on the high road to Moscow. The owner was <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Golitsyn" title="Dmitry Golitsyn">Dmitry Golitsyn</a>, who entered military service again. The next day Tsar Alexander signed a document that Kutuzov was promoted <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Russian_Empire)" title="Field marshal (Russian Empire)">General Field Marshal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Imperial_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Ranks and insignia of the Imperial Russian Armed Forces">highest military rank of the Imperial Russian Army</a>. Russian sources suggest Kutuzov wrote a number of orders and letters to Rostopchin, the Moscow military governor, about saving the city or the army.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010210–211-164">[155]</a> On 12 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 31 August] 1812, the main forces of Kutuzov departed from the village, now <a href="/wiki/Golitsyno,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast">Golitsyno</a> and camped near <a href="/wiki/Odintsovo" title="Odintsovo">Odintsovo</a>, 20 km to the west, followed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Mortier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>'s vanguard.<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> Napoleon, who suffered from a cold and lost his voice, spent the night at Vyazyomy Manor (on the same sofa in the library) within 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> On Sunday afternoon the Russian military <a href="/wiki/Council_at_Fili" title="Council at Fili">council at Fili</a> discussed the risks and agreed to abandon Moscow without fighting. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a> was invited also and explained the difficult decision in quite a few remarkable chapters in his book <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>. This came at the price of <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">losing Moscow</a>, whose population was evacuated. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Andreyevich_Miloradovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich">Miloradovich</a> would not give up his rearguard duties until September 14, allowing Moscow to be evacuated. Miloradovich finally retreated under a flag of truce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990265-167">[158]</a> Kutuzov withdrew to the southeast of Moscow. On September 14, 1812, Napoleon moved into Moscow. However, he was surprised to have received no delegation from the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004297-168">[159]</a> Before the order was received to evacuate Moscow, the city had a population of approximately 270,000 people. 48 hours later three quarters of <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">Moscow was reduced to ashes by arson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285-25">[24]</a> A French Army foot soldier recalled: <blockquote> On the march into the city or rather on the march toward it, from a hill in a forest an hour and a half away, we saw the huge city lying before us. Clouds of fire, red smoke, great gilded crosses of the church towers glittered, shimmered, and billowed up toward us from the city... there were broad streets, long straight alleys, tall buildings massively built of brick, church towers with burned roofs and half-melted bells, and copper roofs which had rolled from the buildings; everything was uninhabited and uninhabitable.<a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a></blockquote> Although Saint Petersburg was the political capital at that time, Napoleon had occupied Moscow, the spiritual capital of Russia, but Alexander I decided that there could not be peaceful coexistence with Napoleon. There would be no appeasement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990290-170">[161]</a> On 19 September Murat lost sight of Kutuzov who changed direction and turned west to <a href="/wiki/Podolsk" title="Podolsk">Podolsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarutino,_Russia" title="Tarutino, Russia">Tarutino</a> where he would be more protected by the surrounding hills and the Nara river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860170-171">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860175-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860177-173">[164]</a> On 3 October Kutuzov and his entire staff arrived at Tarutino and camped there for two weeks. He controlled the three-pronged roads from <a href="/wiki/Obninsk" title="Obninsk">Obninsk</a> to Kaluga and Medyn so that Napoleon could not turn south or southwest. This position not only allowed him to harass the French lines of communication but also stay in contact with the Russian forces under Tormasov and Chichagov, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Danube" title="Army of the Danube">Army of the Danube</a>. He was also well placed to watch over the workshops and arms factories in nearby <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Briansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Briansk">Briansk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Kutuzov's food supplies and reinforcements were mostly coming up through Kaluga from the fertile and populous southern provinces, his new deployment gave him every opportunity to feed his men and horses and rebuild their strength. He refused to attack; he was happy for Napoleon to stay in Moscow for as long as possible, avoiding complicated movements and manoeuvres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010214-175">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010252-176">[167]</a></blockquote> Kutuzov avoided frontal battles involving large masses of troops in order to reinforce his army and to wait there <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare_against_Napoleon" title="Attrition warfare against Napoleon">for Napoleon's retreat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a> This tactic was sharply criticised by Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Bennigsen</a> and others, but also by Tsar Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860203-178">[169]</a> Barclay de Tolly interrupted his service for five months and settled in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010253-179">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010296-180">[171]</a> Each side avoided the other and seemed no longer to wish to get into a fight. On 5 October, on order of Napoleon, the French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lauriston" title="Jacques Lauriston">Jacques Lauriston</a> left Moscow to meet Kutuzov at his headquarters. Kutuzov agreed to meet, despite the orders of the Tsar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860181-181">[172]</a> On 10 October Murat complained to <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Daniel_Belliard" title="Augustin Daniel Belliard">Belliard</a> about the lack of food and fodder; each day he lost 200 men captured by Russians. On 18 October, at dawn during breakfast, Murat's camp in a forest was surprised by an attack by forces led by Bennigsen, known as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winkovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Winkovo">Battle of Winkovo</a>. Bennigsen was supported by Kutuzov from his headquarters at distance. Bennigsen asked Kutuzov to provide troops for the pursuit. However, Kutuzov refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860209-182">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat">Retreat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Retreat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_vyazma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Battle_vyazma.jpg/220px-Battle_vyazma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Battle_vyazma.jpg/330px-Battle_vyazma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Battle_vyazma.jpg/440px-Battle_vyazma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Battle of Vyazma</a> on 3 November 1812</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossing_the_Berezina_River,_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg/220px-Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg/330px-Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg/440px-Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> attacking French troops at the <a href="/wiki/Berezina" title="Berezina">Berezina</a></figcaption></figure> As the Tsar remained unresponsive and Napoleon took advantage of the unusually fine and warm weather lasting into October, he lingered in Moscow beyond his welcome. After five weeks, the French Army finally left the city on 19 October, a rainy day. Despite still numbering 108,000 strong, Napoleon's forces suffered a significant blow with the near-destruction of Murat's cavalry in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Battle of Tarutino</a>. Lacking clear direction or adequate supplies, the army began its retreat from the region, facing the prospect of even worse disasters ahead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990321–322-183">[174]</a> Napoleon traveled along the Old Kaluga road, heading south in search of untouched, prosperous territories.<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> His goal was to avoid the destruction caused on the previous eastward march, opting instead for alternative routes, particularly the westward path through <a href="/wiki/Medyn" title="Medyn">Medyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990326-185">[176]</a> Evading Kutuzov became Napoleon's main priority, but he encountered an obstacle in his progress. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Battle of Maloyaroslavets</a>, a testament to Kutuzov's strategic acumen, forced the French Army to retrace its steps along the Old Smolensk road, reversing their previous eastward advance. Kutuzov's tactical brilliance extended further as he employed <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> tactics, repeatedly striking at vulnerable points to prevent any potential southern retreat. As the French retreat devolved into chaos, bands of Cossacks (under <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Platov" title="Matvei Platov">Matvei Platov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Orlov-Denisov" title="Vasily Orlov-Denisov">Vasily Orlov-Denisov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Davydov" title="Denis Davydov">Denis Davydov</a>) along with agile Russian cavalry, launched relentless assaults on isolated French units foraging for supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990321-186">[177]</a> Maintaining a fully supplied army became an insurmountable challenge due to the vast stretches of uninterrupted forests. The absence of grazing fields and fodder took a heavy toll on the surviving horses, resulting in the demise of nearly all of them due to either starvation or their use as sustenance by starving soldiers. Depleted of their mounts, the French cavalry faced dissolution, compelling generals and troopers alike to proceed on foot. The scarcity of horses also forced the abandonment of numerous cannons, <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">limbers and caissons</a>, a loss that significantly weakened Napoleon's forces in subsequent campaigns. A wagon or a piece of artillery could not be transported across even the smallest <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">ravine</a> without the loss of 12 to 15 horses.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> Starvation and disease ravaged the troops, exacerbating their already dire circumstances. Defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">Polotsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasny</a> further diminished the strength of the Grande Armée. In a letter to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Francis I of Austria</a>, his father-in-law, Napoleon would later lament these setbacks: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The story of the Krasnoye affair, where I was said to have retired at a <a href="/wiki/Gallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallop">gallop</a>, is a flat fabrication. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Viceroy</a> affair is false. It's true that from November 7th to the 16th, with the thermometer falling to 18 and even 22 degrees, 30,000 of my cavalry and artillery horses died; I abandoned several thousand ambulance wagons and baggage cars for lack of horses. The roads were covered in ice. In this terrible cold storm, the bivouac became unbearable for my people; many moved away in the evening in search of houses and shelter; I had no cavalry left to protect them. The Cossacks picked up several thousand.<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fording_the_Berezina_River_by_January_Suchodolski,_ca._1859.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fording_the_Berezina_River_by_January_Suchodolski%2C_ca._1859.png/220px-Fording_the_Berezina_River_by_January_Suchodolski%2C_ca._1859.