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id="toc-1201–1209" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1201–1209"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1201–1209</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1201–1209-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1210s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1210s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1210s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1210s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1220s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1220s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1220s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1220s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1230s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1230s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1230s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1230s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1240s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1240s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1240s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1240s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1250s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1250s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1250s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1250s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1260s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1260s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1260s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1260s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1270s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1270s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1270s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1270s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1280s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1280s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1280s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1280s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1290–1300" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1290–1300"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1290–1300</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1290–1300-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inventions, discoveries, introductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">13th century</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/13de_eeu" title="13de eeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="13de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Jahrhundert" title="13. Jahrhundert – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="13. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="13ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="13ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_13" title="القرن 13 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 13" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XIII" title="Sieglo XIII – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XIII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XIII" title="Sieglu XIII – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XIII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XIII гӀасру – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XIII гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%C9%99sr" title="XIII əsr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XIII əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B3._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۳. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۳. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-13" title="Abad ka-13 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-13" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="ত্রয়োদশ শতাব্দী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রয়োদশ শতাব্দী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="13 sè-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="13 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-13" title="Abad kaping-13 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-13" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XIII быуат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XIII быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XIII стагоддзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XIII стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XIII стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XIII стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="13 век – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="13 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._vijek" title="13. vijek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="13. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIIvet_kantved" title="XIIIvet kantved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIIIvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XIII" title="Segle XIII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XIII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XIII ĕмĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XIII ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._stolet%C3%AD" title="13. století – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="13. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/13eg_ganrif" title="13eg ganrif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="13eg ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="13. århundrede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="13. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Jahrhundert" title="13. Jahrhundert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="13. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._sajand" title="13. sajand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="13. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="13ος αιώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="13ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_s%C3%A9col" title="XIII sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XIII sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XIII пинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XIII пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIII" title="Siglo XIII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XIII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-a_jarcento" title="13-a jarcento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="13-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XIII" title="Sigru XIII – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XIII" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII._mendea" title="XIII. mendea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XIII. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B3_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="سده ۱۳ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده ۱۳ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%B8ld" title="13. øld – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="13. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIIe siècle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XIIIe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_iuw" title="13e iuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="13e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%C3%BA_haois" title="13ú haois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="13ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/13oo_eash" title="13oo eash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="13oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/13mh_Linn" title="13mh Linn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="13mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIII" title="Século XIII – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XIII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="13世紀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="13世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="13세기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="13세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="13-րդ դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="13-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="१३वीं शताब्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१३वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._stolje%C4%87e" title="13. stoljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="13. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/13ma_yarcento" title="13ma yarcento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="13ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-13" title="Abad ke-13 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-13" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_13" title="Seculo 13 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 13" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="XIII æнус – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="XIII æнус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%B6ldin" title="13. öldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="13. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-13" title="המאה ה-13 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-13" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_13" title="Abad ping 13 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 13" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XIII საუკუნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XIII საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XIII ғасыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XIII ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/13ves_kansbledhen" title="13ves kansbledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="13ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_13" title="Karne ya 13 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 13" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-eafa_decemda" title="13-eafa decemda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="13-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIIe_sy%C3%A8k" title="XIIIe syèk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="XIIIe syèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_13an" title="Sedsala 13an – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 13an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_13" title="Saeculum 13 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 13" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._gadsimts" title="13. gadsimts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="13. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Joerhonnert" title="13. Joerhonnert – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="13. