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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_en_Hait%C3%AD_de_1991" title="Golpe de Estado en Haití de 1991 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golpe de Estado en Haití de 1991" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_1991_en_Ha%C3%AFti" title="Coup d'État de 1991 en Haïti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coup d'État de 1991 en Haïti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F" title="1991 हाईटियन तख्तापलट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="1991 हाईटियन तख्तापलट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koudeta_ayisyen_an_1991" title="Koudeta ayisyen an 1991 – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koudeta ayisyen an 1991" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_no_Haiti_em_1991" title="Golpe de Estado no Haiti em 1991 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golpe de Estado no Haiti em 1991" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(1991)" title="Военный переворот на Гаити (1991) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военный переворот на Гаити (1991)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4586873#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1991 Haitian coup d'état</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Haiti_map.png/250px-Haiti_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Haiti_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Map of Haiti.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">29 September 1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-09-29</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a></div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&params=18_32_N_72_20_W_region:HT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°32′N</span> <span class="longitude">72°20′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.533°N 72.333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.533; -72.333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Removal of President Aristide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">Military coup</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Military victory</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief of the Haitian Army <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">Raoul Cédras</a> ousted President Aristide</li> <li>Superior Court justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N%C3%A9rette" title="Joseph Nérette">Joseph Nérette</a> installed as <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">président provisoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Honorat" title="Jean-Jacques Honorat">Jean-Jacques Honorat</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Prime Minister of Haiti</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> </p> </div> <div> <p>Army General <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">Raoul Cédras</a><br />Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Biamby" title="Philippe Biamby">Philippe Biamby</a><br />Chief of the National Police, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Michel François">Michel François</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">At least 21 killed.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">At least 200 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_report_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_report-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1991 Haitian coup d'état</b> took place on 29 September 1991, when President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>, elected eight months earlier in the <a href="/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Haitian_general_election" title="1990–91 Haitian general election">1990–91 Haitian general election</a>, was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Armed Forces of Haiti</a>. Haitian military officers, primarily Army General <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">Raoul Cédras</a>, Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Biamby" title="Philippe Biamby">Philippe Biamby</a> and Chief of the National Police, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Michel François">Michel François</a> led the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitney320_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitney320-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristide was sent into exile, his life only saved by the intervention of U.S., French, and Venezuelan diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristide would later return to power in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990–91 general election was heralded as the first democratic election in Haiti's history.<sup id="cite_ref-CRSReports_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReports-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristide, a populist Roman Catholic priest, was the most controversial candidate of his party, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Front_for_Change_and_Democracy_(FCND)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Front for Change and Democracy (FCND) (page does not exist)">National Front for Change and Democracy (FCND)</a>. He was one of the only church figures to speak out against repression during the Duvalier years.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the popularity of his populist <a href="/wiki/Fanmi_Lavalas" title="Fanmi Lavalas">Lavalas movement</a> ("the flood" in Haitian Creole), which advocated the use of legislation and popular mobilization for economic reform, an end to corruption, and justice for the victims of the Haitian military and the <a href="/wiki/Tonton_Macoute" title="Tonton Macoute">Tonton Macoutes</a>, he received the majority of the vote, with 67.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite having popular support, the transition of power was rocky. Aristide's political platform threatened the power of some of the Haitian elite, specifically those who supported the <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier family dictatorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GS_cedras_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS_cedras-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristide's main opposition was the Haitian army, on whom he attempted to enforce constitutional laws that had not previously been adhered to. These laws included the separation of the police from the army and its subsequent placement under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Haiti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice (Haiti)">Ministry of Justice</a> as well as the trial of military abuses against citizens by the military, when they were meant to be tried in civilian courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haitian right mobilized in response to the Lavalas movement. A coup attempt against Aristide had taken place on 6 January, even before his inauguration, when <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lafontant" title="Roger Lafontant">Roger Lafontant</a>, a Tonton Macoute leader under Duvalier, seized the provisional President <a href="/wiki/Ertha_Pascal-Trouillot" title="Ertha Pascal-Trouillot">Ertha Pascal-Trouillot</a> and declared himself President.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After large numbers of Aristide supporters filled the streets in protest and Lafontant attempted to declare martial law, the Army crushed the incipient coup.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafontant's trial was controversial, as he received a life sentence on the recommendation of Aristide, while the maximum sentence was set at 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 1991, Aristide gave a speech that critics believe advocated for the use of <a href="/wiki/Necklacing" title="Necklacing">necklacing</a> - also called Pere Lebrun in Haiti - as a form of execution, potentially referring to necklacing as a "beautiful instrument."