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id="toc-1101–1109" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1101–1109"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1101–1109</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1101–1109-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1110s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1110s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1110s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1110s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1120s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1120s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1120s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1120s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1130s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1130s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1130s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1130s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1140s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1140s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1140s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1140s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1150s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1150s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1150s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1150s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1160s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1160s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1160s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1160s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1170s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1170s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1170s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1170s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1180s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1180s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1180s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1180s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1190–1200" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1190–1200"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1190–1200</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1190–1200-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Undated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions,_discoveries,_and_introductions_by_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions,_discoveries,_and_introductions_by_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions,_discoveries,_and_introductions_by_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">12th century</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/12de_eeu" title="12de eeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="12de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Jahrhundert" title="12. Jahrhundert – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="12. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="12ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="12ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_12" title="القرن 12 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 12" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XII" title="Sieglo XII – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XII" title="Sieglu XII – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XII гӀасру – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XII гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%C9%99sr" title="XII əsr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XII əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۲. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-12" title="Abad ka-12 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-12" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="12 sè-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="12 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-12" title="Abad kaping-12 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-12" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XII быуат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XII быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XII стагоддзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XII стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XII стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XII стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="12 век – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="12 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._vijek" title="12. vijek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="12. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIvet_kantved" title="XIIvet kantved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIIvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XII" title="Segle XII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XII ĕмĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XII ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._stolet%C3%AD" title="12. století – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="12. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/12fed_ganrif" title="12fed ganrif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="12fed ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="12. århundrede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="12. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Jahrhundert" title="12. Jahrhundert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="12. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._sajand" title="12. sajand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="12. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="12ος αιώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="12ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_s%C3%A9col" title="XII sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XII sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XII пинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XII пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XII" title="Siglo XII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-a_jarcento" title="12-a jarcento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="12-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XII" title="Sigru XII – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XII" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._mendea" title="XII. mendea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XII. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده دوازدهم میلادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده دوازدهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%B8ld" title="12. øld – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="12. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIe siècle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XIIe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_iuw" title="12e iuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="12e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%C3%BA_haois" title="12ú haois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="12ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/12h_eash" title="12h eash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="12h eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/12na_linn" title="12na linn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="12na linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Século XII – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="12世紀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="12世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="12세기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="12세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="12-րդ դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="12-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="१२वीं शताब्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._stolje%C4%87e" title="12. stoljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="12. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/12ma_yarcento" title="12ma yarcento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="12ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-12" title="Abad ke-12 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_12" title="Seculo 12 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 12" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%B6ldin" title="12. öldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="12. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-12" title="המאה ה-12 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-12" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_12" title="Abad ping 12 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 12" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XII საუკუნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XII საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XII ғасыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XII ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/12ves_kansbledhen" title="12ves kansbledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="12ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_12" title="Karne ya 12 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 12" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-eafa_decemda" title="12-eafa decemda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="12-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_12an" title="Sedsala 12an – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 12an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_12" title="Saeculum 12 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 12" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._gadsimts" title="12. gadsimts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="12. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Joerhonnert" title="12. Joerhonnert – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="12. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XII виш йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XII виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_am%C5%BEius" title="XII amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XII amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfde_iew" title="Twelfde iew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Twelfde iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_12" title="Sentenio 12 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 12" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_XII" title="Sécul XII – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XII" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._sz%C3%A1zad" title="12. század – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="12. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="12 век – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="12 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_12" title="Rautau 12 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 12" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १२ वे शतक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १२ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XII ოშწანურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XII ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن الاتناشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن الاتناشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-12" title="Abad ke-12 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="12 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="12 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၂ ရာစုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XII" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XII – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XII" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_eeuw" title="12e eeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="12e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_eeuw" title="12e eeuw – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="12e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="12世紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="12世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_seculo" title="XII seculo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XII seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XII бӀешо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XII бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._juarhunert" title="12. juarhunert – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="12. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%A5rhundre" title="12. århundre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="12. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-talet" title="1100-talet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1100-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIe_s." title="XIIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XIIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XII" title="Sègle XII – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XII курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XII курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_asr" title="XII asr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XII asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بارہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بارہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A2_%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%82.%E1%9E%9F" title="សតវត្សទី ១២ នៃគ.ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សតវត្សទី ១២ នៃគ.ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Johrhunnert" title="12. Johrhunnert – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="12. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_wiek" title="XII wiek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XII wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Século XII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XII-lea" title="Secolul al XII-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="12 ñiqin pachakwata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="12 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XII. стороча – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XII. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XII век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XII век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XII үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XII үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Jierhunnert" title="12. Jierhunnert – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="12. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_12" title="Ngwagakgolo 12 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 12" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XII" title="Shekulli XII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XII" title="Sèculu XII – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83" title="12 වන සියවස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="12 වන සියවස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="12th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._storo%C4%8Die" title="12. storočie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="12. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._stoletje" title="12. stoletje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="12. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A2" title="سەدەی ١٢ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٢" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="12. век – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="12. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._vijek" title="12. vijek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="12. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-12" title="Abad ka-12 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-12" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-luku" title="1100-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1100-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-talet" title="1100-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1100-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-12_dantaon" title="Ika-12 dantaon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-12 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="12-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="12-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasuta_tiss_XII" title="Tasuta tiss XII – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasuta tiss XII" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XII гасыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XII гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_12" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 12 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 12" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_12" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 12 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 12" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XII" title="Садаи XII – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XII" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="12. yüzyıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="12. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-nji_asyr" title="12-nji asyr – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="12-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XII століття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بارہویں صدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_12" title="Thế kỷ 12 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 12" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._aastagasada" title="12. aastagasada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="12. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/12inme_sieke" title="12inme sieke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="12inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-12_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-12 nga gatostuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-12 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="12世纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="12世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="12טער י"ה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="12טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="12世紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="12世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_12ine" title="Seserra 12ine – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 12ine" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_e%C3%AAuw" title="12e eêuw – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="12e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_om%C5%BEios" title="XII omžios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XII omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="12世纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="12世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7061#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_century#Events" title="11th century">11th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_12th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 12th century">12th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_13th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 13th century">13th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> State leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_11th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 11th century">11th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_12th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 12th century">12th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_13th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 13th century">13th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1100s_(decade)" title="1100s (decade)">1100s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1110s" title="1110s">1110s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1120s" title="1120s">1120s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1130s" title="1130s">1130s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1140s" title="1140s">1140s</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1150s" title="1150s">1150s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1160s" title="1160s">1160s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1170s" title="1170s">1170s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1180s" title="1180s">1180s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1190s" title="1190s">1190s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_births" title="Category:12th-century births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_deaths" title="Category:12th-century deaths">Deaths</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_establishments" title="Category:12th-century establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_disestablishments" title="Category:12th-century disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centurybox" title="Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centurybox" title="Template talk:Centurybox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Hem_1100ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East-Hem_1100ad.jpg/277px-East-Hem_1100ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East-Hem_1100ad.jpg/416px-East-Hem_1100ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East-Hem_1100ad.jpg/554px-East-Hem_1100ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>12th century</b> is the period from <a href="/wiki/1101" title="1101">1101</a> to <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> and overlaps with what is often called the <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Golden Age' of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Islam">Golden Age of Islam</a> experienced significant development, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Spain">Islamic Spain</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> China <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_campaigns_against_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen campaigns against the Song dynasty">an invasion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> caused a political schism of north and south. The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> of Egypt were overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>. Following the expansions of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> took place at the end of the century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1101–1109"><span id="1101.E2.80.931109"></span>1101–1109</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1101–1109"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurids1200.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ghurids1200.png/220px-Ghurids1200.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ghurids1200.png/330px-Ghurids1200.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ghurids1200.png/440px-Ghurids1200.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> from Buddhism.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1101" title="1101">1101</a>: In July, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alton" title="Treaty of Alton">Treaty of Alton</a> is signed between <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> and his older brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert, Duke of Normandy</a> in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ends a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1101" title="1101">1101</a>–<a href="/wiki/1103" title="1103">1103</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_the_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="David the Builder">David the Builder</a> takes over <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hereti" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereti">Hereti</a>, (now parts of Georgia).