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id="toc-Emergence_of_the_icon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_icon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergence of the icon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_icon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_primitive_Christianity_in_the_first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_primitive_Christianity_in_the_first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Origins in primitive Christianity in the first century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_primitive_Christianity_in_the_first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icons_in_Eusebius_to_Philostorgius_(425_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icons_in_Eusebius_to_Philostorgius_(425_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Icons in Eusebius to Philostorgius (425 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icons_in_Eusebius_to_Philostorgius_(425_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodosius_to_Justinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosius_to_Justinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Theodosius to Justinian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosius_to_Justinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luke's_portrait_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luke's_portrait_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Luke's portrait of Mary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luke's_portrait_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconoclast_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconoclast_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Iconoclast period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconoclast_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acheiropoieta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acheiropoieta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><span><i>Acheiropoieta</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acheiropoieta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylistic_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylistic_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stylistic developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylistic_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palladium_and_miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palladium_and_miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Palladium and miracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palladium_and_miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icon_painting_tradition_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icon_painting_tradition_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Icon painting tradition by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Icon_painting_tradition_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Icon painting tradition by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Icon_painting_tradition_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Crete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_and_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_and_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Egypt and Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_and_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleppo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleppo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Aleppo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleppo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Western Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Western Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Western_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Catholic Church view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Lutheran view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoon" title="Ikoon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ikoon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9" title="أيقونة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيقونة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icoan%C3%A2" title="Icoanâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Icoanâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconu" title="Iconu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iconu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kona_(din)" title="İkona (din) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkona (din)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="খ্রিস্টধর্মে প্রতিমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিস্টধর্মে প্রতিমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ікона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ікона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Абраз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абраз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Икона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Икона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icona" title="Icona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Icona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicon" title="Eicon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eicon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk-ortodoks_ikonografi" title="Græsk-ortodoks ikonografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Græsk-ortodoks ikonografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikone" title="Ikone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ikone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoon" title="Ikoon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ikoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αγιογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icono_(religi%C3%B3n)" title="Icono (religión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Icono (religión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikono_(religio)" title="Ikono (religio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ikono (religio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikono" title="Ikono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تمثال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمثال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ic%C3%B4ne" title="Icône – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Icône" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoan" title="Ikoan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ikoan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Doc%C3%B3n_(reiligi%C3%BAn)" title="Íocón (reiligiún) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Íocón (reiligiún)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icona_(relixi%C3%B3n)" title="Icona (relixión) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Icona (relixión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%98" title="이콘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이콘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սրբապատկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սրբապատկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon_(Kristen_Timur)" title="Ikon (Kristen Timur) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikon (Kristen Timur)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Иконæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иконæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icona_(arte)" title="Icona (arte) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Icona (arte)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="איקונין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איקונין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ხატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Икона – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Икона" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picha_takatifu" title="Picha takatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Picha takatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik%C3%B2n_(relijyon)" title="Ikòn (relijyon) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ikòn (relijyon)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Икона – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Икона" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon" title="Icon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Icon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona_(sv%C4%93tbilde)" title="Ikona (svētbilde) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ikona (svētbilde)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon_(fest%C3%A9szet)" title="Ikon (festészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ikon (festészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Икона – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Икона" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sary_masina" title="Sary masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sary masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA" title="ഐക്കൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐക്കൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="ايقونه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايقونه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon_(Kristian)" title="Ikon (Kristian) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikon (Kristian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icoon_(religieuze_kunst)" title="Icoon (religieuze kunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Icoon (religieuze kunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3" title="イコン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イコン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon_(kristendom)" title="Ikon (kristendom) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikon (kristendom)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon" title="Ikon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ikon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D2%A5%D0%B0" title="Юмоҥа – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Юмоҥа" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6" title="បដិមា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បដិមា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dcone" title="Ícone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ícone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icoan%C4%83" title="Icoană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Icoană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Икона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Икона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikonat" title="Ikonat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ikonat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cona" title="Cona – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cona" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon" title="Icon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Icon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Икона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Икона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikona" title="Ikona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ikona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon" title="Ikon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ikon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoni" title="Ikoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ikoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon_(religion)" title="Ikon (religion) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ikon (religion)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imahen" title="Imahen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imahen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திருவோவியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருவோவியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E" title="รูปเคารพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูปเคารพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kona" title="İkona – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkona" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ікона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ікона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شبیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شبیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Linh ảnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Linh ảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%83%8F%E7%94%BB" title="圣像画 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣像画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%83%8F" title="聖像 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖像" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuona" title="Ikuona – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ikuona" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%83%8F%E7%95%AB" title="聖像畫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖像畫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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For pictograms used in graphical user interfaces, see <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">Icon (computing)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Icon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Icon (disambiguation)">Icon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/280px-The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/420px-The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/560px-The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_(icon)" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent (icon)">Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></i> depicts monks ascending to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in heaven in the top right. 