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fording_the_Berezina_River_by_January_Suchodolski%2C_ca._1859.png/330px-Fording_the_Berezina_River_by_January_Suchodolski%2C_ca._1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fording_the_Berezina_River_by_January_Suchodolski%2C_ca._1859.png/440px-Fording_the_Berezina_River_by_January_Suchodolski%2C_ca._1859.png 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon's army retreating from Russia at the Berezina river</figcaption></figure> Russian forces also seized control of the French supply depots at Polotsk, Vitebsk and Minsk, dealing a severe blow to Napoleon's already faltering campaign. However, the convergence of forces led by Victor, Oudinot and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski" title="Jan Henryk Dąbrowski">Dombrowski</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bobr_(Berezina)" title="Bobr (Berezina)">Bobr</a> bolstered the numerical strength of the Grande Armée back up to approximately 49,000 French combatants alongside some 40,000 stragglers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009841-189">[180]</a> Despite this reinforcement, as all French corps advanced towards Borisov, they encountered another critical obstacle: the strategic bridge needed to cross the Berezina River had been destroyed by the Russian army. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Battle of Berezina</a>, marked the campaign's final significant engagement, and proved to be a disastrous culmination for the French. Compounding their plight, the onset of thaw caused the ice to melt, necessitating the construction of two bridges. From a military standpoint, the subsequent escape could be deemed a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_victory" title="Strategic victory">strategic victory</a> for the French, albeit amidst substantial losses. However, it also represented a missed opportunity for the Russians, who laid blame on <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Chichagov" title="Pavel Chichagov">Pavel Chichagov</a> for his failure to fully capitalize on the situation. On 3 December Napoleon published the 29th Bulletin in which he informed the outside world for the first time of the catastrophic state of his army. He abandoned the army on 5 December and returned home on a <a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">sled</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapoleon_–_18122021-190">[181]</a> leaving the sick Murat in command. In the following weeks, the Grande Armée shrank further, and on 14 December 1812, it left Russian territory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_weather">Cold weather</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cold weather">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/220px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/330px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/440px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia, painting by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Northen" title="Adolph Northen">Adolph Northen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82.1830_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%90_%D0%93%D0%98_e1W.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82.1830_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%90_%D0%93%D0%98_e1W.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82.1830_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%90_%D0%93%D0%98_e1W.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82.1830_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%90_%D0%93%D0%98_e1W.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82.1830_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%90_%D0%93%D0%98_e1W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82.1830_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%90_%D0%93%D0%98_e1W.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82.1830_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%90_%D0%93%D0%98_e1W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon among his retreating troops at the Berezina, painting by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Adam" title="Albrecht Adam">Albrecht Adam</a></figcaption></figure> Following the campaign, a saying arose that "General Winter" defeated Napoleon, alluding to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a>. Minard's map shows that the opposite is true as the French losses were highest in the summer and autumn, due to inadequate preparation of logistics resulting in insufficient supplies, while many troops were also killed by disease. Thus, the outcome of the campaign was decided long before the cold weather became a factor. When winter arrived on 6 November with a <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzard</a>, the army was still equipped with summer clothing and did not have the means to protect themselves from the cold or snow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt1935155-191">[182]</a> It had also failed to forge <a href="/wiki/Caulkin" title="Caulkin">caulkin</a> shoes for the horses to enable them to traverse roads that had become iced over. The most devastating effect of the cold weather upon Napoleon's forces occurred during their retreat. Starvation and <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> coupled with <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> led to the loss of tens of thousands of men. Heavy artillery pieces, loot, and wagons were abandoned as irreplaceable draft animals perished. The intense cold enfeebled the brains of those whose health had already suffered, especially of those who had had dysentery, but soon, while the cold increased daily, its pernicious effect was noticed in all.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> In his memoir, Napoleon's close adviser <a href="/wiki/Armand_Augustin_Louis_de_Caulaincourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt">Armand de Caulaincourt</a> recounted scenes of massive loss, and offered a vivid description of mass death through hypothermia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The cold was so intense that <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouacking</a> was no longer supportable. Bad luck to those who fell asleep by a campfire! Furthermore, disorganization was perceptibly gaining ground in the Guard. One constantly found men who, overcome by the cold, had been forced to drop out and had fallen to the ground, too weak or too numb to stand. Ought one to help them along—which practically meant carrying them. They begged one to let them alone. There were bivouacs all along the road—ought one to take them to a campfire? Once these poor wretches fell asleep they were dead. If they resisted the craving for sleep, another passer-by would help them along a little farther, thus prolonging their agony for a short while, but not saving them, for in this condition the drowsiness engendered by cold is irresistibly strong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt1935259-193">[184]</a></blockquote> This befell a Grande Armée that was ill-equipped for cold weather. The French deficiencies in equipment caused by the assumption that their campaign would be concluded before the cold weather set in were a large factor in the number of casualties they suffered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavydov2010-194">[185]</a> After a few days of thaw, the temperature dropped again 23 November.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> From the Berezina, the retreat was nothing but utter flight. The preservation of war materiel and military positions was no longer considered. When the night-time temperature dropped to minus 35 degrees Celsius it proved catastrophic for Loison's untried soldiers. Some suffered from <a href="/wiki/Snow_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow blindness">snow blindness</a>. Within three days, his division of 15,000 soldiers lost 12,000 men without a battle.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Summary">edit</a>]</div> In Napoleon's Russian Campaign, Riehn sums up the limitations of Napoleon's logistics as follows: <blockquote> The military machine Napoleon the artilleryman had created was perfectly suited to fight short, violent campaigns, but whenever a long-term sustained effort was in the offing, it tended to expose feet of clay. [...] In the end, the logistics of the French military machine proved wholly inadequate. The experiences of short campaigns had left the French supply services completed unprepared for [..] Russia, and this was despite the precautions Napoleon had taken. There was no quick remedy that might have repaired these inadequacies from one campaign to the next. [...] The limitations of horse-drawn transport and the road networks to support it were simply not up to the task. Indeed, modern militaries have long been in agreement that Napoleon's military machine at its apex, and the scale on which he attempted to operate with it in 1812 and 1813, had become an anachronism that could succeed only with the use of railroads and the telegraph. And these had not yet been invented. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990407-196">[187]</a> </blockquote> Napoleon lacked the apparatus to efficiently move so many troops across such large distances of hostile territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016280-197">[188]</a> The French supply depots established in the Russian interior failed in their purpose as supplies could not be distributed quickly enough.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2016313-198">[189]</a> The French train battalions did their best, but the distances, the speed required, and the poor conditions they labored under meant that the demands Napoleon placed on them were too great.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1997570-199">[190]</a> Napoleon's demand of a speedy advance by the Grande Armée over a network of dirt roads <a href="/wiki/Rasputitsa" title="Rasputitsa">that dissolved into deep mires</a> further broke down his logistical network as weakened draft animals collapsed from overwork and vehicles that could not be repaired broke down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990151-60">[54]</a> As the graph of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a>, given below, shows, the Grande Armée incurred the majority of its losses during the march to Moscow during the summer and autumn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessment">Historical assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical assessment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grande_Armée">Grande Armée</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Grande Armée">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dniapro._%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_(C._Faber_du_Faur,_14.08.1812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dniapro._%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_14.08.1812%29.jpg/220px-Dniapro._%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_14.08.1812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dniapro._%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_14.08.1812%29.jpg/330px-Dniapro._%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_14.08.1812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dniapro._%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_14.08.1812%29.jpg/440px-Dniapro._%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_14.08.1812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>The Grande Armée crossing the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> on 14 August 1812</figcaption></figure> On 24 June 1812, around 400,000–500,000 men of the Grande Armée, the largest army assembled up to that point in European history, crossed the border into Russia and headed towards Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190652-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz184347-201">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199049–52-202">[193]</a> Anthony Joes wrote in the Journal of Conflict Studies that figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary widely. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre" title="Georges Lefebvre">Georges Lefebvre</a> says that Napoleon crossed the Niemen with over 600,000 soldiers, only half of whom were from France, the others being mainly Poles and Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefebvre1969311–312-203">[194]</a> Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkham1963190-204">[195]</a> When Ney and the rearguard recrossed the Niemen on December 14, he had barely a thousand men fit for action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkham1963199-205">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Marshall-Cornwall" title="James Marshall-Cornwall">James Marshall-Cornwall</a> says 510,000 Imperial troops entered Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall-Cornwall1998220-206">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tarle" title="Yevgeny Tarle">Eugene Tarle</a> believes that 420,000 crossed with Napoleon and 150,000 eventually followed, for a grand total of 570,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarle1942397-207">[198]</a> Richard K. Riehn provides the following figures: 685,000 men marched into Russia in 1812, of whom around 355,000 were French; 31,000 soldiers marched out again in some sort of military formation, with perhaps another 35,000 stragglers, for a total of fewer than 70,000 known survivors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199077,_501-3">[3]</a> Adam Zamoyski estimated that between 550,000 and 600,000 French and allied troops (including reinforcements) operated beyond the Niemen, of which as many as 400,000 troops died but this includes deaths of prisoners during captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536-18">[18]</a> Minard's famous infographic (see below) depicts the march ingeniously by showing the size of the advancing army, overlaid on a rough map, as well as the retreating soldiers together with temperatures recorded (as much as 30 below zero on the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">Réaumur scale</a> (−38 °C, −36 °F)) on their return. The numbers on this chart have 422,000 crossing the Neman with Napoleon, 22,000 taking a side trip early on in the campaign, 100,000 surviving the battles en route to Moscow and returning from there; only 4,000 survive the march back, to be joined by 6,000 that survived from that initial 22,000 in the feint attack northward; in the end, only 10,000 crossed the Neman back out of the initial 422,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETufte2001-208">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Russian_Army">Imperial Russian Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Imperial Russian Army">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_commanders_in_the_Patriotic_War_of_1812" title="List of Russian commanders in the Patriotic War of 1812">List of Russian commanders in the Patriotic War of 1812</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Kutuzov before the Battle of Borodino. Lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Samokish" title="Nikolay Samokish">N. S. Samokish</a>.