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1993年俄罗斯宪政危机 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-危机原因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#危机原因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>危机原因</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-危机原因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关危机原因子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-危机原因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-不断加深的行政-立法权力对抗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不断加深的行政-立法权力对抗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>不断加深的行政-立法权力对抗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不断加深的行政-立法权力对抗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-第七届人民代表大会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第七届人民代表大会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>第七届人民代表大会</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第七届人民代表大会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第八届人民代表大会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第八届人民代表大会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>第八届人民代表大会</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第八届人民代表大会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-“特别政府”" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#“特别政府”"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>“特别政府”</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-“特别政府”-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第九届人民代表大会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第九届人民代表大会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>第九届人民代表大会</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第九届人民代表大会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-制宪会议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#制宪会议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>制宪会议</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-制宪会议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-九月的发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#九月的发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>九月的发展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-九月的发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-围城与袭击" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#围城与袭击"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>围城与袭击</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-围城与袭击-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关围城与袭击子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-围城与袭击-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-议会宣布叶利钦总统令失效" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#议会宣布叶利钦总统令失效"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>议会宣布叶利钦总统令失效</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-议会宣布叶利钦总统令失效-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民众抗议与议会阻挠" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民众抗议与议会阻挠"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>民众抗议与议会阻挠</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民众抗议与议会阻挠-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攻击电视台" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攻击电视台"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>攻击电视台</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攻击电视台-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-进攻白宫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#进攻白宫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>进攻白宫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-进攻白宫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-舆论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#舆论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>舆论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-舆论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叶利钦重新整合力量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叶利钦重新整合力量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>叶利钦重新整合力量</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-叶利钦重新整合力量-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关叶利钦重新整合力量子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-叶利钦重新整合力量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-直接结果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直接结果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>直接结果</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直接结果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第一次宪政期的终结" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一次宪政期的终结"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>第一次宪政期的终结</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一次宪政期的终结-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释与参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释与参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>注释与参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释与参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1993年俄罗斯宪政危机</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。36种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_1993" title="الأزمة الدستورية الروسية 1993 – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأزمة الدستورية الروسية 1993" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96_(1993)" title="Канстытуцыйны крызіс у Расіі (1993) – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыйны крызіс у Расіі (1993)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(1992_%E2%80%93_1993)" title="Руска конституционна криза (1992 – 1993) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руска конституционна криза (1992 – 1993)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_constitucional_russa_de_1993" title="Crisi constitucional russa de 1993 – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crisi constitucional russa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstavn%C3%AD_krize_1993" title="Ruská ústavní krize 1993 – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská ústavní krize 1993" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Verfassungskrise_1993" title="Russische Verfassungskrise 1993 – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Verfassungskrise 1993" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_(1993)" title="Συνταγματική κρίση στη Ρωσία (1993) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνταγματική κρίση στη Ρωσία (1993)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_constitucional_rusa_de_1993" title="Crisis constitucional rusa de 1993 – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis constitucional rusa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992.%E2%80%931993._aasta_konstitutsioonikriis_Venemaal" title="1992.–1993. aasta konstitutsioonikriis Venemaal – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1992.–1993. aasta konstitutsioonikriis Venemaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993ko_Errusiako_konstituzio-krisia" title="1993ko Errusiako konstituzio-krisia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1993ko Errusiako konstituzio-krisia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_perustuslaillinen_kriisi_1993" title="Venäjän perustuslaillinen kriisi 1993 – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän perustuslaillinen kriisi 1993" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_constitutionnelle_russe" title="Crise constitutionnelle russe – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise constitutionnelle russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="המשבר החוקתי ברוסיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשבר החוקתי ברוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_ustavna_kriza_1993." title="Ruska ustavna kriza 1993. – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska ustavna kriza 1993." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_konstitusional_Rusia_1993" title="Krisis konstitusional Rusia 1993 – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis konstitusional Rusia 1993" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Federazione_russa#La_crisi_costituzionale_del_1993" title="Storia della Federazione russa – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Federazione russa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%89" title="10月政変 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="10月政変" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(1993)" title="რუსეთის კონსტიტუციური კრიზისი (1993) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის კონსტიტუციური კრიზისი (1993)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%EB%85%84_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%97%8C%EC%A0%95%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="1993년 러시아 헌정위기 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1993년 러시아 헌정위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_m._Rusijos_konstitucin%C4%97_kriz%C4%97" title="1993 m. Rusijos konstitucinė krizė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1993 m. Rusijos konstitucinė krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993._gada_konstitucion%C4%81l%C4%81_kr%C4%ABze_Krievij%C4%81" title="1993. gada konstitucionālā krīze Krievijā – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1993. gada konstitucionālā krīze Krievijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(1992-1993)" title="Руска уставна криза (1992-1993) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руска уставна криза (1992-1993)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_constitutionele_crisis_van_1993" title="Russische constitutionele crisis van 1993 – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische constitutionele crisis van 1993" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryzys_konstytucyjny_w_Rosji_(1993)" title="Kryzys konstytucyjny w Rosji (1993) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryzys konstytucyjny w Rosji (1993)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_constitucional_russa_de_1993" title="Crise constitucional russa de 1993 – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise constitucional russa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criza_constitu%C8%9Bional%C4%83_rus%C4%83_din_1993" title="Criza constituțională rusă din 1993 – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Criza constituțională rusă din 1993" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_(1992%E2%80%941993)" title="Конституционный кризис в России (1992—1993) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституционный кризис в России (1992—1993)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_ustavna_kriza" title="Ruska ustavna kriza – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska ustavna kriza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_1993." title="Руска уставна криза 1993. – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руска уставна криза 1993." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2536" title="วิกฤตการณ์รัฐธรรมนูญรัสเซีย พ.ศ. 2536 – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤตการณ์รัฐธรรมนูญรัสเซีย พ.