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Constantinople IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Constantinople V</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprakos" title="Aprakos">Aprakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Fast">Dormition Fast</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Saints</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_saints_(until_15th_century)" title="List of Russian saints (until 15th century)">Russian (until 15th century)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_in_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of saints in the Russian Orthodox Church">Russian (post-15th century)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Serbian saints">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of American Eastern Orthodox saints">American</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim the Syrian">Ephraim the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius I of Constantinople">Photius I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sava_I_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sava I of Serbia">Sava I of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Innocent of Alaska</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>icon</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BC%B0%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:εἰκών">εἰκών</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>eikṓn</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">image, resemblance</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a religious work of art, most commonly a <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, in the cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> churches. The most common subjects include <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>. Although especially associated with portrait-style images concentrating on one or two main figures, the term also covers most of the religious images in a variety of artistic media produced by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, including narrative scenes, usually from the Bible or the lives of saints. </p><p>Icons are most commonly painted on wood panels with <a href="/wiki/Egg_tempera" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg tempera">egg tempera</a>, but they may also be cast in metal or carved in stone or embroidered on cloth or done in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> or fresco work or printed on paper or metal, etc. Comparable images from <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> may be classified as "icons", although "iconic" may also be used to describe the static style of a devotional image. In the Greek language, the term for icon painting uses the same word as for "writing", and Orthodox sources often translate it into English as <i>icon writing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Orthodox tradition holds that the production of Christian images dates back to the very <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early days of Christianity</a>, and that it has been a continuous tradition since then. Modern academic <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> considers that, while images may have existed earlier, the tradition can be traced back only as far as the 3rd century, and that the images which survive from <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian art</a> often differ greatly from later ones. The icons of later centuries can be linked, often closely, to images from the 5th century onwards, though very few of these survive. Widespread destruction of images occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> of 726–842, although this did settle permanently the question of the appropriateness of images. Since then, icons have had a great continuity of style and subject, far greater than in the icons of the <a href="/wiki/Western_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western church">Western church</a>. At the same time there have been change and development. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_icon">Emergence of the icon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence of the icon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Image_of_Edessa" title="Image of Edessa">Image of Edessa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_images_in_Christian_theology" title="Religious images in Christian theology">Religious images in Christian theology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg/250px-Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg/330px-Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg/500px-Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Russian icon of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miko%C5%82ajDSC_0186.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Miko%C5%82ajDSC_0186.jpg/250px-Miko%C5%82ajDSC_0186.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Miko%C5%82ajDSC_0186.jpg/330px-Miko%C5%82ajDSC_0186.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Miko%C5%82ajDSC_0186.jpg/500px-Miko%C5%82ajDSC_0186.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>The icon of <a href="/wiki/St_Nicolas" class="mw-redirect" title="St Nicolas">St Nicolas</a> carved in stone (between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12 and 15th centuries), at the <a href="/wiki/Radomysl_Castle" title="Radomysl Castle">Radomysl Castle</a>, in Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelist_Luka_pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Evangelist_Luka_pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg/250px-Evangelist_Luka_pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Evangelist_Luka_pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg/255px-Evangelist_Luka_pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Evangelist_Luka_pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Luke painting the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a> (16th century, <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg/250px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg/330px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg/500px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A rare ceramic icon depicting <a href="/wiki/Arethas_of_Caesarea" title="Arethas of Caesarea">Saint Arethas</a> (Byzantine, 10th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ushakov_Nerukotvorniy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ushakov_Nerukotvorniy.jpg/220px-Ushakov_Nerukotvorniy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ushakov_Nerukotvorniy.jpg/330px-Ushakov_Nerukotvorniy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ushakov_Nerukotvorniy.jpg/440px-Ushakov_Nerukotvorniy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption><i>Image of the Saviour <a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">Not Made by Hand</a></i>: a traditional Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> in the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ushakov" title="Simon Ushakov">Simon Ushakov</a> (1658).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_in_primitive_Christianity_in_the_first_century">Origins in primitive Christianity in the first century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins in primitive Christianity in the first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-Christian religions had produced and used art works.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statues and paintings of various gods and deities were regularly worshiped and venerated. It is unclear when Christians took up such activities. Christian tradition dating from the 8th century identifies <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a> as the first icon painter, but this might not reflect historical facts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general assumption that <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity#Early_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">early Christianity was generally aniconic</a>, opposed to religious imagery in both theory and practice until about 200, has been challenged by Paul Corby Finney's analysis of early Christian writing and material remains (1994). His assumption distinguishes three different sources of attitudes affecting early Christians on the issue: "first that humans could have a direct vision of God; second that they could not; and, third, that although humans could see God they were best advised not to look, and were strictly forbidden to represent what they had seen".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These derived respectively from Greek and Near Eastern pagan religions, from Ancient Greek philosophy, and from the Jewish tradition and the Old Testament. Of the three, Finney concludes that "overall, Israel's aversion to sacred images influenced early Christianity considerably less than the Greek philosophical tradition of invisible deity apophatically defined", so placing less emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish background</a> of most of the first Christians than most traditional accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finney suggests that "the reasons for the non-appearance of Christian art before 200 have nothing to do with principled aversion to art, with other-worldliness, or with anti-materialism. The truth is simple and mundane: Christians lacked land and capital. Art requires both. As soon as they began to acquire land and capital, Christians began to experiment with their own distinctive forms of art".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the legend that Pilate had made an image of Christ, the 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)"><i>Church History</i></a>, provides a more substantial reference to a "first" icon of Jesus. He relates that King <a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 CE</span>) sent a letter to Jesus at Jerusalem, asking Jesus to come and heal him of an illness. This version of the Abgar story does not mention an image. A later account found in the Syriac <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400?</span>) mentions a painted image of Jesus in the story. Even later, in the 6th-century account given by <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a>, the painted image transforms into an image that miraculously appeared on a towel when Christ pressed the cloth to his wet face.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further legends relate that the cloth remained in Edessa until the 10th century, when it was taken by General <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. It went missing in 1204 when <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Crusaders</a> sacked Constantinople, but by then numerous copies had firmly established its iconic type. </p><p>The 4th-century Christian <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Lampridius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelius Lampridius">Aelius Lampridius</a> produced the earliest known written records of Christian images treated like icons (in a <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> context) in his <i>Life of Alexander Severus</i> (xxix) that formed part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Augustan History</a></i>. According to Lampridius, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 222–235</span>), himself not a Christian, had kept a domestic chapel for the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of images of deified emperors, of portraits of his ancestors, and of Christ, <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. Saint <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus</a>, (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130–202</span>) in his <a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis"><i>Against Heresies</i></a> (1:25;6) says scornfully of the Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Carpocratians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpocratians">Carpocratians</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They also possess images, some of them painted, and others formed from different kinds of material; while they maintain that a likeness of Christ was made by Pilate at that time when Jesus lived among them. They crown these images, and set them up along with the images of the philosophers of the world that is to say, with the images of Pythagoras, and Plato, and Aristotle, and the rest. They have also other modes of honouring these images, after the same manner of the Gentiles [pagans].</p></blockquote> <p>On the other hand, Irenaeus does not speak critically of icons or portraits in a general sense—only of certain gnostic sectarians' use of icons. </p><p>Another criticism of image veneration appears in the non-canonical 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts of John</a> (generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">gnostic</a> work), in which the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle John">Apostle John</a> discovers that one of his followers has had a portrait made of him, and is venerating it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[John] went into the bedchamber, and saw the portrait of an old man crowned with garlands, and lamps and altars set before it. And he called him and said: Lycomedes, what do you mean by this matter of the portrait? Can it be one of thy gods that is painted here? For I see that you are still living in heathen fashion.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts of John</a>, 27</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Later in the passage John says, "But this that you have now done is childish and imperfect: you have drawn a dead likeness of the dead." </p><p>At least some of the hierarchy of the Christian churches still strictly opposed icons in the early 4th century. At the Spanish non-ecumenical <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Elvira" title="Synod of Elvira">Synod of Elvira</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 305</span>) bishops concluded, "Pictures are not to be placed in churches, so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, wrote his letter 51 to John, Bishop of Jerusalem (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 394</span>) in which he recounted how he tore down an image in a church and admonished the other bishop that such images are "opposed<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] to our religion".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Icons_in_Eusebius_to_Philostorgius_(425_AD)"><span id="Icons_in_Eusebius_to_Philostorgius_.28425_AD.29"></span>Icons in Eusebius to Philostorgius (425 AD)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Icons in Eusebius to Philostorgius (425 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elsewhere in his <i>Church History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> reports seeing what he took to be portraits of Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, and also mentions a bronze statue at <a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>/Paneas under Mount Hermon, of which he wrote, "They say that this statue is an image of Jesus".