</figcaption></figure> Barclay de Tolly the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of War of the Russian Empire">Minister of War</a> and field commander of the First Western Army and General of Infantry served as the Commander in Chief of the Russian Armies. According to Tolstoy in War and Peace (Book X) he was unpopular and regarded as a foreigner by Bagration who was higher in rank but had to follow his orders. Kutuzov replaced Barclay and acted as Commander-in-chief during the retreat following the Battle of Smolensk. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myrbach-Cossacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Myrbach-Cossacks.jpg/220px-Myrbach-Cossacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Myrbach-Cossacks.jpg/330px-Myrbach-Cossacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Myrbach-Cossacks.jpg/440px-Myrbach-Cossacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>As <a href="/wiki/Irregular_cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular cavalry">irregular cavalry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> horsemen of the Russian steppes were best suited to reconnaissance, scouting and harassing the enemy's flanks and supply lines. </figcaption></figure> These forces, however, could count on reinforcements from the second line, which totalled 129,000 men and 8,000 Cossacks with 434 guns and 433 rounds of ammunition. Of these, about 105,000 men were actually available for the defence against the invasion. In the third line were the 36 recruit depots and militias, which came to a total of approximately 161,000 men of various and highly disparate military values, of which about 133,000 actually took part in the defence. Thus, the grand total of all the forces was 488,000 men, of which about 428,000 gradually came into action against the Grande Armee. This bottom line, however, includes more than 80,000 Cossacks and militiamen, as well as about 20,000 men who garrisoned the fortresses in the operational area. The majority of the officer corps came from the aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201023-209">[200]</a> About 7% of the officer corps came from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> nobility from the governorates of <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Livonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201023-209">[200]</a> Because the Baltic German nobles tended to be better educated than the ethnic Russian nobility, the Baltic Germans were often favoured with positions in high command and various technical positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201023-209">[200]</a> The Russian Empire had no universal educational system, and those who could afford it had to hire tutors or send their children to private schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201023-209">[200]</a> The educational level of the Russian nobility and gentry varied enormously depending on the quality of the tutors and private schools, with some Russian nobles being extremely well educated while others were just barely literate. The Baltic German nobility was more inclined to invest in their children's education than the ethnic Russian nobility, which led to the government favouring them when granting officers' commissions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201023-209">[200]</a> Of the 800 doctors in the Russian Army in 1812, almost all of them were Baltic Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201023-209">[200]</a> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Dominic Lieven</a> noted that, at the time, the Russian elite defined Russianness in terms of loyalty to the House of Romanov rather in terms of language or culture, and as the Baltic German aristocrats were very loyal, they were considered and considered themselves to be Russian despite speaking German as their first language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201023-209">[200]</a> Sweden, Russia's only ally, did not send supporting troops, but the alliance made it possible to withdraw the 45,000-man Russian corps <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Steinheil" title="Fabian Steinheil">Steinheil</a> from Finland and use it in the later battles (20,000 men were sent to Riga and Polotsk).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmert1986-210">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Losses">Losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Losses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_big_road_(Vereshchagin)_-_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/On_the_big_road_%28Vereshchagin%29_-_detail.jpg/220px-On_the_big_road_%28Vereshchagin%29_-_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/On_the_big_road_%28Vereshchagin%29_-_detail.jpg/330px-On_the_big_road_%28Vereshchagin%29_-_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/On_the_big_road_%28Vereshchagin%29_-_detail.jpg/440px-On_the_big_road_%28Vereshchagin%29_-_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon's retreat, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(France)" title="Old Guard (France)">Old Guards</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Battle of Krasnoi</a>. Painting by Vasily Vereshchagin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_w_smorgoniach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Napoleon_w_smorgoniach.jpg/220px-Napoleon_w_smorgoniach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Napoleon_w_smorgoniach.jpg/330px-Napoleon_w_smorgoniach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Napoleon_w_smorgoniach.jpg/440px-Napoleon_w_smorgoniach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Painting Napoleon in <a href="/wiki/Smarhon" title="Smarhon">Smorgon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Rozwadowski" title="Zygmunt Rozwadowski">Zygmunt Rozwadowski</a></figcaption></figure> Napoleon lost more than 500,000 men in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz184394-211">[202]</a> Out of an original force of 615,000, only 110,000 frostbitten and half-starved survivors stumbled back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990395-212">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Nicolas_Dufriche_Desgenettes" title="René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes">Desgenettes</a> took care of wounded. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">Marshall Lefebvre</a> arrived with <a href="/wiki/Louise_Fusil" title="Louise Fusil">Louise Fusil</a> who was one of the few women who survived the retreat.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> It is questionable if <a href="/wiki/Maria_Versfelt" title="Maria Versfelt">Ida Saint Elme</a>, ‘Courtisane de la Grande Armée’, was another one.<a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is estimated that of the 612,000 combatants who entered Russia only 112,000 returned to the frontier. Among the casualties, 100,000 are thought to have been killed in action, 200,000 to have died from other causes, 50,000 to have been left sick in hospitals, 50,000 to have deserted, and 100,000 to have been taken as prisoners of war. The French themselves lost 70,000 in action and 120,000 wounded, as against the non-French contingents' 30,000 and 60,000. Russian casualties have been estimated at 200,000 killed, 50,000 dispersed or deserting, and 150,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-The_retreat_from_Moscow-14">[14]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Recent Russian studies show that Russians captured over 110,000 prisoners during the six-month-long campaign. The harsh winter, as well as popular violence, malnutrition, sickness and hardships during transportation, meant that two-thirds of these men (and women) perished within weeks of captivity. Official reports from forty-eight Russian provinces reveal that 65,503 prisoners had died in Russia by February 1813. Other 39,645 were still held prisoner by the same date, including a group of 50 women and 7 children.<a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a></blockquote> Hay has argued that the destruction of the Dutch contingent (15,000) of the Grande Armée was not a result of the death of most of its members. Rather, its various units disintegrated and the troops scattered. Later, some of its personnel were collected and reorganised into the new Dutch army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2013-216">[207]</a> Most of the Prussian contingent survived thanks to the Convention of Tauroggen and almost the whole Austrian contingent under Schwarzenberg withdrew successfully. The Russians formed the <a href="/wiki/Russian-German_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-German Legion">Russian-German Legion</a> from other German prisoners and deserters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmert1986-210">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscova_d%C3%A9tail_droite_06272.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Moscova_d%C3%A9tail_droite_06272.JPG/220px-Moscova_d%C3%A9tail_droite_06272.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Moscova_d%C3%A9tail_droite_06272.JPG/330px-Moscova_d%C3%A9tail_droite_06272.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Moscova_d%C3%A9tail_droite_06272.JPG/440px-Moscova_d%C3%A9tail_droite_06272.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Casualties in the Battle of Borodino</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smarho%C5%84._%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_(C._Faber_du_Faur,_3.12.1812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Smarho%C5%84._%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_3.12.1812%29.jpg/220px-Smarho%C5%84._%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_3.12.1812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Smarho%C5%84._%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_3.12.1812%29.jpg/330px-Smarho%C5%84._%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_3.12.1812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Smarho%C5%84._%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_3.12.1812%29.jpg/440px-Smarho%C5%84._%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%28C._Faber_du_Faur%2C_3.12.1812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6417" data-file-height="4457" /></a><figcaption>The remnants of the Grande Armée during the retreat</figcaption></figure> Russian casualties in the few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses along the devastating campaign route were much higher than the military casualties. In total, despite earlier estimates giving figures of several million dead, around one million were killed, including civilians—fairly evenly split between the French and Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536-18">[18]</a> Military losses amounted to 300,000 French, about 72,000 Poles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004537-217">[208]</a> 50,000 Italians, 80,000 Germans, and 61,000 from 16 other nations. As well as the loss of human life, the French also lost some 150,000 horses and over 1,300 artillery pieces. The losses of the Russian armies are difficult to assess. The 19th-century historian Michael Bogdanovich assessed reinforcements of the Russian armies during the war using the Military Registry archives of the General Staff. According to this, the reinforcements totalled 134,000 men. The main army at the time of capture of Vilna in December had 70,000 men, whereas its number at the start of the invasion had been about 150,000. Thus, total losses would come to 210,000 men. Of these, about 40,000 returned to duty. Losses of the formations operating in secondary areas of operations as well as losses in militia units were about 40,000. Thus, he came up with the number of 210,000 men and militiamen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovich1859492–503-218">[209]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Dominic Lieven</a> Russian espionage (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chernyshyov" title="Alexander Chernyshyov">Alexander Chernyshyov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Nesselrode</a>) was well organized. The Russian <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> was superior from the start with a good supply of horses; the <a href="/wiki/Musketeers" class="mw-redirect" title="Musketeers">musketeers</a> were not.<a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The Russian victory over the French Army in 1812 was a significant blow to Napoleon's ambitions of European dominance. This war was the reason the other coalition allies triumphed once and for all over Napoleon. His army was shattered and morale was low, both for French troops still in Russia, fighting battles just before the campaign ended, and for the troops on other fronts. Napoleon alone was able to maintain any semblance of order; with his absence, Murat and the other officers lost all authority.