ศ. 2536" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Rusya_anayasa_krizi" title="1993 Rusya anayasa krizi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1993 Rusya anayasa krizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Россия Югары Советы куып таратылуы – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия Югары Советы куып таратылуы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97_1993" title="Конституційна криза у Росії 1993 – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституційна криза у Росії 1993" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_ho%E1%BA%A3ng_Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Nga_1993" title="Khủng hoảng Hiến pháp Nga 1993 – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khủng hoảng Hiến pháp Nga 1993" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="1993年俄羅斯憲政危機 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1993年俄羅斯憲政危機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.infobox table{display:table}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:315px;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;font-size:100%">1993年俄罗斯宪政危机</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="後蘇聯衝突">後蘇聯衝突</a>的一部分</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;font-size:85%;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/220px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/330px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/440px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="921" /></a></span><br />事件過後白宮外牆被燒毀</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">日期</th><td>1993年9月21日-10月4日</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">地点</th><td><div class="location"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">结果</th><td class="status"> <p>叶利钦和俄联邦政府胜利,俄罗斯宪政民主结束 </p> <ul><li>俄罗斯重新走回专制制度</li> <li>叶利钦颁布新宪法,使其总统权力凌驾于议会和法院。</li> <li>议会制衡权被架空</li> <li>俄罗斯腐败问题愈发严重</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战方</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="俄罗斯总统">俄罗斯总统</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FSO_Emblem.svg/13px-FSO_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FSO_Emblem.svg/19px-FSO_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FSO_Emblem.svg/25px-FSO_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1175" /></span></span></span> 联邦保护事务部队</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯国防部">俄罗斯国防部</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs.svg/23px-Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs.svg/35px-Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs.svg/46px-Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="596" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A1%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯内务部">俄罗斯内务部</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 俄羅斯議會</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/13px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="952" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="俄罗斯最高苏维埃">俄罗斯最高苏维埃</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/13px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="952" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="俄罗斯人民代表大会">俄罗斯人民代表大会</a>代表</li></ul> <p><b>反對派</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄羅斯救國陣線" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Фронт национального спасения (Россия)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%95%91%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯救國陣線(页面不存在)">俄羅斯救國陣線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Фронт национального спасения (Россия)"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Фронт национального спасения (Россия)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%93" title="俄罗斯民族团结">俄羅斯民族團結</a></li> <li>其他反對派勢力</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">指挥官与领导者</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%A9%E9%92%A6" title="鲍里斯·叶利钦">鲍里斯·叶利钦</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%AB%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%87%E7%88%BE%E8%AB%BE%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="維克托·斯捷潘諾維奇·切爾諾梅爾金">維克托·斯捷潘諾維奇·切爾諾梅爾金</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" title="帕维尔·格拉乔夫">帕维尔·格拉乔夫</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="維克托·葉林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viktor Yerin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%91%89%E6%9E%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="維克托·葉林(页面不存在)">維克托·葉林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yerin" class="extiw" title="en:Viktor Yerin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viktor Yerin</span></a></span>)</span></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉·戈盧什科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nikolai Golushko"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%9B%A7%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·戈盧什科(页面不存在)">尼古拉·戈盧什科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Golushko" class="extiw" title="en:Nikolai Golushko"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nikolai Golushko</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E8%AB%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="魯斯蘭·伊姆拉諾維奇·哈斯布拉托夫">魯斯蘭·伊姆拉諾維奇·哈斯布拉托夫</a>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E9%99%8D" title="投降"><img alt="投降" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E8%8C%A8%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·弗拉基米罗维奇·鲁茨科伊">亚历山大·弗拉基米罗维奇·鲁茨科伊</a>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E9%99%8D" title="投降"><img alt="投降" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗拉基斯拉夫·阿列克謝那維奇·阿恰洛夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vladislav Achalov"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%AC%9D%E9%82%A3%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%81%B0%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="弗拉基斯拉夫·阿列克謝那維奇·阿恰洛夫(页面不存在)">弗拉基斯拉夫·阿列克謝那維奇·阿恰洛夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Achalov" class="extiw" title="en:Vladislav Achalov"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vladislav Achalov</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战单位</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%88" title="第4近卫坦克师">第4近卫坦克师</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A1%94%E6%9B%BC%E6%91%A9%E6%89%98%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%B8%88" title="第2近卫塔曼摩托化步兵师">第2近卫塔曼摩托化步兵师</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha_antiterror_group_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alpha_antiterror_group_emblem.png/15px-Alpha_antiterror_group_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alpha_antiterror_group_emblem.png/23px-Alpha_antiterror_group_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alpha_antiterror_group_emblem.png/30px-Alpha_antiterror_group_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="276" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔法小组">阿尔法小组</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vympel_special_forces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vympel_special_forces.png/15px-Vympel_special_forces.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vympel_special_forces.png/23px-Vympel_special_forces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vympel_special_forces.png/30px-Vympel_special_forces.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="223" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E6%97%97%E7%89%B9%E7%A7%8D%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="信号旗特种部队">信号旗特种部队</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 留守議員<br />示威者</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E2%80%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%84%B6%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="亞美尼亞—亞塞拜然邊境危機">2021–2023年边境危机</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2022年9月纳戈尔诺–卡拉巴赫冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2022%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA%E2%80%93%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2022年9月纳戈尔诺–卡拉巴赫冲突(页面不存在)">2022年9月冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" class="extiw" title="en:September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA-%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E6%94%BB%E5%8A%BF" title="2023年纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫攻势">2023年9月衝突</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="格魯吉亞內戰">格鲁吉亚</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%A7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次南奧塞提亞戰爭">南奥塞梯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布哈兹-格魯吉亞衝突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E5%85%B9%EF%BC%8D%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布哈兹-格魯吉亞衝突(页面不存在)">阿布哈兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abkhaz–Georgian conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941993%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E5%85%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1992年—1993年阿布哈兹战争">第一次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E5%85%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1998年阿布哈兹战争">第二次</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2001年科多里危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2001 Kodori crisis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2001年科多里危机(页面不存在)">2001年科多里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Kodori_crisis" class="extiw" title="en:2001 Kodori crisis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2001 Kodori crisis</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF%E2%80%94%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%80%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="奥塞梯—印古什戰爭">北奥塞梯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3%E2%80%94%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="車臣—俄羅斯衝突">车臣–俄罗斯</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次車臣戰爭">第一次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第二次車臣戰爭">第二次</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二次车臣战争的游击阶段" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%BD%A6%E8%87%A3%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%9A%84%E6%B8%B8%E5%87%BB%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第二次车臣战争的游击阶段(页面不存在)">游击阶段</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" class="extiw" title="en:Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="北高加索叛亂">北高加索叛亂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北高加索伊斯蘭國叛亂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北高加索伊斯蘭國叛亂(页面不存在)">伊斯兰国叛乱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="達吉斯坦戰爭">达吉斯坦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印古什战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="War in Ingushetia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%80%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印古什战争(页面不存在)">印古什</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia" class="extiw" title="en:War in Ingushetia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">War in Ingushetia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%A0%BC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="俄格戰爭">俄罗斯–格鲁吉亚</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>中亚</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="塔吉克斯坦内战">塔吉克斯坦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌兹别克斯坦恐怖主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乌兹别克斯坦恐怖主义(页面不存在)">乌兹别克斯坦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan" class="extiw" title="en:Terrorism in Uzbekistan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terrorism in Uzbekistan</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴特肯冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Batken conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E8%82%AF%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴特肯冲突(页面不存在)">蔓延至巴特肯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batken_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Batken conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Batken conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>吉尔吉斯革命 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%81%E9%87%91%E9%A6%99%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="郁金香革命">郁金香革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="2010年吉爾吉斯革命">2010年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2020年吉尔吉斯斯坦示威">2020年</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2010年吉尔吉斯斯坦南部种族骚乱">吉尔吉斯斯坦南部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="塔吉克斯坦伊斯兰叛乱">塔吉克斯坦东部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2020年哈萨克斯坦南部种族骚乱">东干族–哈萨克族冲突</a></li> <li>吉尔吉斯斯坦–塔吉克斯坦冲突 