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XIII виш йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XIII виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_am%C5%BEius" title="XIII amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIII amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daartiende_iew" title="Daartiende iew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Daartiende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_13" title="Sentenio 13 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 13" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secul" title="XIII secul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="XIII secul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._sz%C3%A1zad" title="13. század – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="13. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="13 век – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="13 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_13" title="Rautau 13 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 13" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १३ वे शतक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १३ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XIII ოშწანურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XIII ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن التلاتاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن التلاتاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-13" title="Abad ke-13 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-13" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="13 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="13 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="13-р зуун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="13-р зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%83_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၃ ရာစုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၃ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XIII" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIII – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIII" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_eeuw" title="13e eeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="13e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_eeuw" title="13e eeuw – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="13e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="13世紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="13世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_seculo" title="XIII seculo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XIII seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XIII бӀешо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XIII бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._juarhunert" title="13. juarhunert – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="13. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%A5rhundre" title="13. århundre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="13. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200-talet" title="1200-talet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1200-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIIe_s." title="XIIIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XIIIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIII" title="Sègle XIII – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XIII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XIII курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XIII курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_asr" title="XIII asr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XIII asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تیرہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیرہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_13" title="Siglo 13 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siglo 13" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Johrhunnert" title="13. Johrhunnert – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="13. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_wiek" title="XIII wiek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XIII wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIII" title="Século XIII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XIII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XIII-lea" title="Secolul al XIII-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XIII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="13 ñiqin pachakwata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="13 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XIII. стороча – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XIII. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XIII век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XIII век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XIII үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XIII үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Jierhunnert" title="13. Jierhunnert – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="13. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_13" title="Ngwagakgolo 13 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 13" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XIII" title="Shekulli XIII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XIII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XIII" title="Sèculu XIII – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XIII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="13th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._storo%C4%8Die" title="13. storočie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="13. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._stoletje" title="13. stoletje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="13. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A3" title="سەدەی ١٣ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٣" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="13. век – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="13. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._vijek" title="13. vijek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="13. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-13" title="Abad ka-13 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-13" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200-luku" title="1200-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1200-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200-talet" title="1200-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1200-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-13_dantaon" title="Ika-13 dantaon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-13 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="13-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="13-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XIII гасыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XIII гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_13" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 13 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 13" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_13" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 13 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 13" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XIII" title="Садаи XIII – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XIII" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="13. yüzyıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="13. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-nji_asyr" title="13-nji asyr – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="13-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XIII століття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XIII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تیرہویں صدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیرہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_-_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1" title="13 - ئەسىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="13 - ئەسىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_13" title="Thế kỷ 13 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 13" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._aastagasada" title="13. aastagasada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="13. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/13inme_sieke" title="13inme sieke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="13inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-13_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-13 nga gatostuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-13 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="13世纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="13世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="13טער י"ה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="13טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="13世紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="13世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_13y%C4%B1ne" title="Seserra 13yıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 13yıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_e%C3%AAuw" title="13e eêuw – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="13e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_om%C5%BEios" title="XIII omžios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XIII omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="13世纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="13世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7049#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">13th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_12th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_13th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 13th century">13th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century#Events" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> State leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_12th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_13th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 13th century">13th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_14th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)">1200s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1210s" title="1210s">1210s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1220s" title="1220s">1220s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1230s" title="1230s">1230s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1240s" title="1240s">1240s</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250s" title="1250s">1250s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s">1290s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_births" title="Category:13th-century births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_deaths" title="Category:13th-century deaths">Deaths</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_establishments" title="Category:13th-century establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_disestablishments" title="Category:13th-century disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centurybox" title="Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centurybox" title="Template talk:Centurybox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/250px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/375px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/500px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="4040" /></a><figcaption>Mongol Emperor <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>13th century</b> was the century which lasted from January 1, <a href="/wiki/1201" title="1201">1201</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> MCCI) through December 31, <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a> (MCCC) in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, which stretched from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The conquests of <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions">Mongol invasions</a> changed the course of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Siege of Baghdad (1258)</a> and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>. Other Muslim powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> conquered large parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> witnessed a decline through the conquest led by <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khilji">Bakhtiyar Khilji</a>. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy</a> would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe entered the apex of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the <a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourth Crusade">fourth</a>, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, which dominated the curricula of the new universities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, King John signed the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> of the Mongols. The <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura Shogunate</a> of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongols_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongols-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, according to some population estimates, the population of <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century <a href="/wiki/History_of_London#Population" title="History of London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Peru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cuzco</a> began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">Mayan civilization</a>, the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem Empire</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> reached its apex. The <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> in Ethiopia and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe Kingdom</a> were founded. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Hem_1200ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/East-Hem_1200ad.jpg/300px-East-Hem_1200ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/East-Hem_1200ad.jpg/450px-East-Hem_1200ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/East-Hem_1200ad.jpg/600px-East-Hem_1200ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1201–1209"><span id="1201.E2.80.931209"></span>1201–1209</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1201–1209"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>: Introduction of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basian" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Basian">Battle of Basian</a> occurs on July 27, between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mirebeau" title="Battle of Mirebeau">Battle of Mirebeau</a> occurs on August 1, between <a href="/wiki/Arthur_I_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur I of Brittany">Arthur I of Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>: <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">oppression of Buddhism in East India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> of <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>–<a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a> captures <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and sacks <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>: Fall of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> from <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Angevin</a> hands to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> King, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Augustus">Philip Augustus</a>, end of <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> domination of France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1205)">The Battle of Adrianople</a> occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> under <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin I of Constantinople">Baldwin I</a>, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1206" title="1206">1206</a>: <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> is declared <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mongols">the Mongols</a>.</li> <li>1206: The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> is established in Northern India under the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> is declared by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1210s"><a href="/wiki/1210s" title="1210s">1210s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1210s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liber_abbaci_magliab_f124r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Liber_abbaci_magliab_f124r.jpg/220px-Liber_abbaci_magliab_f124r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Liber_abbaci_magliab_f124r.jpg/330px-Liber_abbaci_magliab_f124r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Liber_abbaci_magliab_f124r.jpg/440px-Liber_abbaci_magliab_f124r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>A page of the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a></i></span> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Central_Library_(Florence)" title="National Central Library (Florence)">Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze</a> showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>: <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb-ud-Din Aibak</a>, the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, fell down from a horse while playing <a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">chovgan</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> on horseback) in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and died instantly when the <a href="/wiki/Pommel_(saddle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pommel (saddle)">pommel</a> of the saddle pierced his ribs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> marks the beginning of a rapid Christian <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquest</a> of the southern half of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>–<a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>, with the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a> forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>: The Kingdom of France defeats the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muret" title="Battle of Muret">Battle of Muret</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>: France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines" title="Battle of Bouvines">Battle of Bouvines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>: King John signs <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> at <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lipitsa" title="Battle of Lipitsa">Battle of Lipitsa</a> between Russian principalities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Sundara_Pandyan" title="Maravarman Sundara Pandyan">Maravarman Sundara I</a> reestablishes the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a> in Southern India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>–<a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> captures Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> port city of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>; ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> withdraw.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1220s"><a href="/wiki/1220s" title="1220s">1220s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1220s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>c. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> was established</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>: <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> are destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II of Hungary</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a> which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> defeats various Russian principalities at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kalka_River" title="Battle of the Kalka River">Battle of the Kalka River</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>: <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samara_Bend" title="Battle of Samara Bend">Battle of Samara Bend</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> of Vietnam was established by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a> ascended to the throne after his uncle <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Trần Thủ Độ">Trần Thủ Độ</a> orchestrated the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>: <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> are finally subjugated to <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">German crusader rule</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>: <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> dies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>–<a href="/wiki/1229" title="1229">1229</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a> under the excommunicated <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II Hohenstaufen">Frederick II Hohenstaufen</a>, who returns <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader States">Crusader States</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>–<a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>: First clash between <a href="/wiki/Gregory_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>–<a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>: Dispute between the so-called second <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1230s"><a href="/wiki/1230s" title="1230s">1230s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1230s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinesischer_Maler_von_1238_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chinesischer_Maler_von_1238_001.jpg/220px-Chinesischer_Maler_von_1238_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chinesischer_Maler_von_1238_001.jpg/330px-Chinesischer_Maler_von_1238_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chinesischer_Maler_von_1238_001.jpg/440px-Chinesischer_Maler_von_1238_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1937" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan" title="Wuzhun Shifan">Wuzhun Shifan</a>, painted in 1238, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_siege_of_Kaifeng" title="Mongol siege of Kaifeng">Mongols besiege Kaifeng</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, capturing it in the following year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ganter">Battle of Ganter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Arok" title="Ken Arok">Ken Arok</a> defeated Kertajaya, the last king of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri (historical kingdom)">Kediri</a>, thus established <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ken Arok ended the reign of <a href="/wiki/Isyana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Isyana Dynasty">Isyana Dynasty</a> and started his own <a href="/wiki/Rajasa_dynasty" title="Rajasa dynasty">Rajasa dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> kingdoms unite to form the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> which leads to the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Sosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso">Sosso</a> in the 1230s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>–<a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>: Third conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>–<a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1240s"><a href="/wiki/1240s" title="1240s">1240s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1240s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>: Russians defeat the Swedish army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neva" title="Battle of the Neva">Battle of the Neva</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> defeats Hungary at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi" title="Battle of Mohi">Battle of Mohi</a> and defeats Poland at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a>. Hungary and Poland ravaged.