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, he relates that locals regarded the image as a memorial of the healing of the <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_an_issue_of_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman with an issue of blood">woman with an issue of blood</a> by Jesus (Luke 8:43–48), because it depicted a standing man wearing a double cloak and with arm outstretched, and a woman kneeling before him with arms reaching out as if in supplication. </p><p>John Francis Wilson<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests the possibility that this refers to a pagan bronze statue whose true identity had been forgotten. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have thought it to represent <a href="/wiki/Aesculapius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesculapius">Aesculapius</a>, the Greek god of healing, but the description of the standing figure and the woman kneeling in supplication precisely matches images found on coins depicting the bearded emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138</span>) reaching out to a female figure—symbolizing a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a>—kneeling before him. </p><p>When asked by <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a> (Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a>'s half-sister) for an image of Jesus, Eusebius denied the request, replying: "To depict purely the human form of Christ before its transformation, on the other hand, is to break the commandment of God and to fall into pagan error."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Jaroslav Pelikan</a> calls Eusebius "the father of iconoclasm".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the emperor Constantine I extended <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">official toleration of Christianity</a> within the Roman Empire in 313, huge numbers of pagans became converts. This period of the <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire</a> probably saw the use of Christian images become very widespread among the faithful, though with great differences from pagan habits. Robin Lane Fox states<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "By the early fifth century, we know of the ownership of private icons of saints; by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480–500</span>, we can be sure that the inside of a saint's shrine would be adorned with images and votive portraits, a practice which had probably begun earlier." </p><p>When Constantine himself (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 306–337</span>) apparently converted to Christianity, the majority of his subjects remained pagans. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial cult">Roman Imperial cult</a> of the divinity of the emperor, expressed through the traditional burning of candles and the offering of incense to the emperor's image, was tolerated for a period because it would have been politically dangerous to attempt to suppress it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 5th century the courts of justice and municipal buildings of the empire still honoured the portrait of the reigning emperor in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Dix_1945_413–414_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dix_1945_413–414-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 425 <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>, an allegedly <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a> Christian, charged the Orthodox Christians in Constantinople with <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> because they still honored the image of the emperor Constantine the Great in this way. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Dix" title="Gregory Dix">Dix</a> notes that this occurred more than a century before the first extant reference to a similar honouring of the image of Jesus or of his apostles or saints known today, but that it would seem a natural progression for the image of Christ, the King of Heaven and Earth, to be paid similar veneration as that given to the earthly Roman emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Dix_1945_413–414_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dix_1945_413–414-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Orthodox, Eastern Catholics, and other groups insist on explicitly distinguishing the veneration of icons from the worship of idols by pagans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(See further below on the doctrine of veneration as opposed to worship.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodosius_to_Justinian">Theodosius to Justinian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theodosius to Justinian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristus_a_svat%C3%BD_Menas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kristus_a_svat%C3%BD_Menas.jpg/220px-Kristus_a_svat%C3%BD_Menas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kristus_a_svat%C3%BD_Menas.jpg/330px-Kristus_a_svat%C3%BD_Menas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kristus_a_svat%C3%BD_Menas.jpg/440px-Kristus_a_svat%C3%BD_Menas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icon_of_Christ_and_Abbot_Mena" title="Icon of Christ and Abbot Mena">Christ and Saint Menas</a>, 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic icon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After adoption of Christianity as the only permissible Roman state religion under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, Christian art began to change not only in quality and sophistication, but also in nature. This was in no small part due to Christians being free for the first time to express their faith openly without persecution from the state, in addition to the faith spreading to the non-poor segments of society. Paintings of martyrs and their feats began to appear, and early writers commented on their lifelike effect, one of the elements a few Christian writers criticized in pagan art—the ability to imitate life. The writers mostly criticized pagan works of art for pointing to false gods, thus encouraging idolatry. Statues in the round were avoided as being too close to the principal artistic focus of pagan cult practices, as they have continued to be (with some small-scale exceptions) throughout the history of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Sinai</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span>), in his <i>Letter to Heliodorus Silentiarius</i>, records a miracle in which Saint Plato of Ankyra appeared to a Christian in a dream. The saint was recognized because the young man had often seen his portrait. This recognition of a religious apparition from likeness to an image was also a characteristic of pagan pious accounts of appearances of gods to humans, and was a regular <i>topos</i> in hagiography. One critical recipient of a vision from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki">Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki</a> apparently specified that the saint resembled the "more ancient" images of him—presumably the 7th-century mosaics still in <a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a>. Another, an African bishop, had been rescued from Arab slavery by a young soldier called Demetrios, who told him to go to his house in Thessaloniki. Having discovered that most young soldiers in the city seemed to be called Demetrios, he gave up and went to the largest church in the city, to find his rescuer on the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-RC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/170px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/255px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/340px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="3774" /></a><figcaption>The oldest surviving icon of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic on panel</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century</span> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period the church began to discourage all non-religious human images—the Emperor and donor figures counting as religious. This became largely effective, so that most of the population would only ever see religious images and those of the ruling class. The word <i>icon</i> referred to any and all images, not just religious ones, but there was barely a need for a separate word for these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luke's_portrait_of_Mary"><span id="Luke.27s_portrait_of_Mary"></span>Luke's portrait of Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Luke's portrait of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is in a context attributed to the 5th century that the first mention of an image of Mary painted from life appears, though earlier paintings on <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">catacomb walls</a> bear resemblance to modern icons of Mary. <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Lector" title="Theodorus Lector">Theodorus Lector</a>, in his 6th-century <i>History of the Church</i> 1:1<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated that <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Eudokia</a> (wife of emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>, <abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 460) sent an image of the "<a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a>" named <a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Icon of the Hodegetria</a> from Jerusalem to <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>, the former emperor and father of Theodosius II. The image was specified to have been "painted by <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist#As_an_artist" title="Luke the Evangelist">the Apostle Luke</a>." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Guarducci" title="Margherita Guarducci">Margherita Guarducci</a> relates a tradition that the original icon of Mary attributed to Luke, sent by Eudokia to Pulcheria from Palestine, was a large circular icon only of her head. When the icon arrived in Constantinople it was fitted in as the head into a very large rectangular icon of her holding the Christ child and it is this composite icon that became the one historically known as the Hodegetria. She further states another tradition that when the last Latin Emperor of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II of Constantinople">Baldwin II</a>, fled Constantinople in 1261 he took this original circular portion of the icon with him.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mariadinazareth_it_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariadinazareth_it-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This remained in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin dynasty</a> who had it inserted into a much larger image of Mary and the Christ child, which is presently enshrined above the high altar of the Benedictine Abbey church of <a href="/wiki/Montevergine" title="Montevergine">Montevergine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mariadinazareth_it_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariadinazareth_it-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This icon was subjected to repeated repainting over the subsequent centuries, so that it is difficult to determine what the original image of Mary's face would have looked like. Guarducci states that in 1950 an ancient image of Mary<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">Santa Francesca Romana</a> was determined to be a very exact, but reverse mirror image of the original circular icon that was made in the 5th century and brought to Rome, where it has remained until the present.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimirskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/170px-Vladimirskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/255px-Vladimirskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/340px-Vladimirskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a>" icon (12th century) symbol of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In later tradition the number of icons of Mary attributed to Luke greatly multiplied.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_Iverskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos Iverskaya">Theotokos Iverskaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Tikhvin" title="Theotokos of Tikhvin">Theotokos of Tikhvin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Smolensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Smolensk">Theotokos of Smolensk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a> are examples, and another is in the cathedral on <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Mount">St Thomas Mount</a>, which is believed to be one of the seven painted by <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a> and brought to India by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> has at least seven more.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bissera V. Pentcheva concludes, "The myth [of Luke painting an icon] was invented in order to support the legitimacy of icon veneration during the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic controversy">Iconoclastic controversy</a>" (8th and 9th centuries, much later than most art historians put it). According to Reformed Baptist pastor John Carpenter, by claiming the existence of a portrait of the Theotokos painted during her lifetime by the evangelist Luke, the <a href="/wiki/Iconodule" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconodule">iconodules</a> "fabricated evidence for the apostolic origins and divine approval of images."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period before and during the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic Controversy">Iconoclastic Controversy</a>, stories attributing the creation of icons to the New Testament period greatly increased, with <a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta#Conventional_images_believed_to_be_authentic" title="Acheiropoieta">several apostles and even Mary herself</a> believed to have acted as the artist or commissioner of images (also embroidered in the case of Mary). