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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign_and_first_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early reign and first marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign_and_first_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_and_military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign policy and military campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Trebizond_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Golden age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Golden age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feudal_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Feudal monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamar of Georgia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Tamar van Georgië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamar van Georgië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%B0%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%B4%D1%83_%D2%AC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҳкәажәду Ҭамар – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҳкәажәду Ҭамар" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تامار ملكة جورجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تامار ملكة جورجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Tamara" title="Böyük Tamara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Tamara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بؤیوک تامارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیوک تامارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%99)" title="Тамара (батшабикә) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тамара (батшабикә)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Тамара Вялікая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамара Вялікая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Тамара (царыца Грузіі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамара (царыца Грузіі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тамара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_de_Ge%C3%B2rgia" title="Tamara de Geòrgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tamara de Geòrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Gruz%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1" title="Tamara Gruzínská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamara Gruzínská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_(Georgien)" title="Tamar (Georgien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamar (Georgien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τάμαρ της Γεωργίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάμαρ της Γεωργίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_de_Georgia" title="Tamara de Georgia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamara de Georgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_de_Kartvelio" title="Tamara de Kartvelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamara de Kartvelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_Georgiakoa" title="Tamar Georgiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamar Georgiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ملکه تامار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملکه تامار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_Ire" title="Tamar Ire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamar Ire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4_(%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84)" title="타마르 (조지아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타마르 (조지아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80_(%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB)" title="Թամար (վրաց թագուհի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամար (վրաց թագուհի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Gruzijska" title="Tamara Gruzijska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamara Gruzijska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_dari_Georgia" title="Tamar dari Georgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tamar dari Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%83%D1%81-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85)" title="Тамар (ус-паддзах) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамар (ус-паддзах)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_di_Georgia" title="Tamara di Georgia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tamara di Georgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A8,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="תמר, מלכת גאורגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמר, מלכת גאורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="თამარ მეფე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თამარ მეფე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Тамара (Грузия патшасы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тамара (Грузия патшасы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar" title="Tamar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tamar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тамара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тамара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamar_(regina_Georgiae)" title="Thamar (regina Georgiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thamar (regina Georgiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C4%81ra_Liel%C4%81" title="Tamāra Lielā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamāra Lielā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara" title="Tamara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Tamar_gr%C3%BAz_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91" title="I. Tamar grúz királynő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Tamar grúz királynő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Тамара (грузиска кралица) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамара (грузиска кралица)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تامار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тамар – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тамар" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Tamar van Georgië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamar van Georgië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB_(%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="タマル (グルジア女王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タマル (グルジア女王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_av_Georgia" title="Tamar av Georgia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamar av Georgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara" title="Tamara – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_(kr%C3%B3lowa_Gruzji)" title="Tamara (królowa Gruzji) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tamara (królowa Gruzji)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_da_Ge%C3%B3rgia" title="Tamara da Geórgia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tamara da Geórgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_a_Georgiei" title="Tamara a Georgiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tamara a Georgiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Тамара (царица) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамара (царица)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_e_Gjeorgjis%C3%AB" title="Tamara e Gjeorgjisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tamara e Gjeorgjisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_(kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovn%C3%A1)" title="Tamara (kráľovná) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tamara (kráľovná)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Gruzijska" title="Tamara Gruzijska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tamara Gruzijska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Тамара (грузијска краљица) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамара (грузијска краљица)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_(Georgia)" title="Tamar (Georgia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamar (Georgia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_av_Georgien" title="Tamar av Georgien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamar av Georgien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถทามาร์แห่งจอร์เจีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถทามาร์แห่งจอร์เจีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar" title="Tamar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тамара Велика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамара Велика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2" title="תמר פון גרוזיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תמר פון גרוזיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="塔瑪麗女王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塔瑪麗女王" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara" title="Tamara – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tamara" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%91%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="塔瑪爾女王 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔瑪爾女王" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q244007#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Tamar the Great<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">თამარ მეფე</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamar_(Vardzia_fresco_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg/220px-Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg/330px-Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg/440px-Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="759" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Fresco at the church of Dormition in <a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia" title="List of monarchs of Georgia">Queen of Georgia</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Georgian_sovereign" title="Style of the Georgian sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 1184 – 18 January 1213<sup id="cite_ref-dod_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1178 as co-regent <br />1184 as queen-regnant <br /><a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati Monastery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1160</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1213<br />(aged 52–53)<br /><a href="/wiki/Agarani_Fortress" title="Agarani Fortress">Agarani Castle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bogolyubsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Bogolyubsky">Yuri Bogolyubsky</a> (1185–1187)<br /><a href="/wiki/David_Soslan" title="David Soslan">David Soslan</a> (1191–1207)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan of Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III of Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burdukhan_of_Alania" title="Burdukhan of Alania">Burdukhan of Alania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Tamar_monogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Tamar_monogram.png/120px-Queen_Tamar_monogram.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Tamar_monogram.png/250px-Queen_Tamar_monogram.png 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monogram_of_Tamar_of_Georgia_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Monogram_of_Tamar_of_Georgia_black.svg/60px-Monogram_of_Tamar_of_Georgia_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Monogram_of_Tamar_of_Georgia_black.svg/120px-Monogram_of_Tamar_of_Georgia_black.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="746" /></a></span> <br /> Royal <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monograms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamar_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tamar_signature.svg/250px-Tamar_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="54" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Right-Believing" title="Right-Believing">Right-believing</a></i></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Tamar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_(23995344942).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Icon_%2823995344942%29.jpg/200px-Icon_%2823995344942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Icon_%2823995344942%29.jpg/300px-Icon_%2823995344942%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Icon_%2823995344942%29.jpg/400px-Icon_%2823995344942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="2818" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Icon of Tamar</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1160</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1213</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 May</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tamar the Great</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">თამარ მეფე</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">tamar mepe</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[ˈt̪ʰämäɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈme̞pʰe̞]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">King Tamar</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1160 – 18 January 1213) <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">reigned</a> as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia#Kings_of_unified_Georgia_(1008–1490)" title="List of monarchs of Georgia">Queen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> from 1184 to 1213, presiding over the apex of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a>, her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title <i><a href="/wiki/Mepe" title="Mepe">mepe</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>"), afforded to Tamar in the medieval Georgian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-109_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-109-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamar was proclaimed heir and <a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">co-ruler</a> by her reigning father <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a> in 1178, but she faced significant opposition from the aristocracy upon her ascension to full ruling powers after George's death. Tamar was successful in neutralizing this opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the decline of the hostile <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>. Relying on a powerful <a href="/wiki/Military_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Military elite">military elite</a>, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> until its collapse under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> attacks within two decades after Tamar's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamar was married twice, her first union being, from 1185 to 1187, to <a href="/wiki/Yury_Bogolyubsky" title="Yury Bogolyubsky">Yury Bogolyubsky</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Grand Principality of Vladimir</a>, whom she divorced and expelled from the country, defeating his subsequent coup attempts. For her second husband Tamar chose, in 1191, the <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alan</a> prince <a href="/wiki/David_Soslan" title="David Soslan">David Soslan</a>, by whom she had two children, <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan</a>, the two successive monarchs on the throne of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-CMH-623_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMH-623-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen-104_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-104-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamar's reign is associated with a period of marked political and military successes and cultural achievements. This, combined with her role as a female ruler, has contributed to her status as an idealized and romanticized figure in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Georgian arts</a> and historical memory. She remains an important symbol in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgian popular