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that Aristide was referring to the constitution, since necklacing is never explicitly mentioned and earlier in the same speech Aristide refers ambiguously in similar ways to using the constitution as an instrument or tool— "Your tool in hand, your instrument in hand, your constitution in hand!"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that Aristide also threatened elite bourgeois families in that speech, for not supporting his government enough.<sup id="cite_ref-CRSReports_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReports-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A social network analysis of Haitian elites who participated in the coup has suggested that more central families were more likely to have been accused of participating in the coup and more likely to benefit financially.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naidu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naidu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_d'état"><span id="Coup_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>Coup d'état</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coup d'état"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coup was brief, with some conflict the night of 28 September 1991, but the bulk of the action taking place on 29 September, ending with Aristide deported to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in exile and Cédras announcing the success of the coup at 11 p.m. on the night of Monday, 30 September.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of 28 September, some army bases and police stations <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutinied</a>, aligning themselves with Cédras over the Aristide administration. At daybreak, soldiers fired on Aristide's residence and his armored personnel carrier as he traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian National Palace">National Palace</a>. Soldiers overtook the palace, captured Aristide and led him to army headquarters. There, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>, and US ambassadors successfully negotiated with coup leaders for Aristide's life. Aristide was forced into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> and flew to France, later visiting the United States and speaking before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_report_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_report-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An outburst of popular protest associated with the coup also claimed lives. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvio_Claude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvio Claude (page does not exist)">Silvio Claude</a>, the leader of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Party_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Democratic Party (Haiti) (page does not exist)">Christian Democratic Party</a> and a critic of both the Duvaliers and Aristide, was murdered by a mob. Roger Lafontant was also murdered in prison during the coup, however the circumstances surrounding his death have never been made clear.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_refugee_crisis" title="Haitian refugee crisis">Haitian refugee crisis</a></div> <p>The army justified the coup as a necessary intervention, claiming that Aristide was meddling in army affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cédras announced his victory at 11 p.m., on 29 September, via a televised broadcast, saying, "Today, the armed forces find themselves obligated to assume the heavy responsibility to keep the ship of state afloat. After seven months of democratic experience, the country once again finds itself a prey to the horrors of uncertainty. With all Haitians we will bring the ship to port."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_report_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_report-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 26 people were killed and 200 wounded in the fighting, and gunfire lasted through the night.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Aristide government the military's reputation in regard to human rights began to improve, however this was quickly reversed after the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military targeted pro-Aristide elected officials, as well as rural development and peasant organizations, neighborhood and community associations, and trade unions. Literacy, pro-democracy, students' and women's groups were also persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilian deaths increased during this period, as did incidents of mass arrests without warrants. Before his assassination in 1993, pro-democracy activist Antoine Izmery claimed, that 10,000 people had died as a result of political violence following the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 250,000 people had fled the city of Port-au-Prince by December 1991, fleeing not only political violence but economic hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, persecution was not limited to the cities. Peasants made up a large part of Aristide's voter base, and thus were subject to military violence, including the destruction of food-storage silos and the killing of livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military regime reduced freedom of the press by silencing radio stations, the most important news medium in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the first day of the coup, at least 10 radio stations were destroyed or shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio personnel were arrested, tortured, and even executed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant arrests include those of Jacques Gary Simeon (head of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Radio Caraïbes">Radio Caraibes</a>), Paul Jean-Mario (a reporter for <a href="/wiki/Radio_Antilles" title="Radio Antilles">Radio Antilles</a>), and Felix Lamy (director of Radio Galaxie).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military's human rights abuses sparked a mass exodus of Haitian Nationals fleeing by boat. A tent camp was set up at the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a> for those who were picked up by the US Coast Guard. As of 4 February 1992, more than 14,000 Haitian refugees had arrived at Guantanamo, but only 3609 qualified to apply for political asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bush administration began repatriation of refugees on 3 February 1992. On 24 May, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12807" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 12807">Executive Order 12807</a> was issued, which ended all screening of the Haitian Nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This order violated the international principle of <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">nonrefoulement</a>, although the administration argued that this was irrelevant and claimed the reason for the refugee crisis was economic, due to the economic embargo, and not due to political persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the direct correlation between the refugee crisis and an uptick in political violence in Haiti, it is clear that the Bush administration's claim failed to encompass the whole situation. The Supreme Court supported the administration's rejection of refugees, deciding that the <a href="/wiki/Refugee_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee Convention">Refugee Convention</a> did not apply on the high seas.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After declaring its intention to close the Guantanamo camp, the US began to return Haitians immediately after their interception, without allowing them to apply for asylum. The only way to apply for asylum now was through the US embassy in Port-au-Prince.