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1102" title="1102">1102</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coloman_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloman of Hungary">King Coloman</a> unites Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_St._Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of St. Stephen">Hungarian Crown</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1102" title="1102">1102</a>: Muslims conquer <a href="/wiki/Valencia#Middle_Ages" title="Valencia">Señorio de Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1103" title="1103">1103</a>–<a href="/wiki/1104" title="1104">1104</a>: A church council is convened by King <a href="/wiki/David_the_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="David the Builder">David the Builder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urbnisi" title="Urbnisi">Urbnisi</a> to reorganize the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1104" title="1104">1104</a>: In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ertsukhi" title="Battle of Ertsukhi">Battle of Ertsukhi</a>, King <a href="/wiki/David_the_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="David the Builder">David the Builder</a> defeats an army of <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1104" title="1104">1104</a>: King Jayawarsa of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri (historical kingdom)">Kadiri</a> (on Java) ascends to the throne. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1106" title="1106">1106</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tinchebray" title="Battle of Tinchebray">Battle of Tinchebray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1107" title="1107">1107</a>–<a href="/wiki/1111" title="1111">1111</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I">Sigurd I</a> of Norway becomes the first Norwegian king to embark on <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade" title="Norwegian Crusade">a crusade to the Holy Land</a>. He fights in Lisbon and on various Mediterranean isles and helps the King of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to take <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> from the Muslims.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1108" title="1108">1108</a>: By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Devol" title="Treaty of Devol">Treaty of Devol</a>, signed in September, <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I of Antioch</a> has to submit to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, becoming the vassal of <a href="/wiki/Alexius_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius I Comnenus">Alexius I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>: On June 10, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand of Toulouse">Bertrand of Toulouse</a> captures the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> (northern Lebanon/western Syria).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>: In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nak%C5%82o" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nakło">Battle of Nakło</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_III_Wrymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaus III Wrymouth">Boleslaus III Wrymouth</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)">Pomeranians</a> and re-establishes Polish access to the sea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>: On August 24, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hundsfeld" title="Battle of Hundsfeld">Battle of Hundsfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_III_Wrymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaus III Wrymouth">Boleslaus III Wrymouth</a> defeats Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> of Germany and stops German expansion eastward.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1110s"><a href="/wiki/1110s" title="1110s">1110s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1110s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1111" title="1111">1111</a>: On April 14, during <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a>'s first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1113" title="1113">1113</a>: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. He expands the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> and built <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a>: The Georgian army occupies <a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a> in the war with the Muslims.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a>: In Java, King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. <a href="/wiki/Janggala" title="Janggala">Janggala</a> ceases to exist and comes under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign, Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin <a href="/wiki/Smaradahana" title="Smaradahana">Smaradahana</a>, a eulogy for the king which become the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Panji_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panji (prince)">Panji cycle</a> tales, which spread across Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Soekmono,_R_1973,_p.57_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soekmono,_R_1973,_p.57-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1116" title="1116">1116</a>: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1116" title="1116">1116</a>: Death of doña <a href="/wiki/Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a>, governor of Valencia since 1099 to 1102.</li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/1119" title="1119">1119</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1120s"><a href="/wiki/1120s" title="1120s">1120s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1120s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Black_and_White_Photo_of_the_Cuenca_Cathedral_in_Spain.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_Black_and_White_Photo_of_the_Cuenca_Cathedral_in_Spain.jpeg/277px-A_Black_and_White_Photo_of_the_Cuenca_Cathedral_in_Spain.jpeg" decoding="async" width="277" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_Black_and_White_Photo_of_the_Cuenca_Cathedral_in_Spain.jpeg/416px-A_Black_and_White_Photo_of_the_Cuenca_Cathedral_in_Spain.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/A_Black_and_White_Photo_of_the_Cuenca_Cathedral_in_Spain.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A Black and White Photo of the 12th century Cuenca Cathedral (built from 1182 to 1270) in <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca, Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>: On January 16, the Council of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>: On November 25, <a href="/wiki/William_Adelin" title="William Adelin">William Adelin</a>, the only legitimate son of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a>, drowns in the <i><a href="/wiki/White_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ship">White Ship</a></i> Disaster, leading to a <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">succession crisis</a> which will bring down the <a href="/wiki/Norman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman dynasty">Norman</a> monarchy of England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1121" title="1121">1121</a>: On August 12, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a>, the greatest military victory in Georgian history, King <a href="/wiki/David_the_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="David the Builder">David the Builder</a> with 45,000 <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak people">Kipchak</a> auxiliaries, 500 <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a> mercenaries and 100 French <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> defeats a much larger <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuk</a>-led Muslim coalition army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1121" title="1121">1121</a>: On December 25, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_of_Xanten" title="Norbert of Xanten">St. Norbert</a> and 29 companions make their solemn vows in Premontre, France, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Premonstratensian Order">Premonstratensian Order</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroia" title="Battle of Beroia">Battle of Beroia</a> (Modern-day Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) results in the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> Turkish tribe as an independent force.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a>: On September 23, the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a> (<i>Pactum Calixtinum</i>) is drawn up between Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> and Pope <a href="/wiki/Calixtus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Calixtus II">Calixtus II</a> bringing an end to the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">power struggle</a> between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a>: King <a href="/wiki/David_the_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="David the Builder">David the Builder</a> captures <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> and declares it the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>, ending 400 years of Arab rule.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1123" title="1123">1123</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen</a> dynasty of China forces <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Koryo</a> (now Korea) to recognize their suzerainty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1124" title="1124">1124</a>: In April or May, <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> is crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Scots">King of the Scots</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>: On June 11, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1125)" title="Battle of Azaz (1125)">Battle of Azaz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>, led by King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II of Jerusalem</a>, defeat the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>: In November, the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> declare war on the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_campaigns_against_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen campaigns against the Song dynasty">Jin–Song wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair</a> of Supplinburg, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, is elected <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> instead of the nearest heir, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick of Swabia</a>, beginning the great struggle between <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> loses power over northern China to the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1128" title="1128">1128</a>: On June 24, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> gains independence from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a>; (recognised by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> in 1143).