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconoclast_period">Iconoclast period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iconoclast period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3620" data-file-height="4601" /></a><figcaption>12th-century icon of <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Gabriel">Archangel Gabriel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair" title="The Angel with Golden Hair">The Angel with Golden Hair</a></i>, currently exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/State_Russian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="State Russian Museum">State Russian Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There was a continuing <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">opposition to images and their misuse</a> within Christianity from very early times. "Whenever images threatened to gain undue influence within the church, theologians have sought to strip them of their power".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, "there is no century between the fourth and the eighth in which there is not some evidence of opposition to images even within the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, popular favor for icons guaranteed their continued existence, while no systematic apologia for or against icons, or doctrinal authorization or condemnation of icons yet existed. </p><p>The use of icons was seriously challenged by Byzantine Imperial authority in the 8th century. Though by this time opposition to images was strongly entrenched in Judaism and Islam, attribution of the impetus toward an iconoclastic movement in Eastern Orthodoxy to Muslims or Jews "seems to have been highly exaggerated, both by contemporaries and by modern scholars".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though significant in the history of religious doctrine, the Byzantine controversy over images is not seen as of primary importance in Byzantine history; "[f]ew historians still hold it to have been the greatest issue of the period".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iconoclastic period began when images were banned by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> sometime between 726 and 730. Under his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>, a council forbidding image veneration was held at <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hieria" title="Council of Hieria">Hieria</a> near Constantinople in 754. Image veneration was later reinstated by the <a href="/wiki/Irene_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene (empress)">Empress Regent Irene</a>, under whom another council was held reversing the decisions of the previous iconoclast council and taking its title as <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Ecumenical Council">Seventh Ecumenical Council</a>. The council anathemized all who hold to iconoclasm, i.e. those who held that veneration of images constitutes idolatry. Then the ban was enforced again by <a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> in 815. Finally, icon veneration was decisively restored by <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(9th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (9th century)">Empress Regent Theodora</a> in 843 at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(843)" title="Council of Constantinople (843)">Council of Constantinople</a>. </p><p>From then on all Byzantine coins had a religious image or symbol on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a>, usually an image of Christ for larger denominations, with the head of the Emperor on the obverse, reinforcing the bond of the state and the divine order.<sup id="cite_ref-RC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acheiropoieta"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Acheiropoieta</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acheiropoieta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">Acheiropoieta</a></div> <p>The tradition of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">acheiropoieta</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀχειροποίητα</span></span>, literally 'not-made-by-hand') accrued to icons that are alleged to have come into existence miraculously, not by a human painter. Such images functioned as powerful <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> as well as icons, and their images were naturally seen as authoritative as to the true appearance of the subject: naturally and especially because of the reluctance to accept mere human productions as embodying anything of the divine, a commonplace of Christian deprecation of man-made "<a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idols</a>". Like icons believed to be painted directly from the live subject, they therefore acted as important references for other images in the tradition. Beside the developed legend of the <i>mandylion</i> or <a href="/wiki/Image_of_Edessa" title="Image of Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> was the tale of the <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica" title="Veil of Veronica">Veil of Veronica</a>, whose very name signifies "true icon" or "true image", the fear of a "false image" remaining strong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stylistic_developments">Stylistic developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stylistic developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/170px-Petersinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/255px-Petersinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/340px-Petersinai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>St Peter <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic on panel</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century</span> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there are earlier records of their use, no <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel</a> icons earlier than the few from the 6th century preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> survive,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the other examples in Rome have all been drastically over-painted. The surviving evidence for the earliest depictions of Christ, Mary and saints therefore comes from wall-paintings, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and some carvings.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are realistic in appearance, in contrast to the later stylization. They are broadly similar in style, though often much superior in quality, to the <a href="/wiki/Fayum_portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayum portraits">mummy portraits</a> done in wax (<a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a>) and found at <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a> in Egypt. </p><p>As can be judged from such items, the first depictions of Jesus were generic, rather than portrait images, generally representing him as a beardless young man. It was some time before the earliest examples of the long-haired, bearded face that was later to become standardized as the image of Jesus appeared. When they did begin to appear there was still variation. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that no one knew the appearance of Jesus or that of Mary. However, Augustine was not a resident of the Holy Land and therefore was not familiar with the local populations and their oral traditions. Gradually, paintings of Jesus took on characteristics of portrait images. </p><p>At this time the manner of depicting Jesus was not yet uniform, and there was some controversy over which of the two most common icons was to be favored. The first or "Semitic" form showed Jesus with short and "frizzy" hair; the second showed a bearded Jesus with hair parted in the middle, the manner in which the god Zeus was depicted. Theodorus Lector remarked<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of the two, the one with short and frizzy hair was "more authentic". To support his assertion, he relates a story (excerpted by John of Damascus) that a pagan commissioned to paint an image of Jesus used the "Zeus" form instead of the "Semitic" form, and that as punishment his hands withered. </p><p>Though their development was gradual, it is possible to date the full-blown appearance and general ecclesiastical (as opposed to simply popular or local) acceptance of Christian images as venerated and miracle-working objects to the 6th century, when, as Hans Belting writes,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "we first hear of the church's use of religious images". "As we reach the second half of the sixth century, we find that images are attracting direct veneration and some of them are credited with the performance of miracles".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyril Mango writes,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the post-Justinianic period the icon assumes an ever increasing role in popular devotion, and there is a proliferation of miracle stories connected with icons, some of them rather shocking to our eyes". However, the earlier references by Eusebius and Irenaeus indicate veneration of images and reported miracles associated with them as early as the 2nd century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the icons of Eastern Orthodoxy, and of the early Medieval West, very little room is made for artistic license. Almost everything within the image has a symbolic aspect. Christ, the saints, and the angels all have halos. Angels (and often <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>) have wings because they are messengers. Figures have consistent facial appearances, hold attributes personal to them, and use a few conventional poses. Archangels bear a thin staff and sometimes a mirror. </p><p>Colour plays an important role as well. Gold represents the radiance of Heaven; red, divine life. Blue is the colour of human life, white is the <a href="/wiki/Uncreated_Light" title="Uncreated Light">Uncreated Light</a> of God, only used for <a href="/wiki/Death_and_Resurrection_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a> of Christ. In icons of Jesus and Mary, Jesus wears red undergarment with a blue outer garment (representing God becoming human) and Mary wears a blue undergarment with a red overgarment (representing a human who was granted gifts by God), and thus the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">deification</a> is conveyed by icons. Letters are symbols too. Most icons incorporate some calligraphic text naming the person or event depicted. Even this is often presented in a stylized manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palladium_and_miracles">Palladium and miracles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palladium and miracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(protective_image)" title="Palladium (protective image)">Palladium (protective image)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium (classical antiquity)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">Acheiropoieta</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Icon" title="Special:EditPage/Icon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avraamovs_Feodorovskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Avraamovs_Feodorovskaya.jpg/250px-Avraamovs_Feodorovskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Avraamovs_Feodorovskaya.jpg/330px-Avraamovs_Feodorovskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Avraamovs_Feodorovskaya.jpg/500px-Avraamovs_Feodorovskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_St._Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of St. Theodore">Our Lady of St. Theodore</a></i>, a 1703 copy of the 11th-century icon, following the same Byzantine "Tender Mercy" type as the Vladimirskaya above</figcaption></figure> <p>The historical tradition of icons used for purposes other than visual depiction are the <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(protective_image)" title="Palladium (protective image)">Palladium (protective image)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium (classical antiquity)</a>, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">acheiropoieta</a></i></span>, and various "folk" traditions associated with <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a>. Of these various forms the oldest tradition dates back to before the Christian era among the ancient Greeks. The various "folk" traditions are more poorly documented and often are associated with local folk narratives of uncertain origin. </p><p>In English, since around 1600, the word <i>palladium</i> has been used figuratively to mean anything believed to provide protection or safety,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in particular in Christian contexts a sacred <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> or icon believed to have a protective role in military contexts for a whole city, people or nation. Such beliefs first become prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Churches</a> in the period after the reign of the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, and later spread to the Western church. Palladia were processed around the walls of besieged cities and sometimes carried into battle.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Orthodox_teaching">Eastern Orthodox teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Orthodox view of the origin of icons is generally quite different from that of most secular scholars and from some in contemporary Roman Catholic circles: "The Orthodox Church maintains and teaches that the sacred image has existed from the beginning of Christianity", <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onid_Ouspensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Léonid Ouspensky">Léonid Ouspensky</a> has written.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts that some non-Orthodox writers consider legendary are accepted as history within Eastern Orthodoxy, because they are a part of church tradition. Thus accounts such as that of the miraculous "image not made by hands", and the <a href="/wiki/Weeping_Icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeping Icon">weeping and moving</a> "Mother of God of the Sign" of Novgorod are accepted as fact: "Church Tradition tells us, for example, of the existence of an Icon of the Savior during His lifetime (the 'Icon-Made-Without-Hands') and of Icons of the Most-Holy Theotokos [Mary] immediately after Him."