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-96">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zachisleniy_w_kazaki_plennych_polykov_armii_Napoleona_1813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Zachisleniy_w_kazaki_plennych_polykov_armii_Napoleona_1813.jpg/220px-Zachisleniy_w_kazaki_plennych_polykov_armii_Napoleona_1813.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Zachisleniy_w_kazaki_plennych_polykov_armii_Napoleona_1813.jpg/330px-Zachisleniy_w_kazaki_plennych_polykov_armii_Napoleona_1813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Zachisleniy_w_kazaki_plennych_polykov_armii_Napoleona_1813.jpg/440px-Zachisleniy_w_kazaki_plennych_polykov_armii_Napoleona_1813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>"Enlistment in the Cossacks of captured Poles of Napoleon's army, 1813". Painting of <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karazin" title="Nikolay Karazin">Nikolay Karazin</a>, 1881</figcaption></figure> In January 1813 the French army gathered behind the Vistula some 23,000 strong. The Austrian and Prussian troops mustered some 35,000 men in addition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz184394-211">[202]</a> The number of deserters and stragglers having left Russia alive is unknown by definition. The number of new inhabitants of Russia is unknown. The number of prisoners is estimated at around 100,000, of whom more than 50,000 died in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2014-220">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierroPalluel-GuillardTulard1995159–161-221">[212]</a> started in 1813 as the Russian campaign was decisive for the Napoleonic Wars and led to Napoleon's defeat and exile on the island of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1906-222">[213]</a> For Russia, the term Patriotic War (an English rendition of the Russian Отечественная война) became a symbol for a strengthened national identity that had a great effect on Russian patriotism in the 19th century. A series of revolutions followed, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> of 1825 and ending with the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Minard.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Minard's Map of French casualties see also Attrition warfare against Napoleon. Compare on Minard's Map the location of Vilna."><img alt="Minard's Map of French casualties see also Attrition warfare against Napoleon. Compare on Minard's Map the location of Vilna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/314px-Minard.png" decoding="async" width="314" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/471px-Minard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/628px-Minard.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="955" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Minard's Map of French casualties see also <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare_against_Napoleon" title="Attrition warfare against Napoleon">Attrition warfare against Napoleon</a>. Compare on Minard's Map the location of Vilna. </div> </div> </div> Dominic Lieven wrote that much of the historiography about the campaign for various reasons distorts the story of the Russian war against France in 1812–14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20104–13-223">[214]</a> The number of Western historians who are fluent in French or German vastly outnumbers those who are fluent in Russian, which has the effect that many Western historians simply ignore Russian language sources when writing about the campaign because they cannot read them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20104–5-224">[215]</a> According to von Lieven, memoirs written by French veterans of the campaign together with much of the work done by <a href="/wiki/French_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="French historians">French historians</a> show the influence of "<a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a>", which depicted Russia as a strange, backward, exotic and barbaric "Asian" nation that was intrinsically inferior to the West, especially France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20105-225">[216]</a> The picture drawn by the French is that of a vastly superior army being defeated by geography, the climate and just plain bad fortune.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20105-225">[216]</a> German-language sources are not as hostile to the Russians as French sources, but many of the Prussian officers such as Carl von Clausewitz (who did not speak Russian) who joined the Russian Army to fight against the French found service with a foreign army both frustrating and strange, and their accounts reflected these experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20105–6-226">[217]</a> Lieven compared those historians who use Clausewitz's account of his time in Russian service as their main source for the 1812 campaign to those historians who might use an account written by a Free French officer who did not speak English who served with the British Army in World War II as their main source for the British war effort in the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20106-227">[218]</a> In Russia, the official historical line until 1917 was that the peoples of the Russian Empire had rallied together in defence of the throne against a foreign invader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20108-228">[219]</a> Because many of the younger Russian officers in the 1812 campaign took part in the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist uprising</a> of 1825, their roles in history were erased at the order of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Emperor Nicholas I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20109-229">[220]</a> Likewise, because many of the officers who were also veterans who stayed loyal during the Decembrist uprising went on to become ministers in the tyrannical regime of Emperor Nicholas I, they had a negative reputation among the radical intelligentsia of 19th century Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20109-229">[220]</a> For example, Count <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Benckendorff" title="Alexander von Benckendorff">Alexander von Benckendorff</a> is thought by von Lievewn to have achieved good results militarily in 1812 commanding a Cossack company, but because he later become the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">Third Section Of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery</a> as the secret police were called, was one of the closest friends of Nicholas I and is infamous for his persecution of Russia's national poet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, he is not well remembered in Russia and his role in 1812 is usually ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20109-229">[220]</a> Furthermore, the 19th century was a great age of nationalism and there was a tendency by historians in the Allied nations to give the lion's share of the credit for defeating France to their own respective nation with British historians claiming that it was the United Kingdom that played the most important role in defeating Napoleon; Austrian historians giving that honour to their nation; Russian historians writing that it was Russia that played the greatest role in the victory, and Prussian and later German historians writing that it was Prussia that made the difference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20106–7-230">[221]</a> In such a context, various historians liked to diminish the contributions of their allies. Von Lieven's account doesn't mention the influence of Polish national feeling on convictions concerning the war, which were also significant, also in the aftermath. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_hermitage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Inside_the_hermitage.JPG/300px-Inside_the_hermitage.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Inside_the_hermitage.JPG/450px-Inside_the_hermitage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Inside_the_hermitage.JPG/600px-Inside_the_hermitage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Military_Gallery_of_the_Winter_Palace" title="Military Gallery of the Winter Palace">The hall of military fame</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> with portraits of Russian generals</figcaption></figure> Leo Tolstoy was not a historian, but his popular 1869 historical novel War and Peace, which depicted the war as a triumph of what Lieven called the "moral strength, courage and patriotism of ordinary Russians" with military leadership a negligible factor, has shaped the popular understanding of the war in both Russia and abroad from the 19th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201010-231">[222]</a> A recurring theme of War and Peace is that certain events are just fated to happen, and there is nothing that a leader can do to challenge destiny, a view of history that dramatically discounts leadership as a factor in history. During the Soviet period, historians engaged in what Lieven called huge distortions to make history fit with Communist ideology, with Marshal Kutuzov and Prince Bagration transformed into peasant generals, Alexander I alternatively ignored or vilified, and the war becoming a massive "People's War" fought by the ordinary people of Russia with almost no involvement on the part of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20109–10-232">[223]</a> During the Cold War, many Western historians were inclined to see Russia as "the enemy", and there was a tendency to downplay and dismiss Russia's contributions to the defeat of Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven20106-227">[218]</a> As such, Napoleon's claim that the Russians did not defeat him and he was just the victim of fate in 1812 was very appealing to many Western historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201010-231">[222]</a> Russian historians tended to focus on the French invasion of Russia in 1812 and ignore the campaigns in 1813–1814 fought in Germany and France, because a campaign fought on Russian soil was regarded as more important than campaigns abroad and because in 1812 the Russians were commanded by the ethnic Russian Kutuzov while in the campaigns in 1813–1814 the senior Russian commanders were mostly ethnic Germans, being either <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic nobility">nobility</a> or Germans who had entered Russian service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201011-233">[224]</a> At the time the conception held by the Russian elite was that the Russian empire was a multi-ethnic entity, in which the Baltic German aristocrats in service to the House of Romanov were considered part of that elite—an understanding of what it meant to be Russian defined in terms of dynastic loyalty rather than language, ethnicity, and culture that does not appeal to those later Russians who wanted to see the war as purely a triumph of ethnic Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201011–12-234">[225]</a> One consequence of this is that many Russian historians liked to disparage the officer corps of the Imperial Russian Army because of the high proportion of Baltic Germans serving as officers, which further reinforces the popular stereotype that the Russians won despite their officers rather than because of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201012-235">[226]</a> Furthermore, Emperor Alexander I often gave the impression at the time that he found Russia a place that was not worthy of his ideals, and he cared more about Europe as a whole than about Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201011-233">[224]</a> Alexander's conception of a war to free Europe from Napoleon lacked appeal to many nationalist-minded Russian historians, who preferred to focus on a campaign in defence of the homeland rather than what Lieven called Alexander's rather "murky" mystical ideas about European brotherhood and security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201011-233">[224]</a> Lieven observed that for every book written in Russia on the campaigns of 1813–1814, there are a hundred books on the campaign of 1812 and that the most recent Russian grand history of the war of 1812–1814 gave 490 pages to the campaign of 1812 and 50 pages to the campaigns of 1813–1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201010-231">[222]</a> Lieven noted that Tolstoy ended War and Peace in December 1812 and that many Russian historians have followed Tolstoy in focusing on the campaign of 1812 while ignoring the greater achievements of campaigns of 1813–1814 that ended with the Russians marching into Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven201010-231">[222]</a> Napoleon did not touch <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">serfdom in Russia</a>. What the reaction of the Russian peasantry would have been if he had lived up to the traditions of the French Revolution, bringing liberty to the serfs, is an intriguing question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolin197025-236">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_invasion">German invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: German invasion">edit</a>]</div> Academics have drawn parallels between the French invasion of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the German invasion of 1941. <a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">David Stahel</a> writes:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahel2010448-237">[228]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Historical comparisons reveal that many fundamental points that denote Hitler's failure in 1941 were actually foreshadowed in past campaigns. The most obvious example is Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812. The German High Command's inability to grasp some of the essential hallmarks of this military calamity highlights another angle of their flawed conceptualization and planning in anticipation of Operation Barbarossa. Like Hitler, Napoleon was the conqueror of Europe and foresaw his war on Russia as the key to forcing England to make terms. Napoleon invaded with the intention of ending the war in a short campaign centred on a decisive battle in western Russia. As the Russians withdrew, Napoleon's supply lines grew and his strength was in decline from week to week. The poor roads and harsh environment took a deadly toll on both horses and men, while politically Russia's oppressed serfs remained, for the most part, loyal to the aristocracy. Worse still, while Napoleon defeated the Russian Army at Smolensk and Borodino, it did not produce a decisive result for the French and each time left Napoleon with the dilemma of either retreating or pushing deeper into Russia. Neither was really an acceptable option, the retreat politically and the advance militarily, but in each instance, Napoleon opted for the latter. In doing so the French emperor outdid even Hitler and successfully took the Russian capital in September 1812, but it counted for little when the Russians simply refused to acknowledge defeat and prepared to fight on through the winter. By the time Napoleon left Moscow to begin his infamous retreat, the Russian campaign was doomed.