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1130s"><a href="/wiki/1130s" title="1130s">1130s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1130s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_wat_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Angkor_wat_temple.jpg/220px-Angkor_wat_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Angkor_wat_temple.jpg/330px-Angkor_wat_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Angkor_wat_temple.jpg/440px-Angkor_wat_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>The temple complex of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>–<a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>: 50-year drought in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>–<a href="/wiki/1138" title="1138">1138</a>: <a href="/wiki/Papal_schism_of_1130" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal schism of 1130">Papal schism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Anacletus_II" title="Antipope Anacletus II">Antipope Anacletus II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>: On March 26, <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I">Sigurd I</a> of Norway dies. A golden era of 95 years comes to an end for Norway as civil wars between the members of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a>'s family line rage for the remainder of the century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>: On Christmas Day, <a href="/wiki/Roger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger II">Roger II</a> is crowned King of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the royal title being bestowed on him by <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Anacletus_II" title="Antipope Anacletus II">Antipope Anacletus II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1132" title="1132">1132</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> establishes China's first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. The main admiral's office is at the port of <a href="/wiki/Dinghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinghai">Dinghai</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1132" title="1132">1132</a>–<a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>: the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle wheel</a> craft are assembled for the navy to fight the Jin dynasty in the north.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Jayabaya" title="Jayabaya">Jayabaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri (historical kingdom)">Kadiri</a> ascends to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>–<a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a> takes place, during a period of civil war in England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a>: <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a> begins rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">abbey church at St Denis</a> north of Paris, which is regarded as the first major <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> building.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a>: On July 22, the future King <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a>, the Duchess of Aquitaine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1138" title="1138">1138</a>: On October 11, the <a href="/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1138 Aleppo earthquake">1138 Aleppo earthquake</a> devastates much of northern Syria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1139" title="1139">1139</a>: in April, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lateran Council">Second Lateran Council</a> ends the papal schism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1139" title="1139">1139</a>: On July 5, in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mignano" title="Treaty of Mignano">Treaty of Mignano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> confirms <a href="/wiki/Roger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger II">Roger II</a> as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, and Prince of Capua and invests him with his titles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1139" title="1139">1139</a>: On July 26, the Portuguese defeat the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali ibn Yusuf</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique" title="Battle of Ourique">Battle of Ourique</a>; Prince <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Henriques" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Henriques">Afonso Henriques</a> is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1140s"><a href="/wiki/1140s" title="1140s">1140s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1140s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AverroesColor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a bearded man in Arabic garb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/AverroesColor.jpg/220px-AverroesColor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/AverroesColor.jpg/330px-AverroesColor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/AverroesColor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> in a 14th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_di_Bonaiuto_da_Firenze" title="Andrea di Bonaiuto da Firenze">Andrea di Bonaiuto</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>–<a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>: Collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloan</a> culture at <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a> (modern-day New Mexico).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1141" title="1141">1141</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shaoxing" title="Treaty of Shaoxing">Treaty of Shaoxing</a> ends the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115-1234)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (1115-1234)">Jin dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>, legally establishing the boundaries of the two countries and forcing the Song dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River. The treaty reduces the Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of the Jurchen Jin dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> is crowned as Byzantine emperor after the death of <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>: <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Henriques" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Henriques">Afonso Henriques</a> is proclaimed King of Portugal by the cortes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a> recognizes Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Portugal also recognizes the suzerainty of the pope.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1144" title="1144">1144</a>: On December 24, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">Edessa</a> falls to the Atabeg <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Zengi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>–<a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> is launched in response to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>: On October 25, the four-month-long <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon" title="Siege of Lisbon">Siege of Lisbon</a> successfully brings the city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling the Moorish overlords.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>: A new <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>, led by Emir <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a>, takes North Africa from the <a href="/wiki/Almoravides" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravides">Almoravides</a> and soon invades the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. The Almohads began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>") in what is now northern and eastern Germany.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1150s"><a href="/wiki/1150s" title="1150s">1150s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1150s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona">Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aragon" title="Petronilla of Aragon">Petronilla</a>, the Queen of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1151" title="1151">1151</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tudil%C3%A9n" title="Treaty of Tudilén">Treaty of Tudilén</a> is signed by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VII">Alfonso VII</a> of León and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Berengar_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona">Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona</a>, recognizing the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>: The Treaty of Wallingford, ends the civil war between <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a> and her cousin <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">King Stephen</a> of England fought over the English crown. Stephen acknowledges Matilda's son <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry of Anjou</a> as heir.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>: The First Treaty of Constance is signed between <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Frederick I">Emperor Frederick I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a>, by the terms of which, the emperor is to prevent any action by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I Comnenus">Manuel I Comnenus</a> to reestablish the Byzantine Empire on Italian soil and to assist the pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a>-born Muslim <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> publishes his <i>Geography</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>: On December 27, Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> grants overlordship of Ireland to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>: On June 18, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Benevento" title="Treaty of Benevento">Treaty of Benevento</a> is entered into by Pope <a href="/wiki/Adrian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a> and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After years of turbulent relations, the popes finally settles down to peace with the Hauteville kings. The kingship of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">William I</a> is recognized over all Sicily, Apulia, Calabria, Campania, and Capua. The tribute to the pope of 600 <i><a href="/wiki/Schifati" class="mw-redirect" title="Schifati">schifati</a></i> agreed upon by <a href="/wiki/Roger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger II">Roger II</a> in 1139 at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mignano" title="Treaty of Mignano">Mignano</a> is affirmed and another 400 <i>shift</i> is added for the new lands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sahag%C3%BAn_(1158)" title="Treaty of Sahagún (1158)">Treaty of Sahagún</a> ends the war between Castile and León.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1160s"><a href="/wiki/1160s" title="1160s">1160s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1160s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg/220px-Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg/330px-Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg/440px-Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Liuhe_Pagoda" title="Liuhe Pagoda">Liuhe Pagoda</a> of Hangzhou, China, 1165</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a>: the Song dynasty Chinese navy, employing <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> bombs launched from <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a>, defeats the enormous Jin dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao" title="Battle of Tangdao">Battle of Tangdao</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Battle of Caishi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a>, Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Rum</a>, makes peace with the Byzantine Empire, recognizing the emperor's primacy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a>: In the siege of <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, troops from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> take control over the city, only to have it sold for the second time to the <a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a>, a Kurdish dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a>: <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, is born as Temüjin in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1163" title="1163">1163</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Law_of_Succession" title="Norwegian Law of Succession">Norwegian Law of Succession</a> takes effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>–<a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa%E2%80%93Pagan_War" title="Polonnaruwa–Pagan War">Tensions and disputes</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a> causes the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> under <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu the Great</a> to raid <a href="/wiki/Lower_Myanmar" title="Lower Myanmar">Burma</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1168" title="1168">1168</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I of Denmark</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a> on the Island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a>: Political disputes within the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a> sparks the decade-long <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Civil_War_(1169%E2%80%931177)" title="Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)">Pandyan Civil War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a>: On May 1, the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a> begins. <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Richard fitzGilbert de Clare</a> ('Strongbow') allies with the exiled Irish chief, <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Dermot MacMurrough</a>, to help him recover his kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1170s"><a href="/wiki/1170s" title="1170s">1170s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1170s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BattagliaLegnano.jpg/220px-BattagliaLegnano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BattagliaLegnano.jpg/330px-BattagliaLegnano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BattagliaLegnano.jpg/440px-BattagliaLegnano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The defense of the <a href="/wiki/Carroccio" title="Carroccio">Carroccio</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> (1176) by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Cassioli" title="Amos Cassioli">Amos Cassioli</a> (1832–1891)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sahag%C3%BAn_(1170)" title="Treaty of Sahagún (1170)">Treaty of Sahagún</a> is signed by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II of Aragon</a>. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to provide Alfonso II with three hostages, to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia and Murcia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>: On December 29, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> is murdered in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1171" title="1171">1171</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> deposes the last <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-%27%C4%80%E1%B8%8Did" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Āḍid">Al-'Āḍid</a> and establishes the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1171" title="1171">1171</a>: On November 11, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> lands in Ireland to assert his claim as Lord of Ireland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1172" title="1172">1172</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyan</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> is sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Lankapura_Dandanatha" title="Lankapura Dandanatha">Sinhalese army</a> due to an attempt to drive off the rival throne claimant, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulasekara_Pandyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulasekara Pandyan (page does not exist)">Kulasekara Pandyan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1173" title="1173">1173</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sinhalese king</a> <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu the Great</a> gains a decisive victory by invading the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a> as an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Civil_War_(1169%E2%80%931177)" title="Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)">Pandyan Civil War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1174" title="1174">1174</a>: On July 12, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Scotland">William I of Scotland</a> is captured by the English in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alnwick_(1174)" title="Battle of Alnwick (1174)">Battle of Alnwick</a>. He accepts the feudal overlordship of the English crown and pays ceremonial allegiance at York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">1175</a>: <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen Shōnin</a> (Genkū) founds the <a href="/wiki/Jodo_shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodo shu">Jōdo shū</a> (Pure Land) sect of Buddhism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">1175</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1175)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1175)">Treaty of Windsor</a> is signed by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> and the High King of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a>: On May 29, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick Barbarossa's</a> forces are defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">Battle of Legnano</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> which results in the emperor's acknowledgment of the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States and Alexander acknowledging the emperor's overlordship of the imperial Church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a>: On September 17, The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myriokephalon" title="Battle of Myriokephalon">Battle of Myriokephalon</a> (Myriocephalum; Turkish: Miryakefalon Savaşı) is fought between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm">Seljuk Turks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>. It is a serious reversal for the Byzantine forces and will be the final, unsuccessful, effort by the Byzantines to recover the interior of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> from the Seljuk Turks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Venice" title="Treaty of Venice">Treaty or Peace of Venice</a> is signed by the papacy and its allies, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily also participates in negotiations and the treaty thereby determines the political course of all of Italy for the next several years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1178" title="1178">1178</a>: Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> customs officer, writes of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1179" title="1179">1179</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cazola" title="Treaty of Cazola">Treaty of Cazola</a> (Cazorla) is signed by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a>, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> would not be stymied by internecine feuding.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1180s"><a href="/wiki/1180s" title="1180s">1180s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1180s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saladin_and_Guy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/220px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/330px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/440px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin Ayyubi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>. (1954)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Navy</a> defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Espichel" title="Cape Espichel">Cape Espichel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>–<a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a> in Japan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1181" title="1181">1181</a>: <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu the Great</a> conducts a large-scale raid on <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Burma</a>, after a ship transporting a <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> princess to the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> is attacked by <a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars#Cham_invasions_of_Angkor_(1170,_1177–1181)" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Burmese naval fleets</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>: Religious reformations of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Burma</a> under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Narapatisithu" title="Narapatisithu">Narapatisithu</a> are continued with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa%E2%80%93Pagan_War" title="Polonnaruwa–Pagan War">Polonnaruwa-Pagan War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Revolt</a> of the people of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> against the Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus I Comnenus">Andronicus I Comnenus</a> as co-emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>: On January 25, the final <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Constance" title="Peace of Constance">Peace of Constance</a> between <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, the pope and the Lombard towns is signed, confirming the Peace of Venice of 1177.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>: On September 24, <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus I Comnenus">Andronicus I Comnenus</a> has his nephew <a href="/wiki/Alexius_II_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius II Comnenus">Alexius II Comnenus</a> strangled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1184" title="1184">1184</a>: On March 24, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Tamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Tamar">Queen Tamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Georgia">King of Georgia</a>, accedes to the throne as sole ruler after reigning with her father, George III, for six years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1184" title="1184">1184</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Pentecost" title="Diet of Pentecost">Diet of Pentecost</a> organised by Emperor Frederick I in Mainz.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">Uprising of Asen and Peter</a> against the Byzantine Empire leads to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">restoration of the Bulgarian Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus I Comnenus">Andronicus I Comnenus</a> is deposed and, on September 12, executed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> massacre of the Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonika">Thessalonika</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>: The cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, Sweden, is founded. The school is the oldest in northern Europe and one of the oldest in all of Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>: Beginning in this year the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> deprives the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor of Japan</a> of political power.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1186" title="1186">1186</a>: On January 27, the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI marries <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance of Sicily">Constance of Sicily</a>, the heiress to the Sicilian throne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>: On July 4, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> defeats the king of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>: In August, the Swedish royal and commercial center <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a> is attacked by raiders from <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, Couronia, and/or Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarvel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarvel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1188" title="1188">1188</a>: The Riah were introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Jebala_people" title="Jebala people">Habt</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a>, and Jochem and Acem were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Chaouia_(Morocco)" title="Chaouia (Morocco)">Tamesna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a>: On September 3, Richard I is crowned King of England at Westminster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a>: On November 11, William II of Sicily dies and is succeeded by his illegitimate cousin <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred, Count of Lecce</a> instead of Constance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a>–<a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> is an attempt by European leaders to wrest the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1190–1200"><span id="1190.E2.80.931200"></span>1190–1200</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1190–1200"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_coeurdelion_g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Richard_coeurdelion_g.