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E2%80%94%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2021年吉爾吉斯—塔吉克邊境衝突">2021年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E2%80%94%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2022年吉爾吉斯—塔吉克邊境衝突">2022年</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%8A%97%E8%AD%B0" title="2022年哈薩克斯坦抗議">哈萨克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%8A%97%E8%AD%B0%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="2022年卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦抗議活動">卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>东欧</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="德涅斯特河沿岸战争">德涅斯特河沿岸</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1993年莫斯科</a></li> <li>乌克兰 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="广场起义">广场革命、尊严革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%B2%E4%BF%84%E5%8A%A8%E4%B9%B1" title="2014年乌克兰亲俄动乱">亲俄动乱</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E4%B9%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="俄乌战争">俄罗斯-乌克兰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%83%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" title="俄烏戰爭概要">(概要)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%9E%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" title="俄羅斯聯邦併吞克里米亞">吞并克里米亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="顿巴斯战争">顿巴斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%8B%E8%B5%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2018年克赤海峽衝突">克赤海峽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭">2022年入侵</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942022%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E4%B9%8C%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="2021年—2022年俄乌危机">前奏</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>俄罗斯1993年宪政危机</b>(俄语:<span lang="ru">События сентября — октября 1993 года в Москве</span>),又称<b>十月政变</b>,為該年9月21日於俄羅斯國內發生的一場權力鬥爭,時任<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="俄罗斯总统">俄罗斯总统</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%A9%E9%92%A6" title="鲍里斯·叶利钦">叶利钦</a>獲勝。当时叶利钦仍掌握军队,这决定了危机的最后结局。军队後來包围了俄罗斯苏维埃所在地<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="俄罗斯最高苏维埃">俄罗斯最高苏维埃</a>。為推行改革,葉利欽最終以武力強行解散<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯联邦">俄罗斯联邦</a>當時的苏维埃议会。这十天是自1917年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>以来俄罗斯死伤最惨重的街头運動與斗争風波。 </p><p>当时的俄罗斯還未完整地解決蘇聯留下的問題,故造成最高苏维埃拒绝解散并投票弹劾叶利钦的局面,因為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="俄罗斯人民代表大会">俄罗斯人民代表大会</a>及其常设机构<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="俄罗斯最高苏维埃">俄罗斯最高苏维埃</a>反对他推动過度的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="新自由主义">新自由主义</a>與親西方改革政策,認為叶利钦此一行动违反了当时的《<a href="/wiki/1978%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%BF%84%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="1978年苏俄宪法">俄罗斯联邦宪法</a>》。並要求当时的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%89%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="俄罗斯副总统">副总统</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E8%8C%A8%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·弗拉基米罗维奇·鲁茨科伊">亚历山大·弗拉基米罗维奇·鲁茨科伊</a>按照宪法宣誓执行总统职责。 </p><p>9月28日起,支持最高苏维埃與反对叶利钦政府的群众也走上街头举行大游行,并发生了流血事件。之后的一周反对叶利钦的親苏抗议不断升级,在10月2日达到最高潮,使俄罗斯差点陷入内战。但是,安全部门和部队的领导人,卻決定干預政治,去支持叶利钦,并包围了俄罗斯最高苏维埃大楼并用坦克火炮轰击大楼,使其几乎摧毁。 </p><p>叶利钦隨後下令军队成功驱赶了俄罗斯最高苏维埃成员與相關勢力,10月5日,反对叶利钦的武装对抗力量已经溃散。据俄联邦政府的估计,官方公告中此次戰役共有187人死亡,437人受伤,但具體數字存在爭議。10月15日,叶利钦举行了公民投票通过了新宪法,透過大大強化了總統權力穩定住國內局勢,但<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三權分立">三權分立</a>的民主設計則受到重挫,這也為後來的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="普京">普京</a>得以逐漸鞏固獨裁統治埋下遠因。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="危机原因"><span id=".E5.8D.B1.E6.9C.BA.E5.8E.9F.E5.9B.A0"></span>危机原因</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:危机原因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="不断加深的行政-立法权力对抗"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E6.96.AD.E5.8A.A0.E6.B7.B1.E7.9A.84.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF-.E7.AB.8B.E6.B3.95.E6.9D.83.E5.8A.9B.E5.AF.B9.E6.8A.97"></span>不断加深的行政-立法权力对抗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:不断加深的行政-立法权力对抗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>叶利钦的改革自<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%A7%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯解體">蘇聯解體</a>後1992年1月2日开始,(参阅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="俄羅斯經濟">1990年代俄罗斯的经济改革</a>)但很快出现了物价飞涨的现象,政府税收锐减而支出沉重。严重的信用体系崩溃使大量工厂倒闭,造成了长期的经济衰退。在这种情况下,一些政客很快不再支持改革。叶利钦和反对激进改革的政客日益对立,最终分歧集中到政府的两个分支的对立。 </p><p>在1992年中,反对叶利钦改革的力量不断增涨,反对力量主要的关注点是俄罗斯工业的发展状况以及一些地区领导人希望从莫斯科获得更多的自治权。俄罗斯副总统亚历山大·弗拉基米罗维奇·鲁茨科伊称叶利钦的改革为“经济的种族屠杀”。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯自治共和国">俄罗斯自治共和国</a>的石油富产区,如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="鞑靼斯坦">鞑靼斯坦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="巴什科爾托斯坦">巴什科尔托斯坦</a>要求从俄罗斯独立。 同样在1992年中,叶利钦和最高苏维埃(常设立法机构)与人民代表大会(国家的最高立法机构,并负责选举最高苏维埃)的政治斗争不断,双方都试图主导政府和国家政策。最高苏维埃主席<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" title="鲁斯兰·哈斯布拉托夫">鲁斯兰·哈斯布拉托夫</a>于1992年公开宣布反对改革,虽然他仍然支持叶利钦改革的总体目标。 </p><p>叶利钦关注着于1991年后半年通过的宪法修正案,这一修正案规定总统的特别执法权于1992年终止(叶利钦之前为了执行改革措施而扩大了总统在一般情况下被宪法所限制的权力)。为了执行叶利钦式的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化">私有化</a>措施,叶利钦要求议会恢复他的执法权(只有议会有权变更或修改宪法)。但是在俄罗斯人民代表大会和最高苏维埃,代表们拒绝通过增加总统权力的新宪法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="第七届人民代表大会"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.83.E5.B1.8A.E4.BA.BA.E6.B0.91.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E5.A4.A7.E4.BC.9A"></span>第七届人民代表大会</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:第七届人民代表大会"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1992年12月召开的最高苏维埃和叶利钦在一系列问题上发生了争议。最激烈的争议发生在12月9日,当时最高苏维埃拒绝批准<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="叶戈尔·盖达尔">叶戈尔·盖达尔</a>为总理。叶戈尔·盖达尔是被广泛批评的俄罗斯“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E5%85%8B%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95_(%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="休克疗法 (经济学)">休克疗法</a>”,即市场自由化的设计者。最高苏维埃拒绝提名盖达尔,要求修改经济改革措施并要求被最高苏维埃所掌控的中央银行继续向企业贷款以避免它们倒闭。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>第二天,即12月10日,叶利钦愤怒地指责最高苏维埃为“保守与反动力量的堡垒”。最高苏维埃的回应是投票并获得最高苏维埃对军队的领导权。 </p><p>12月12日,叶利钦和最高苏维埃主席哈斯布拉托夫妥协并通过了包含以下几点的协议: </p> <ol><li>1993年4月举行全民公决制定俄罗斯新宪法框架;</li> <li>大部分叶利钦的紧急状态权力将延续至此次全民公决举行之时;</li> <li>最高苏维埃有权否决总统提名的国防、外交、内政和安全部长。12月14日叶利钦提名<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E9%87%91" title="维克托·切尔诺梅尔金">维克托·切尔诺梅尔金</a>为总理,并获得最高苏维埃通过。</li></ol> <p>叶利钦1992年12月和第七届人民代表大会的妥协缓和了局势。1993年初叶利钦和最高苏维埃在全民公决的用词和权力分享的方面争议增加了。在一系列关于政策的碰撞中,最高苏维埃削弱了总统额外的权力,而这些权力正是1991年下半年由最高苏维埃授予的。由哈斯布拉托夫领导的最高苏维埃逐渐感觉到他们可以阻碍甚至挫败总统,他们采取的策略是逐渐地削弱总统在政府中的领导权力。作为回应,总统要求在4月11日举行关于宪法的全民公决。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="第八届人民代表大会"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E5.85.AB.E5.B1.8A.E4.BA.BA.E6.B0.91.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E5.A4.A7.E4.BC.9A"></span>第八届人民代表大会</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:第八届人民代表大会"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>第八届人民代表大会在1993年3月10日举行,会上哈斯布拉托夫指责叶利钦<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9D%E5%AE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="违宪">违宪</a>行事。三月中旬,人民代表召开了一个紧急会议,投票要求修改宪法,剥夺并削弱总统叶利钦的权力,取消原定于四月举行的公投并要求再次开门立法以使权力得到平衡而不让总统获得过多权力。叶利钦总统直接大步走出了会场。第一副总理宣布公投将继续,但是将迁至4月25日。 </p><p>议会在政府中的影响力逐渐的加大。3月16日,叶利钦总统签署了一项法令,授予<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E7%90%B4%E7%A7%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="维克托·格拉什琴科(页面不存在)">维克托·格拉什琴科</a>,中央银行行长以及其他三个政府官员内阁级别。这是根据第八次人民代表大会决定而任命的。议会虽然裁决了,但是其依然明确的要求这些人必须继续服从议会。由此看来,议会在1993年的立法活动将减少,取而代之的将是议会不断的增强自己的权力同时去削弱总统的权力<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="“特别政府”"><span id=".E2.80.9C.E7.89.B9.E5.88.AB.E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E2.80.9D"></span>“特别政府”</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:“特别政府”"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>为此,总统叶利钦做出了戏剧性的反应。3月20日,叶利钦直接在电视上发表了讲话,宣布签署一条关于“特殊政府”(俄语:<span lang="ru">Об особом порядке управления до преодоления кризиса власти</span>)的法令。这表示在新宪,拥有公信力总统和副总统的公投结果出来之前,现总统将担负起特殊的行政权力。叶利钦同时尖锐的抨击了议会,指责他们是在试图重建苏联时期的秩序。 </p><p>在叶利钦做完电视讲话后,瓦列里·佐金(俄联邦宪法院院长),尤里·沃罗宁(特别政府第一任副主席),亚历山大·鲁茨科伊和瓦伦丁·斯台潘克夫(俄罗斯总检察长)发表了一个讲话,公开指责叶利钦违宪行事。3月23日,尽管还没具备可签署的文件<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,法院依然裁定叶利钦在电视上做的讲话违宪<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而,那条于几天后<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>签署的法令本身,并不违宪。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="第九届人民代表大会"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B9.9D.E5.B1.8A.E4.BA.BA.E6.B0.91.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E5.A4.A7.E4.BC.9A"></span>第九届人民代表大会</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:第九届人民代表大会"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>第九届人民代表大会在3月26日召开,并举行了一个特别会议讨论包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E5%8A%BE" title="弹劾">弹劾</a>总统叶利钦在内的保卫宪法的紧急措施。叶利钦对此作出让步,承认自己的错误以在议会中争取支持。在3月28日的弹劾案投票中,距通过所需的三分之二多数即689票仅少72票,叶利钦幸免被弹劾。鲁斯兰·哈斯布拉托夫也遭受了辞退案,而在这场与叶利钦遭遇相似的投票案中,最高苏维埃主席的位子因为广泛的利益而未被撼动(只有339人赞同罢免)。 </p><p>在第九届人大中,立法部门明显是在俄罗斯“团结”联盟<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>:Russian Unity bloc)的控制中,其中包括俄共和祖国派代表(共产党员,退伍军人及社会主义方向代表)。农业联盟以及谢尔盖·巴布林<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>领导的中间派系也占有席位,而支持叶利钦的则明显是占少数。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="制宪会议"><span id=".E5.88.B6.E5.AE.AA.E4.BC.9A.E8.AE.AE"></span>制宪会议</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:制宪会议"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>为了夺取议会权力,叶利钦要求,各政治机构,地区,社会团体及政党的领导人在6月设立一个具有一定规模的会议,这就是叶利钦在4月提出的“特殊制宪会议”,这个会议将审查宪法法案。在经过一番犹豫后,人民代表大会制宪委员会决定参加该会议,并提交了自己的宪法草案。当然,在“立法-行政关系”中的两个重要草案上,他们持相反的意见。 </p><p>在7月12日的会议上,七百多名代表最终通过了设立两院制立法机构及解散国会的草案。但是由于大会的宪法草案中宣布了解散国会,所以国会基本没有可能性去投票自己是否将继续存在。最高苏维埃委员会立刻驳回了该草案,并宣布人民代表大会是最高立法机构,新宪法将由他们颁布。 </p><p>议会在7月十分活跃,而总统出去度假去了。在这段时间裡,议会通过了一系列经济政策的法令,并以此“结束了社会的分裂”。议会还以涉嫌腐败的名义推动了对总统主要顾问们的调查。总统于八月返回并且宣布他将动用一切手段,包括绕过宪法来推动新议会的选举。 </p><p>七月,俄联邦宪法法院宣布<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·苏民" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pyotr Sumin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E6%B0%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·苏民(页面不存在)">彼得·苏民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Sumin" class="extiw" title="en:Pyotr Sumin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pyotr Sumin</span></a></span>)</span></span>为<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E5%AE%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%9E" title="车里雅宾斯克州">车里雅宾斯克州</a>州长,而叶利钦拒绝接受该决定。结果,从七月到十月,该地区出现了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E9%87%8D%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="双重权利(页面不存在)">双重权利</a>的情况,两个行政当局同时宣称自己的合法性。<sup id="cite_ref-lenta.ru_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 另一起冲突则关于俄联邦宪法法院对<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="莫尔多瓦">莫尔多瓦</a>区域主席的裁决。法院将取消区域主席的合法性问题委派给了莫尔多瓦宪法法院。结果,民选的区域主席瓦西里·古什雅尼科夫(亲叶利钦的“民主俄罗斯”运动的成员)下台了。此后,国家通讯社(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E9%80%9A%E7%A4%BE-%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="俄通社-塔斯社">俄通社-塔斯社</a>)就不再播报宪法法院的决定了。<sup id="cite_ref-lenta.ru_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>最高苏维埃还实施了与叶利钦不同的外交政策。1993年7月9日,最高苏维埃确立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="塞瓦斯托波尔">塞瓦斯托波尔</a>(因为其为俄黑海舰队的港口,在苏联解体后俄黑海舰队仍然驻扎于此)拥有俄罗斯城市的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%B8%82" title="俄罗斯联邦直辖市">联邦地位</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。