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_response">International response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early on, international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) and the United Nations condemned the coup and expressed their support for Aristide's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OAS implemented a trade embargo in October 1991. On 24 November 1992, the UN adopted a resolution urging member states to impose a trade embargo, although it did not impose a world-wide oil and arms embargo until 23 June 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Governor's Island Agreement, signed on 3 July 1993, attempted to forge a compromise between Aristide and Cedras, in that sanctions would be lifted following Aristide's return to power by 30 October.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accord also promised amnesty for coup leaders, assistance in modernizing the Haitian army, and the establishment of a new Haitian police force.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanctions were suspended following the appointment of a Prime Minister chosen by Aristide, but reimposed in October 1993 following accusations of renewed human rights violations by the military regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic blockade had severe effects on an already-impoverished country. 140,000 private-sector jobs were lost. To compensate with the lack of fuel, people cut down more trees, which accelerated deforestation. The lack of electricity had a massive impact on public health, as vaccines and medications could not be preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_response">United States response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the Bush administration followed the international community in denouncing the military coup, calling for a restoration of democracy and the reinstatement of Aristide. However, they soon reversed their policy, stating that the return of Aristide was not a requirement for the restoration of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration's willingness to compromise with the military junta was perceived as U.S. government support of Cédras, and sparked a number of protests by <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian-Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clinton administration was more supportive of reinstating a broad democracy in Haiti. After large, pro-Aristide demonstrations in the United States, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, with the support of the United Nations, pressured the coup regime to step down. On 31 July 1994, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_940" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 940">United Nations Security Council Resolution 940</a> authorized a United States-led multinational force under unified command and control to restore Aristide to office, under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a>. United States military forces were deployed in Haiti, and on 15 October 1994, the Clinton administration returned Aristide to Haiti to complete his term in office.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_in_the_region">Response in the region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Response in the region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The response of other Caribbean states to the crisis varied, but was generally anti-refugee. The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, which supported the Haitian military regime, sought to stem the flow of over 30,000 refugees with an increased police and army presence on the border.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> had a similar response to refugees. Even countries such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> who allowed refugee settlement offered minimal processing. Some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, directly refused to accept refugees for settlement, despite displaying support for the Aristide regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Aristide's return in November 1994, a number of Caribbean states introduced programs for the repatriation of Haitians living in their countries. The most significant numbers came from the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, and <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="US_involvement">US involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: US involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></div> <p>Francois and Biamby received military training in the US: Biamby received infantry training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and Francois received small-arms and ammunition repair training at the Army Ordnance School in Aberdeen, Maryland, and also at the Savanna Army Depot in Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is frequently reported that Cedras also received US training, but the Pentagon denies having evidence of this. It is unknown to what degree US assistance empowered or assisted the leaders of the coup, and to what degree the involvement of the CIA aided or subverted the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_report_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_report-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the US role in the 1994 Operation Uphold Democracy to reinstall Aristide to power, questions remain about its involvement in the coup itself. <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Constant" title="Emmanuel Constant">Emmanuel Constant</a> later reported that <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> agents were present with Cédras at the army headquarters during the coup, but the CIA denied prior knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitney320_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitney320-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the CIA "paid key members of the coup regime forces, identified as drug traffickers, for information from the mid-1980s at least until the coup."<sup id="cite_ref-Whitney320_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitney320-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_coup">After the coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After the coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristide was returned to power on 15 October 1994 and remained in power until 1996, following a <a href="/wiki/1995_Haitian_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Haitian Elections">democratic election</a> and a peaceful transferral of power. He then returned to the presidency in 2001, but was ousted again in a <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to Aristide's reinstatement Cedras and Biamby left the country and settled in Panama. Both, in addition to Francois, were convicted for their roles in the <a href="/wiki/Raboteau_massacre" title="Raboteau massacre">Raboteau Massacre</a> and received the mandatory sentence of forced labor for life.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as all three men were convicted in absentia and have not returned to Haiti, they have not served their sentences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Biamby died in Panama in 2008. </p><p>Members of the coup regime, notably the Chief of National Police, Michel François, were accused of drug smuggling<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a much greater rate than before the coup. A 1992 US State Department report noted that Aristide was "planning new policies and institutions to combat narcotics trafficking, [and] his ouster... crippled narcotics control efforts in Haiti."