culture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_ascent_to_the_throne">Early life and ascent to the throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and ascent to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamar was born in circa 1160 to <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Georgia">King of Georgia</a>, and his consort <a href="/wiki/Burdukhan_of_Alania" title="Burdukhan of Alania">Burdukhan</a>, a daughter of the king of <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>. While it is possible that Tamar had a younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Rusudan,_daughter_of_George_III_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusudan, daughter of George III of Georgia">Rusudan</a>, she is only mentioned once in all contemporary accounts of Tamar's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tamar_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamar (name)">name Tamar</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> origin and, like other <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> names, was favored by the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty because of <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Bagratid_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Bagratid dynasties">their claim to be descended from David</a>, the second king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamar's youth coincided with a major upheaval in Georgia; in 1177, her father, George III, was confronted by a rebellious faction of nobles. The rebels intended to dethrone George in favor of the king's fraternal nephew, <a href="/wiki/Demna_of_Georgia" title="Demna of Georgia">Demna</a>, who was considered by many to be a legitimate royal heir of his murdered father, <a href="/wiki/David_V_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David V of Georgia">David V</a>. Demna's cause was little but a pretext for the nobles, led by the pretender's father-in-law, the <i><a href="/wiki/Amirspasalar" title="Amirspasalar">amirspasalar</a></i> ("high constable") <a href="/wiki/Ivane_II_Orbeli" title="Ivane II Orbeli">Ivane II Orbeli</a>, to weaken the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III was able to crush the revolt and embarked on a crackdown campaign on the defiant aristocratic clans; Ivane Orbeli was put to death and the surviving members of his family were driven out of Georgia. Demna, castrated and blinded on his uncle's order, did not survive the mutilation and soon died in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the rebellion was suppressed and the pretender eliminated, George went ahead to co-opt Tamar into government with him and crowned her as co-ruler in 1178. By doing so, the king attempted to preempt any dispute after his death and legitimize his line on the throne of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-108_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, he raised men from the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> as well as from the gentry and unranked classes to keep the dynastic aristocracy away from the center of power.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign_and_first_marriage">Early reign and first marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early reign and first marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_III_and_his_daughter,_Queen_Tamar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/King_George_III_and_his_daughter%2C_Queen_Tamar.jpg/220px-King_George_III_and_his_daughter%2C_Queen_Tamar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/King_George_III_and_his_daughter%2C_Queen_Tamar.jpg/330px-King_George_III_and_his_daughter%2C_Queen_Tamar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/King_George_III_and_his_daughter%2C_Queen_Tamar.jpg/440px-King_George_III_and_his_daughter%2C_Queen_Tamar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="5408" /></a><figcaption>Tamar (left) and George III (right). The earliest surviving portrait of Tamar from the church of the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition</a> at Vardzia, c. 1184–1186.</figcaption></figure> <p>For six years, Tamar was a co-ruler with her father upon whose death, in 1184, Tamar continued as the sole monarch and was crowned a second time at the <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati cathedral</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, western Georgia. She inherited a relatively strong kingdom, but the centrifugal tendencies fostered by the great nobles were far from being quelled. There was considerable opposition to Tamar's succession; this was sparked by a reaction against the repressive policies of her father and encouraged by the new sovereign's other perceived weakness, her sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-108_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Georgia had never previously had a female ruler, a part of the aristocracy questioned Tamar's legitimacy, while others tried to exploit her youth and supposed weakness to assert greater autonomy for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-108_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energetic involvement of Tamar's influential aunt <a href="/wiki/Rusudan,_daughter_of_Demetrius_I_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusudan, daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia">Rusudan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia" title="Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia">Catholicos-Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Georgia" title="Michael IV of Georgia">Michael IV</a> was crucial for legitimizing Tamar's succession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the young queen was forced into making significant concessions to the aristocracy. She had to reward the Catholicos-Patriarch Michael's support by making him a <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a>, thus placing him at the top of both the clerical and secular hierarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamar was also pressured into dismissing her father's appointees, among them the constable Kubasar, a <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks_in_Georgia" title="Kipchaks in Georgia">Georgian Kipchak</a> of ignoble birth, who had helped George III in his crackdown on the defiant nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the few untitled servitors of George III to escape this fate was the <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">treasurer</a> <a href="/wiki/Qutlu_Arslan" title="Qutlu Arslan">Qutlu Arslan</a> who now led a group of nobles and wealthy citizens in a struggle to limit the royal authority by creating a new council, <i>karavi</i>, whose members would alone deliberate and decide policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attempt at "feudal <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>" was rendered abortive when Tamar had Qutlu Arslan arrested and his supporters were inveigled into submission.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, Tamar's first moves to reduce the power of the aristocratic élite were unsuccessful. She failed in her attempt to use a church <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> to dismiss the Catholicos-Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Georgia" title="Michael IV of Georgia">Michael</a>, and the noble council, <a href="/wiki/Darbazi_(State_Council)" title="Darbazi (State Council)">Darbazi</a>, asserted the right to approve royal decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png/250px-Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png/500px-Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Georgia at its greatest extent, with its tributaries and spheres of influence in the reign of Tamar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Queen Tamar's marriage was a question of state importance. Pursuant to dynastic imperatives and the ethos of the time, the nobles required Tamar to marry in order to have a leader for the army and to provide an heir to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every group strove to select and secure the acceptance of its candidate in order to strengthen its position and influence at court. Two main factions fought for the influence in Tamar's court: the clans of <a href="/wiki/Mkhargrdzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhargrdzeli">Mkhargrdzeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abulasan" title="Abulasan">Abulasan</a>. The faction of the Abulasan won, the choice was approved by Tamar's aunt Rusudan and council of feudal lords.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their choice fell on <a href="/wiki/Yury_Bogolyubsky" title="Yury Bogolyubsky">Yuri</a>, son of the murdered prince <a href="/wiki/Andrei_I_Bogolyubsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei I Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a>, who later lived as a refugee among the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>. They called an influential person in the kingdom, the great merchant <a href="/wiki/Zankan_Zorababeli" title="Zankan Zorababeli">Zankan Zorababeli</a>. He was given the mission of bringing the bridegroom to Tbilisi. He fulfilled his mission with zeal, and the prince was brought to Georgia to marry the queen in 1185.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The young man – valiant, perfect of body and pleasant to behold – Yuri proved to be an able soldier, but a difficult person and he soon ran afoul of his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strained spousal relations paralleled a factional struggle at the royal court in which Tamar was becoming more and more assertive of her rights as a queen regnant.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-142_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-142-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turning point in Tamar's fortunes came with the death of the powerful Catholicos-Patriarch Michael whom the queen replaced, as a chancellor, with her supporter, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Gnolistavisdze" title="Anton Gnolistavisdze">Anton Gnolistavisdze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-142_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-142-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamar gradually expanded her own power-base and elevated her loyal nobles to high positions at the court, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Mkhargrdzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhargrdzeli">Mkhargrdzeli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_marriage">Second marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kintsvisi,_fresco_of_Tamara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kintsvisi%2C_fresco_of_Tamara.jpg/200px-Kintsvisi%2C_fresco_of_Tamara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kintsvisi%2C_fresco_of_Tamara.jpg/300px-Kintsvisi%2C_fresco_of_Tamara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kintsvisi%2C_fresco_of_Tamara.jpg/400px-Kintsvisi%2C_fresco_of_Tamara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Tamar as depicted on a 13th-century mural from the <a href="/wiki/Kintsvisi_Monastery" title="Kintsvisi Monastery">Kintsvisi monastery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1187, Tamar persuaded the noble council to approve her to divorce Yuri, who was accused of addiction to drunkenness and "<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>" and was sent off to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-142_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-142-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assisted by several Georgian aristocrats anxious to check Tamar's growing power, Yuri made two coup attempts, but failed and went off to obscurity after 1191.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The queen chose her second husband herself. He was <a href="/wiki/David_Soslan" title="David Soslan">David Soslan</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alan</a> prince, to whom the 18th-century Georgian scholar Prince <a href="/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli" title="Vakhushti of Kartli">Vakhushti</a> ascribes descent from the early 11th-century Georgian king <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Georgia" title="George I of Georgia">George I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David, a capable military commander, became Tamar's major supporter and was instrumental in defeating the rebellious nobles who rallied behind Yuri.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-143_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-143-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamar and David had two children. In 1192 or 1194, the queen gave birth to a son, George-Lasha, the future king <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV</a>. The daughter, <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan</a>, was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1195 and would succeed her brother as a sovereign of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-{{harvnb|eastmond|1997|pp=111–112}}._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|eastmond|1997|pp=111–112}}.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Soslan's status of a <a href="/wiki/King_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King consort">king consort</a>, as well as his presence in art, on charters, and on coins, was dictated by the necessity of male aspects of kingship, but he remained a subordinate ruler who shared the throne with and derived his power from Tamar.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-143_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-143-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamar continued to be styled as <i>mepeta mepe</i> – "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">king of kings</a>". In Georgian, a language with no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>, <i>mepe</i> ("king") does not necessarily imply a masculine connotation and can be rendered as a "sovereign".<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-109_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-109-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female equivalent of <i>mepe</i> is <i>dedopali</i> ("queen"), which was applied to wives or other senior female relatives of kings. Tamar is occasionally called <i>dedopali</i> and <i>dedopalta dedopali</i> in the Georgian chronicles and on some charters. Thus, the title of <i>mepe</i> might have been applied to Tamar to mark out her unique position among women.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-109_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-109-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy_and_military_campaigns">Foreign policy and military campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign policy and military campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_neighbors">Muslim neighbors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Muslim neighbors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids#Campaigns_against_Georgia" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids § Campaigns against Georgia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamar of Georgia is located in Caucasus Mountains"><img alt="Tamar of Georgia is located in Caucasus Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg/500px-Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg/960px-Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.023%;left:46.152%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tbilisi"><img alt="Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Blue-circle-concentric.png/8px-Blue-circle-concentric.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Blue-circle-concentric.png/12px-Blue-circle-concentric.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Blue-circle-concentric.png/16px-Blue-circle-concentric.