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>: Russians defeat the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Peipus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lake Peipus">Battle of Lake Peipus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>–<a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>: Second <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>–<a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_army_between_1231_and_1246" title="Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246">Khwarezmians</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> and their Arab allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Forbie" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Forbie">Battle of La Forbie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>: End of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Moors</a>, when King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III of Portugal</a> reconquers the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>–<a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a> captures Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> port city of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">crusaders</a> ultimately withdraw, after the capture of French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mamelukes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamelukes">Mamelukes</a> overthrow <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> Dynasty.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1250s"><a href="/wiki/1250s" title="1250s">1250s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1250s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg/271px-Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="271" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg/407px-Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg/542px-Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1227 at <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s death </figcaption></figure>By 1250, <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola culture</a>, through trade, begins influencing <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Coles_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Coles Creek culture">Coastal Coles Creek culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WEINSTEIN2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEINSTEIN2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk dynasty</a> is founded in Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>: Baab Mashur Malamo established the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a> in Maluku.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in Baghdad.</li> <li>1258: <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandayan</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jatavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" title="Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Jatavarman Sundara I</a> invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a> is signed between <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1260s"><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1260s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>: Mongols first major war defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Egyptians</a>.</li> <li>1260: <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a> begins between <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> for the title of <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantines</a> under <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VIII">Michael VIII</a> retake <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1262" title="1262">1262</a>: Iceland brought under Norwegian rule, with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant_(Iceland)" title="Old Covenant (Iceland)">Old Covenant</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a>: Dominican theologian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> begins to write his <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica"><i>Summa Theologiae</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>: Fall of the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> to the Egyptians.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1270s"><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1270s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg/250px-Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg/375px-Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg/500px-Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1895" /></a><figcaption>The opening page of one of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>' medical works. This is probably a copy made in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during the 17th or 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>: <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty swears allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a> is displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a> arrive in <a href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Crusade">Ninth Crusade</a> against <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>–<a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>: <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> attempts to unite the churches of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> with the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Church of Rome</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>: The Mongols launch their first <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan#First_invasion_(1274)" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">invasion</a> of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">Kamikaze</a> winds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a> give the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> permission to settle at the islet Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Sant Dnyaneshwar</a> who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwari" title="Dnyaneshwari">Dnyaneshwari</a></i> (a commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Amrutanubhav" title="Amrutanubhav">Amrutanubhav</a></i> was born.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara">Kertanegara</a> of Singhasari launched <a href="/wiki/Pamalayu_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamalayu expedition">Pamalayu expedition</a> against <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a> in Sumatra (ended in 1292).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>: Passage of the last and most important of the <a href="/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210%E2%80%931277" title="Condemnations of 1210–1277">Paris Condemnations</a> by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> propositions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> ends after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a> to the Mongols.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Chola Dynasty</a> in Southern India officially comes to an end.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1280s"><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1280s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>: The Mongols launch their second <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan#Second_invasion_(1281)" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">invasion</a> of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> acquires <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a> founded by Hugo de Balsham, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely" title="Bishop of Ely">Bishop of Ely</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>: King Kertanegara launches the Pabali expedition to <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, integrating Bali into the Singhasari territory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>: Second <a href="/wiki/Tatar_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar invasions">Mongol raid</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a>: The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> falls to the Bahri <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a>: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1290–1300"><span id="1290.E2.80.931300"></span>1290–1300</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1290–1300"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hommage_d_%C3%89douard_Ier_%C3%A0_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hommage_d_%C3%89douard_Ier_%C3%A0_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg/220px-Hommage_d_%C3%89douard_Ier_%C3%A0_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hommage_d_%C3%89douard_Ier_%C3%A0_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg/330px-Hommage_d_%C3%89douard_Ier_%C3%A0_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hommage_d_%C3%89douard_Ier_%C3%A0_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg/440px-Hommage_d_%C3%89douard_Ier_%C3%A0_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>Hommage of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (kneeling), to the <a href="/wiki/Philippe_le_Bel" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe le Bel">Philippe le Bel</a> (seated). As <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">duke of Aquitaine</a>, Edward was a vassal to the French king.