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An internal 1993 <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> memo stated that "all those jailed for drug-trafficking have been released and... Michel François has personally supervised the landing of planes carrying drugs and weapons." Francois was arrested in Honduras in 1997 and held on drug charges for several months, but released after a US extradition request was denied. Francois later died in Honduras in 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT_report-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_report_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_report_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_report_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_report_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/01/us/haiti-s-military-assumes-power-after-troops-arrest-the-president.html">"Haiti's Military Assumes Power After Troops Arrest the President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1 October 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span> – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+Military+Assumes+Power+After+Troops+Arrest+the+President&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F01%2Fus%2Fhaiti-s-military-assumes-power-after-troops-arrest-the-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Haitian+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney320-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney320_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney320_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney320_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1996" class="citation journal cs1">Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996). "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti". <i>Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 303–332 [p. 320].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Law+and+Trade+in+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Sin%2C+Fraph%2C+and+the+CIA%3A+U.S.+Covert+Action+in+Haiti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-332+p.+320&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Haitian+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsCole1996" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Edward Jr.; Cole, Timothy M. (1996). "Regime Legitimation in Instances of Coup-Caused Governments-in-Exile: The Cases of Presidents Makarios and Aristide". <i>Journal of International Law & Practice</i>. <b>5</b> (2): [p. 199].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Law+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Regime+Legitimation+in+Instances+of+Coup-Caused+Governments-in-Exile%3A+The+Cases+of+Presidents+Makarios+and+Aristide&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=p.+199&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jr.&rft.au=Cole%2C+Timothy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Haitian+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/haiti">"Milestones: 1993–2000 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1993%E2%80%932000+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1993-2000%2Fhaiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Haitian+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRSReports-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReports_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReports_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/about.html">"Haiti: Background to the 1991 Overthrow of President Aristide"</a>. <i>Congressional Research Service reports</i>. 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups since 1991</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_since_2010" title="List of coups and coup attempts since 2010">since 2010</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Soviet Union (1991)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">Georgia (1991–1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li>Venezuela (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">Azerbaijan (1993)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russia (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_the_Volunteers" title="Coup of the Volunteers">Lithuania (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana (1994)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1994 Cambodian coup d'état attempt">Cambodia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_attempt" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup attempt">Azerbaijan (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1995 Qatari coup d'état">Qatar (1995)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Iraqi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Iraqi coup attempt">Iraq (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_attempt" title="1996 Qatari coup attempt">Qatar (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">Cambodia (1997)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">Turkey (1997)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Pakistan (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Solomon_Islands_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Solomon Islands coup d'état">Solomon Islands (2000)</a> <sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Philippines (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylas_uprising" title="Andahuaylas uprising">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">Nepal (2005)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2006)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2006)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_siege" title="Manila Peninsula siege">Philippines (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="2011 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (2011)</a></li> <li>Mali (2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">March</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">April</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2014)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Yemen (2014–15)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">Turkey (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_clashes_(2016%E2%80%932018)" title="Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)">Libya (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aden_(2018)" title="Battle of Aden (2018)">Yemen (2018)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li>Sudan (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Burkina Faso (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Nigeria (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="2024 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a> or its attempt</i></li> <li><sup><small>[no symbol]</small></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup</a> attempt</i></li> <li><sup><small>c</small></sup> <i>Successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></i><br />See also: <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Plots_and_conspiracies" title="Template:Plots and conspiracies">Plots and conspiracies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_in_the_Americas_since_1900" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:Americas coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Americas coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_in_the_Americas_since_1900" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1900 Colombian coup d'état">Colombia (1900)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1902)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1902)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1904)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Revolt#Generalization_of_conflicts_and_coup_attempt" title="Vaccine Revolt">Brazil (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1905 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1905)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1908)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1908 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1908)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1908)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1909 