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.135%;left:28.415%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kutaisi"><img alt="Kutaisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/20px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.95%;left:14.586%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tskhumi"><img alt="Tskhumi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/20px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tskhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tskhumi">Tskhumi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.063%;left:33.028%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vardzia"><img alt="Vardzia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/20px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.763%;left:72.299%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kabala"><img alt="Kabala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/20px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Qabala" title="Qabala">Kabala</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.786%;left:43.322%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lore"><img alt="Lore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/20px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lori_Fortress" title="Lori Fortress">Lore</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.903%;left:56.383%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1195"><img alt="1195" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/8px-X_solid_black_17.gif" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/12px-X_solid_black_17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/16px-X_solid_black_17.gif 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shamkor" title="Battle of Shamkor">1195</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.872%;left:40.961%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1196"><img alt="1196" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/20px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Amberd" title="Amberd">1196</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.763%;left:33.345%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1199--"><img alt="1199--" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/20px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">1199</a>--</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.636%;left:44.684%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1201"><img alt="1201" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/20px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bjni_Fortress" title="Bjni Fortress">1201</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.725%;left:18.64%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1203"><img alt="1203" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/8px-X_solid_black_17.gif" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/12px-X_solid_black_17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/16px-X_solid_black_17.gif 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basian" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Basian">1203</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.612%;left:2.368%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1204"><img alt="1204" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/8px-X_solid_black_17.gif" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/12px-X_solid_black_17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/16px-X_solid_black_17.gif 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia" title="Georgian expedition to Chaldia">1204</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.696%;left:44.065%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1203"><img alt="1203" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/20px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">1203</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.263%;left:31.232%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1206"><img alt="1206" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/20px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">1206</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.782%;left:25.448%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1208"><img alt="1208" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/8px-X_solid_black_17.gif" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/12px-X_solid_black_17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/16px-X_solid_black_17.gif 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian-Ayyubid_wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian-Ayyubid wars (page does not exist)">1208</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:97.64%;left:77.13%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1209/10"><img alt="1209/10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/8px-X_solid_black_17.gif" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/12px-X_solid_black_17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/16px-X_solid_black_17.gif 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Georgian_expedition_to_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian expedition to Iran">1209/10</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.94%;left:46.989%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1212"><img alt="1212" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/8px-X_solid_black_17.gif" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/12px-X_solid_black_17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/16px-X_solid_black_17.gif 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_in_Pkhovi_and_Didoya" title="Rebellion in Pkhovi and Didoya">1212</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg" title="File:Caucasus topo map-blank.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><b>Approximate dates of Georgian control.</b> Mouseover for name. <br /><b>Blue circle</b>=Capital <br /><b>Black dot</b>=Georgian held cities and fortresses<br /><b>Red dot</b>=Conquered cities and fortresses<br /><b>X</b>=Major battles</div></div></div> <p>Once Tamar succeeded in consolidating her power and found a reliable support in David Soslan, the <a href="/wiki/Mkhargrdzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhargrdzeli">Mkhargrdzeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Toreli" title="House of Toreli">Toreli</a>, and other noble families, she revived the expansionist foreign policy of her predecessors. Repeated occasions of dynastic strife in Georgia combined with the efforts of regional successors of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shah-Armens" title="Shah-Armens">Ahlatshahs</a>, had slowed down the dynamic of the Georgians achieved during the reigns of Tamar's great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV</a>, and her father, George III. However, the Georgians became again active under Tamar, more prominently in the second decade of her rule. Early in the 1190s, the Georgian government began to interfere in the affairs of the Eldiguzids and of the Shirvanshahs, aiding rivaling local princes and reducing <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> to a tributary state. The Eldiguzid atabeg <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_al-Din_Abu_Bakr" title="Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shamkor" title="Battle of Shamkor">Battle of Shamkor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of the liberation of Armenia remained of prime importance in Georgia's foreign policy. Tamar's armies led by two Armenian generals, <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_II_Mkhargrdzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli">Zakare</a> and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli (Zakarian), overran fortresses and cities towards the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a>, reclaiming one after another fortresses and districts from local Muslim rulers. </p><p>Alarmed by the Georgian successes, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_(R%C3%BBm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman II (Rûm)">Süleymanshah II</a>, the resurgent Seljuqid <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">sultan of Rûm</a>, rallied his vassal <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> and marched against Georgia, but his camp was attacked and destroyed by David Soslan at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basian" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Basian">Battle of Basian</a> in 1203 or 1204. The chronicler of Tamar describes how the army was assembled at the rock-hewn town of <a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a> before marching on to Basian and how the queen addressed the troops from the balcony of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploiting her success in this battle, between 1203 and 1205 Georgians seized the town of <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered Ahlatshah possessions twice and subdued the emir of <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> (vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Saltukids" title="Saltukids">Saltukids</a> in Erzurum), the Ahlatshahs, and the emirs of Erzurum and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Meng%C3%BCjek" title="House of Mengüjek">Erzincan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_invasion_of_northern_Iran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Georgian_invasion_of_northern_Iran.png/250px-Georgian_invasion_of_northern_Iran.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Georgian_invasion_of_northern_Iran.png/330px-Georgian_invasion_of_northern_Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Georgian_invasion_of_northern_Iran.png/500px-Georgian_invasion_of_northern_Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzid_campaign_of_Tamar_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldiguzid campaign of Tamar of Georgia">Eldiguzid campaign of Tamar of Georgia</a> in 1208 and 1210–1211 years.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1206, the Georgian army, under the command of <a href="/wiki/David_Soslan" title="David Soslan">David Soslan</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> and other fortresses and strongholds along the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Araxes</a>. This campaign was evidently started because the ruler of Erzerum refused to submit to Georgia. The emir of Kars requested aid from the Ahlatshahs, but the latter was unable to respond, it was soon taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid Sultanate</a> in 1207. By 1209 Georgia challenged Ayyubid rule in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">eastern Anatolia</a> and led a liberation war for south Armenia. The Georgian army besieged <a href="/wiki/Ahlat" title="Ahlat">Khlat</a>. In response Ayyubid <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">al-Adil I</a> assembled and personally led a large Muslim army that included the <i><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> as well as contingents from other Ayyubid principalities to support <a href="/wiki/Al-Awhad_Ayyub" title="Al-Awhad Ayyub">al-Awhad</a>, emir of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Jazira</a>. During the siege, Georgian general Ivane Mkhargrdzeli accidentally fell into the hands of the al-Awhad on the outskirts of Ahlat. Using Ivane as a bargaining chip, al-Awhad agreed to release him in return for a <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_Truce" title="Thirty Years' Truce">thirty year truce</a> with Georgia, thus ending the immediate Georgian threat to the Ayyubids.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought the struggle for the Armenian lands to a stall,<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-154_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-154-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> region to the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1209, starting the <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzid_campaign_of_Tamar_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldiguzid campaign of Tamar of Georgia">Eldiguzid campaign of Tamar of Georgia</a>, the brothers Mkhargrzeli laid waste to <a href="/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a> – according to the Georgian and Armenian annals – as a revenge for the local Muslim ruler's attack on Ani and his massacre of the city's Christian population.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-154_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-154-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a great final burst, the brothers led an army marshaled throughout Tamar's possessions and vassal territories in a march, through <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julfa,_Azerbaijan_(city)" title="Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)">Julfa</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Marand" title="Marand">Marand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a> in northwest <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, pillaging several settlements on their way.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-154_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-154-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgians reached countries where nobody had heard of either their name or existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trebizond_and_the_Middle_East">Trebizond and the Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trebizond and the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars#Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia_and_the_founding_of_the_Trebizond_Empire" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars § Georgian expedition to Chaldia and the founding of the Trebizond Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iviron_Aug2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Iviron_Aug2006.jpg/220px-Iviron_Aug2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Iviron_Aug2006.jpg/330px-Iviron_Aug2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Iviron_Aug2006.jpg/440px-Iviron_Aug2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iviron_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Iviron monastery">Iviron monastery</a> on Mount Athos, a major center of Christian culture favored by the Georgian crown.</figcaption></figure><p>Among the remarkable events of Tamar's reign was the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast in 1204. This state was established by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I Megas Komnenos</a> (r. 1204–1222) and his brother, <a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David</a>, in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontic</a> provinces of the crumbling <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> with the aid of Georgian troops. Alexios and David, Tamar's nephews,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were fugitive Byzantine princes raised at the Georgian court. According to Tamar's historian, the aim of the Georgian expedition to Trebizond was to punish the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a> (r. 1203–1204) for his confiscation of a shipment of money from the Georgian queen to the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. However, Tamar's Pontic endeavor can better be explained by her desire to take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> against Constantinople to set up a friendly state in Georgia's immediate southwestern neighborhood, as well as by the dynastic solidarity to the dispossessed <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamar sought to make use of the weakness of the Byzantine Empire and the Crusaders' defeat at the hands of the Ayyubid <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> in order to gain Georgia's position on the international stage and to assume the traditional role of the Byzantine crown as a protector of the Christians of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlitzsch-38-39_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlitzsch-38-39-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-96_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-96-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Georgian missionaries were active in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and the expatriate monastic communities were scattered throughout the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>. Tamar's chronicle praises her universal protection of Christianity and her support of churches and monasteries from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-122-123_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-122-123-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MinzarHamatzleva_ST_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MinzarHamatzleva_ST_04.jpg/220px-MinzarHamatzleva_ST_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MinzarHamatzleva_ST_04.jpg/330px-MinzarHamatzleva_ST_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MinzarHamatzleva_ST_04.jpg/440px-MinzarHamatzleva_ST_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Cross" title="Monastery of the Cross">Monastery of the Cross</a> in Jerusalem was formerly populated by the Georgian monks and patronized by Queen Tamar.