乌克兰认为此举破坏领土完整并向联合国安理会提出了申诉<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。叶利钦为此谴责了最高苏维埃的决议。 </p><p>1993年8月,一位评论员曾經这样评论当时的局势:“总统的法令看起来就好像没有最高苏维埃似的,而最高苏维埃的法令看起来就好像没有总统似的”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="九月的发展"><span id=".E4.B9.9D.E6.9C.88.E7.9A.84.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>九月的发展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:九月的发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>9月1日,叶利钦在试图阻止他的关键性对手副总统鲁茨科伊时向他发起了攻势。鲁茨科伊,在1991年时同他一样被选出成为总统的自动继任人。当日,总统发言人称由于他“涉嫌腐败”,已经被暂停工作。9月3日,最高苏维埃否决了叶利钦对鲁茨科伊进行的决定,并将此问题上递至宪法法院解决。 </p><p>两周后,叶利钦宣布只要议会同意,他将提前举行总统选举。但议会对此不予理睬。9月18日,叶利钦题名叶戈尔·盖达尔,他曾任俄联邦代总理和负责经济事务的代总理,其于1992年被议会反对派逐出了办公室。这一决定是最高苏维埃无论如何都不能接受的,他们断然拒绝了这一提名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="围城与袭击"><span id=".E5.9B.B4.E5.9F.8E.E4.B8.8E.E8.A2.AD.E5.87.BB"></span>围城与袭击</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:围城与袭击"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p><b>条款 121<sup>6</sup>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>俄联邦总统之权利不得用于改变俄联邦之国家及联邦组织,不得解散或干涉任何选举产生的组织之运作。如在此等状态之下,其权利当被立即停止。</i></p></blockquote> <p>在解散最高苏维埃之时,叶利钦还宣布其将于12月进行全民公决及新立法的选举。他还取消了现行宪法,并授予自己一项特殊的行政权力。(根据新的改革计划,下院将会有450名代表,并将被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%9C%E9%A9%AC" title="国家杜马">国家杜马</a>”,这是在1917年十月革命前俄罗斯立法机关的名称。俄罗斯联邦委员会汇聚了俄罗斯89各分支机构的代表,其将承担上院的职责。) </p><p>叶利钦宣称通过在1993年9月解散议会,他已为俄罗斯过渡到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="市场经济">市场经济</a>扫清了障碍。有了这个承诺,西方便愿意做叶利钦的坚强后盾。叶利钦很享受同西方国家、特别是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>之间建立的这种特殊关系,但是这种关系却使得他不受俄罗斯人的欢迎。 </p><p>在俄罗斯,叶利钦一方已经控制了电视台,所以在9月及10月的危机中,人们很难看见有任何支持议会的言论<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="议会宣布叶利钦总统令失效"><span id=".E8.AE.AE.E4.BC.9A.E5.AE.A3.E5.B8.83.E5.8F.B6.E5.88.A9.E9.92.A6.E6.80.BB.E7.BB.9F.E4.BB.A4.E5.A4.B1.E6.95.88"></span>议会宣布叶利钦总统令失效</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:议会宣布叶利钦总统令失效"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鲁茨科伊宣称叶利钦的一举一动都让整个事件向着一场政变发展。第二天,宪法法院认为叶利钦违反宪法,并可能遭受弹劾。哈斯布拉托夫主持了一个通宵议会,最终,议会宣布叶利钦的总统令无效。鲁茨科伊旋即被宣布就任总统并且就宪法进行宣誓。他还罢免了叶利钦的国防部长,安全部长以及内务部长。 </p><p>现在,結果導致俄羅斯联邦共有两位总统,两位国防部长,两位安全部长以及两位内务部长。俄联邦出现了双重权力的局势。尽管<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A3%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E4%B9%85%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="根纳季·安德烈耶维奇·久加诺夫">根纳季·安德烈耶维奇·久加诺夫</a>以及其他俄共领导人并未参与事件,但是共产主义组织内部的个别成员还是积极支持议会的。 </p><p>9月23日,人民代表大会召开。虽然只有638人出席(法定为689人),叶利钦最终还是遭到被国会弹劾<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>9月24日,叶利钦毫不影响的宣布1994年6月将如期举行总统选举。同一日,人民代表大会宣布将于1994年3月进行议会及总统选举。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 叶利钦嘲笑了议会选举支持进行议会选举的决定。他在第二次切断了议会大厦的电路,电话及热水服务。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="民众抗议与议会阻挠"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.BC.97.E6.8A.97.E8.AE.AE.E4.B8.8E.E8.AE.AE.E4.BC.9A.E9.98.BB.E6.8C.A0"></span>民众抗议与议会阻挠</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:民众抗议与议会阻挠"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>叶利钦解散议会的行为激起了民众骚乱并使得越来越多的人反对他的新自由主义经济改革。成千上万的市民走上莫斯科街头试图声援议会。示威者抗议自己的生活条件在日趋恶化。在1989年以来,全国生产总值在下降,贪腐成风,暴力犯罪激涨而医疗体系趋于崩溃,人均寿命也在下降。叶利钦也日趋受到指责。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 莫斯科外,俄罗斯人民感到了困惑和混乱。然而,其中的一些人还在表达他们的抗议。俄全境各地区都有零星的罢工事件发生。抗议者中有共产党人,民族主义者以及俄国家拯救阵线的成员。一部分“俄罗斯国家联盟”(Russian National Unity)的退伍老兵占领了俄白宫。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 由于其中有德涅斯特势力的存在(包括一支克格勃支队),激起亚历山大·列别德反对德涅斯特势力干涉俄罗斯内政事务<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>9月28日,莫斯科发生了第一起警察同反叶利钦示威者之间的流血冲突。同日,内政部提议封锁议会大厦。大厦周边被布上路障和封锁线。10月1日,内政部估计大约有600多名手持武器的人加入了议会大厦中叶利钦政敌的队伍。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="攻击电视台"><span id=".E6.94.BB.E5.87.BB.E7.94.B5.E8.A7.86.E5.8F.B0"></span>攻击电视台</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:攻击电视台"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>议会的领导人依然没有排除同叶利钦和解的可能性。俄罗斯东正教会充当了议会与总统之间断断续续交流的传话者。东正教主教为双方一直调解到10月2日。10月3日下午,莫斯科警方未能控制一处位于白宫附近的示威致使这场政治示威变成了一次武装冲突。 </p><p>10月2日,议会的支持者使用路障封锁了莫斯科的主要街道。10月3日下午,叶利钦的武装人员袭击了白宫附近的反对派用路障搭建的警戒线<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。议会方面只有一些支持议会的准军事人员,而且只有少部分部队支持最高苏维埃。 </p><p>鲁茨科伊站在白宫阳台上向拥挤的人群发话,希望他们成建制去占领市长办公室和位于奥斯坦金诺的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E9%87%91%E8%AF%BA%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯坦金诺电视广播公司">国家电视台</a>。哈斯布拉托夫还希望人们拿下克宮并将叶利钦软禁起来。下午4时,叶利钦签署法令宣布莫斯科实行紧急状态<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 。 </p><p>10月3日晚,在同市长办公室交流后,支持议会的示威人群开始前往奥斯坦金诺的国家电视台。但是当示威人群到达时,他们发现电视台周围已经部署了内政部的武装部队,武装冲突随之发生。电视中心的一部分在激战中明显受损,电视台随之停播,共62人在战斗中死亡。到午夜前,内政部的部队已将支持议会的民众击退。 </p><p>电视台在当夜恢复转播,叶戈尔·盖达尔在电视上宣布将举行一次支持叶利钦的集会。一些不同政治立场的人(戈尔巴乔夫等)也宣布支持政府<sup id="cite_ref-yabloko.ru_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yabloko.ru-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同样的,公民建设集团的反对派发表声明,谴责最高苏维埃从政治斗争越界成为一场犯罪行为<sup id="cite_ref-yabloko.ru_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yabloko.ru-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。几百名叶利钦的支持者聚集在莫斯科市政厅前的广场上,为可能发生的进一步升级冲突做好准备。10月4日早晨,军队站在他们那一边。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="进攻白宫"><span id=".E8.BF.9B.E6.94.BB.E7.99.BD.E5.AE.AB"></span>进攻白宫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:进攻白宫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_Tanks_before_Russian_White_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/thumb/e/e5/1993_Tanks_before_Russian_White_house.jpg/220px-1993_Tanks_before_Russian_White_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/thumb/e/e5/1993_Tanks_before_Russian_White_house.jpg/330px-1993_Tanks_before_Russian_White_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/e/e5/1993_Tanks_before_Russian_White_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%AC%AC2%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A1%94%E6%9B%BC%E6%91%A9%E6%89%98%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯第2近卫塔曼摩托化步兵师">俄罗斯第2近卫塔曼摩托化步兵师</a>的<a href="/wiki/T-80%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="T-80主力戰車">T-80U主力戰車</a>正在炮擊<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%AE%AB_(%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91)" title="白宫 (莫斯科)">白宫</a>,攝於1993年10月4日</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">外部视频链接</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjMzMDAyOTA0.html">俄坦克轰击白宫</a>,<a href="/wiki/Youku" class="mw-redirect" title="Youku">Youku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>10月2日到4日,军队的立场起到了决定性作用。军方对叶利钦下达的行动命令含糊其辞了数个小时,而在这段时间里,已有数十人死亡,上百人受伤。 </p><p>鲁茨科伊身为一名退伍将军,呼吁他的几位前同事支持他。但是,许多官员特别是军队中的高阶文官还是对叶利钦有着一点同情。但是议会的支持者并未向军队中的低级军官寻求支援,议会方面只去寻求那些亲议会的高级军官的帮助,这使得他们犯下了一个致命的失误。最终,大部分军官们决定不给鲁茨科伊建立自己政权的机会。另一些军官表示支持议会,但是在最终时刻,他们还是站在了叶利钦一旁。 </p><p>进攻白宫的计划是由扎哈罗夫建议的。十辆坦克将轰击白宫的较高楼层,行动会尽量减少伤亡但是旨在对白宫内的反政府武装造成混乱和恐慌。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E6%97%97%E7%89%B9%E7%A7%8D%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="信号旗特种部队">信号旗特种部队</a>和阿尔法小队将攻陷白宫<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根据叶利钦保镖亚历山大·科尔扎科夫的提议,对大楼高层的轰击必须将可能存在的狙击手逐出高层。 </p><p>10月4日拂晓,俄军队包围了议会大厦,几个小时後,军方的坦克来到了现场并开火。早晨8时,叶利钦向他的传媒机构发表了讲话,他说:“这些人,攻击和平的城市,进行血腥的杀戮,他们是罪犯。但是,他们并不单单只是强盗和屠杀犯。莫斯科过去及现在正发生的一切,都是一场有组织有预谋的武装叛乱。是共产主义复仇者,是法西斯领导者,是一部分人大代表和一些前苏联众议员,是他们策划了这起叛乱。在谈判的借口下,他们筹集力量,招募那些谋杀人民的雇用匪军。这一小措政治团体试图用武力改变整个国家人民的意愿。他们想如何管理俄罗斯,我想整个世界已经明了了,就是靠愤世嫉俗的谎言,贿赂。就是靠鹅卵石,削尖的铁棍,自动武器和机枪。这些挥舞着红旗的人,想再次让俄罗斯血流成河。他们希望时局难以预测,于是他们便无耻并残忍的在这片土地散播这恐惧与混乱。” </p><p>他还说:“法西斯和共产党在莫斯科的武装叛乱应当在最短的时间内被镇压下去。俄联邦的武装有必要去这么做。”<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>中午时分,军队开始进入白宫并一层一层的将其占领。进攻行动也因让议会大厦的人撤离而多次暂停。到中午时,街道上的反抗已经被清除,只有一些零星的狙击手射击。 </p><p>在粉碎“第二次十月革命”的过程中,共有数百人丧生。10月8日,警方称事件中共有187人死亡,437人受伤。而非官方渠道称死亡数字更高,达2000多人。 </p><p>此次事件中,叶利钦只是在最后时刻勉强得到了军方的支持。叶利钦胁迫他们帮助他,军方相关人物在事后也希望能够得到叶利钦的奖励。其中最典型的人是帕维尔·格拉乔夫,他在宪政危机中向叶利钦表达了忠心,而后他变成了一名关键的政治人物,虽然他与军方的关系以及涉嫌腐败等问题被舆论诟病多年<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>这起危机成为俄罗斯行政立法平衡问题中的一个重要范例,他们发现并没有一个机制去应对这种<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" title="零和博弈">零和博弈</a>性质的冲突。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在一起关于行政和立法合法性的斗争中,能够采取胁迫赢得他人支持的一方将会胜利。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="舆论"><span id=".E8.88.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>舆论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:舆论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1993年9月21日到10月4日的事件被认为这是共产主义的复仇企图亦或是鲁茨科伊和哈斯布拉托夫追求个人权利的结果。叶利钦的私有化改革将国家资产的大部分由國内的富豪们控制及壟斷(又称“寡头”),而前蘇聯共產黨員組成的最高苏维埃则是他们改革上的主要障碍。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="叶利钦重新整合力量"><span id=".E5.8F.B6.E5.88.A9.E9.92.A6.E9.87.8D.E6.96.B0.E6.95.B4.E5.90.88.E5.8A.9B.E9.87.8F"></span>叶利钦重新整合力量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:叶利钦重新整合力量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直接结果"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.9C"></span>直接结果</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:直接结果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在白宫攻坚战后持续几周内,叶利钦发布了大量旨在巩固其权力的总统令。10月5日,叶利钦禁止了左派<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="俄罗斯联邦共产党">共产党</a>政治及民族主义组织活动以及支持议会的报刊(像真理报,其于日后再次获准出版)的发行<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。10月6日,叶利钦呼吁那些反对他的区域苏维埃议会自行解散。宪法法院院长瓦列里·佐金被迫辞职。独立工会联合会主席也被迫辞职。反对叶利钦的电视节目《600秒》被要求停播。 </p><p>10月12日,叶利钦颁布法令,要求议会于12月进行重新选举。10月15日,他下令要求公众在12月全民公投出新宪法。鲁茨科伊和哈斯布拉托夫于15日被指控犯有“组织群众罪”并被监禁。在1994年,叶利钦的局势平稳后,他们被释放。 </p><p>在11月于电视台向民众介绍12月12日将要公投的宪法法案时,他说“俄罗斯需要秩序”。在新的法律中,总统手中将握有更多的权利。由于在重要领域遭受限制,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="两院制">两院制</a>立法机构只实行了两年。总统可以自己选派总理职务而不管议会是否反对,总统甚至可以在没有议会批准的情况下委任军队领导。他将会委任一个全新的,更强大的安全委员会成员。如果对政府的不信任案投票通过的话,总统办公室将会被保留3个月,而期间总统有权解散国会或重启投票。总统可以否决任何在众议会中简单多数通过的法例,被否决后则需要三分之二绝对多数才可通过。总统不得因“违宪”而遭到弹劾。央行将独立出去,但总统需要国家杜马批准同意才可批准任命央行行长。当时,大多数政治观察家认为新确立的宪法恰恰就是叶利钦为了他自己而塑造出来的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第一次宪政期的终结"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.80.E6.AC.A1.E5.AE.AA.E6.94.BF.E6.9C.9F.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.88.E7.BB.93"></span>第一次宪政期的终结</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:第一次宪政期的终结"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1993年12月12日,叶利钦成功的让宪法通过了公投,新宪法将赋予总统更多权力,总统权力变的更加强大。 </p><p>然而同一天,议会令人惊讶的投票通过(投票率为53%)并发表了一份关于批评叶利钦新自由主义经济计划的报告。叶利钦的经济政策选案遭到了压倒性的反对,投反对票的人大多数是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="俄罗斯联邦共产党">共产党</a>和極端民族主义者。当然最让人出乎意料的是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="弗拉基米尔·日里诺夫斯基">弗拉基米尔·日里诺夫斯基</a>所领导的极端民族主义党派<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="俄罗斯自由民主党">俄罗斯自由民主党</a>被认为是此次叛乱集团的领导者,他们获得23%的选票。而盖达尔领导的“俄罗斯抉择”(Russia's Choice)获15.5%的票,俄共则为12.4%。许多观察家还对自由民主党领导人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="弗拉基米尔·日里诺夫斯基">弗拉基米尔·日里诺夫斯基</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义">法西斯主义</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="沙文主义">沙文主义</a>言论感到震惊。 </p><p>尽管如此,这次公投还是标志着俄罗斯宪政民主時期的结束。尽管理论上俄罗斯是一个「<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统制</a>混合<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会制</a>」的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%A6%96%E9%95%B7%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="雙首長制">双首長制</a>体系,但是事实上,主要权力都掌握在俄罗斯总统手中,總理只是总统权力的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="執行長">執行長</a>。总統任命专门负责内阁并进行指导管理的总理,也能自由的将其罢免。