Peruvian coup attempt">Peru (1909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1911)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1911)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexico (1911)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (1912) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1912_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1912 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">January</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1912_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 1912 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">February</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1912_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1912 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">March</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">Mexico (1913)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1914_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1914 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (Jan 1914)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1914 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1914)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1914_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1914 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (Nov 1914)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1915)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Costa_Rican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1917 Costa Rican coup d'état">Costa Rica (1917)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1919 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1919)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Salvadoran_presidential_election#Aftermath" title="1919 Salvadoran presidential election">El Salvador (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1920 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1920)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Mexican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Mexican coup d'état">Mexico (1920)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copacabana_Fort_revolt" title="Copacabana Fort revolt">Brazil (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 Chilean coup d'état (page does not exist)">Chile (1924)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1925 Chilean coup d'état">Chile (1925)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution_(Ecuador)" title="July Revolution (Ecuador)">Ecuador (1925)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Romero_Bosque#Ending_the_Menéndez–Quiñónez_dynasty" title="Pío Romero Bosque">El Salvador (1927)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1930 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1930 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Brazil (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Panamanian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Panama (1931)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1931 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1931)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (1931) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_del_Campo#First_presidency" title="Carlos Ibáñez del Campo">July</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_naval_mutiny_of_1931" title="Chilean naval mutiny of 1931">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande_insurrection" title="Norte Grande insurrection">December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (1932) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 Chilean coup d'état (page does not exist)">June</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antofagasta_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antofagasta coup d'état (page does not exist)">September</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1933 Uruguayan coup d'état">Uruguay (1933)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution_of_1933" title="Cuban Revolution of 1933">Cuba (1933)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1934)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1935)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution_(Paraguay)" title="February Revolution (Paraguay)">Paraguay (1936)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nicaraguan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Nicaraguan coup d'état">Nicaragua (1936)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1936 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1936)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_Ecuadorian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 Ecuadorian coup attempt (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1937)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1937)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1937)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">Brazil (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre" title="Seguro Obrero massacre">Chile (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariostazo" title="Ariostazo">Chile (1939)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Estigarribia#Post_war" title="José Félix Estigarribia">Paraguay (1940)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Panamanian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Panama (1941)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Baldomir#World_War_II" title="Alfredo Baldomir">Uruguay (1942)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1943)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1943)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> (1944) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_of_Fallen_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike of Fallen Arms">May</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1944_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état">October</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1945)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1945)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_La_Paz_riots" title="1946 La Paz riots">Bolivia (1946)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1946)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1947)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nicaraguan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Nicaraguan coup d'état">Nicaragua (1947)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Salvadoran coup d'état (page does not exist)">El Salvador (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (1949) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1949_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1949 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">January</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1949_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 1949 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">February</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 Colombian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Colombia (1949)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_Bolivian_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 Bolivian Civil War (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=September_1949_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="September 1949 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (Sep 1949)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1950 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1950)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Argentine_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Argentine coup attempt (page does not exist)">Argentina (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1951 Panamanian coup d'état">Panama (1951)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamertazo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamertazo (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1951)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">Cuba (1952)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_National_Revolution" title="Bolivian National Revolution">Bolivia (1952)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Colombian coup d'état">Colombia (1953)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">Paraguay (1954)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1954)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Argentina (1955)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1955 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacareacanga_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacareacanga revolt (page does not exist)">Brazil (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 Honduran coup d'état (page does not exist)">Honduras (1956)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1957 Colombian coup d'état">Colombia (1957)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_military_junta_of_1957" title="Guatemalan military junta of 1957">Guatemala (1957)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1958_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="July 1958 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1958)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Bolivian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Bolivian coup attempt (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Bolivian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Bolivian coup attempt (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragar%C3%A7as_Revolt" title="Aragarças Revolt">Brazil (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuba (1959)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1960)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1961)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1961)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1962)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1962)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Dominican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Dominican coup d'état">Dominican Republic (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1964)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1964)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentina (1966)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Panamanian coup d'état">Panama (1968)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1968)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1969)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="1970 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Bolivian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Bolivian coups d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1970)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (1971) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Bolivian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Bolivian coup attempt (page does not exist)">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">August</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1972 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1972)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carnavalazo" title="El Carnavalazo">Ecuador (1972)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_coup_attempt" title="1972 Salvadoran coup attempt">El Salvador (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">Uruguay (1973)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanquetazo" title="Tanquetazo">Chile (Jun 1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">Chile (Sep 1973)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Decree_11947" title="Supreme Decree 11947">Bolivia (1974)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (1975) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limazo" title="Limazo">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacnazo" title="Tacnazo">August</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1975)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Ecuadorian_coup_attempt" title="1975 Ecuadorian coup attempt">Ecuador (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1976)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1976)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1978)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (1978) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1978_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="July 1978 Bolivian coup d'état">July</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1978_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1978 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">November</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadian Revolution">Grenada (1979)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1979)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Massacre" title="All Saints' Massacre">Bolivia (1979)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Surinamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Surinamese coup d'état">Suriname (1980)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1980)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dog" title="Operation Red Dog">Dominica (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1982 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1982)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1983)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Austin#1983_Coup_d'etat" title="Hudson Austin">Grenada (1983)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="1984 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1988_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="June 1988 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (Jun 1988)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1988_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 1988 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (Sep 1988)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Panamanian_coup_attempt" title="1988 Panamanian coup attempt">Panama (Mar 1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="1989 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Panamanian_coup_attempt" title="1989 Panamanian coup attempt">Panama (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">Paraguay (1989)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">Trinidad and Tobago (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Surinamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Surinamese coup d'état">Suriname (1990)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locumba_uprising" title="Locumba uprising">Peru (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andahuaylazo">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Bolivian coup d'état attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>c</sup> successful coup</li> <li><sup>‡</sup> <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></li> <li>no sign for <i>attempted coup</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4586873#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4586873#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4586873#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93006688">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124189013">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124189013">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539567905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033309922">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27état&oldid=1251301070">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Haitian_coup_d%27état&oldid=1251301070</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_military_junta_(1991-1994)" title="Category:Haitian military junta (1991-1994)">Haitian military junta (1991-1994)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_and_coup_attempts" title="Category:1990s 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