</figcaption></figure><p>The Georgian court was primarily concerned with the protection of the Georgian monastic centers in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. By the 12th century, eight Georgian monasteries were listed in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Bahā' ad-Dīn ibn Šaddād</a>, reports that after the Ayyubid conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, Tamar sent envoys to the sultan to request that the confiscated possessions of the Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem be returned. Saladin's response is not recorded, but the queen's efforts seem to have been successful: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a>, who attained to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Diocese_of_Acre" title="Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre">bishopric of Acre</a> shortly after Tamar's death, gives further evidence of the Georgians' presence in Jerusalem. He writes that the Georgians were – in contrast to the other Christian pilgrims – allowed a free passage into the city, with their banners unfurled. Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, offering 200,000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> – to no avail, however.<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlitzsch-38-39_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlitzsch-38-39-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-122-123_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-122-123-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Golden age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudal_monarchy">Feudal monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feudal monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamar%27s_fresco_at_Betania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tamar%27s_fresco_at_Betania.jpg/250px-Tamar%27s_fresco_at_Betania.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tamar%27s_fresco_at_Betania.jpg/330px-Tamar%27s_fresco_at_Betania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the early 13th-century fresco of Queen Tamar from Betania.</figcaption></figure> <p>Georgia's political and cultural exploits of Tamar's epoch were rooted in a long and complex past. Tamar owed her accomplishments most immediately to the reforms of her great-grandfather David IV (r. 1089–1125) and, more remotely, to the unifying efforts of <a href="/wiki/David_III_of_Tao" title="David III of Tao">David III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">Bagrat III</a> who became architects of a political unity of Georgian kingdoms and principalities in the opening decade of the 11th century. Tamar was able to build upon their successes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the last years of Tamar's reign, the Georgian state had reached the zenith of its power and prestige in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Tamar's realm stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> crest in the north to <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> in the south, and from the <a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a> in the northwest to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> in the southeast, forming a pan-Caucasian empire, with the loyal Zachariad regime in northern and central Armenia, Shirvan as a vassal and Trebizond as an ally. A contemporary Georgian historian extols Tamar as the master of the lands "from the Sea of Pontus [i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>] to the Sea of <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gurgan</a> [i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>], from <a href="/wiki/Speri_(region)" title="Speri (region)">Speri</a> to <a href="/wiki/Derbend" class="mw-redirect" title="Derbend">Derbend</a>, and all the Hither and the Thither Caucasus up to <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal title was correspondingly aggrandized. It now reflected not only Tamar's sway over the traditional subdivisions of the Georgian realm, but also included new components, emphasizing the Georgian crown's hegemony over the neighboring lands. Thus, on the coins and charters issued in her name, Tamar is identified as:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">By the will of God, King of Kings and Queen of Queens of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Abkhazians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartvelians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Kingdom_of_Kakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakhetians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocrat</a> of all the East and the West, Glory of the World and Faith; Champion of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>.</div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamar_of_Georgia_Fals._Tiflis_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tamar_of_Georgia_Fals._Tiflis_mint.jpg/250px-Tamar_of_Georgia_Fals._Tiflis_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tamar_of_Georgia_Fals._Tiflis_mint.jpg/330px-Tamar_of_Georgia_Fals._Tiflis_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tamar_of_Georgia_Fals._Tiflis_mint.jpg/500px-Tamar_of_Georgia_Fals._Tiflis_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>A copper coin with Georgian and Arabic inscriptions featuring Tamar's <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a> (1200).</figcaption></figure> <p>The queen never achieved autocratic powers and the noble council continued to function. However, Tamar's own prestige and the expansion of <i><a href="/wiki/Georgian_feudalism" title="Georgian feudalism">patronq'moba</a></i> – a Georgian version of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> – kept the more powerful dynastic princes from fragmenting the kingdom. This period marked the apex of Georgian feudalism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts at transplanting feudal practices in the areas where they had previously been almost unknown did not pass without resistance. There was a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_in_Pkhovi_and_Didoya" title="Rebellion in Pkhovi and Didoya">revolt</a> among the mountainers of <a href="/wiki/Pkhovi" title="Pkhovi">Pkhovi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Dido</a> on Georgia's northeastern frontier in 1212, which was put down by Ivane Mkhargrzeli after three months of heavy fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With flourishing commercial centers now under Georgia's control, industry and commerce brought new wealth to the country and the court. Tribute extracted from the neighbors and war booty added to the royal treasury, giving rise to the saying that "the peasants were like nobles, the nobles like princes, and the princes like kings."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMH-624-5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMH-624-5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descent_into_Hell._John_the_Evangelist._Vani_Gospels_A-1335,_210v,_12th_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Descent_into_Hell._John_the_Evangelist._Vani_Gospels_A-1335%2C_210v%2C_12th_c.jpg/220px-Descent_into_Hell._John_the_Evangelist._Vani_Gospels_A-1335%2C_210v%2C_12th_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Descent_into_Hell._John_the_Evangelist._Vani_Gospels_A-1335%2C_210v%2C_12th_c.jpg/330px-Descent_into_Hell._John_the_Evangelist._Vani_Gospels_A-1335%2C_210v%2C_12th_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Descent_into_Hell._John_the_Evangelist._Vani_Gospels_A-1335%2C_210v%2C_12th_c.jpg/440px-Descent_into_Hell._John_the_Evangelist._Vani_Gospels_A-1335%2C_210v%2C_12th_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3171" /></a><figcaption>A folio from the <a href="/wiki/Vani_Gospels" title="Vani Gospels">Vani Gospels</a> manuscript, copied at the behest of Queen Tamar.</figcaption></figure> <p>With this prosperity came an outburst of the distinct Georgian culture, emerging from the amalgam of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, secular, as well as Byzantine and Iranian influences.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the Georgians continued to identify with the Byzantine West, rather than Islamic East, with the Georgian monarchy seeking to underscore its association with Christianity and present its position as <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">God-given</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in that period that the canon of Georgian Orthodox architecture was redesigned and a series of large-scale domed cathedrals were built. The Byzantine-derived expression of royal power was modified in various ways to bolster Tamar's unprecedented position as a woman ruling in her own right. The five extant monumental church portraits of the queen are clearly modeled on Byzantine imagery, but also highlight specifically Georgian themes and Persian-type ideals of female beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Georgia's Byzantine-leaning culture, the country's intimate trade connections with the Middle East is evidenced on contemporary Georgian coinage, whose legends were composed in Georgian and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. A series of coins minted in circa 1200 in the name of Queen Tamar depicted a local variant of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> and an Arabic inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> proclaiming Tamar as the "Champion of the Messiah".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary Georgian chronicles enshrined Christian morality and patristic literature continued to flourish, but it had, by that time, lost its earlier dominant position to secular literature, which was highly original, even though it developed close contact with neighboring cultures. The trend culminated in <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a></i> (<i>Vepkhistq'aosani</i>), which celebrates the ideals of an "<a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Age of Chivalry</a>" and is revered in Georgia as the greatest achievement of native literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-39_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-96_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-96-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelati_Monastery_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gelati_Monastery_1.jpg/220px-Gelati_Monastery_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gelati_Monastery_1.jpg/330px-Gelati_Monastery_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gelati_Monastery_1.jpg/440px-Gelati_Monastery_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati Monastery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, is a presumptive burial place of Queen Tamar.</figcaption></figure><p> Tamar outlived her consort, David Soslan, and died of a "devastating disease" not far from her capital <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, having previously crowned her son, Lasha-Giorgi, <a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">coregent</a>. Tamar's historian relates that the queen suddenly fell ill when discussing state affairs with her ministers at the Nacharmagevi castle near the town of <a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a>, an illness her chronicle attributes to the toll years of military campaigns had on her body.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was transported to Tbilisi and later to the nearby castle of Agarani where Tamar died and was mourned by her subjects. Her remains were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Svetitskhoveli_Cathedral" title="Svetitskhoveli Cathedral">cathedral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a> and later to the <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati Monastery</a>, a family burial ground of the Georgian royal dynasty. The traditional scholarly opinion is that Tamar died in 1213, although there are several indications that she might have died earlier, in 1207 or 1210.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vardzia_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vardzia_%2817%29.jpg/220px-Vardzia_%2817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vardzia_%2817%29.jpg/330px-Vardzia_%2817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vardzia_%2817%29.jpg/440px-Vardzia_%2817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The ruined cave-town of <a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>In later times, a number of legends emerged about Tamar's place of burial. One of them has it that Tamar was buried in a secret <a href="/wiki/Niche_(architecture)" title="Niche (architecture)">niche</a> at the Gelati monastery so as to prevent the grave from being profaned by her enemies. Another version suggests that Tamar's remains were reburied in a remote location, possibly in the Holy Land. The <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French knight</a> Guillaume de Bois, in a letter dated from the early 13th century, written in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Besançon">bishop of Besançon</a>, claimed that he had heard that the king of the Georgians was heading towards Jerusalem with a huge army and had already conquered many cities of the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>. He was carrying, the report said, the remains of his mother, the "powerful queen Tamar" (<i>regina potentissima Thamar</i>), who had been unable to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in her lifetime and had bequeathed her body to be buried near the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, the quest for Tamar's grave became a subject of scholarly research, as well as the focus of broader public interest. The Georgian writer <a href="/wiki/Grigol_Robakidze" title="Grigol Robakidze">Grigol Robakidze</a> wrote in his 1918 essay on Tamar: "Thus far, nobody knows where Tamar's grave is. She belongs to everyone and to no one: her grave is in the heart of the Georgian. And in the Georgians' perception, this is not a grave, but a beautiful vase in which an unfading flower, the great Tamar, flourishes."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An orthodox academic view still places Tamar's grave at Gelati, but a series of archaeological studies, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ekvtime_Takaishvili" title="Ekvtime Takaishvili">Taqaishvili</a> in 1920, has failed to locate it at the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_popular_culture">Legacy and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg/300px-Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg/450px-Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg/600px-Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a> presents his poem to Queen Tamar</i>, a painting by the <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy" title="Mihály Zichy">Mihály Zichy</a> (1880s).