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释与参考文献"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A.E4.B8.8E.E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>注释与参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:注释与参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/pdfdownload?filePath=lV8OirTfsslWcCxIpLbUfvnJVVyS2MdWovyQNcpmaxVKovm9hLqpbKYdd8gbOtpR&amp;imgType=Bn5sH4BGpJw=&amp;key=Gj5QR97iR2kUt1coAu9LZyJeTngPI6Ryev5w_qwMJUEeVVU9OyINO4qBZJhLTxWd&amp;xmlId=0006600658">俄羅斯民主向何處去- 鄭易平、聶聖平、王洋</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celestine Bohlen, "Yeltsin Deputy Calls Reforms 'Economic Genocide,'" <i><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=February_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="February 9(页面不存在)">February 9</a> 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Central Bank's efforts got in the way of pro-Yeltsin, Western-oriented leaders were seeking to carry out a decisive neoliberal economic transformation of Russia. They undermined the regime of fiscal austerity that the Yeltsin government was attempting to pursue. See, e.g., Thomas F. Remington, <i>Politics in Russia</i> (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2002), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kRr7nyvIzRwC&amp;pg=PA63&amp;lpg=PA63&amp;dq=ninth+congress+of+people%27s+deputies&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=GKqyc1nvaZ&amp;sig=nfGUN70GjbqONoMROg86FfDJzxM&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=u8AbS_qFMMH_4Ab0jfnuAg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=ninth%20congress%20of%20people%27s%20deputies&amp;f=false">When majorities fail: the Russian Parliament, 1990-1993. By Josephine T. Andrews. p 61</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasparov.ru/note.php?id=48E65EDB4854E">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-16</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007210525/http://www.kasparov.ru/note.php?id=48E65EDB4854E">存档</a>于2008-10-07).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kasparov.ru%2Fnote.php%3Fid%3D48E65EDB4854E&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="俄語">(俄文)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasledie.ru/oboz/N09_93/9_02.HTM">Text of the ruling (Russian)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110927103545/http://www.nasledie.ru/oboz/N09_93/9_02.HTM">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>). Accessed 2009-04-12. 2009-05-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on March 24, 1993. - Белкин А.А. Дело о Президентском обращении к народу 20 марта 1993 года - "Правоведение", № 3 1994. Available at <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220434/http://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=151800">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-16</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=151800">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.edu.ru%2Farticle%2Farticle.asp%3FarticleID%3D151800&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> accessed on July 16, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=26903">Ъ - Блок "Российское единство" не хочет никого свергать</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5iRrCumMW?url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=26903">存档</a>于2009-07-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%AA+-+%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA+%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%22+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc.aspx%3FDocsID%3D26903&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5iRrFPgam?url=http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi//veil//data/zavtra/98/239/21.html">Николай Анисин __ ЗАПРОС НА БАБУРИНА</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi//veil//data/zavtra/98/239/21.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-07-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD+&#95;_+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%91%D0%90%D0%91%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%90&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zavtra.ru%2Fcgi%2F%2Fveil%2F%2Fdata%2Fzavtra%2F98%2F239%2F21.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scilla.ru/works/partii07/kprf.html">Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации ("Есть такие партии!")</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5iRrG165F?url=http://www.scilla.ru/works/partii07/kprf.html">存档</a>于2009-07-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28%22%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%21%22%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scilla.ru%2Fworks%2Fpartii07%2Fkprf.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenta.ru-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lenta.ru_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenta.ru_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lenta.ru/lib/14164180/full.htm">Lenta.ru:&#160;: Зорькин, Валерий</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-04-12</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5ghdcrZSY?url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14164180/full.htm">存档</a>于2009-05-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=Lenta.ru%3A+%3A+%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flenta.ru%2Flib%2F14164180%2Ffull.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sevkrimrus.narod.ru/ZAKON/sewastop.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827020044/http://sevkrimrus.narod.ru/ZAKON/sewastop.htm">存档</a>于2011-08-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsevkrimrus.narod.ru%2FZAKON%2Fsewastop.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sevkrimrus.narod.ru/ZAKON/oonsev.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827015959/http://sevkrimrus.narod.ru/ZAKON/oonsev.htm">存档</a>于2011-08-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsevkrimrus.narod.ru%2FZAKON%2Foonsev.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Executive decree authority By John M. Carey, Matthew Soberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2k9iI91GVt4C&amp;pg=PA76&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993&amp;ei=tZG3Sa3RGZaQyAST9rnXBA">p. 76</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622130244/http://books.google.com/books?id=2k9iI91GVt4C&amp;pg=PA76&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993&amp;ei=tZG3Sa3RGZaQyAST9rnXBA">存檔</a>,存档日期2013-06-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the Congress enabled this formerly-suspended amendment after it had failed to impeach Yeltsin after his declaration of a 'Special Rule' in March, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Changing channels By Ellen Propper Mickiewicz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aCNQ4oWKAPsC&amp;pg=PA126&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993+television+broadcast&amp;lr=&amp;ei=_pi3SZ_JMJLGywT5nN3gBw#PPA126,M1">p. 126</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095652/http://books.google.com/books?id=aCNQ4oWKAPsC&amp;pg=PA126&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993+television+broadcast&amp;lr=&amp;ei=_pi3SZ_JMJLGywT5nN3gBw">存檔</a>,存档日期2013-06-17..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Guide to the Economies in Transition</i> By Ian Jeffries p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further details see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/dissolve092293.htm">Margaret Shapiro, "Yeltsin Dissolves Parliament, Orders New Vote," Washington Post, September 22, 1993.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120213221436/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/dissolve092293.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is still hotly debated among Western economists, social scientists, and policymakers as to whether or not the IMF-, World Bank-, and U.S. Treasury Department-backed reform policies adopted in Russia, often called "shock therapy," were responsible for Russia's poor record of economic performance in the 1990s. Under the Western-backed economic program adopted by Yeltsin, the Russian government took several radical measures at once that were supposed to stabilize the economy by bringing state spending and revenues into balance and by letting market demand determine the prices and supply of goods. Under the reforms, the government let most prices float, raised taxes, and cut back sharply on spending in industry and construction. These policies caused widespread hardship as many state enterprises found themselves without orders or financing. The rationale of the program was to squeeze the built-in inflationary pressure out of the economy so that producers would begin making sensible decisions about production, pricing and investment instead of chronically overusing resources, as in the Soviet era. By letting the market rather than central planers determine prices, product mixes, output levels, and the like, the reformers intended to create an incentive structure in the economy where efficiency and risk would be rewarded and waste and carelessness were punished. Removing the causes of chronic inflation, the reform's architects argued, was a precondition for all other reforms: Hyperinflation would wreck both democracy and economic progress, they argued; only by stabilizing the state budget could the government proceed to restructure the economy. A similar reform program had been adopted in Poland in January 1990, with generally favorable results. However, Western critics of Yeltsin's reform, most notably <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Goldman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall Goldman(页面不存在)">Marshall Goldman</a> (who would have favored a more "gradual" transition to market capitalism), consider policies adopted in Poland ill-suited for Russia, given that the impact of communism on the Polish economy and political culture was far less indelible. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/082602.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-12</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603083523/http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/082602.htm">存档</a>于2009-06-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fvc%2F2002%2F082602.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>. - Criticism on Stiglitz's perspective is found in '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp0471.html">Whence Reform? A Critique of the Stiglitz Perspective</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607165913/http://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp0471.html">存檔</a>,存档日期2011-06-07.' by M. Dabrowski, S. Gomulka, J. Rostowski. Accessed 2009-07-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225165518/http://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/0471.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rsB-5-e0RwgC&amp;pg=PA78&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993+television+broadcast&amp;lr=&amp;ei=_pi3SZ_JMJLGywT5nN3gBw#PPA81,M1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617062654/http://books.google.com/books?id=rsB-5-e0RwgC&amp;pg=PA78&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993+television+broadcast&amp;lr=&amp;ei=_pi3SZ_JMJLGywT5nN3gBw">存檔</a>,存档日期2013-06-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220091412/http://panorama.ru/gazeta/p41leb.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-09-19</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.ru/gazeta/p41leb.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-12-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.ru%2Fgazeta%2Fp41leb.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133751/http://www.specnaz.ru/archive/05_2002/2.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-09-19</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specnaz.ru/archive/05_2002/2.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specnaz.ru%2Farchive%2F05_2002%2F2.