</blockquote> The invasion by Germany was called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet government, to evoke comparisons with the victory by Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahel2010337-238">[229]</a> In addition, the Germans, like the French, took solace from the notion they had been defeated by the Russian winter, rather than the Russians themselves or their own mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahel201030-239">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cultural impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvortsovajaplo%C5%A1t%C5%A1adDSCN0606.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dvortsovajaplo%C5%A1t%C5%A1adDSCN0606.JPG/220px-Dvortsovajaplo%C5%A1t%C5%A1adDSCN0606.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dvortsovajaplo%C5%A1t%C5%A1adDSCN0606.JPG/330px-Dvortsovajaplo%C5%A1t%C5%A1adDSCN0606.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dvortsovajaplo%C5%A1t%C5%A1adDSCN0606.JPG/440px-Dvortsovajaplo%C5%A1t%C5%A1adDSCN0606.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Column" title="Alexander Column">Alexander Column</a></figcaption></figure> An event of epic proportions and momentous importance for European history, the French invasion of Russia has been the subject of much discussion among historians. The campaign's sustained role in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian popular culture</a> may be seen in Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a>, and the identification of it with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">German invasion during World War II</a>, which became known as the Great Patriotic War in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a>, a piece of music written in 1882 (seventy years after the fact) by the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> to commemorate the victory over Napoleon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony's Parthian War">Antony's Parthian War</a>, a Roman invasion of Parthian Empire, which is widely compared to Napoleon's invasion of Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archs_of_Triumph_(Novocherkassk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archs of Triumph (Novocherkassk)">Arches of Triumph in Novocherkassk</a>, a monument built in 1817 to commemorate the victory over the French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Kingdom_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="General Confederation of Kingdom of Poland">General Confederation of Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutuzov_(film)" title="Kutuzov (film)">Kutuzov (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_French_invasion_of_Russia" title="List of battles of the French invasion of Russia">List of battles of the French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_In_Our_Time_programmes" title="List of In Our Time programmes">List of In Our Time programmes</a>, including "Napoleon's retreat from Moscow"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Durova" title="Nadezhda Durova">Nadezhda Durova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilisa_Kozhina" title="Vasilisa Kozhina">Vasilisa Kozhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)" title="War and Peace (film series)">War and Peace (film series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(opera)" title="War and Peace (opera)">War and Peace (opera)</a>, an opera by Prokofiev</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> During this period, Moscow held considerable significance but <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> served as a capital from 1712 to 1918. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 50,000 were Austrians, Prussians, and other Germans, 20,000 were Poles, and just 35,000 were Frenchmen.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Campagne de Russie </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: seconde guerre de la Pologne </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: seconde [deuxième] campagne de Pologne </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Отечественная война 1812 года, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Otechestvennaya voyna 1812 goda </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The "Grande Armée" is estimated between 450 and 600,000 soldiers, half of them foreigners. About 120,000 were young <a href="/wiki/Conscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscripts">conscripts</a>;<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> 50,000 volunteers, perhaps 3,000 women and some children. A Dutch general noted that all commanders exaggerated the number of their soldiers in order to look good.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-86">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Phull" title="Karl Ludwig von Phull">Karl Ludwig von Phull</a> was responsible for the initial plan for the defence of Russia - the retreat to the fortified camp at <a href="/wiki/Drissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Drissa">Drissa</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> On the day before he left the capital he met with <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Stael" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Stael">Madame de Stael</a>, one of Napoleon's main opponents. A few weeks earlier she also had visited <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich" title="Mikhail Miloradovich">Miloradovich</a> and Rostopchin the governors of Kyiv and Moscow. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski200487-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski200487_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2004">Zamoyski 2004</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916126–127_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodart1916">Bodart 1916</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn199077,_501-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn199077,_501_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn199077,_501_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, pp. 77, 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990241-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990241_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990491-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990491_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908445-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908445_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908445_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodart1908">Bodart 1908</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990239-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990239_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990493-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990493_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 493. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008175_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2008">Clodfelter 2008</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916127-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916127_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916127_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916127_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodart1916">Bodart 1916</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008163-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008163_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2008">Clodfelter 2008</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELentz2004vol._2-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentz2004vol._2_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLentz2004">Lentz 2004</a>, vol. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_retreat_from_Moscow-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_retreat_from_Moscow_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_retreat_from_Moscow_14-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Napoleonic-Wars/The-retreat-from-Moscow">"The retreat from Moscow"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308101914/https://www.britannica.com/event/Napoleonic-Wars/The-retreat-from-Moscow">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+retreat+from+Moscow&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FNapoleonic-Wars%2FThe-retreat-from-Moscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Zamoyski 2005, p. 536 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanovich-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanovich_16-0">^</a> Bogdanovich, "History of Patriotic War 1812", Spt., 1859–1860, Appendix, pp. 492–503. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916128-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916128_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916128_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodart1916">Bodart 1916</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004536_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2004">Zamoyski 2004</a>, p. 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2009212–213-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2009212–213_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2009">Grant 2009</a>, pp. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1990" class="citation book cs1">North, Jonathan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERrHDwAAQBAJ&dq=socrate+blanc+1812&pg=PP43">Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812</a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473816589" title="Special:BookSources/9781473816589"><bdi>9781473816589</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064234/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERrHDwAAQBAJ&dq=socrate+blanc+1812&pg=PP43">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Army+in+Russia%3A+The+Illustrated+Memoirs+of+Albrecht+Adam%2C+1812&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781473816589&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERrHDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsocrate%2Bblanc%2B1812%26pg%3DPP43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz19064,_25-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz19064,_25_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1906">Clausewitz 1906</a>, pp. 4, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010134-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieven2010134_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieven2010">Lieven 2010</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990263-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990263_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2009" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David G. (2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNYWXeVcbkMC&q=Ney+Orsha">The Campaigns of Napoleon</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439131039" title="Special:BookSources/9781439131039"><bdi>9781439131039</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064234/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNYWXeVcbkMC&q=Ney+Orsha">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781439131039&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNYWXeVcbkMC%26q%3DNey%2BOrsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Raoult D, Dutour O, Houhamdi L, Jankauskas R, Fournier PE, Ardagna Y, Drancourt M, Signoli M, La VD, Macia Y, Aboudharam G. "Evidence for louse-transmitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon's Grand Army in Vilnius". J Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 1; 193(1):112–120. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F498534">10.1086/498534</a>. Epub 2005 Nov 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16323139">16323139</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820045117/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/napoleon/typhus_russia.htm">"Insects, Disease, and Military History: Destruction of the Grand Armée"</a>. 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La Revue 2019/2 (N° 34), pp. 18–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Marian Kukiel, Wojna 1812 roku, Kurpisz, Poznań, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArsenyevPetrushevsky1897-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArsenyevPetrushevsky1897_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArsenyevPetrushevsky1897">Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1897</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt1935294-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt1935294_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulaincourt1935">Caulaincourt 1935</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan200742–43_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKagan2007">Kagan 2007</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803104634272">"Treaties of Tilsit"</a>. 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Lieven, pp. 285–286 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frederic.berjaud.free.fr/Articles_de_Didier_Davin/33eLeger/33eme_leger.htm">"Le 33e Régiment d'infanterie légère de 1810 à 1814"</a>. frederic.berjaud.free.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601084855/http://frederic.berjaud.free.fr/Articles_de_Didier_Davin/33eLeger/33eme_leger.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frederic.berjaud.free.fr&rft.atitle=Le+33e+R%C3%A9giment+d%27infanterie+l%C3%A9g%C3%A8re+de+1810+%C3%A0+1814&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrederic.berjaud.free.fr%2FArticles_de_Didier_Davin%2F33eLeger%2F33eme_leger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011490–520-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011490–520_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2011">McLynn 2011</a>, pp. 490–520. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpnorth.co.uk/research/napoleon-in-russia/wurttemberg-in-1812/">"Württemberg in 1812 – Jonathan North"</a>. Jpnorth.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214092117/https://www.jpnorth.co.uk/research/napoleon-in-russia/wurttemberg-in-1812/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-14. Retrieved 2022-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W%C3%BCrttemberg+in+1812+%E2%80%93+Jonathan+North&rft.pub=Jpnorth.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpnorth.co.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnapoleon-in-russia%2Fwurttemberg-in-1812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Bell2015" class="citation book cs1">A. Bell, David (2015). "5: Downfall, 1812–1815". Napoleon: A Concise Biography. 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Mes Campagnes (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: F. Didot & Cie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mes+Campagnes&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=F.+Didot+%26+Cie&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Des+Loches&rft.aufirst=Pion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuquet1994" class="citation book cs1">Chuquet, Arthur (1994). Human Voices from the Russian Campaign of 1812. London: Ken Trotman Ltd. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0946879540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0946879540"><bdi>978-0946879540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Voices+from+the+Russian+Campaign+of+1812&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Ken+Trotman+Ltd&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0946879540&rft.aulast=Chuquet&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1991" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Jakob (1991). The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier. 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Retrieved 2022-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.napoleon-series.org&rft.atitle=INS+Scholarship+1997%3A+Davout+%26+Napoleon%3A+A+Study+in+Their+Personal+Relationship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fins%2Fscholarship97%2Fc_davout.html%2317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> A.F.F. Seydlitz (1823) Tagebuch des königlich Preussischen Armeekorps, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1812-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1812_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1812_105-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby George</a>. Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFezensac2009" class="citation book cs1">Fezensac, M. De (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eAHQ_57ObScC&q=Junot&pg=PA7">The Russian Campaign, 1812</a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820334417" title="Special:BookSources/9780820334417"><bdi>9780820334417</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064745/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAHQ_57ObScC&q=Junot&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Campaign%2C+1812&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780820334417&rft.aulast=Fezensac&rft.aufirst=M.+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeAHQ_57ObScC%26q%3DJunot%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190665-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190665_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190665_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1906">Clausewitz 1906</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Coloman Rupprecht von Virtsolog (1871) Geschichte des k.k. 60. Linien-Infanterie-Regimentes, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190668,_77-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190668,_77_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1906">Clausewitz 1906</a>, p. 68, 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Coloman Rupprecht von Virtsolog (1871) Geschichte des k.k. 60. Linien-Infanterie-Regimentes, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlison1850" class="citation web cs1">Alison, Archibald (May 18, 1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef1d3c7mbBQC&dq=Durutte+and+Loison&pg=PA628">"History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815]"</a>. Blackwood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064736/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef1d3c7mbBQC&dq=Durutte+and+Loison&pg=PA628">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Europe%3A+From+the+Commencement+of+the+French+Revolution+to+the+Restoration+of+the+Bourbons+in+MDCCCXV+%5Bi.e.+1815%5D&rft.pub=Blackwood&rft.date=1850-05-18&rft.aulast=Alison&rft.aufirst=Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEf1d3c7mbBQC%26dq%3DDurutte%2Band%2BLoison%26pg%3DPA628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_112-1">b</a> Zamoyski (2004), 504–505 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/1812/Russia/HowManyNiemen.pdf">"The Napoleon Series: How Many Troops Did Napoleon Have on the Niemen in 1812? By François Lelouard"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204171302/https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/1812/Russia/HowManyNiemen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Napoleon+Series%3A+How+Many+Troops+Did+Napoleon+Have+on+the+Niemen+in+1812%3F+By+Fran%C3%A7ois+Lelouard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fmilitary-info%2Fbattles%2F1812%2FRussia%2FHowManyNiemen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> J. North (2005) Napoleon's army in Russia </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62963499/f9.item.texteImage/f1n668.pdf?download=1">"Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18998, p. 92"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121200151/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62963499/f9.item.texteImage/f1n668.pdf?download=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2024-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondance+de+Napoleon%2C+Tome+XXIV%2C+18998%2C+p.+92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62963499%2Ff9.item.texteImage%2Ff1n668.pdf%3Fdownload%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre2021-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre2021_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntyre2021">McIntyre 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5726702b/f14.item.texteImage/f1n433.pdf?download=1">"Mémoires du général de Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence, grand écuyer de l'Empereur, pp. 61, 133"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220090924/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5726702b/f14.item.texteImage/f1n433.pdf?download=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-20. Retrieved 2022-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+du+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+Caulaincourt%2C+duc+de+Vicence%2C+grand+%C3%A9cuyer+de+l%27Empereur%2C+pp.+61%2C+133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5726702b%2Ff14.item.texteImage%2Ff1n433.pdf%3Fdownload%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159–162-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990159–162_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, pp. 159–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOAzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pierre+Charrier%2C+Marshal+Davout%2C&pg=PA193">Napoleon and the Operational Art of War: Essays in Honor of Donald D. Horward</a>. Brill. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004310032" title="Special:BookSources/9789004310032"><bdi>9789004310032</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064737/https://books.google.com/books?id=QOAzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pierre+Charrier%2C+Marshal+Davout%2C&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Operational+Art+of+War%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Donald+D.+Horward&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004310032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOAzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPierre%2BCharrier%252C%2BMarshal%2BDavout%252C%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990166-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990166_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990179-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990179_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКУДРИНСКИЙ" class="citation web cs1">КУДРИНСКИЙ, Федот. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webkamerton.ru/2013/03/vilna-v-1812-godu-prodolzhenie-ix-xii">"Вильна в 1812 году (продолжение, IX–XII)"</a>. Камертон. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123090102/https://webkamerton.ru/2013/03/vilna-v-1812-godu-prodolzhenie-ix-xii">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+1812+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+IX%E2%80%93XII%29&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%94%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99&rft.aufirst=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebkamerton.ru%2F2013%2F03%2Fvilna-v-1812-godu-prodolzhenie-ix-xii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990180-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990180_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourgogne18992-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourgogne18992_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourgogne1899">Bourgogne 1899</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisminart1824" class="citation web cs1">Boisminart, Willem Pieter D'Auzon de (May 18, 1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0hSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3">"Herinneringen uit den veldtogt van Rusland, in den jare 1812"</a>. Gebroeders van Cleef. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064737/https://books.google.com/books?id=_0hSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herinneringen+uit+den+veldtogt+van+Rusland%2C+in+den+jare+1812&rft.pub=Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1824-05-18&rft.aulast=Boisminart&rft.aufirst=Willem+Pieter+D%27Auzon+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0hSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kariuomene.lt/data/public/uploads/2021/02/lmd_2020_nr.-7_liepa_internetui.pdf">"Lithuanian Military Digest (2020) No 7 (26), pp. 14–23"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228224445/https://kariuomene.lt/data/public/uploads/2021/02/lmd_2020_nr.-7_liepa_internetui.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2022-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithuanian+Military+Digest+%282020%29+No+7+%2826%29%2C+pp.+14%E2%80%9323.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkariuomene.lt%2Fdata%2Fpublic%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2Flmd_2020_nr.-7_liepa_internetui.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Henry L. Gaidis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lituanus.org/1984_1/84_1_01.htm">"Napoleon's Lithuanian Forces"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027233707/http://www.lituanus.org/1984_1/84_1_01.htm">Archived</a> 2021-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondance+de+Napoleon%2C+p.