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_XIIc._cross_of_Queen_Tamara_of_Georgia_-_Gold,_rubies,_emerald_and_pearls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_XIIc._cross_of_Queen_Tamara_of_Georgia_-_Gold%2C_rubies%2C_emerald_and_pearls.jpg/250px-The_XIIc._cross_of_Queen_Tamara_of_Georgia_-_Gold%2C_rubies%2C_emerald_and_pearls.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_XIIc._cross_of_Queen_Tamara_of_Georgia_-_Gold%2C_rubies%2C_emerald_and_pearls.jpg/330px-The_XIIc._cross_of_Queen_Tamara_of_Georgia_-_Gold%2C_rubies%2C_emerald_and_pearls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Golden cross of Queen Tamar, composed of <a href="/wiki/Rubies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubies">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emeralds" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeralds">emeralds</a>, and large <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Over the centuries, Queen Tamar has emerged as a dominant figure in the Georgian historical <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)#Extension_of_the_concept_into_structures_and_celebrities" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>. The construction of her reign as a "Golden age" began in the reign itself and Tamar became the focus of the era.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-97_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-97-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several medieval Georgian poets, including Shota Rustaveli, claimed Tamar as the inspiration for their works. A legend has it that Rustaveli was even consumed with love for the queen and ended his days in a monastery. A dramatic scene from Rustaveli's poem where the seasoned King Rostevan crowns his daughter Tinatin is an allegory to George III's co-option of Tamar. Rustaveli comments on this: "A lion cub is just as good, be it female or male".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The queen became a subject of several contemporary <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyrics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chakhrukhadze" title="Chakhrukhadze">Chakhrukhadze</a>'s <i>Tamariani</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ioane_Shavteli" title="Ioane Shavteli">Ioane Shavteli</a>'s <i>Abdul-Mesia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogized</a> in the chronicles, most notably in the two accounts centered on her reign – <i>The Life of Tamar, Queen of Queens</i> and <i>The Histories and Eulogies of the Sovereigns</i> – which became the primary sources of Tamar's sanctification in Georgian literature. The chroniclers exalt her as a "protector of the widowed" and "the thrice blessed", and place a particular emphasis on Tamar's virtues as a woman: beauty, humility, love of mercy, fidelity, and purity.<sup id="cite_ref-{{harvnb|eastmond|1997|pp=111–112}}._19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|eastmond|1997|pp=111–112}}.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Tamar was <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> by the Georgian church much later, she was even named as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in her lifetime in a bilingual <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greco</a>-Georgian <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> attached to the manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Vani_Gospels" title="Vani Gospels">Vani Gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-97_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-97-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idealization of Tamar was further accentuated by the events that took place under her immediate successors; within two decades of Tamar's death, the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarezmian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol</a> invasions brought Georgian ascendancy to an abrupt end.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later periods of national revival were too ephemeral to match the achievements of Tamar's reign. All of these contributed to the cult of Tamar which blurred the distinction between the idealized queen and the real personality.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In popular memory, Tamar's image has acquired a legendary and romantic façade. A diverse set of folk songs, poems and tales illustrate her as an ideal ruler, a holy woman onto whom certain attributes of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian paganism">pagan deities</a> and Christian saints were sometimes projected. For example, in an old <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetian</a> legend, Queen Tamar conceives her son through a sunbeam which shines through the window. Another myth, from the Georgian mountains, equates Tamar with the pagan deity of weather, Pirimze, who controls winter.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in the highland district of <a href="/wiki/Pshavi" title="Pshavi">Pshavi</a>, Tamar's image fused with a pagan goddess of healing and female fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Tamar occasionally accompanied her army and is described as planning some campaigns, she was never directly involved in the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the memory of the military victories of her reign contributed to Tamar's other popular image, that of a model warrior-queen. It also echoed in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Tsaritsa_Dinara" title="The Tale of Tsaritsa Dinara">Tale of Queen Dinara</a></i>, a popular 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian</a> story about a fictional Georgian queen fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> of All the Russias <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan" title="Siege of Kazan">seizure of Kazan</a> encouraged his army by the examples of Tamar's battles<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by describing her as "the wisest Queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Iberia</a>, endowed with the intelligence and courage of a man".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queentamar_giorgi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Queentamar_giorgi.jpg/250px-Queentamar_giorgi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Queentamar_giorgi.jpg/330px-Queentamar_giorgi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Queentamar_giorgi.jpg/500px-Queentamar_giorgi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin" title="Grigory Gagarin">Prince Gagarin</a>'s reproduction of the royal panel at Betania, depicting George IV (left), Tamar (center), and George III (right), flanked by the warrior saints (1847).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamar_2013_stamp_of_Georgia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tamar_2013_stamp_of_Georgia.png/250px-Tamar_2013_stamp_of_Georgia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tamar_2013_stamp_of_Georgia.png/330px-Tamar_2013_stamp_of_Georgia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tamar_2013_stamp_of_Georgia.png/500px-Tamar_2013_stamp_of_Georgia.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Queen Tamar on the 2013 Georgian postage stamp.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the modern perception of Queen Tamar was shaped under the influence of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and growing <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> among Georgian intellectuals of that time. In the Russian and Western literatures of the 19th century, Georgia was perceived as having "oriental tendencies", thus the image of Queen Tamar reflected some of these Western <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">conceptions of the Orient</a> and the characteristics of women in it.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrolean</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Philipp_Fallmerayer" title="Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer">Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer</a> described Tamar as a "Caucasian <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fascinated by the "<a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exotic</a>" Caucasus, the Russian poet <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a> wrote the romantic poem <i>Tamara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Тамара</span>; 1841) in which he utilized the old Georgian legend about a <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">siren</a>-like mountainous princess whom the poet gave the name of Queen Tamar. Although Lermontov's depiction of the Georgian queen as a destructive seductress had no apparent historical background, it has been influential enough to raise the issue of Tamar's sexuality, a question that was given some prominence by the 19th-century European authors.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a>'s 1903 play <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Tamara_(play)" title="Queen Tamara (play)">Queen Tamara</a></i> was less successful; the theatre critics saw in it "a modern woman dressed in a medieval costume" and read the play as "a commentary on the new woman of the 1890s."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian conductor <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a> composed a <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> named "<a href="/wiki/Tamara_(symphonic_poem)" title="Tamara (symphonic poem)">Tamara</a>". </p><p>In Georgian literature, Tamar was also romanticized, but very differently from the Russian and Western European view. The Georgian romanticists followed a medieval tradition in Tamar's portrayal as a gentle, saintly woman who ruled a country permanently at war. This sentiment was further inspired by the rediscovery of a contemporary, 13th-century wall painting of Tamar in the then-ruined <a href="/wiki/Betania_Monastery" title="Betania Monastery">Betania Monastery</a>, which was uncovered and restored by Prince <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin" title="Grigory Gagarin">Grigory Gagarin</a> in the 1840s. The fresco became a source of numerous engravings circulating in Georgia at that time and inspired the poet <a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Grigol Orbeliani</a> to dedicate a romantic poem to it. Furthermore, the Georgian literati, reacting to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> rule in Georgia and the suppression of national institutions, contrasted Tamar's era to their contemporary situation, lamenting the irretrievably lost past in their writings. Hence, Tamar became a personification of the heyday of Georgia, a perception that has persisted down to the present time.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, three battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931945)" title="Georgian Legion (1941–1945)">Georgian Legion</a> were named after Tamar. </p><p>Tamar's marriage to the prince Yuri of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Vladimir">Grand Principality of Vladimir</a> has become a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia. <a href="/wiki/Shalva_Dadiani" title="Shalva Dadiani">Shalva Dadiani</a>'s play, originally entitled <i>The Unfortunate Russian</i> (უბედური რუსი; 1916–1926), was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> critics for distorting the "centuries-long friendship of the Russian and Georgian peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> pressure, Dadiani had to revise both the title and plot in accordance with the official ideology of the Soviet state.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, a satirical short story <i>The First Russian</i> (პირველი რუსი) penned by the young Georgian writer <a href="/wiki/Lasha_Bugadze" title="Lasha Bugadze">Lasha Bughadze</a> and focused on a frustrated wedding night of Tamar and Yuri outraged many conservatives and triggered a nationwide controversy, including heated discussions in the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Georgia">media</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a> and the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a Georgian court banned the sale of condoms from the company Aiisa, which depicted Tamar.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is a playable leader of Georgia in the <a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a> video game <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_VI" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a></i>, in the <i>Rise and Fall</i> expansion. She also has a dedicated campaign in <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_II:_Definitive_Edition" title="Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition">Age of Empires II</a> introduced with the <i>Mountain Royals</i> expansion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veneration">Veneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamar_icon_(45).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tamar_icon_%2845%29.jpg/250px-Tamar_icon_%2845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tamar_icon_%2845%29.jpg/330px-Tamar_icon_%2845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tamar_icon_%2845%29.jpg/500px-Tamar_icon_%2845%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Icon of Tamar</figcaption></figure> <p>Tamar has been <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a> as the Holy Righteous Queen Tamar (წმიდა კეთილმსახური მეფე თამარი, <i>ts'mida k'etilmsakhuri mepe tamari</i>; also venerated as "Right-believing Tamara"), with her <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> commemorated on <a href="/wiki/May_1_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)" title="May 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)">1 May</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>, which equates to 14 May on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>) and on Sunday of the Holy Myrrh-Bearing Women.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox">Antiochian Orthodox</a> observe the feast of St Tamara on 22 April.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chart below shows the abbreviated genealogy of Tamar and her family, tracing it from Tamar's grandfather to her grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:auto; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Genealogy of Tamar and her family </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia" title="Demetrius I of Georgia">Demetrius I</a><br />King of Georgia, 1125–1154</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/David_V_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David V of Georgia">David V</a><br />King of Georgia, 1154–1155</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a><br />King of Georgia, 1155–1184</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Burdukhan_of_Alania" title="Burdukhan of Alania">Burdukhan of Alania</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rusudan,_daughter_of_Demetre_I_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusudan, daughter of Demetre I of Georgia">Rusudan</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Demna_of_Georgia" title="Demna of Georgia">Demna</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">1. <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bogolyubsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Bogolyubsky">Yuri Bogolyubsky</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Tamar</b><br />Queen of Georgia, 1184–1213</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">2. <a href="/wiki/David_Soslan" title="David Soslan">David Soslan</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rusudan,_daughter_of_Giorgi_III_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusudan, daughter of Giorgi III of Georgia">Rusudan</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="Manuel Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">Manuel Komnenos</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV</a><br />King of Georgia, 1213–1223</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan</a><br />Queen of Georgia, 1223–1245</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ghias_ad-din" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghias ad-din">Ghias ad-din</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I Megas Komnenos</a><br />emperor of Trebizond</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/David_VII_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VII of Georgia">David VII</a><br />King of Georgia, 1247–1270</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/David_VI_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VI of Georgia">David VI</a><br />King of Georgia, 1245–1293</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BC_Hatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gürcü Hatun">Tamar</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Queen_Tamara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Order of Queen Tamara (disambiguation)">Order of Queen Tamara (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinar_of_Hereti" title="Dinar of Hereti">Dinar of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga of Kiev</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPenningtonHigham2003" class="citation book cs1">Pennington, Reina; Higham, Robin D.S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acbeAAAAMAAJ"><i>Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women</i></a>. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32708-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32708-4"><bdi>0-313-32708-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazons+to+Fighter+Pilots%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Military+Women&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-313-32708-4&rft.aulast=Pennington&rft.aufirst=Reina&rft.au=Higham%2C+Robin+D.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacbeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2003">Rapp 2003</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond-109-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-109_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-109_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-109_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond-94-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-94_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMH-623-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMH-623_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1966">Toumanoff 1966</a>, "Armenia and Georgia", p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-104-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen-104_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1971">Allen 1971</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 108 (Footnote #49).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1940">Toumanoff 1940</a>, p. 299 (Footnote #4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazanovWink2001">Khazanov & Wink 2001</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond-108-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-108_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-108_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-108_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khazanov-49-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov-49_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazanovWink2001">Khazanov & Wink 2001</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-39-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-39_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lordkipanidze-142-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-142_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-142_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-142_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lordkipanidze-143-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-143_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-143_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-{{harvnb|eastmond|1997|pp=111–112}}.-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|eastmond|1997|pp=111–112}}._19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|eastmond|1997|pp=111–112}}._19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1997">Eastmond 1997</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, pp. 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2003">Rapp 2003</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luther, Kenneth Allin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atabakan-e-adarbayjan">Atābākan-e Adārbāyĵān</a>", in: <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> (Online edition). Retrieved on 2006-06-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 121; <a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphreys, 1977 p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lordkipanidze-154-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-154_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-154_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-154_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1977">Humphreys 1977</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamar's paternal aunt was the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenoi</a>'s grandmother on their father's side, as it has been conjectured by <a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1940">Toumanoff 1940</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, pp. 153–154; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 15–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pahlitzsch-38-39-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlitzsch-38-39_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlitzsch-38-39_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPahlitzsch1996">Pahlitzsch 1996</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond-96-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-96_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-96_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond-122-123-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-122-123_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-122-123_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2003">Rapp 2003</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span> Shengelia, N., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/DGL/work/SIN/sin%203+/nawili%201/5/2.htm#_ftnref75">საქართველოს საგარეო პოლიტიკური ურთიერთობანი თამარის მეფობაში</a> ("Foreign Relations of Georgia during the reign of Tamar"), in Melikishvili (1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalia1983">Salia 1983</a>, pp. 177–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2003">Rapp 2003</a>, p. 422; <a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 135; <a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidzeHewitt1987">Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Middle Ages, the terms "Abkhazia" and "Abkhazians" were predominantly used in a wider sense, covering, for all practical purposes, the whole of western Georgia. It was not until the 15th/16th century, after the fragmentation of the unified Georgian kingdom, that these terms resumed their original, restricted sense, referring to the territory that corresponds to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">ethnic group</a> living there. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Barthold, Wasil</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a>, "Abkhaz", in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>, Vol. 1, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kartvelians", the modern self-designation of the Georgians, originally referred to the inhabitants of the core central Georgian province of <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine Greek sources</a>). By the early 9th century, the Georgian literati had expanded the meaning of "Kartli" to other areas of medieval Georgia held together by religion, culture, and language (<a href="#CITEREFRapp2003">Rapp 2003</a>, pp. 429–430).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuite2003">Tuite 2003</a>, pp. 7–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMH-624-5-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMH-624-5_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1966">Toumanoff 1966</a>, "Armenia and Georgia", pp. 624–625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, pp. 94, 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp1993">Rapp 1993</a>, pp. 309–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield1994">Rayfield 1994</a>, pp. 73–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><iframe src="<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/georgia-12th-14th-centuries">https://archive.org/details/georgia-12th-14th-centuries</a>" width="560" height="384" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJavakhishvili1983">Javakhishvili 1983</a>, pp. 280, 291–292; <a href="#CITEREFVateĭshvili2003">Vateĭshvili 2003</a>, p. 135 (Footnote #3; <a href="#CITEREFJaparidze2012">Japaridze 2012</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPahlitzsch1996">Pahlitzsch 1996</a>, p. 38 (Footnote #17); <a href="#CITEREFVateĭshvili2003">Vateĭshvili 2003</a>, pp. 135–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span> Robakidze, Grigol (13–15 May 1918), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/gr/Tamar.html">თამარ</a>" ("Tamar"). <i>Sak'art'velo</i> <b>90</b>/<b>91</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVateĭshvili2003">Vateĭshvili 2003</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond-97-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-97_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-97_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield1994">Rayfield 1994</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield1994">Rayfield 1994</a>, pp. 82–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSikharulidze1979">Sikharulidze 1979</a>, pp. 167–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDragadze1984">Dragadze 1984</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFČiževskij1971">Čiževskij 1971</a>, p. 236; <a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">История русской литературы, Дмитрий Дмитриевич Благой, Volume 1, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalia1983">Salia 1983</a>, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1997">Eastmond 1997</a>, p. 116 (Note #39).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1936">Vasiliev 1936</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1997">Eastmond 1997</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxfeldt2005">Oxfeldt 2005</a>, p. 220 (Note #117).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1997">Eastmond 1997</a>, pp. 103–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillett1969">Tillett 1969</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurling2001">Spurling 2001</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfwatch.net/georgian-court-bans-condoms-depicting-queen-tamar-50293">"Georgian court bans condoms depicting Queen Tamar"</a>. 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+court+bans+condoms+depicting+Queen+Tamar&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdfwatch.net%2Fgeorgian-court-bans-condoms-depicting-queen-tamar-50293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Machitadze, Archpriest Zakaria (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavie.ru/enarticles/070521130132">"Holy Queen Tamar (†1213)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517145513/http://www.pravoslavie.ru/enarticles/070521130132">Archived</a> 2008-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavie.ru/enarticles/070306192614"><i>The Lives of the Georgian Saints</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614125437/http://www.pravoslavie.ru/enarticles/070306192614">Archived</a> 2008-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<i>pravoslavie.ru</i>. Retrieved on 2008-07-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2842/sxsaintinfo.aspx">Ἡ Ἁγία Ταμάρα ἡ βασίλισσα</a>.</i> 1 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbyka.ru/days/sv-tamara-gruzinskaja-carica">"Благоверная Тама́ра Грузинская, царица"</a>. <i>azbyka.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azbyka.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%CC%81%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazbyka.ru%2Fdays%2Fsv-tamara-gruzinskaja-carica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217194906/http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/18296">"St. Tamara, Queen of Georgia | Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese"</a>. <i>ww1.antiochian.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/18296">the original</a> on 2020-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ww1.antiochian.org&rft.atitle=St.+Tamara%2C+Queen+of+Georgia+%26%23124%3B+Antiochian+Orthodox+Christian+Archdiocese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww1.antiochian.org%2Fnode%2F18296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlemany2000" class="citation book cs1">Alemany, Agustí (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bZ4c5oZpNAC"><i>Sources of the Alans: A Critical Compilation</i></a>. Leiden, Boston and Köln: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11442-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11442-4"><bdi>90-04-11442-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+the+Alans%3A+A+Critical+Compilation&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston+and+K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11442-4&rft.aulast=Alemany&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bZ4c5oZpNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_David_Allen" title="William Edward David Allen">Allen, William Edward David</a> (1971) [1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08c9AAAAIAAJ"><i>A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-6959-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-6959-6"><bdi>0-7100-6959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Georgian+People%3A+From+the+Beginning+Down+to+the+Russian+Conquest+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-7100-6959-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08c9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFČiževskij1971" class="citation book cs1">Čiževskij, Dmitrij (1971) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j__y-WPTtVEC"><i>History of Russian Literature: From the Eleventh Century to the End of the Baroque</i></a>. The Hague: De Gruyter (Mouton & Co.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027919175" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027919175"><bdi>978-9027919175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russian+Literature%3A+From+the+Eleventh+Century+to+the+End+of+the+Baroque&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+%28Mouton+%26+Co.