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a>, or Richard the Lionheart.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a>, which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a>: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attacked the Kingdom of Sicily from May to August but fails and withdrawn, with Empress Constance captured (released 1192).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a>: On September 7, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> is defeated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a> of England at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>: In April, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella I of Jerusalem">Isabella I</a> begins her reign as Christian Queen of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>: In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard the Lionheart">Richard the Lionheart</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>: In June, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ramla" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ramla">Treaty of Ramla</a> is signed by Saladin and Richard Lionheart. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem will remain under Muslim control. However, the city will be open to Christian pilgrims. The Latin Kingdom is reduced to a coastal strip that extends from Tyre to Jaffa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> is appointed <i>Sei-i Taishōgun</i>, "barbarian-subduing great general", <i>shōgun</i> for short, the first military dictator to bear this title.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>: Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori</a> establishes the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Muslim empire</a> in India for 14 years (1192–1206) by defeating <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraj Chauhan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1193" title="1193">1193</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, the great Indian <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> educational centre, is destroyed.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a>: Emperor Henry VI conquers the Kingdom of Sicily.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>: On June 16, the struggle of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shamkor" title="Battle of Shamkor">Shamqori</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> forces annihilate the army of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Baqar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Baqar (page does not exist)">Abu Baqar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>: The brethren of the Crusader hospital in Acre are raised to a military order of knights, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, formally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> writes to <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">Kaloyan</a>, inviting him to unite the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Church">Bulgarian Church</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>: Construction begins on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez" title="Grand Village of the Natchez">Grand Village of the Natchez</a> near <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>. This ceremonial center for the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez people</a> is occupied and built until the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undated">Undated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Undated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Hem_1200ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/East-Hem_1200ad.jpg/300px-East-Hem_1200ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/East-Hem_1200ad.jpg/450px-East-Hem_1200ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/East-Hem_1200ad.jpg/600px-East-Hem_1200ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>China is under the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a>. Early in the century, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zeduan" title="Zhang Zeduan">Zhang Zeduan</a> paints <i><a href="/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival" title="Along the River During the Qingming Festival">Along the River During the Qingming Festival</a></i>. It will later end up in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Museum" title="Palace Museum">Palace Museum</a>, Beijing.</li> <li>In southeast Asia, there is conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> is built under the Hindu king <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a>. By the end of the century, the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> becomes the ruler.</li> <li>Japan is in its <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga" title="Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga">Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga</a> is made and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Toba_S%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" title="Toba Sōjō">Toba Sōjō</a>. It ends up at the <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzan-ji" title="Kōzan-ji">Kōzan-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>.</li> <li>In Oceania, the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tuʻi Tonga Empire</a> expands to a much greater area.</li> <li>Europe undergoes the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> for the smelting of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> is imported from China, appearing around <a href="/wiki/Lapphyttan" title="Lapphyttan">Lapphyttan</a>, Sweden, as early as <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neckam" title="Alexander Neckam">Alexander Neckam</a> is the first European to document the mariner's <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, first documented by <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> during the previous century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a> becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe. Christianity is also introduced to <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval universities</a> are founded. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Abelard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Abelard">Pierre Abelard</a> teaches.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> begins to develop, and literacy begins to spread outside the Church throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1961129_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1961129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, churchmen are increasingly willing to take on secular roles. By the end of the century, at least a third of England's bishops also act as royal judges in secular matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1961159_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1961159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a> period in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval music</a> of Western Europe begins.</li> <li>The earliest recorded <a href="/wiki/Miracle_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle play">miracle play</a> is performed in <a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a>, England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a> music begin in France.</li> <li>During the middle of the century, the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a> is built in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i> manuscript illustrates the <i>Synopsis of Histories</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a>.</li> <li>Fire and plague insurance first become available in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and the first documented outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> there happens.</li> <li>The medieval state of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Serbia</a> is formed by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a> and then continued by the <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemanjić">Nemanjić</a> dynasty.</li> <li>By the end of the century, both the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Capetian dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Anjou</a> are relying primarily on <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> in their militaries. Paid soldiers are available year-round, unlike knights who expected certain periods off to maintain their <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor lifestyles</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren196160-61_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren196160-61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In India, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala architecture</a> reaches its peak.</li> <li>In the Middle East, the <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a> is painted probably in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Everything but the faces will later be retouched, and the icon will go to the <a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">Tretyakov Gallery</a> of Moscow.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a> composes his epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> founds his "school of illumination".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> is built, including the city gate <a href="/wiki/Bab_Agnaou" title="Bab Agnaou">Bab Agnaou</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Koutoubia" class="mw-redirect" title="Koutoubia">Koutoubia</a> mosque.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a> is first woven.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Piedfort" title="Piedfort">piedfort</a> coins were minted.</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Tula (Mesoamerican site)">Tula</a> burns down, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec Empire</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ife_Empire" title="Ife Empire">Ife Empire</a> is established.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions,_discoveries,_and_introductions_by_year"><span id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_and_introductions_by_year"></span>Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#12th_century" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions § 12th century</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1104" title="1104">1104</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Venice_Arsenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice Arsenal">Venice Arsenal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy, is founded. It employed some 16,000 people for the <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of sailing ships in large <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly lines</a>, hundreds of years before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1106" title="1106">1106</a>: Finished building of <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1107" title="1107">1107</a>: The Chinese engineer Wu Deren combines the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> vehicle of the <a href="/wiki/South-pointing_chariot" title="South-pointing chariot">south-pointing chariot</a> with the distance-measuring <a href="/wiki/Odometer" title="Odometer">odometer</a> device.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1111" title="1111">1111</a>: The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Donglin_Academy" title="Donglin Academy">Donglin Academy</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Liuhe_Pagoda" title="Liuhe Pagoda">Liuhe Pagoda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China, is built.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>: The Roman Catholic notion of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> is defined.