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oanB4q0o2vsC&amp;pg=PA290&amp;dq=1993+october+moscow+rutskoy+mayor%27s">Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689-2000</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2011-04-10</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521016940" title="Special:网络书源/9780521016940"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780521016940</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617062132/http://books.google.com/books?id=oanB4q0o2vsC&amp;pg=PA290&amp;dq=1993+october+moscow+rutskoy+mayor%27s">存档</a>于2013-06-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Russian+Army%3A+Civil-Military+Relations%2C+1689-2000&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521016940&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoanB4q0o2vsC%26pg%3DPA290%26dq%3D1993%2Boctober%2Bmoscow%2Brutskoy%2Bmayor%2527s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of the President of RF of 3 October 1993 № 1575 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=085389">(original text)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091002080416/http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=085389">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yabloko.ru-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yabloko.ru_25-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yabloko.ru_25-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121062131/http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2003/2003_10/031007_ng_sheynis.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-12</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2003/2003_10/031007_ng_sheynis.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-01-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabloko.ru%2FPubl%2F2003%2F2003_10%2F031007_ng_sheynis.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeltsin's Russia and the West By Andrew Felkay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1YEBhxioiRYC&amp;pg=PA77&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993&amp;lr=&amp;ei=tZW3SfS1FJWyyQT_27XpBg#PPA79,M1">p. 79</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130617120125/http://books.google.com/books?id=1YEBhxioiRYC&amp;pg=PA77&amp;dq=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993&amp;lr=&amp;ei=tZW3SfS1FJWyyQT_27XpBg#PPA79,M1">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron141.htm">The whole text of the declaration in Russian</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110609215024/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron141.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnQISbfZPZM&amp;feature=related">part of the video broadcast</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160407204104/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnQISbfZPZM&amp;feature=related">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further details see Rusnet.nl, "Pavel Grachev" <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusnet.nl/encyclo/g/grachev.shtml">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-07-12</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013154200/http://www.rusnet.nl/encyclo/g/grachev.shtml">存档</a>于2008-10-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusnet.nl%2Fencyclo%2Fg%2Fgrachev.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Updated March 12, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since the release of Argentine political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Linz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Linz(页面不存在)">Juan Linz</a>'s 1985 influential essay "Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference?" the argument that presidentialism is less likely to sustain stable democratic regimes has gained widespread currency in Western comparative politics literature. According to Linz, conflict is always latent between the president and the legislature due to competing claims to legitimacy derived from the same source: electoral mandates from the very same body of citizens. Thus, a conflict can escalate dramatically since it cannot be resolved through rules, procedures, negotiations, or compromise.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Stephen White, "Russia: Presidential Leadership under Yeltsin," in Ray Taras, ed., <i>Postcommunist Presidents</i> (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 57–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/16/world/yeltsin-orders-referendum-on-a-new-constitution.html">Yeltsin Orders Referendum on a New Constitution</a>. 纽约时报. 1993-10-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2014-07-30</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811010616/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/16/world/yeltsin-orders-referendum-on-a-new-constitution.html">存档</a>于2014-08-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;rft.btitle=Yeltsin+Orders+Referendum+on+a+New+Constitution&amp;rft.date=1993-10-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F10%2F16%2Fworld%2Fyeltsin-orders-referendum-on-a-new-constitution.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="Portal:俄罗斯">俄罗斯主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/weekinreview/12barry.html">"A Specter’s Shadow Returns to Haunt Moscow"</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201128214620/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/weekinreview/12barry.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) article by Ellen Barry in <i>The New York Times</i> October 11, 2008 (15th anniversary demonstration)</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="俄語">(俄文)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/">A collection of materials on the topic; pro-parliament</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080223133956/http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="俄語">(俄文)</span> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%A4)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Конституция Российской Федерации (проект Конституционной комиссии Съезда народных депутатов РФ)">Draft Constitution of Russia</a> (parliamentary project)</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="俄語">(俄文)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/history/active/1021/">Draft Constitution (Fundamental Law)of Russia</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200922021553/http://constitution.garant.ru/history/active/1021/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) (presidential project)</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="俄語">(俄文)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/history/active/1022/">Early draft of the "constitutional convention" project (July 1993)</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200922021524/http://constitution.garant.ru/history/active/1022/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="俄語">(俄文)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.su/doc/krf9312.html">Late draft of the "constitutional convention" project</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101126125523/http://www.politika.su/doc/krf9312.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) (adopted on 12 December 1993 as <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="俄罗斯联邦宪法">俄罗斯联邦宪法</a>, later <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm">amended several times</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110516182333/http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>))</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1991年之后政變" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="Template:政变"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="Template talk:政变"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:政变"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1991年之后政變" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1991年之后<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="政變">政變</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1991年马里政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1991 Malian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1991年马里政变(页面不存在)">1991年马里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1991 Malian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1991 Malian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1991年莱索托政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1991 Lesotho coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991%E5%B9%B4%E8%8E%B1%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1991年莱索托政变(页面不存在)">1991年莱索托</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1991 Lesotho coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1991 Lesotho coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八一九事件">1991年苏联</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1991年泰国军事政变">1991年泰国</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1991年海地政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1991 Haitian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1991年海地政变(页面不存在)">1991年海地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1991 Haitian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1991 Haitian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="格魯吉亞內戰">1991-1992年格鲁吉亚</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1992年委内瑞拉军事政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1992 Venezuelan coup d&#39;état attempts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992%E5%B9%B4%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1992年委内瑞拉军事政变(页面不存在)">1992年委内瑞拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="extiw" title="en:1992 Venezuelan coup d&#39;état attempts"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1992年秘鲁宪政危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1992年秘鲁宪政危机(页面不存在)">1992年秘鲁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis" class="extiw" title="en:1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1992年塞拉利昂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1992 Sierra Leone coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992%E5%B9%B4%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1992年塞拉利昂政变(页面不存在)">1992年塞拉利昂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leone_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1992 Sierra Leone coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1992 Sierra Leone coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1992年阿尔及利亚政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1992 Algerian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1992年阿尔及利亚政变(页面不存在)">1992年阿尔及利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1992 Algerian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1992 Algerian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1993年危地马拉宪政危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1993年危地马拉宪政危机(页面不存在)">1993年危地马拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" class="extiw" title="en:1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1993年阿塞拜疆政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1993年阿塞拜疆政变(页面不存在)">1993年阿塞拜疆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1993 Azerbaijani coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1993年利比亚未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1993 Libyan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1993年利比亚未遂政变(页面不存在)">1993年利比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1993 Libyan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1993 Libyan coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1993年俄罗斯</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1993年布隆迪未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1993 Burundian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E8%BF%AA%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1993年布隆迪未遂政变(页面不存在)">1993年布隆迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1993 