%29&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-9027919175&rft.aulast=%C4%8Ci%C5%BEevskij&rft.aufirst=Dmitrij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj__y-WPTtVEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonduaBerdzenishvili1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dondua, Varlam; Berdzenishvili, Niko (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/DGL/work/Jizn_carici_tamar/soderjanie.htm"><i>Жизнь царицы цариц Тамар (The Life of the Queen of Queens Tamar)</i></a> (in Russian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80+%28The+Life+of+the+Queen+of+Queens+Tamar%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Metsniereba&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Dondua&rft.aufirst=Varlam&rft.au=Berdzenishvili%2C+Niko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nplg.gov.ge%2Fic%2FDGL%2Fwork%2FJizn_carici_tamar%2Fsoderjanie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/DGL/work/Jizn_carici_tamar/The%20Life.htm">English Summary</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDragadze1984" class="citation book cs1">Dragadze, Tamara (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-09AAAAIAAJ"><i>Kinship and Marriage in the Soviet Union: Field Studies</i></a>. London and Boston: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0995-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0995-X"><bdi>0-7100-0995-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+and+Marriage+in+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Field+Studies&rft.place=London+and+Boston&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7100-0995-X&rft.aulast=Dragadze&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-09AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastmond1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Eastmond" title="Antony Eastmond">Eastmond, Antony</a> (1997). "Gender and Orientalism in Georgia in the Age of Queen Tamar". In James, Liz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjygR4HsT28C"><i>Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14685-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14685-2"><bdi>0-415-14685-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Orientalism+in+Georgia+in+the+Age+of+Queen+Tamar&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Men+and+Eunuchs%3A+Gender+in+Byzantium&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-14685-2&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjygR4HsT28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastmond1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Eastmond" title="Antony Eastmond">Eastmond, Antony</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kX9UngEACAAJ"><i>Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia</i></a>. University Park: Pennsylvania State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01628-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01628-0"><bdi>0-271-01628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Imagery+in+Medieval+Georgia&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-271-01628-0&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkX9UngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fähnrich, Heinz (2010). <i>Geschichte Georgiens</i> [History of Georgia]. Handbook of Oriental Studies, series 8, volume 21. Leiden: Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18601-9">978-90-04-18601-9</a>, pp. 208–230.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1977" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC"><i>From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4"><bdi>0-87395-263-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols%3A+The+Ayyubids+of+Damascus%2C+1193%E2%80%931260&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87395-263-4&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXl5kvabhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaparidze2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Japaridze, Gocha (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1379&lang=ka">"თამარ მეფის გარდაცვალების თარიღის შესახებ [On the Date of the Death of Queen Tamar]"</a>. <i>Saistorio Krebuli</i> (in Georgian). <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">348–</span>363. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1987-7285">1987-7285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saistorio+Krebuli&rft.atitle=%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91+%5BOn+the+Date+of+the+Death+of+Queen+Tamar%5D&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E363&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1987-7285&rft.aulast=Japaridze&rft.aufirst=Gocha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaunje.ge%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1379%26lang%3Dka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJavakhishvili1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ivane_Javakhishvili" title="Ivane Javakhishvili">Javakhishvili, Ivane</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517230423/http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000095/Javaxishvili%202%20Mtliani.pdf"><i>ქართველი ერის ისტორია, ტ. 2. (History of the Georgian Nation, Volume 2)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000095/Javaxishvili%202%20Mtliani.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%2C+%E1%83%A2.+2.+%28History+of+the+Georgian+Nation%2C+Volume+2%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Metsniereba&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Javakhishvili&rft.aufirst=Ivane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nplg.gov.ge%2Fdlibrary%2Fcollect%2F0001%2F000095%2FJavaxishvili%25202%2520Mtliani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhazanovWink2001" class="citation book cs1">Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, André, eds. 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(1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ"><i>Georgia in the XI–XII Centuries</i></a>. Tbilisi: Ganatleba Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+the+XI%E2%80%93XII+Centuries&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Ganatleba+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Lordkipanidze&rft.aufirst=Mariam+Davydovna&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+George+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8hYdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelikishviliAnchabadze1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melikishvili, Giorgi; Anchabadze, Zurab (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000055/3.pdf"><i>საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები ტ. 3: საქართველო XI–XV საუკუნეებში (Studies in the History of Georgia, Volume 3: Georgia in the 11th–15th Centuries)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000055/3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A2.+3%3A+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D+XI%E2%80%93XV+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98+%28Studies+in+the+History+of+Georgia%2C+Volume+3%3A+Georgia+in+the+11th%E2%80%9315th+Centuries%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Sabchota+Sakartvelo&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Melikishvili&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft.au=Anchabadze%2C+Zurab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nplg.gov.ge%2Fdlibrary%2Fcollect%2F0001%2F000055%2F3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetreveli1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Roin_Metreveli" title="Roin Metreveli">Metreveli, Roin</a> (1992). <i>მეფე თამარი (Queen Tamar)</i> (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Ganatleba Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-520-01229-6" title="Special:BookSources/5-520-01229-6"><bdi>5-520-01229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94+%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%28Queen+Tamar%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Ganatleba+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=5-520-01229-6&rft.aulast=Metreveli&rft.aufirst=Roin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOxfeldt2005" class="citation book cs1">Oxfeldt, Elisabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0e9dUO3c50C"><i>Nordic Orientalism: Paris and the Cosmopolitan Imagination</i></a>. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press (University of Copenhagen). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-635-0134-1" title="Special:BookSources/87-635-0134-1"><bdi>87-635-0134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Orientalism%3A+Paris+and+the+Cosmopolitan+Imagination&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press+%28University+of+Copenhagen%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=87-635-0134-1&rft.aulast=Oxfeldt&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0e9dUO3c50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPahlitzsch1996" class="citation book cs1">Pahlitzsch, Johannes (1996). "Georgians and Greeks in Jerusalem (1099–1310)". 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Leuven and Dudley: Peeters Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1287-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1287-1"><bdi>90-429-1287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georgians+and+Greeks+in+Jerusalem+%281099%E2%80%931310%29&rft.btitle=East+and+West+in+the+Crusader+States&rft.place=Leuven+and+Dudley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Peeters+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-429-1287-1&rft.aulast=Pahlitzsch&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnVbY5knmigC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRapp1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. 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Leuven: Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5"><bdi>90-429-1318-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+In+Medieval+Georgian+Historiography%3A+Early+Texts+And+Eurasian+Contexts&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-429-1318-5&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHIwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRayfield1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Rayfield, Donald</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2hoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Literature of Georgia: A History</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815191-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815191-3"><bdi>978-0-19-815191-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Georgia%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815191-3&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2hoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalia1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kalistrat_Salia" title="Kalistrat Salia">Salia, Kalistrat</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xjAhAQAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Georgian Nation (Translator: Katharine Vivian)</i></a> (2nd ed.). Paris: Académie française.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Georgian+Nation+%28Translator%3A+Katharine+Vivian%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Salia&rft.aufirst=Kalistrat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxjAhAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuehn2011" class="citation book cs1">Kuehn, Sara (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZWgdBCgmLYC"><i>The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art</i></a>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004186637" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004186637"><bdi>978-9004186637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+in+Medieval+East+Christian+and+Islamic+Art&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004186637&rft.aulast=Kuehn&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZWgdBCgmLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSikharulidze1979" class="citation book cs1">Sikharulidze, Ksenia (1979). "Rituals and Songs of Weather in Georgian Poetic Folklore". In Blacking, John A.R.; Keali'inohomoku, Joann W. 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The Hague, Paris and New York: De Gruyter (Mouton Publishers). pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-7870-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-7870-0"><bdi>90-279-7870-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rituals+and+Songs+of+Weather+in+Georgian+Poetic+Folklore&rft.btitle=The+Performing+Arts%3A+Music+and+Dance.+IXth+International+Congress+of+Anthropologica&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+Paris+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+%28Mouton+Publishers%29&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=90-279-7870-0&rft.aulast=Sikharulidze&rft.aufirst=Ksenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKs16WBAaiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1994) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC"><i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i></a> (2nd ed.). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3"><bdi>0-253-20915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-20915-3&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpurling2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Spurling, Amy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUgXAQAAMAAJ">"The Georgian Literary Scene"</a>. <i>PEN Bulletin of Selected Books</i>. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>53: 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PEN+Bulletin+of+Selected+Books&rft.atitle=The+Georgian+Literary+Scene&rft.volume=51%E2%80%9353&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Spurling&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUgXAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillett1969" class="citation book cs1">Tillett, Lowell (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatfriendships00till"><i>The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Friendship%3A+Soviet+Historians+on+the+Non-Russian+Nationalities&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Tillett&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatfriendships00till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Toumanoff, Cyril</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/cmh4.htm">"Armenia and Georgia"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 4)</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">593–</span>637.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+and+Georgia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History+%28Volume+4%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E593-%3C%2Fspan%3E637&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FRef%2Fcmh4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1940" class="citation journal cs1">Toumanoff, Cyril (July 1940). "On the Relationship between the Founder of the Empire of Trebizond and the Georgian Queen Thamar". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>15</b> (3). The University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">299–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2855207">10.2307/2855207</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2855207">2855207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162584594">162584594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=On+the+Relationship+between+the+Founder+of+the+Empire+of+Trebizond+and+the+Georgian+Queen+Thamar&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1940-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162584594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2855207%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2855207&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuite2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tuite, Kevin (2003). "Political and Social Significance of Highland Shrines in Post-Soviet Georgia". <i>Amirani</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amirani&rft.atitle=Political+and+Social+Significance+of+Highland+Shrines+in+Post-Soviet+Georgia&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tuite&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Vasiliev, A. A.</a> (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlTPAAAAMAAJ"><i>Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La Dynastie d'Amorium (820–867)</i></a> (in French). French ed.: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire_(historian)" title="Henri Grégoire (historian)">Henri Grégoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Marius Canard</a>. Brussels, Belgium: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+les+Arabes%2C+Tome+I%3A+La+Dynastie+d%27Amorium+%28820%E2%80%93867%29&rft.place=Brussels%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%27Institut+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire+Orientales&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlTPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1936" class="citation journal cs1">Vasiliev, Alexander (January 1936). "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>11</b> (1). The University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2846872">10.2307/2846872</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846872">2846872</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162791512">162791512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Foundation+of+the+Empire+of+Trebizond+%281204%E2%80%931222%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1936-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162791512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2846872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2846872&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVateĭshvili2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vateĭshvili, Dzhuansher Levanovich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MygjAQAAMAAJ"><i>Грузия и европейские страны. Очерки истории взаимоотношений, XIII–XIX века. Том 1. Грузия и Западная Европа, XIII–XVII века. Книга 1. (Georgia and the European Countries: Studies of Interrelationship in the 13th–19th Centuries. Volume 1: Georgia and Western Europe, 13th–17th Centuries. Book 1.)