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Orthodoxy further teaches that "a clear understanding of the importance of Icons" was part of the church from its very beginning, and has never changed, although explanations of their importance may have developed over time. This is because icon painting is rooted in the theology of the Incarnation (Christ being the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eikon</i></span> of God) which did not change, though its subsequent clarification within the Church occurred over the period of the first seven Ecumenical Councils. Icons also served as tools of edification for the illiterate faithful during most of the history of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. Thus, icons are words in painting; they refer to the history of salvation and to its manifestation in concrete persons. In the Orthodox Church, "icons have always been understood as a visible gospel, as a testimony to the great things given man by God the incarnate Logos".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Council of 860 it was stated that "all that is uttered in words written in syllables is also proclaimed in the language of colors".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Orthodox find the first instance of an image or icon in the Bible when God made man in his own image (Septuagint Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eikona</i></span>), in Genesis 1:26–27.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Exodus, God commanded that the Israelites not make any graven image; soon afterwards, however, he commanded that they make graven images of cherubim and other like things, both as statues and woven on tapestries. Later, Solomon included still more such imagery when he built the first temple.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Eastern Orthodox believe these qualify as icons, in that they were visible images depicting heavenly beings and, in the case of the cherubim, used to indirectly indicate God's presence above the Ark.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is written that God told Moses to make a bronze serpent, <i><a href="/wiki/Nehushtan" title="Nehushtan">Nehushtan</a></i>, and hold it up, so that anyone looking at the snake would be healed of their snake bites. In John 3, Jesus refers to the same serpent, saying that he must be lifted up in the same way that the serpent was. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> also regarded the brazen serpent as an icon. Further, Jesus Christ himself is called the "image of the invisible God" in Colossians 1:15,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is therefore in one sense an icon. As people are also made in God's images, people are also considered to be living icons, and are therefore "<a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">censed</a>" along with painted icons during Orthodox prayer services. </p><p>According to John of Damascus, anyone who tries to destroy icons "is the enemy of Christ, the Holy Mother of God and the saints, and is the defender of the Devil and his demons". This is because the theology behind icons is closely tied to the Incarnational theology of the humanity and divinity of Jesus, so that attacks on icons typically have the effect of undermining or attacking the Incarnation of Jesus himself as elucidated in the Ecumenical Councils. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, in his writing <i>On the Holy Spirit</i>, says: "The honor paid to the image passes to the prototype". He also illustrates the concept by saying, "If I point to a statue of Caesar and ask you 'Who is that?', your answer would properly be, 'It is Caesar.' When you say such you do not mean that the stone itself is Caesar, but rather, the name and honor you ascribe to the statue passes over to the original, the archetype, Caesar himself."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is thus the approach to icons; to kiss an icon of Jesus, in the Eastern Orthodox view, is to show love towards Jesus himself, not mere wood and paint making up the physical substance of the icon. Worship of the icon as somehow entirely separate from its prototype is expressly forbidden by the Seventh Ecumenical Council.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Icons are often illuminated with a candle or jar of oil with a wick. (Beeswax for candles and olive oil for oil lamps are preferred because they burn very cleanly, although other materials are sometimes used.) The illumination of religious images with lamps or candles is an ancient practice pre-dating Christianity. </p><p>According to Fr. Les Bundy, "The Ecumenical Counciliar dogmatic decrees on icons refer, in fact, to all religious images including three-dimensional statues. Professor Sergios Verkhovskoi, the conservative professor of dogmatics at St. Vladimir’s Seminary forthrightly condemns as heretical anyone who declares statues as unorthodox or in any way canonically inferior to paintings."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Orthodox Church has always approved of veneration of statues, for example, the statue of the Mother of God at Sokolica Monastery in Serbia,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the devotional statues of St. Nil Stolbensky,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those of St. Paraskeva.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Orthodox_prayer_corner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fairly elaborate Eastern Orthodox icon corner as would be found in a private home"><img alt="A fairly elaborate Eastern Orthodox icon corner as would be found in a private home" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eastern_Orthodox_prayer_corner.jpg/150px-Eastern_Orthodox_prayer_corner.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eastern_Orthodox_prayer_corner.jpg/225px-Eastern_Orthodox_prayer_corner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eastern_Orthodox_prayer_corner.jpg/300px-Eastern_Orthodox_prayer_corner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fairly elaborate <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> icon corner as would be found in a private home</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vsex_skorbyashix_Radost_(litografia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A precious Russian icon of Joy of All Who Sorrow, 1862"><img alt="A precious Russian icon of Joy of All Who Sorrow, 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vsex_skorbyashix_Radost_%28litografia%29.jpg/147px-Vsex_skorbyashix_Radost_%28litografia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vsex_skorbyashix_Radost_%28litografia%29.jpg/220px-Vsex_skorbyashix_Radost_%28litografia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vsex_skorbyashix_Radost_%28litografia%29.jpg/293px-Vsex_skorbyashix_Radost_%28litografia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A precious Russian icon of <a href="/wiki/Joy_of_All_Who_Sorrow" title="Joy of All Who Sorrow">Joy of All Who Sorrow</a>, 1862</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italo-Byzantinischer_Maler_des_13._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A somewhat disinterested treatment of the emotional subject and painstaking attention to the throne and other details of the material world distinguish this Italo-Byzantine work by a medieval Sicilian master from works by imperial icon-painters of Constantinople."><img alt="A somewhat disinterested treatment of the emotional subject and painstaking attention to the throne and other details of the material world distinguish this Italo-Byzantine work by a medieval Sicilian master from works by imperial icon-painters of Constantinople." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Italo-Byzantinischer_Maler_des_13._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg/120px-Italo-Byzantinischer_Maler_des_13._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Italo-Byzantinischer_Maler_des_13._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg/250px-Italo-Byzantinischer_Maler_des_13._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5275" data-file-height="9360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A somewhat disinterested treatment of the emotional subject and painstaking attention to the throne and other details of the material world distinguish this <a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a> work by a medieval <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> master from works by imperial icon-painters of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Icon_painting_tradition_by_region">Icon painting tradition by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Icon painting tradition by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg/250px-Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg/330px-Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg/500px-Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>A key piece of <a href="/wiki/Palaiologan_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiologan era">Palaiologan-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">mannerism</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> icon from <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Of the icon painting tradition that developed in Byzantium, with Constantinople as the chief city, we have only a few icons from the 11th century and none preceding them, in part because of the Iconoclastic reforms during which many were destroyed or lost, and also because of plundering by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> in 1204 during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453. </p><p>It was only in the <a href="/wiki/Komnenian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnenian period">Komnenian period</a> (1081–1185) that the cult of the icon became widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials (such as mosaics, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">vitreous enamels</a>), but also because an <i><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a></i> a special screen for icons was introduced then in ecclesiastical practice. The style of the time was severe, hieratic and distant. </p><p>In the late Comnenian period this severity softened, and emotion, formerly avoided, entered icon painting. Major monuments for this change include the murals at <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(Gorno_Nerezi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Panteleimon (Gorno Nerezi)">Church of St. Panteleimon</a> near <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (1164). The <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1115</span>) is probably the most representative example of the new trend towards spirituality and emotion. </p><p>The tendency toward emotionalism in icons continued in the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Paleologan period</a>, which began in 1261. Palaiologan art reached its pinnacle in mosaics such as those of <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>. In the last half of the 14th century, Palaiologan saints were painted in an exaggerated manner, very slim and in contorted positions – a style known as the Palaiologan Mannerism, of which <a href="/wiki/File:Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg" title="File:Ohrid annunciation icon.jpg">Ochrid's Annunciation</a> is a superb example. </p><p>After 1453, the Byzantine tradition was carried on in regions previously influenced by its religion and culture—in the Balkans, Russia, and other Slavic countries, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> in the Caucasus, and among Eastern Orthodox minorities in the Islamic world. In the Greek-speaking world <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> until the mid-17th century, was an important centre of painted icons, as home of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a>, exporting many to Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crete">Crete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Crete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></div> <p>Crete was under Venetian control from 1204 and became a thriving center of art with eventually a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Scuola di San Luca</i></span>, or organized painter's guild, the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a>, on Western lines. Cretan painting was heavily patronized both by Catholics of Venetian territories and by Eastern Orthodox. For ease of transport, Cretan painters specialized in panel paintings, and developed the ability to work in many styles to fit the taste of various patrons. <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, who moved to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> after establishing his reputation in Crete, is the most famous artist of the school, who continued to use many Byzantine conventions in his works. In 1669 the city of Heraklion, on Crete, which at one time boasted at least 120 painters, fell to the Turks. From that time Greek icon painting went into a decline, with a revival attempted in the 20th century by art reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Photis_Kontoglou" title="Photis Kontoglou">Photis Kontoglou</a>, who emphasized a return to earlier styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_icons" title="Russian icons">Russian icons</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_Russian_icons" title="List of oldest Russian icons">List of oldest Russian icons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></div> <p>Russian icons are typically paintings on wood, often small, though some in churches and monasteries may be as large as a table top. Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">krasny ugol</i></span>—the "red" corner (see <a href="/wiki/Icon_corner" title="Icon corner">Icon corner</a>). There is a rich history and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbolism</a> associated with icons. In Russian churches, the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> is typically separated from the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> by an <i><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a></i>, a wall of icons. </p><p>The use and making of icons entered <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> following its conversion to Orthodox Christianity from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire in 988 AD. As a general rule, these icons strictly followed models and formulas hallowed by usage, some of which had originated in Constantinople. As time passed, the Russians—notably <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionisius" title="Dionisius">Dionisius</a>—widened the vocabulary of iconic types and styles far beyond anything found elsewhere. The personal, improvisatory and creative traditions of Western European religious art are largely lacking in Russia before the 17th century, when <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ushakov" title="Simon Ushakov">Simon Ushakov</a>'s painting became strongly influenced by religious paintings and engravings from Protestant as well as Catholic Europe. </p><p>In the mid-17th century, changes in liturgy and practice instituted by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Patriarch Nikon of Moscow</a> resulted in a split in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. The traditionalists, the persecuted "Old Ritualists" or "<a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>", continued the traditional stylization of icons, while the State Church modified its practice. From that time icons began to be painted not only in the traditional stylized and nonrealistic mode, but also in a mixture of Russian stylization and Western European realism, and in a Western European manner very much like that of Catholic religious art of the time. The <a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a> and the icons from <a href="/wiki/Nevyansk" title="Nevyansk">Nevyansk</a> rank among the last important schools of Russian icon-painting. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Descent_into_Hell_by_Dionisius_and_workshop_(Ferapontov_monastery).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muscovite Mannerism: Harrowing of Hell, by Dionisius and his workshop."><img alt="Muscovite Mannerism: Harrowing of Hell, by Dionisius and his workshop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Descent_into_Hell_by_Dionisius_and_workshop_%28Ferapontov_monastery%29.jpg/250px-Descent_into_Hell_by_Dionisius_and_workshop_%28Ferapontov_monastery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Descent_into_Hell_by_Dionisius_and_workshop_%28Ferapontov_monastery%29.jpg/330px-Descent_into_Hell_by_Dionisius_and_workshop_%28Ferapontov_monastery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Muscovite Mannerism: <i><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Dionisius" title="Dionisius">Dionisius</a> and his workshop.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rublev%27s_saviour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ the Redeemer (1410s, by Andrei Rublev)"><img alt="Christ the Redeemer (1410s, by Andrei Rublev)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rublev%27s_saviour.jpg/120px-Rublev%27s_saviour.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rublev%27s_saviour.jpg/250px-Rublev%27s_saviour.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(icon)" title="Christ the Redeemer (icon)">Christ the Redeemer</a> (1410s, by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_icons" title="Romanian Orthodox icons">Romanian Orthodox icons</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, icons painted as reversed images behind glass and set in frames were common in the 19th century and are still made. The process is known as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_glass_painting" title="Reverse glass painting">reverse glass painting</a>. "In the Transylvanian countryside, the expensive icons on panels imported from Moldavia, Wallachia, and Mt. Athos were gradually replaced by small, locally produced icons on glass, which were much less expensive and thus accessible to the Transylvanian peasants".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VergineTricherusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/VergineTricherusa.jpg/250px-VergineTricherusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/VergineTricherusa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trojeru%C4%8Dica" title="Trojeručica">Trojeručica</a> meaning "Three-handed Theotokos", the most important Serb icon</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest historical records about icons in Serbia dates back to the period of <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty" title="Nemanjić dynasty">Nemanjić dynasty</a>. One of the notable schools of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Serb</a> icons was active in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a> from the 17th century to the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trojeru%C4%8Dica" title="Trojeručica">Trojeručica</a> meaning "Three-handed Theotokos" is the most important icon of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> and main icon of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt_and_Ethiopia">Egypt and Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Egypt and Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_nursing_the_infant_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Virgin_Mary_nursing_the_infant_Christ.jpg/220px-Virgin_Mary_nursing_the_infant_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Virgin_Mary_nursing_the_infant_Christ.jpg/330px-Virgin_Mary_nursing_the_infant_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Virgin_Mary_nursing_the_infant_Christ.jpg/440px-Virgin_Mary_nursing_the_infant_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian Orthodox painting of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> nursing the infant Christ</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> also have distinctive, living icon painting traditions. Coptic icons have their origin in the Hellenistic art of Egyptian Late Antiquity, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">Fayum mummy portraits</a>. Beginning in the 4th century, churches painted their walls and made icons to reflect an authentic expression of their faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleppo">Aleppo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aleppo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_school" title="Aleppo school">Aleppo school</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo,_the_Last_Judgement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_Last_Judgement.jpg/220px-Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_Last_Judgement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_Last_Judgement.jpg/330px-Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_Last_Judgement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_Last_Judgement.jpg/440px-Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_Last_Judgement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i>The Last Judgement</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nehmatallah_Hovsep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehmatallah Hovsep (page does not exist)">Nehmatallah Hovsep</a> (1703), one of the most famous icons of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo School">Aleppo School</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Aleppo School was a school of icon-painting, founded by the priest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_al-Musawwir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf al-Musawwir (page does not exist)">Yusuf al-Musawwir</a> (also known as Joseph the Painter) and active in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, which was then a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, between at least 1645<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_Christianity">Western Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Western Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the word "icon" is not generally used in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, there are religious works of art which were largely patterned on Byzantine works, and equally conventional in composition and depiction. Until the 13th century, icon-like depictions of sacred figures followed Eastern patterns—although very few survive from this early period. Italian examples are in a style known as <a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a>. </p><p>From the 13th century, the Western tradition came slowly to allow the artist far more flexibility, and a more realist approach to the figures. If only because there was a much smaller number of skilled artists, the quantity of works of art, in the sense of panel paintings, was much smaller in the West, and in most Western settings a single <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptych</a> as an altarpiece, or in a domestic room, probably stood in place of the larger collections typical of Orthodox "<a href="/wiki/Icon_corner" title="Icon corner">icon corners</a>". </p><p>Only in the 15th century did production of painted works of art begin to approach Eastern levels, supplemented by mass-produced imports from the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a>. In this century, the use of icon-like portraits in the West was enormously increased by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master prints</a> on paper, mostly <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> which were produced in vast numbers (although hardly any survive). They were mostly sold, hand-coloured, by churches, and the smallest sizes (often only an inch high) were affordable even by <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, who glued or pinned them straight onto a wall. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, after an initial uncertainty among early Lutherans, who painted a few icon-like depictions of leading Reformers, and continued to paint scenes from Scripture, Protestants came down firmly against icon-like portraits, especially larger ones, even of Christ. Many Protestants found these idolatrous.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Western-style icon of the archangel Michael in the Greek Catholic Iconostasis of the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog"><img alt="A Western-style icon of the archangel Michael in the Greek Catholic Iconostasis of the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/250px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/330px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Western-style icon of the archangel <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> in the Greek Catholic <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis_of_the_Cathedral_of_Hajd%C3%BAdorog" title="Iconostasis of the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog">Iconostasis of the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Czestochowska.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, one of the national symbols of Poland"><img alt="An icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, one of the national symbols of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Czestochowska.jpg/131px-Czestochowska.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Czestochowska.jpg/196px-Czestochowska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Czestochowska.jpg/262px-Czestochowska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An icon of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">national symbols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_Cathedral_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Icon of the Melanesian Brotherhood martyrs at Canterbury Cathedral (Anglican Communion)"><img alt="Icon of the Melanesian Martyrs at Canterbury Cathedral (Anglican Communion)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Icon_Cathedral_3.jpg/200px-Icon_Cathedral_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Icon_Cathedral_3.jpg/300px-Icon_Cathedral_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Icon_Cathedral_3.jpg/400px-Icon_Cathedral_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Icon of the <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Brotherhood" title="Melanesian Brotherhood">Melanesian Brotherhood</a> martyrs at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (Anglican Communion)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern metal icon of Saint Nicholas by the Bulgarian artist Georgi 'Chapa' Chapkanov. This depiction differs radically from traditional Orthodox iconography. Gilbert House, Stanley, Falkland Islands."><img alt="A modern metal icon of Saint Nicholas by the Bulgarian artist Georgi 'Chapa' Chapkanov. This depiction differs radically from traditional Orthodox iconography. Gilbert House, Stanley, Falkland Islands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg/250px-Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg/330px-Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg/500px-Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern metal icon of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> by the Bulgarian artist Georgi 'Chapa' Chapkanov. This depiction differs radically from traditional Orthodox iconography. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Legislative Council of the Falkland Islands">Gilbert House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley, Falkland Islands</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church_view">Catholic Church view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Catholic Church view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> accepted the decrees of the <a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">iconodule</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_ecumenical_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh ecumenical council">Seventh Ecumenical Council</a> regarding images. There is some minor difference, however, in the Catholic attitude to images from that of the Orthodox. Following <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, Catholics emphasize the role of images as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Biblia_pauperum" title="Biblia pauperum">Biblia Pauperum</a></i></span>, the "Bible of the Poor", from which those who could not read could nonetheless learn.