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>: First record of <a href="/wiki/Windmills" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmills">windmills</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:12th_century" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:12th century">12th century</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Soekmono,_R_1973,_p.57-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soekmono,_R_1973,_p.57_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (1998, July 20). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kadiri">Kaḍiri</a></i>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarvel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarvel_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enn_Tarvel" title="Enn Tarvel">Enn Tarvel</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf"><i>Sigtuna hukkumine.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011191449/http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Notice sur les Arabes hilaliens</i>. Ismaël Hamet. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notice+sur+les+Arabes+hilaliens&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Isma%C3%ABl+Hamet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancine_Weiss_and_Mark_R._Barnes1989" class="citation web cs1">Francine Weiss and Mark R. Barnes (May 3, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000408_text">"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Grand Village of the Natchez Site / Fatherland Plantation Site (22-Ad-501)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Registration%3A+Grand+Village+of+the+Natchez+Site+%2F+Fatherland+Plantation+Site+%2822-Ad-501%29&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1989-05-03&rft.au=Francine+Weiss+and+Mark+R.+Barnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNHLS%2F66000408_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12th+century" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000408_photos">Accompanying 3 photos, from 1989.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(680 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1961129-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1961129_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren1961">Warren 1961</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1961159-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1961159_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren1961">Warren 1961</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren196160-61-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren196160-61_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren1961">Warren 1961</a>, p. 60-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Goff1986" class="citation book cs1">Le Goff, Jacques (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofpurgatory0000lego"><i>The Birth of Purgatory</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226470822" title="Special:BookSources/0226470822"><bdi>0226470822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Purgatory&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0226470822&rft.aulast=Le+Goff&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofpurgatory0000lego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_century&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Lewis_Warren" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Lewis Warren">Warren, Wilfred Lewis</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1DjPCSPCF0C"><i>King John</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520036437" title="Special:BookSources/9780520036437"><bdi>9780520036437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780520036437&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1DjPCSPCF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Millennia</li><li>Centuries</li><li>Decades</li><li>Years</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decades_and_years" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decades_and_years" title="Template talk:Decades and years"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decades_and_years" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>12th century</b><br /><small><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a> ← <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a> ← ↔ → <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> → <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></span></small> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/1090s" title="1090s"><b>1090s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1090" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1090">1090</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1091" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1091">1091</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1092" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1092">1092</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1093" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1093">1093</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1094" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1094">1094</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1095" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1095">1095</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1096" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1096">1096</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1097" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1097">1097</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1098" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1098">1098</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1099" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1099">1099</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1100s_(decade)" title="1100s (decade)"><b>1100s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1100" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1100">1100</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1101" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1101">1101</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1102" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1102">1102</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1103" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1103">1103</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1104" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1104">1104</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1105" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1105">1105</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1106" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1106">1106</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1107" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1107">1107</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1108" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1108">1108</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1109" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1109">1109</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1110s" title="1110s"><b>1110s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1110" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1110">1110</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1111" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1111">1111</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1112" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1112">1112</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1113" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1113">1113</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1114" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1114">1114</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1115" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1115">1115</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1116" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1116">1116</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1117" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1117">1117</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1118" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1118">1118</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1119" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1119">1119</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1120s" title="1120s"><b>1120s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1120" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1120">1120</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1121" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1121">1121</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1122" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1122">1122</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1123" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1123">1123</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1124" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1124">1124</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1125" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1125">1125</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1126" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1126">1126</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1127" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1127">1127</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1128" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1128">1128</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1129" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1129">1129</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1130s" title="1130s"><b>1130s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1130" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1130">1130</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1131" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1131">1131</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1132" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1132">1132</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1133" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1133">1133</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1134" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1134">1134</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1135" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1135">1135</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1136" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1136">1136</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1137" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1137">1137</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1138" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1138">1138</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1139" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1139">1139</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1140s" title="1140s"><b>1140s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1140" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1140">1140</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1141" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1141">1141</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1142" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1142">1142</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1143" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1143">1143</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1144" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1144">1144</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1145" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1145">1145</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1146" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1146">1146</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1147" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1147">1147</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1148" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1148">1148</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