</i></a> (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-008869-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-008869-2"><bdi>5-02-008869-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B.+%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+XIII%E2%80%93XIX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1.+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%2C+XIII%E2%80%93XVII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+1.+%28Georgia+and+the+European+Countries%3A+Studies+of+Interrelationship+in+the+13th%E2%80%9319th+Centuries.+Volume+1%3A+Georgia+and+Western+Europe%2C+13th%E2%80%9317th+Centuries.+Book+1.%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-02-008869-2&rft.aulast=Vate%C4%ADshvili&rft.aufirst=Dzhuansher+Levanovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMygjAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamar+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_of_Georgia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tamar_of_Georgia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3cszjvx">Queen Tamar: The myth of a perfect ruler</a> <i>The Forum</i>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sounds" title="BBC Sounds">BBC Sounds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=1971">Georgian coins minted in Tamar's reign</a>, Zeno – Oriental Coins Database.</li> <li>Irakli Paghava, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/8712/1/AssemaniStudi3_The-Firts-Arabic.pdf">The First Arabic Coinage of Georgian Monarchs: Rediscovering the Specie of Davit IV the Builder (1089–1125), King of Kings and Sword of Messiah</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Tamar of Georgia </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia" title="List of monarchs of Georgia">Queen of Georgia</a> </b><br />1178–1213<br /><i>with George III</i> <i> (1178–1184)</i><br /><i>George IV</i> <i> (1207–1213)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_United_Georgia78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_United_Georgia" title="Template:Rulers of United Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_United_Georgia" title="Template talk:Rulers of United Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_United_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of United Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_United_Georgia78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia" title="List of monarchs of Georgia">Kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">United Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> (1008—1256)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">Bagrat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Georgia" title="George I of Georgia">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia" title="George II of Georgia">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_IV" title="David IV">David IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia" title="Demetrius I of Georgia">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_V" title="David V">David V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamar the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_VI" title="David VI">David VI</a>-<a href="/wiki/David_VII" title="David VII">David VII</a> (jointly)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a> (1256—1329)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_VI" title="David VI">David VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_II" title="Vakhtang II">Vakhtang II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Imereti" title="Constantine I of Imereti">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Imereti" title="Michael of Imereti">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrat_I_of_Imereti" title="Bagrat I of Imereti">Bagrat I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia_(1256-1329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Georgia (1256-1329)">Kingdom of Georgia (1256-1329)</a> (in eastern Georgia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_VII" title="David VII">David VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_Georgia" title="Demetrius II of Georgia">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_VIII" title="David VIII">David VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_III" title="Vakhtang III">Vakhtang III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Georgia" title="George V of Georgia">George V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Reunification (1329–1490)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Georgia" title="George V of Georgia">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_IX" title="David IX">David IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrat_V_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat V of Georgia">Bagrat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia" title="George VII of Georgia">George VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Georgia" title="Constantine I of Georgia">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Georgia" title="Alexander I of Georgia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_IV" title="Vakhtang IV">Vakhtang IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VIII_of_Georgia" title="George VIII of Georgia">George VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrat_VI_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat VI of Georgia">Bagrat VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Imereti" title="Alexander II of Imereti">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Georgia" title="Constantine II of Georgia">Constantine II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Queen_Tamar&#039;s_reign141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamar_the_Great" title="Template:Tamar the Great"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamar_the_Great" title="Template talk:Tamar the Great"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamar_the_Great" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamar the Great"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queen_Tamar&#039;s_reign141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Tamar</a>'s reign</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Father — <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a></li> <li>Mother — <a href="/wiki/Burdukhan_of_Alania" title="Burdukhan of Alania">Burdukhan</a></li> <li>Aunt — <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_(daughter_of_Demetrius_I_of_Georgia)" title="Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)">Rusudan</a></li> <li>Sister — <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_(daughter_of_George_III_of_Georgia)" title="Rusudan (daughter of George III of Georgia)">Rusudan</a></li> <li>Spouse — <a href="/wiki/Yury_Bogolyubsky" title="Yury Bogolyubsky">Yury Bogolyubsky</a> <small>(until 1185)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Soslan" title="David Soslan">David Soslan</a></li> <li>Children — <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan</a></li> <li>Cousin — <a href="/wiki/Demna_of_Georgia" title="Demna of Georgia">Demetrius</a></li> <li>Nephew — <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg/100px-Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg/150px-Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg/200px-Vepkhistkaosani_zichy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Georgia" title="Michael IV of Georgia">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_of_Georgia" title="Theodore II of Georgia">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_IV_of_Georgia" title="Basil IV of Georgia">Basil IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_of_Georgia" title="John VII of Georgia">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Gnolistavisdze" title="Anton Gnolistavisdze">Anton Gnolistavisdze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Kutateli" title="Anton Kutateli">Anton Kutateli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_II_Mkhargrdzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli">Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivane_Mkhargrdzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivane Mkhargrdzeli">Ivane Mkhargrdzeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_of_Panaskerti" title="Zakaria of Panaskerti">Zakaria of Panaskerti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalva_of_Akhaltsikhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalva of Akhaltsikhe">Shalva of Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivane_of_Akhaltsikhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivane of Akhaltsikhe">Ivane of Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Gageli" title="Zakaria Gageli">Zakaria Gageli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargis_Tmogveli" title="Sargis Tmogveli">Sargis Tmogveli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubasar (page does not exist)">Kubasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaber" title="Chiaber">Chiaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamrekeli_Toreli" title="Gamrekeli Toreli">Gamrekeli Toreli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivane_I_Jaqeli" title="Ivane I Jaqeli">Ivane I Jaqeli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guzan_Abulasanisdze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guzan Abulasanisdze (page does not exist)">Guzan Abulasanisdze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulasan" title="Abulasan">Abulasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apridon" title="Apridon">Apridon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zankan_Zorababeli" title="Zankan Zorababeli">Zankan Zorababeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kravay_Jaqeli" title="Kravay Jaqeli">Kravay Jaqeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marushian_Vardanisdze" title="Marushian Vardanisdze">Marushian Vardanisdze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutlu_Arslan" title="Qutlu Arslan">Qutlu Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuashak_Tsokali" title="Khuashak Tsokali">Khuashak Tsokali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orbeli#Rise_of_Orbeli" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orbeli">Rise of Orbeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutlu_Arslan" title="Qutlu Arslan">Qurtlu-Arslan's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Bogolyubsky" title="Yury Bogolyubsky">Civil war (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shamkor" title="Battle of Shamkor">Battle of Shamkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Shirvan#Tamar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Shirvan">Liberation of Shirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basiani" title="Battle of Basiani">Battle of Basiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia" title="Georgian expedition to Chaldia">Foundation of Trebizond Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayyubid%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayyubid–Georgian wars (page does not exist)">Ayyubid–Georgian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_Truce" title="Thirty Years' Truce">Thirty Years' Truce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzid_campaign_of_Tamar_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldiguzid campaign of Tamar of Georgia">Eldiguzid campaign of Tamar of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_in_Pkhovi_and_Didoya" title="Rebellion in Pkhovi and Didoya">Rebellion in Pkhovi and Didoya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mose_Khoneli" title="Mose Khoneli">Mose Khoneli</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/Amiran-Darejaniani" title="Amiran-Darejaniani">Amiran-Darejaniani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhrukhadze" title="Chakhrukhadze">Chakhrukhadze</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/Tamariani" title="Tamariani">Tamariani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioane_Shavteli" title="Ioane Shavteli">Ioane Shavteli</a> — <i>Abdulmesiani</i></li> <li><i>Histories and Eulogies of the Sovereigns</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Ezosmodzgvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Ezosmodzgvari">Basil Ezosmodzgvari</a> — <i>The Life of Monarch of Monarchs Tamar</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Saeristavo" title="Saeristavo">Saeristavo</a> <br /> <small>(List of <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchies</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Svaneti" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Svaneti">Duchy of Svaneti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vardanisdze" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardanisdze">Baram Vardanisdze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kakhaberidze" title="Kakhaberidze">Kakhaber II Kakhaberidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Abkhazia">Duchy of Abkhazia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Otagho_II_Shervashidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Otagho II Shervashidze">Otagho II Shervashidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Argveti" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Argveti">Duchy of Argveti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Amanelisdze" title="Amanelisdze">Amanelisdze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Odishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Odishi">Duchy of Odishi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vardan_I_Dadiani" title="Vardan I Dadiani">Vardan I Dadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Kartli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Kartli (page does not exist)">Duchy of Kartli</a> — <a href="/wiki/Surameli#Rati_I" title="Surameli">Rati Surameli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Kakheti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Kakheti (page does not exist)">Duchy of Kakheti</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakur_Dzaganisdze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakur Dzaganisdze (page does not exist)">Bakur Dzaganisdze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Hereti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Hereti (page does not exist)">Duchy of Hereti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Asat_Grigolisdze" title="Asat Grigolisdze">Asat Grigolisdze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Samtskhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Samtskhe">Samtskhe</a> — <a href="/wiki/Botso_Jaqeli" title="Botso Jaqeli">Botso Jaqeli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244007#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244007#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244007#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000382006416">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262713404">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1899275/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8vMCmMjFVb78vVBT8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11954363X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87854982">United States</a></span></li><li><span 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