Burundian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1993年尼日利亚政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1993 Nigerian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1993年尼日利亚政变(页面不存在)">1993年尼日利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1993 Nigerian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1993 Nigerian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1994年冈比亚政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1994 Gambian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1994年冈比亚政变(页面不存在)">1994年冈比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1994 Gambian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1994 Gambian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994%E5%B9%B4%E8%8E%B1%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1994年莱索托政变(页面不存在)">1994年莱索托</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1995年阿塞拜疆未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1995年阿塞拜疆未遂政变(页面不存在)">1995年阿塞拜疆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1995 Azerbaijani coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1995年卡塔尔政变">1995年卡塔尔</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1995年圣多美和普林西比未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1995年圣多美和普林西比未遂政变(页面不存在)">1995年圣多美和普林西比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1996年巴拉圭未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1996 Paraguayan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1996年巴拉圭未遂政变(页面不存在)">1996年巴拉圭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1996 Paraguayan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1996 Paraguayan coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1996年伊拉克未遂政变">1996年伊拉克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1996年布隆迪政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1996 Burundian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E8%BF%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1996年布隆迪政变(页面不存在)">1996年布隆迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1996 Burundian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1996 Burundian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1996年尼日政變">1996年尼日尔</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1996年卡塔尔未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1996 Qatari coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1996年卡塔尔未遂政变(页面不存在)">1996年卡塔尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1996 Qatari coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1996 Qatari coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1997年土耳其军事政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1997 Turkish military memorandum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1997年土耳其军事政变(页面不存在)">1997年土耳其</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" class="extiw" title="en:1997 Turkish military memorandum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1997 Turkish military memorandum</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1997年柬埔寨危机">1997年柬埔寨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1997年赞比亚未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1997 Zambian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1997年赞比亚未遂政变(页面不存在)">1997年赞比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1997 Zambian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1997 Zambian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南部非洲发展共同体对莱索托的干预" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93%E5%AF%B9%E8%8E%B1%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B2%E9%A2%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南部非洲发展共同体对莱索托的干预(页面不存在)">1998年莱索托</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="extiw" title="en:Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1999年尼日政變">1999年尼日尔</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1999年巴基斯坦政變">1999年巴基斯坦</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1999年科特迪瓦政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1999 Ivorian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1999年科特迪瓦政变(页面不存在)">1999年科特迪瓦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1999 Ivorian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1999 Ivorian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%90%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2000年斐济政变">2000年斐济</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2000年厄瓜多尔政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000%E5%B9%B4%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2000年厄瓜多尔政变(页面不存在)">2000年厄瓜多尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2000 Ecuadorian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2000年巴拉圭未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2000 Paraguayan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2000年巴拉圭未遂政变(页面不存在)">2000年巴拉圭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2000 Paraguayan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2000 Paraguayan coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2001年布隆迪未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2001 Burundian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E8%BF%AA%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2001年布隆迪未遂政变(页面不存在)">2001年布隆迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2001 Burundian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2001 Burundian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2001年中非共和国未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2001 Central African Republic coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2001年中非共和国未遂政变(页面不存在)">2001年中非共和国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2001 Central African Republic coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2002年委内瑞拉未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2002 Venezuelan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/2002%E5%B9%B4%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2002年委內瑞拉未遂政變">2002年委内瑞拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2002 Venezuelan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2003年布基纳法索未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2003 Burkina Faso coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2003年布基纳法索未遂政变(页面不存在)">2003年布基纳法索</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2003 Burkina Faso coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2003 Burkina Faso coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2003年中非共和国政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2003 Central African Republic coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2003年中非共和国政变(页面不存在)">2003年中非共和国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2003 Central African Republic coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2003 Central African Republic coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2003年毛里塔尼亚未遂政变">2003年毛里塔尼亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2003年几内亚比绍政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2003年几内亚比绍政变(页面不存在)">2003年几内亚比绍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2003年圣多美和普林西比未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2003年圣多美和普林西比未遂政变(页面不存在)">2003年圣多美和普林西比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%A1%E6%A0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="橡树林叛乱(页面不存在)">2003年菲律宾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2004年乍得未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2004 Chadian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2004年乍得未遂政变(页面不存在)">2004年乍得</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2004 Chadian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2004 Chadian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2004年海地政變">2004年海地</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2004年苏丹未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2004 Sudanese coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2004年苏丹未遂政变(页面不存在)">2004年苏丹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2004 Sudanese coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2004 Sudanese coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2004年赤道几内亚未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2004年赤道几内亚未遂政变(页面不存在)">2004年赤道几内亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2005年毛利塔尼亞軍事政變">2005年毛里塔尼亚</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2005年尼泊爾政變">2005年尼泊爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2006年菲律賓政變">2006年菲律宾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2006年乍得未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2006 Chadian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2006年乍得未遂政变(页面不存在)">2006年乍得</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2006 Chadian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2006 Chadian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2006年泰國軍事政變">2006年泰国</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2006年马达加斯加未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2006 Malagasy coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2006年马达加斯加未遂政变(页面不存在)">2006年马达加斯加</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2006 Malagasy coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2006 Malagasy coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%90%E6%BF%9F%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2006年斐濟軍事政變">2006年斐济</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2007年老挝政变阴谋指控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2007 Laotian coup d&#39;état conspiracy allegation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007%E5%B9%B4%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98%E9%98%B4%E8%B0%8B%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2007年老挝政变阴谋指控(页面不存在)">2007年老挝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Laotian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_conspiracy_allegation" class="extiw" title="en:2007 Laotian coup d&#39;état conspiracy allegation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E9%85%92%E5%BA%97%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2007年马尼拉半岛酒店叛乱(页面不存在)">2007年菲律宾</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-%E5%A4%87%E5%BF%98%E5%BD%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E-备忘录(页面不存在)">2007年土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%9A%97%E6%9D%80%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2008年东帝汶暗杀袭击(页面不存在)">2008年东帝汶</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942009%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2008年—2009年泰國政治危機(页面不存在)">2008-2009年泰國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2008年毛里塔尼亚政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2008 Mauritanian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2008年毛里塔尼亚政变(页面不存在)">2008年毛里塔尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2008 Mauritanian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2008 Mauritanian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2008年几内亚政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2008 Guinean coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2008年几内亚政变(页面不存在)">2008年几内亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2008 Guinean coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2008 Guinean coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="2009年馬達加斯加政治危機">2009年马达加斯加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2009年宏都拉斯軍事政變">2009年洪都拉斯</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2010年尼日尔政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2010 Nigerien coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2010年尼日政變">2010年尼日尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2010 Nigerien coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2010 Nigerien coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2010年几内亚比绍军人哗变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2010 Guinea-Bissau military unrest"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%97%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2010年几内亚比绍军人哗变(页面不存在)">2010年几内亚比绍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Guinea-Bissau_military_unrest" class="extiw" title="en:2010 Guinea-Bissau military unrest"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2010 Guinea-Bissau military unrest</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="2010年厄瓜多尔危机">2010年厄瓜多尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2010年马达加斯加未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2010 Madagascar coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2010年马达加斯加未遂政变(页面不存在)">2010年马达加斯加</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2010 Madagascar coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2010 Madagascar coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2011年刚果民主共和国未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年刚果民主共和国未遂政变(页面不存在)">2011年刚果刚果民主共和国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2011年孟加拉国未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2011 Bangladeshi coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年孟加拉国未遂政变(页面不存在)">2011年孟加拉国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2011 Bangladeshi coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2011 Bangladeshi coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年几内亚比绍政变(页面不存在)">2011年几内亚比绍</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2012年马里政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2012 Malian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2012年马里政变(页面不存在)">2012年马里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2012 Malian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2012 Malian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2012年几内亚比绍政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2012年几内亚比绍政变(页面不存在)">2012年几内亚比绍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2012年苏丹未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2012 Sudanese coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2012年苏丹未遂政变(页面不存在)">2012年苏丹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2012 Sudanese coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2012 Sudanese coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0_(2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="中非內戰 (2012年至今)">2012-2013年中非共和国</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2013年乍得未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2013 Chadian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2013年查德未遂政變">2013年乍得</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2013 Chadian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2013 Chadian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2013年埃及政变">2013年埃及</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2013年利比亚未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2013 Libyan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2013年利比亚未遂政变(页面不存在)">2013年利比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2013 Libyan coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2013 Libyan coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="南蘇丹內戰">2013年南苏丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2014年利比亚未遂政变">2014年利比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2014年泰國政變">2014年泰国</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="2014年阿布哈茲政治危機">2014年阿布哈兹</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E8%8E%B1%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2014年莱索托政变">2014年莱索托</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="2014年布基纳法索起义">2014年布基纳法索</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2014年冈比亚未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2014 Gambian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2014年冈比亚未遂政变(页面不存在)">2014年冈比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2014 Gambian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2014 Gambian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%942015%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2014—2015年也门政变">2014-2015年也门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E5%B9%B4%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2015年蒲隆地政變">2015年布隆迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2015年布吉納法索政變">2015年布基纳法索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="2016年土耳其政變">2016年土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2016年布基納法索政變">2016年布基纳法索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80" title="2016年黑山政變陰謀">2016年黑山</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016%E2%80%942018%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2016—2018年西利比亞衝突(页面不存在)">2016年利比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942017%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%98%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="2016年—2017年甘比亞憲政危機">2016-2017年甘比亞</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E5%B9%B4%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2017年津巴布韦政变">2017年津巴布韦</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2017年赤道几内亚政变(页面不存在)">2017年赤道几内亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%81%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9_(2018%E5%B9%B4)" title="亞丁戰役 (2018年)">2018年葉門</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="2018年斯里蘭卡憲法危機">2018年斯里蘭卡</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%8A%A0%E8%93%AC%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2019年加蓬未遂政變">2019年加蓬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%88%87%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="委內瑞拉總統與議長地位危機">2019年委内瑞拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2019年苏丹政变">2019年蘇丹</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2019年埃塞俄比亞未遂政變">2019年埃塞俄比亞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2020年马里政变">2020年马里</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942022%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="2020年—2022年馬來西亞政治危機">2020年马来西亚</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基甸行動 (2020年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Gideon (2020)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%94%B8%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95_(2020%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="基甸行動 (2020年)(页面不存在)">2020年委內瑞拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Gideon (2020)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operation Gideon (2020)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2021年緬甸軍事政變">2021年缅甸</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2021年亞美尼亞未遂政變">2021年亞美尼亞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2021年尼日尔未遂政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2021 Nigerien coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2021年尼日尔未遂政变(页面不存在)">2021年尼日尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2021 Nigerien coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2021 Nigerien coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E9%A3%8E%E6%B3%A2" title="2021年约旦王室风波">2021年约旦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2021年馬里政變">2021年馬里</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2021年几内亚政变">2021年几内亚</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2021年突尼斯政治危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2021 political crisis in Tunisia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2021年突尼斯政治危机(页面不存在)">2021年突尼斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_political_crisis_in_Tunisia" class="extiw" title="en:2021 political crisis in Tunisia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2021 political crisis in Tunisia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2021年9月蘇丹未遂政變" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="September 2021 Sudanese coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2021年9月蘇丹未遂政變(页面不存在)">2021年9月蘇丹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:September 2021 Sudanese coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2021年10月蘇丹政變">2021年10月蘇丹</a><sup><small>c</small></sup><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%A7" title="2021年烏克蘭未遂政變指控">2021年烏克蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2022年1月布基纳法索政变">2022年1月布基纳法索</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2022年几内亚比绍未遂政变">2022年幾內亞比索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2022年9月布基纳法索政变">2022年9月布基纳法索</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2022年圣多美和普林西比未遂政变">2022年聖多美與普林西比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2022年德国未遂政变">2022年德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2022年秘鲁政变">2022年秘鲁</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2022年岡比亞未遂政變" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2022 Gambian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%B2%A1%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2022年岡比亞未遂政變(页面不存在)">2022年岡比亞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:2022 Gambian coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2022 Gambian coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E5%B9%B4%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2023年摩爾多瓦未遂政變">2023年摩爾多瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%85%E6%88%98_(2023%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="苏丹内战 (2023年至今)">2023年苏丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98%E5%85%B5%E8%AE%8A" title="瓦格納集團兵變">2023年俄羅斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2023年尼日爾政變">2023年尼日爾</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E5%B9%B4%E5%8A%A0%E8%93%AC%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2023年加蓬政變">2023年加蓬</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%B9%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2023年幾內亞比紹未遂政變">2023年幾內亞比紹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2024年剛果民主共和國未遂政變">2024年剛果民主共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2024年玻利維亞未遂政變">2024年玻利維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%A7" title="2024年烏克蘭未遂政變指控">2024年烏克蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%AA%E9%81%82%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%A7" title="2024年亞美尼亞未遂政變指控">2024年亞美尼亞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>c</small></sup> 政變成功</li> <li><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="自我政变">自我政变</a></li> <li>其餘為未遂政變</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐847495b4dd‐wt47s Cached time: 20241128122514 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.822 seconds Real time usage: 1.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5810/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 278619/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15721/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 30/100 Expensive parser function count: 69/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53109/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.439/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14972584/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 794.126 1 -total 22.97% 182.438 1 Template:Reflist 18.00% 142.966 1 Template:政变 17.60% 139.731 1 Template:Navbox 16.23% 128.859 2 Template:Lang-ru 14.07% 111.726 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict 13.92% 110.546 1 Template:Campaignbox_後蘇聯國家衝突 13.78% 109.470 52 Template:Le 13.64% 108.328 1 Template:Campaignbox 13.23% 105.064 1 Template:Military_navigation --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key zhwiki:pcache:532072:|#|:idhash:canonical!zh and timestamp 20241128122514 and revision id 83061452. 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