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholics also, however, share the same viewpoint with the Orthodox when it comes to image veneration, believing that whenever approached, sacred images are to be shown reverence. Though using both flat wooden panel and stretched canvas paintings, Catholics traditionally have also favored images in the form of three-dimensional statuary, whereas in the East, statuary is much less widely employed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_view">Lutheran view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lutheran view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A joint Lutheran–Orthodox statement made in the 7th Plenary of the Lutheran–Orthodox Joint Commission, in July 1993 in Helsinki, reaffirmed the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> decisions on the nature of Christ and the veneration of images: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>7. As Lutherans and Orthodox we affirm that the teachings of the ecumenical councils are authoritative for our churches. The ecumenical councils maintain the integrity of the teaching of the undivided Church concerning the saving, illuminating/justifying and glorifying acts of God and reject heresies which subvert the saving work of God in Christ. Orthodox and Lutherans, however, have different histories. Lutherans have received the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan Creed with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">filioque</a>. The Seventh Ecumenical Council, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, which rejected iconoclasm and restored the veneration of icons in the churches, was not part of the tradition received by the Reformation. Lutherans, however, rejected the iconoclasm of the 16th century, and affirmed the distinction between adoration due to the Triune God alone and all other forms of veneration (CA 21). Through historical research this council has become better known. Nevertheless it does not have the same significance for Lutherans as it does for the Orthodox. Yet, Lutherans and Orthodox are in agreement that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> confirms the christological teaching of the earlier councils and in setting forth the role of images (icons) in the lives of the faithful reaffirms the reality of the incarnation of the eternal Word of God, when it states: "The more frequently, Christ, Mary, the mother of God, and the saints are seen, the more are those who see them drawn to remember and long for those who serve as models, and to pay these icons the tribute of salutation and respectful veneration. Certainly this is not the full adoration in accordance with our faith, which is properly paid only to the divine nature, but it resembles that given to the figure of the honored and life-giving cross, and also to the holy books of the gospels and to other sacred objects" (Definition of the Second Council of Nicaea).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogion" title="Analogion">Analogion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(843)" title="Council of Constantinople (843)">Council of Constantinople (843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Cult image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_card" title="Holy card">Holy card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_of_Christ_of_Latomos" title="Icon of Christ of Latomos">Icon of Christ of Latomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orans" title="Orans">Orans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia_Ierosolymitissa" title="Panagia Ierosolymitissa">Panagia Ierosolymitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podea" title="Podea">Podea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynetarion" title="Proskynetarion">Proskynetarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_image" title="Religious image">Religious image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riza" title="Riza">Riza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Icon_Museum" title="Warsaw Icon Museum">Warsaw Icon Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthodoxhistory.org/2010/06/08/icons-are-not-written/">"Icons Are Not "Written"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Orthodox History</i>. 8 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+History&rft.atitle=Icons+Are+Not+%22Written%22&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxhistory.org%2F2010%2F06%2F08%2Ficons-are-not-written%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogomolets O. Radomysl Castle-Museum on the Royal Road Via Regia". Kyiv, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-617-7031-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-617-7031-15-3">978-617-7031-15-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichols2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Nichols, Aidan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2orYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Redeeming Beauty: Soundings in Sacral Aesthetics</i></a>. Ashgate studies in theology, imagination, and the arts. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754658955" title="Special:BookSources/9780754658955"><bdi>9780754658955</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books. <q>... ancient religious art can be said to have created, all unconsciously, a pre-Christian icon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+Beauty%3A+Soundings+in+Sacral+Aesthetics&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.series=Ashgate+studies+in+theology%2C+imagination%2C+and+the+arts&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780754658955&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2orYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michele Bacci, <i>Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca</i> (Pisa: Gisem, 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Finney, viii–xii, viii and xi quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finney, 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Veronica and her Cloth</i>, Kuryluk, Ewa, Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106195812/http://www.conorpdowling.com/library/council-of-elvira">"The Gentle Exit » Council of Elvira"</a>. <i>Conorpdowling.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conorpdowling.com/library/council-of-elvira">the original</a> on 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conorpdowling.com&rft.atitle=The+Gentle+Exit+%C2%BB+Council+of+Elvira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conorpdowling.com%2Flibrary%2Fcouncil-of-elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001051.htm">"Church Fathers: Letter 51 (Jerome)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Letter+51+%28Jerome%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3001051.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Church History</i>, 7:18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Francis Wilson: <i>Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan</i> <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>, London, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Gwynn, From Iconoclasm to Arianism: The Construction of Christian Tradition in the Iconoclast Controversy [Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 47 (2007) 225–251], p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/answering-eastern-orthodox-apologists-regarding-icons/">"Answering Eastern Orthodox Apologists regarding Icons"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=Answering+Eastern+Orthodox+Apologists+regarding+Icons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fthemelios%2Farticle%2Fanswering-eastern-orthodox-apologists-regarding-icons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, <i>Pagans and Christians</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>, New York, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dix_1945_413–414-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dix_1945_413–414_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dix_1945_413–414_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDix1945" class="citation book cs1">Dix, Dom Gregory (1945). <i>The Shape of the Liturgy</i>. New York: Seabury Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">413–</span>414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+the+Liturgy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.pub=Seabury+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Dix&rft.aufirst=Dom+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/icon_bowing.aspx">"Is Venerating Icons Idolatry? A Response to the Credenda Agenda"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RC_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RC_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Cormack, "Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons", 1985, George Philip, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-01085-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-540-01085-5">0-540-01085-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excerpted by Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos; this passage is by some considered a later interpolation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avellinomagazine.it/foto%20home%20page/madonna.jpg">"Photo"</a>. <i>www.avellinomagazine.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.avellinomagazine.it&rft.atitle=Photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avellinomagazine.it%2Ffoto%2520home%2520page%2Fmadonna.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mariadinazareth_it-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mariadinazareth_it_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mariadinazareth_it_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariadinazareth.it/www2005/Apparizioni/Montevergine4.jpg">"Photo"</a>. <i>www.mariadinazareth.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mariadinazareth.it&rft.atitle=Photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariadinazareth.it%2Fwww2005%2FApparizioni%2FMontevergine4.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avellinomagazine.it/foto%20home%20page/madonna.jpg">"Photo"</a>. <i>www.avellinomagazine.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.avellinomagazine.it&rft.atitle=Photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avellinomagazine.it%2Ffoto%2520home%2520page%2Fmadonna.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180545/http://vultus.stblogs.org/icona%20sta%20maria%20%20nuova.jpg">"STblogs.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vultus.stblogs.org/icona%20sta%20maria%20%20nuova.jpg">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STblogs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvultus.stblogs.org%2Ficona%2520sta%2520maria%2520%2520nuova.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margherita Guarducci, The Primacy of the Church of Rome, (San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>, 1991) 93–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hall, <i>A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art</i>, p. 111, 1983, John Murray, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-3971-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-3971-4">0-7195-3971-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Father H. Hosten in his book <i>Antiquities</i> notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCormack1997" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, Robin (1997). <i>Painting the Soul; Icons, Death Masks and Shrouds</i>. Reaktion Books, London. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+the+Soul%3B+Icons%2C+Death+Masks+and+Shrouds&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books%2C+London&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belting, <i>Likeness and Presence</i>, Chicago and London, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Kitzinger, <i>The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm</i>, Dumbarton Oaks, 1954, quoted by Pelikan, Jaroslav; <i>The Spirit of Eastern Christendom</i> 600–1700, University of Chicago Press, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pelikan, <i>The Spirit of Eastern Christendom</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Karlin-Hayter, <i>Oxford History of Byzantium</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Schiller (1971), <i>Iconography of Christian Art</i>, Vol. I (English trans. from German), London: Lund Humphries, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85331-270-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85331-270-2">0-85331-270-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1979">Beckwith 1979</a>, pp. 80–95) Covers all these plus the few other painted images elsewhere.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Trinitate</i> 8:4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church History</i> 1:15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belting, <i>Likeness and Presence</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarlin-Hayter2002" class="citation book cs1">Karlin-Hayter, Patricia (2002). <i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Karlin-Hayter&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMango1986" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (1986). <i>The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312–1453</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+312%E2%80%931453&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, "Palladium, 2", first recorded use 1600</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitzinger, 109-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonid Ouspensky, <i>Theology of the Icon</i>, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>These Truths We Hold</i>, St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScouteris1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_B._Scouteris" title="Constantine B. Scouteris">Scouteris, Constantine B.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/liturgics/scouteris_icons.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Never as Gods': Icons and Their Veneration"</a>. <i>Sobornost</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">6–</span>18 – via Orthodox Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sobornost&rft.atitle=%27Never+as+Gods%27%3A+Icons+and+Their+Veneration&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Scouteris&rft.aufirst=Constantine+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org%2Farticles%2Fliturgics%2Fscouteris_icons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mansi xvi. 40D. See also Evdokimov, <i>L'Orthodoxie</i> (Neuchâtel 1965), p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:26–27&version=nrsv">Genesis 1:26–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2021:4–9&version=nrsv">Numbers 21:4–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:15&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrice1986" class="citation book cs1">Price, S. R. F. (1986). <i>Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor</i> (illustrated reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituals+and+Power%3A+The+Roman+Imperial+Cult+in+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.edition=illustrated+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=S.+R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span> Price paraphrases St. Basil, <i>Homily</i> 24: "on seeing an image of the king in the square, one does not allege that there are two kings". Veneration of the image venerates its original: a similar analogy is implicit in the images used for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Roman Imperial cult</a>. It does not occur in the Gospels.