1149" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1149">1149</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1150s" title="1150s"><b>1150s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1150" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1150">1150</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1151" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1151">1151</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1152" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1152">1152</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1153" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1153">1153</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1154" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1154">1154</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1155" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1155">1155</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1156" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1156">1156</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1157" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1157">1157</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1158" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1158">1158</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1159" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1159">1159</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1160s" title="1160s"><b>1160s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1160" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1160">1160</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1161" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1161">1161</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1162" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1162">1162</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1163" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1163">1163</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1164" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1164">1164</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1165" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1165">1165</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1166" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1166">1166</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1167" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1167">1167</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1168" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1168">1168</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1169" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1169">1169</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1170s" title="1170s"><b>1170s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1170" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1170">1170</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1171" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1171">1171</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1172" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1172">1172</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1173" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1173">1173</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1174" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1174">1174</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1175" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1175">1175</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1176" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1176">1176</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1177" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1177">1177</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1178" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1178">1178</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1179" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1179">1179</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1180s" title="1180s"><b>1180s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1180" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1180">1180</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1181" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1181">1181</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1182" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1182">1182</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1183" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1183">1183</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1184" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1184">1184</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1185" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1185">1185</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1186" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1186">1186</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1187" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1187">1187</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1188" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1188">1188</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1189" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1189">1189</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1190s" title="1190s"><b>1190s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1190" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1190">1190</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1191" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1191">1191</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1192" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1192">1192</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1193" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1193">1193</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1194" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1194">1194</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1195" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1195">1195</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1196" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1196">1196</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1197" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1197">1197</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1198" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1198">1198</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1199" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1199">1199</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)"><b>1200s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1200" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1200">1200</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1201" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1201">1201</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1202" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1202">1202</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1203" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1203">1203</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1204" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1204">1204</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1205" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1205">1205</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1206" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1206">1206</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1207" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1207">1207</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1208" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1208">1208</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1209" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1209">1209</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Centuries_and_millennia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centuries" title="Template:Centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centuries" title="Template talk:Centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Centuries_and_millennia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Centuries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#efefef; width:10%;">Millennium</th> <th colspan="10" style="background-color:#efefef; width:90%;">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">BC (BCE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:9%"><b><a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th</a></b></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/40th_century_BC" title="40th century BC">40th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/39th_century_BC" title="39th century BC">39th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/38th_century_BC" title="38th century BC">38th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">37th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/36th_century_BC" title="36th century BC">36th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/34th_century_BC" title="34th century BC">34th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/33rd_century_BC" title="33rd century BC">33rd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">32nd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/31st_century_BC" title="31st century BC">31st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century_BC" title="30th century BC">30th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century_BC" title="29th century BC">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century_BC" title="28th century BC">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century_BC" title="27th century BC">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century_BC" title="26th century BC">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century_BC" title="25th century BC">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century_BC" title="24th century BC">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century_BC" title="23rd century BC">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century_BC" title="22nd century BC">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century_BC" title="21st century BC">21st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_century_BC" title="20th century BC">20th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century_BC" title="19th century BC">19th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_century_BC" title="18th century BC">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century_BC" title="17th century BC">17th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century_BC" title="16th century BC">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century_BC" title="15th century BC">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_century_BC" title="13th century BC">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_century_BC" title="12th century BC">12th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century_BC" title="11th century BC">11th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century_BC" title="10th century BC">10th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century_BC" title="9th century BC">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century_BC" title="7th century BC">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century_BC" title="4th century BC">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">AD (CE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd century">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd century">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="24th century">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="25th century">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="26th century">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="27th century">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="28th century">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="29th century">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="30th century">30th</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7061#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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