+31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62963499%2Ff9.item.texteImage%2Ff1n668.pdf%3Fdownload%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Henri-Pierre Everts, pp. 115, 123. In: Carnets et journal sur la campagne de Russie : extraits du Carnet de La Sabretache, années 1901–1902–1906–1912. Paris: Librairie Historique F. Teissèdre, 1997; E.J. Rieksen (2020) Voetstappen zonder echo, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990176-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990176_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190683-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190683_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1906">Clausewitz 1906</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2YuAAAAMAAJ">Mémoires Eugène de Beauharnais</a>. Michel Lévy frères. 1860. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064735/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/M%C3%A9moires_et_correspondance_politique_et/a2YuAAAAMAAJ?gbpv=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2022-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+Eug%C3%A8ne+de+Beauharnais&rft.pub=Michel+L%C3%A9vy+fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2YuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1991" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Jakob (1991). The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier. New York: Doubleday. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81756-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81756-3"><bdi>978-0-307-81756-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Napoleonic+Foot+Soldier&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-307-81756-3&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Lieven, D (2010), p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger1984-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger1984_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNafziger1984">Nafziger 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger2021-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger2021_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNafziger2021">Nafziger 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakob1991" class="citation book cs1">Jakob, Walter (1991). The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81756-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81756-3"><bdi>978-0-307-81756-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Napoleonic+Foot+Soldier&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-307-81756-3&rft.aulast=Jakob&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausewitz1989" class="citation book cs1">Clausewitz, Carl von (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRoL0NmsrlwC&dq=Murat+cavalry+Niemen+24+June+1812&pg=PA323">On War</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691018545" title="Special:BookSources/0691018545"><bdi>0691018545</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064737/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRoL0NmsrlwC&dq=Murat+cavalry+Niemen+24+June+1812&pg=PA323">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+War&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0691018545&rft.aulast=Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRoL0NmsrlwC%26dq%3DMurat%2Bcavalry%2BNiemen%2B24%2BJune%2B1812%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> General Sir Robert Wilson's Russian Journal, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190659-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz190659_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1906">Clausewitz 1906</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Digby_George_1812-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Digby_George_1812_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Digby_George_1812_149-1">b</a> Smith, Digby George. Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2004. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt193577-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulaincourt193577_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulaincourt1935">Caulaincourt 1935</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smolensk1812.ru/history/tuchkov/">"Тучков П. А."</a> 6 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714074818/https://www.smolensk1812.ru/history/tuchkov/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9F.+%D0%90.&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smolensk1812.ru%2Fhistory%2Ftuchkov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20144-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20144_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2014">Mikaberidze 2014</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007217-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007217_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990260-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990260_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990260_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990260_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255–256-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255–256_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, pp. 255–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1939-2/the-new-patriotism/the-new-patriotism-texts/the-burning-of-moscow/">"The Burning of Moscow"</a>. 31 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117112628/http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1939-2/the-new-patriotism/the-new-patriotism-texts/the-burning-of-moscow/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Burning+of+Moscow&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1939-2%2Fthe-new-patriotism%2Fthe-new-patriotism-texts%2Fthe-burning-of-moscow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite201274-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite201274_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaythornthwaite2012">Haythornthwaite 2012</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1860159-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1860159_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1860">Wilson 1860</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990262-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990262_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolzogen_und_Neuhaus1851" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Wolzogen" title="Ludwig von Wolzogen">Wolzogen und Neuhaus, Justus Philipp Adolf Wilhelm Ludwig</a> (1851). Wigand, O. (ed.). Memoiren des Königlich Preussischen Generals der Infanterie Ludwig Freiherrn von Wolzogen [Memoirs of the Royal Prussian General of the Infantry Ludwig Freiherrn von Wolzogen] (in German) (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany: Wigand. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16012211">16012211</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5034988">5034988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoiren+des+K%C3%B6niglich+Preussischen+Generals+der+Infanterie+Ludwig+Freiherrn+von+Wolzogen&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wigand&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5034988&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16012211&rft.aulast=Wolzogen+und+Neuhaus&rft.aufirst=Justus+Philipp+Adolf+Wilhelm+Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nivasposad.ru/school/homepages/all_kurs/konkurs2013/web-pages/web/filippov_andreji/html/bolshie_vyazemi.html">"Большие Вязёмы"</a>. www.nivasposad.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513114615/https://www.nivasposad.ru/school/homepages/all_kurs/konkurs2013/web-pages/web/filippov_andreji/html/bolshie_vyazemi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2021-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nivasposad.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nivasposad.ru%2Fschool%2Fhomepages%2Fall_kurs%2Fkonkurs2013%2Fweb-pages%2Fweb%2Ffilippov_andreji%2Fhtml%2Fbolshie_vyazemi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2010210–211-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieven2010210–211_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieven2010">Lieven 2010</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Adam" title="Albrecht Adam">Adam, Albrecht</a> (2005) [1990]. North, Jonathan (ed.). Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812. Pen & Sword Military. Translated by North, Jonathan (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Pen & Sword Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-161-5"><bdi>978-1-84415-161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Army+in+Russia%3A+The+Illustrated+Memoirs+of+Albrecht+Adam%2C+1812&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain&rft.series=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-161-5&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2020" class="citation web cs1">Man, Archi (May 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://architecturebest.com/usadba-bolshie-vjazemy/">"Усадьба Большие Вяземы • Architecture Best"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513023821/https://architecturebest.com/usadba-bolshie-vjazemy/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%E2%80%A2+Architecture+Best&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=Archi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchitecturebest.com%2Fusadba-bolshie-vjazemy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990265-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990265_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004297-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004297_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2004">Zamoyski 2004</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1991" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Jakob (1991). 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Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Vol. XXII. Опека – Оутсайдер. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (<a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>), Ilya A. Efron (<a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>). pp. 404–414. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.pages=404-414&rft.pub=Friedrich+A.+Brockhaus+%28Leipzig%29%2C+Ilya+A.+Efron+%28St.+Petersburg%29&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Arsenyev&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Petrushevsky%2C+Fyodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibgen_00240426%2Fpage%2F404%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1996" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Paul Britten (1996). 1812: The Great Retreat. Greenhill Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-246-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-246-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-246-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+The+Great+Retreat&rft.pub=Greenhill+Pr&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-246-0&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Paul+Britten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart1908" class="citation book cs1">Bodart, Gaston (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ">Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905)</a>. Retrieved 25 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milit%C3%A4r-historisches+Kriegs-Lexikon+%281618%E2%80%931905%29&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart1916" class="citation book cs1">Bodart, Gaston (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lossesoflifeinmo00bodarich">Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary; France</a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1371465520" title="Special:BookSources/978-1371465520"><bdi>978-1371465520</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losses+of+Life+in+Modern+Wars%2C+Austria-Hungary%3B+France&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-1371465520&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flossesoflifeinmo00bodarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1859" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich (1859). History of Patriotic War 1812.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Patriotic+War+1812&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Bogdanovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgogne1899" class="citation book cs1">Bourgogne, Adrien Jean Baptiste François (1899). <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cottin" title="Paul Cottin">Cottin, Paul</a>; Hénault, Maurice (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdcKAwAAQBAJ">Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne (1812–1813)</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/William_Heinemann" title="William Heinemann">William Heinemann</a>, via reprint, Moscow: Ripol Classic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5875000767" title="Special:BookSources/5875000767"><bdi>5875000767</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227152523/https://books.google.com/books?id=wdcKAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Sergeant+Bourgogne+%281812%E2%80%931813%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann%2C+via+reprint%2C+Moscow%3A+Ripol+Classic&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=5875000767&rft.aulast=Bourgogne&rft.aufirst=Adrien+Jean+Baptiste+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdcKAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaulaincourt1935" class="citation book cs1">Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withnapoleoninru00caul">With Napoleon in Russia: the memoirs of General de Caulaincourt</a> (translated by Jean Hanoteau ed.). Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Napoleon+in+Russia%3A+the+memoirs+of+General+de+Caulaincourt&rft.edition=translated+by+Jean+Hanoteau&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Caulaincourt&rft.aufirst=Armand-Augustin-Louis+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithnapoleoninru00caul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausewitz1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clausewitz, Carl von (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PzEQAAAAYAAJ">Der Feldzug 1812 in Russland</a> (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Feldzug+1812+in+Russland&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PzEQAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausewitz1843" class="citation book cs1">Clausewitz, Carl von (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clausewitzstudies.org/readings/1812/Clausewitz-CampaignOf1812inRussia-EllesmereTranslation.pdf#zoom=100">The campaign of 1812 in Russia</a> [Der Feldzug 1812 in Russland] (PDF). Translated by Francis Egerton. London: John Murray Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421084850/https://www.clausewitzstudies.org/readings/1812/Clausewitz-CampaignOf1812inRussia-EllesmereTranslation.pdf#zoom=100">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+campaign+of+1812+in+Russia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray+Publishers&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitzstudies.org%2Freadings%2F1812%2FClausewitz-CampaignOf1812inRussia-EllesmereTranslation.pdf%23zoom%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> And at Google Books here <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpReAAAAcAAJ">The Campaign of 1812 in Russia: Translated from the German ... With a Map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227152502/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpReAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> 2024-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed 7 Jan 2022).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2008" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfarearmedconf0000clod">Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494–2007</a>. Jefferson, NC : McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786612280498" title="Special:BookSources/9786612280498"><bdi>9786612280498</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+armed+conflicts+%3A+a+statistical+encyclopedia+of+casualty+and+other+figures%2C+1494%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Jefferson%2C+NC+%3A+McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9786612280498&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarfarearmedconf0000clod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavydov2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davydov, Denis Vasilievich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322060653/http://www.museum.ru/museum/1812/Library/davidov1/index.html#part3">"Diary of partisan actions"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.ru/museum/1812/Library/davidov1/index.html#part3">the original</a> on 2009-03-22. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diary+of+partisan+actions&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Davydov&rft.aufirst=Denis+Vasilievich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.ru%2Fmuseum%2F1812%2FLibrary%2Fdavidov1%2Findex.html%23part3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDTIC1998" class="citation book cs1">DTIC, Defense Technical Information Center (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA398046">DTIC ADA398046: The Effects of Infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DTIC+ADA398046%3A+The+Effects+of+Infectious+Disease+on+Napoleon%27s+Russian+Campaign&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=DTIC&rft.aufirst=Defense+Technical+Information+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDTIC_ADA398046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElting1997" class="citation book cs1">Elting, J. (1997) [1988]. Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80757-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+Around+a+Throne%3A+Napoleon%27s+Grande+Arm%C3%A9e&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80757-2&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierroPalluel-GuillardTulard1995" class="citation book cs1">Fierro, Alfred; Palluel-Guillard, André; Tulard, Jean (1995). Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-05858-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-05858-9"><bdi>978-2-221-05858-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+Dictionnaire+du+Consulat+et+de+l%27Empire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-221-05858-9&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Palluel-Guillard%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Tulard%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R. G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlevisualjour0000gran">Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat</a>. New York : DK Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780756655785" title="Special:BookSources/9780756655785"><bdi>9780756655785</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+Visual+Journey+Through+5%2C000+Years+of+Combat&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+DK+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780756655785&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlevisualjour0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hay, Mark Edward (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6264505">"The Dutch Experience and Memory of the Campaign of 1812: a Final Feat of Arms of the Dutch Imperial Contingent"</a>. Academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029163013/https://www.academia.edu/6264505">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+Experience+and+Memory+of+the+Campaign+of+1812%3A+a+Final+Feat+of+Arms+of+the+Dutch+Imperial+Contingent&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6264505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite2012" class="citation book cs1">Haythornthwaite, Philip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaW6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">Borodino 1812: Napoleon's Great Gamble</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849086974" title="Special:BookSources/9781849086974"><bdi>9781849086974</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227152542/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaW6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2021-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodino+1812%3A+Napoleon%27s+Great+Gamble&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849086974&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaW6CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmert1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Helmert, Heinz (1986). Europäische Befreiungskriege 1808 bis 1814/15 (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europ%C3%A4ische+Befreiungskriege+1808+bis+1814%2F15&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Helmert&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagan2007" class="citation book cs1">Kagan, Frederick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZdjTr7DCcgC">The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805</a>. Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81645-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81645-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Old+Order%3A+Napoleon+and+Europe%2C+1801%E2%80%931805&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81645-1&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZdjTr7DCcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabaume1817" class="citation book cs1">Labaume, Eugène (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3DUQAAAAYAAJ">A Circumstantial Narrative of the Campaign in Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, CT</a>: Silas Andrus, and <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_N.Y." class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester, N.Y.">Rochester, N.Y.</a>: E. 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New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Invasion+of+Russia+1812&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Tarle&rft.aufirst=Yevgeny+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte2001" class="citation book cs1">Tufte, Edward R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft">The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</a>. Cheshire, CN: Graphics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780961392147" title="Special:BookSources/9780961392147"><bdi>9780961392147</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Display+of+Quantitative+Information&rft.pub=Cheshire%2C+CN%3A+Graphics+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780961392147&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualdisplayofq00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolin1970" class="citation book cs1">Volin, Lazar (1970). A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+Russian+agriculture.+From+Alexander+II+to+Khrushchev&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Volin&rft.aufirst=Lazar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1860" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Robert Thomas (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeofevent00wils">Narrative of events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Retreat of the French Army, 1812</a>. London: John Murray. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+events+during+the+Invasion+of+Russia+by+Napoleon+Bonaparte%2C+and+the+Retreat+of+the+French+Army%2C+1812&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeofevent00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski2004" class="citation book cs1">Zamoyski, Adam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moscow1812napole00zamo">Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March</a>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-712375-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-712375-9"><bdi>978-0-00-712375-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow+1812%3A+Napoleon%27s+Fatal+March&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-00-712375-9&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoscow1812napole00zamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Michael (2006). Napoleon and Russia. Hambledon Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Russia&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brett-James, Antony (1967). 1812: Eyewitness accounts of Napoleon's defeat in Russia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+Eyewitness+accounts+of+Napoleon%27s+defeat+in+Russia&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Brett-James&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clausewitz, Carl von (1996). The Russian campaign of 1812. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4128-0599-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4128-0599-6"><bdi>1-4128-0599-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+campaign+of+1812&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-4128-0599-6&rft.aulast=Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hourtoulle, F. G. (2001). Borodino, The Moscova: The Battle for the Redoubts (Hardcover ed.). Paris: Histoire & Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2908182965" title="Special:BookSources/978-2908182965"><bdi>978-2908182965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodino%2C+The+Moscova%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Redoubts&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2908182965&rft.aulast=Hourtoulle&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Joes, Anthony James (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620013243/http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/4482/5262">"Continuity and Change in Guerrilla War: The Spanish and Afghan Cases"</a>. Journal of Conflict Studies. 16 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/4482/5262">the original</a> on 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2008-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+Guerrilla+War%3A+The+Spanish+and+Afghan+Cases&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.hil.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FJCS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4482%2F5262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordsworthpocket0000unse">The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia</a>. Hertfordshire: Ware : Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263019" title="Special:BookSources/9781853263019"><bdi>9781853263019</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wordsworth+Pocket+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Ware+%3A+Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781853263019&rft.au=Wordsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwordsworthpocket0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>When Europe Invaded Russia: 1812 Napoleon Documentary by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Alexander" title="Jesse Alexander">Jesse Alexander</a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9576339/La_Grande_Armée_de_1812_organisation_à_lentrée_en_campagne">La Grande Armée de 1812, organisation à l'entrée en campagne par François Houdecek</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli- gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France, <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179250#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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