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBundy2017" class="citation web cs1">Bundy, Fr. Les (2017-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.obitel-minsk.com/blog/2017/02/orthodox-statues">"Orthodox Statues?"</a>. <i>catalog.obitel-minsk.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catalog.obitel-minsk.com&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Statues%3F&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Bundy&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.obitel-minsk.com%2Fblog%2F2017%2F02%2Forthodox-statues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kosovo.net/esokolica.html">"Sokolica Monastery"</a>. <i>www.kosovo.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kosovo.net&rft.atitle=Sokolica+Monastery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovo.net%2Fesokolica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russianicons.wordpress.com/tag/nil-stolbensky/">"Nil Stolbensky"</a>. <i>ICONS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION</i>. 2014-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICONS+AND+THEIR+INTERPRETATION&rft.atitle=Nil+Stolbensky&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussianicons.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fnil-stolbensky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLimited" class="citation web cs1">Limited, Alamy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamy.com/stparaskeva-pyatnitsa-17th-centurynovgorod-province-popular-in-ancient-russiaprotector-of-travellerstemperagilding-and-levkas-on-carved-wood-image337509694.html">"St.Paraskeva Pyatnitsa 17th century.Novgorod province popular in ancient russia.protector of travellers.tempera,gilding and levkas on carved wood Stock Photo - Alamy"</a>. <i>www.alamy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alamy.com&rft.atitle=St.Paraskeva+Pyatnitsa+17th+century.Novgorod+province+popular+in+ancient+russia.protector+of+travellers.tempera%2Cgilding+and+levkas+on+carved+wood+Stock+Photo+-+Alamy&rft.aulast=Limited&rft.aufirst=Alamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fstparaskeva-pyatnitsa-17th-centurynovgorod-province-popular-in-ancient-russiaprotector-of-travellerstemperagilding-and-levkas-on-carved-wood-image337509694.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dancu, Juliana and Dumitru Dancu, <i>Romanian Icons on Glass</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bo/umetnost/bokokotorske_ikone.html">"[Projekat Rastko - Boka] Ikone bokokotorske skole"</a>. <i>www.rastko.rs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rastko.rs&rft.atitle=%5BProjekat+Rastko+-+Boka%5D+Ikone+bokokotorske+skole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Frastko-bo%2Fumetnost%2Fbokokotorske_ikone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitool.rpi.edu:8881/R/N8528GC7E21FNNIF84NBC5NH4V5A7KIFB8I15TXRSVYSDBHTSY-00188?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27944&local_base=GEN01&pds_handle=GUEST"> Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs: fresco of the Last Judgement</a> (Rensselaer Digital Collections).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyster2008" class="citation book cs1">Lyster, William, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dismAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Paul in Egypt</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300118476" title="Special:BookSources/9780300118476"><bdi>9780300118476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cave+Church+of+Paul+the+Hermit+at+the+Monastery+of+St.+Paul+in+Egypt&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780300118476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdismAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImmerzeel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Immerzeel, Mat (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=5d1096e7c2dca">"The Wall Paintings in the Church of Mar Elian at Homs: A 'Restoration Project' of a Nineteenth-century Palestinian Master"</a>. <i>Eastern Christian Art</i>. <b>2</b>: 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FECA.2.0.2004557">10.2143/ECA.2.0.2004557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Christian+Art&rft.atitle=The+Wall+Paintings+in+the+Church+of+Mar+Elian+at+Homs%3A+A+%27Restoration+Project%27+of+a+Nineteenth-century+Palestinian+Master&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FECA.2.0.2004557&rft.aulast=Immerzeel&rft.aufirst=Mat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fsecure%2FPOJ%2Fdownloadpdf.php%3Fticket_id%3D5d1096e7c2dca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalsham2011" class="citation book cs1">Walsham, Alexandra (2011-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/34826/chapter/297731230">"Idols in the Landscape: The Impact of the Protestant Reformation"</a>. <i>The Reformation of the Landscape</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199243556.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243556.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924355-6"><bdi>978-0-19-924355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idols+in+the+Landscape%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+of+the+Landscape&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199243556.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924355-6&rft.aulast=Walsham&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F34826%2Fchapter%2F297731230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artway.eu/content.php?id=2258&lang=en&action=show">"ArtWay.eu"</a>. <i>www.artway.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artway.eu&rft.atitle=ArtWay.eu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artway.eu%2Fcontent.php%3Fid%3D2258%26lang%3Den%26action%3Dshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaren2010" class="citation web cs1">Karen (2010-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://owlinthepulpit.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/biblia-pauperum/">"Biblia Pauperum"</a>. <i>the owl in the pulpit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+owl+in+the+pulpit&rft.atitle=Biblia+Pauperum&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft.au=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fowlinthepulpit.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F05%2F12%2Fbiblia-pauperum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lutheranworld.org/sites/default/files/1993-Lutheran_Orthodox_Dialogue-EN.pdf">"The Ecumenical Councils and Authority in and of the Church (Lutheran-Orthodox Dialogue Statement, 1993)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Lutheran World Federation. July 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Councils+and+Authority+in+and+of+the+Church+%28Lutheran-Orthodox+Dialogue+Statement%2C+1993%29&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+World+Federation&rft.date=1993-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranworld.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F1993-Lutheran_Orthodox_Dialogue-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1979" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, John (1979). <i>Early Christian and Byzantine Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a> History of Art series (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-056033-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-056033-5"><bdi>0-14-056033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Art&rft.series=Penguin+History+of+Art+series&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-14-056033-5&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Cawthorne" title="Nigel Cawthorne">Cawthorne, Nigel</a> (2000). <i>The Art of the Icon</i>. Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-60059-895-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-60059-895-4"><bdi>978-0-60059-895-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Icon&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-60059-895-4&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Evans, Helen C. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantiumfaithpo0000unse"><i>Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557)</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58839-113-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58839-113-2"><bdi>1-58839-113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+Faith+and+Power+%281261%E2%80%931557%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58839-113-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Helen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantiumfaithpo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Evans, Helen C.; Wixom, William D. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gloryofbyzantium00evan"><i>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-6507-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-6507-2"><bdi>978-0-8109-6507-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Byzantium%3A+Art+and+Culture+of+the+Middle+Byzantine+Era%2C+A.D.+843%E2%80%931261&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-6507-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Helen+C.&rft.au=Wixom%2C+William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgloryofbyzantium00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Icon" class="extiw" title="commons:Icon"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Icon</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Icons_(art)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Icons (art)">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxiconography.com/"><i>Orthodox Iconography</i></a>, by Elias Damianakis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archangelsbooks.com/articles/iconography/DiscourseIcon.asp">"A Discourse in Iconography"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Shanghai_and_San_Francisco" title="John of Shanghai and San Francisco">John of Shanghai and San Francisco</a>, <i>Orthodox Life</i> Vol. 30, No. 1 (January–February 1980), pp. 42–45 (via Archangel Books).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/orth_icon.aspx">"The Iconic and Symbolic in Orthodox Iconography"</a>, at <i>Orthodox Info</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.iconskarakallou.gr/icon-worship/">"Icon & Worship – Icons of Karakallou Monastery, Mt. Athos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418105923/http://en.iconskarakallou.gr/icon-worship/">Archived</a> 2014-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103102324/http://www.ikonograph.com/"><i>Ikonograph</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> – contemporary Byzantine icon studio, iconography school, and Orthodox resources] <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508013624/http://www.ikonograph.com/F.Theodore.html">"Orthodox Iconography"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Theodore Koufos at <i>Ikonograph</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515130511/http://www.ikonograph.com/murals.html">"Contemporary Orthodox Byzantine Style Murals"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> – gallery, at <i>Ikonograph</i></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iconography-guide.com"><i>Iconography Guide</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801180014/http://iconography-guide.com/">Archived</a> 2020-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – free e-learning site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121054755/http://traditionaliconography.com/webgalleryart.html">"On the Difference of Western Religious Art and Orthodox Iconography"</a>, by icon painter Paul Azkoul</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofthenativity.net/orthodoxy/icons/">"Explanation of Orthodox Christian Icons"</a>, from Church of the Nativity <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofthenativity.net/orthodoxy/rules-of-piety/concerning-the-veneration-of-icons/">"Concerning the Veneration of Icons"</a>, from Church of the Nativity</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080131084350/http://www.antiochian.org/1103744287">"Holy Icons: Theology in Color"</a>, from Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Athos/General/Art.html">"Icons of Mount Athos"</a>, from <i>Macedonian Heritage</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/resources/clipart/">"Icons"</a>, from Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icon-art.info/gallery.php?lng=en"><i>Icon Art</i></a> – gallery of icons, murals, and mosaics (mostly Russian) from the 11th to the 20th century</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eikonografos.com"><i>Eikonografos</i></a> – collection of Byzantine icons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pallasweb.com/deesis"><i>My World of Byzantium</i></a> by Bob Atchison, on the <a href="/wiki/De%C3%ABsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deësis">Deësis</a> icon of Christ at Hagia Sophia, and four galleries of other icons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics337" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" 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style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army55" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Serbian_wars" title="Byzantine–Serbian wars">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Lombard_wars" title="Byzantine–Lombard wars">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus'–Byzantine War">Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Norman_wars" title="Byzantine–Norman wars">Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Byzantine–Seljuk wars">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Byzantine–Ottoman wars">Ottoman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2196" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132137#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Icônes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934583b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570294">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ikony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121033&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Iconos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX527262">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000049762&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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