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a> comes to an end and is replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290" title="1290">1290</a>: By the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> orders all <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to leave the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a> forms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> Sultan of Egypt <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a> captures <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Acre</a>, thus ending the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> (the last Christian state remaining from the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a>, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara_of_Singhasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara of Singhasari">Kertanegara</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Singhasari kingdom">Singhasari kingdom</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including <a href="/wiki/Perlak,_Aceh" title="Perlak, Aceh">Ferlec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra Pasai">Samudera</a> and Lambri.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lanna</a> kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>: On 10 November, the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Nararya Sangramawijaya</a> as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom in eastern Java.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a> begins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>: Membership in the <i>Mazor Consegio</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Venice" title="Great Council of Venice">Great Council of Venice</a> of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> is established under <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is likely <a href="/wiki/The_spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia_(1200_to_1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)">established</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutai_Lama,_Anggana,_Kutai_Kartanegara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutai Lama, Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara (page does not exist)">Kutai Lama</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a> was consecrated in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lumay" title="Sri Lumay">Sri Lumay</a>, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianized</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a> in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions"><span id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></span>Inventions, discoveries, introductions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inventions, discoveries, introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alai_Gate_and_Qutub_Minar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Alai_Gate_and_Qutub_Minar.jpg/220px-Alai_Gate_and_Qutub_Minar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Alai_Gate_and_Qutub_Minar.jpg/330px-Alai_Gate_and_Qutub_Minar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Alai_Gate_and_Qutub_Minar.jpg/440px-Alai_Gate_and_Qutub_Minar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qutb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb complex">Alai Gate and Qutub Minar</a> were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-unescoaqm_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unescoaqm-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#13th_century" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions § 13th century</a></div> <ul><li>Early 13th century – <a href="/wiki/Xia_Gui" title="Xia Gui">Xia Gui</a> paints <i>Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut</i>, during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art" title="Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art</a>, Kansas City, Missouri).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> form originates out of the <a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western European music</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a> develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture#Pecia_system" title="Manuscript culture"><i>Pecia</i> system</a> of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.</li> <li>Wooden <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> printing invented by Chinese governmental minister <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a> in <a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a>.</li> <li>The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="History of firearms">handguns</a> are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.</li> <li>The Chinese adopt the <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmill</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_ware" title="Guan ware">Guan ware</a> vase is made, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>. It is now kept at <a href="/wiki/Percival_David_Foundation_of_Chinese_Art" title="Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art">Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art</a>, London.</li> <li>1250 – <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Palace" title="Cliff Palace">Cliff Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Pueblo">Ancestral Pueblo</a> architectural complexes reach their apex<sup id="cite_ref-b275_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b275-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eyeglasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglasses">Eyeglasses</a> are invented in Venice, Italy.</li> <li>Late 13th century – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_Attack_on_the_Sanjo_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (page does not exist)">Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace</a></i> is made during the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>. It is now kept at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>.</li> <li>Late 13th century – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Descent_of_the_Amida_Trinity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descent of the Amida Trinity (page does not exist)">Descent of the Amida Trinity</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Raigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Raigo">raigo</a> <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptych</a>, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a> languages begin to develop during the course of the century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">Christianity in the 13th century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republika.co.id/berita/en/travelling-2/17/03/24/ona4he414-samudra-pasai-worthy-to-be-world-historical-site">"Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site"</a>. <i>Republika Online</i>. 2017-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm">"St. Thomas Aquinas"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NSCC Libraries Pressbooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.pub=NSCC+Libraries+Pressbooks&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongols-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mongols_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72"><i>Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275958237" title="Special:BookSources/9780275958237"><bdi>9780275958237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+and+East+Asia%3A+The+Story+of+a+Phoenix&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780275958237&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrZQs-6KswMC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/dm-lon31.htm">"Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History"</a>. <i>www.demographia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demographia.com&rft.atitle=Greater+London%2C+Inner+London+Population+%26+Density+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdm-lon31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span> Quoting from <i>The London Encyclopedia</i>, Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405049251" title="Special:BookSources/1405049251">1405049251</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314681/Ken-Angrok">"Ken Angrok"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ken+Angrok&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F314681%2FKen-Angrok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WEINSTEIN2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WEINSTEIN2008_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein,_Richard_A.Dumas,_Ashley_A.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425141409/http://www.coastalenv.com/sarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf">"The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southeastern Archaeology</i>. <b>27</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastalenv.com/sarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+spread+of+shell-tempered+ceramics+along+the+northern+coast+of+the+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Dumas%2C+Ashley+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastalenv.com%2Fsarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1988" class="citation cs2">Grousset, Rene (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288"><i>Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java</i></a>, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288">288</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+steppes%2C+Wars+in+Japan%2C+Indochina+and+Java&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahler1981" class="citation book cs1">Kahler, H. (December 31, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ&q=Majapahit"><i>Modern Times</i></a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004061967" title="Special:BookSources/9004061967"><bdi>9004061967</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Times&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1981-12-31&rft.isbn=9004061967&rft.aulast=Kahler&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNgUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMajapahit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813150213/http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/history.html">"History of Aceh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/history.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Aceh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indonesia-tourism.com%2Faceh%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2004" class="citation book cs1">Weatherford, Jack (2004). <i>Genghis khan and the making of the modern world</i>. New York: Random House. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4"><bdi>0-609-80964-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+khan+and+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-609-80964-4&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/3-9692371">"Kenelle kellot soivat? – Kiipeä 360-videon avulla Turun tuomiokirkon torniin"</a>. <i>Yle Uutiset</i> (in Finnish). 2017-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle+Uutiset&rft.atitle=Kenelle+kellot+soivat%3F+%E2%80%93+Kiipe%C3%A4+360-videon+avulla+Turun+tuomiokirkon+torniin&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F3-9692371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescoaqm-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unescoaqm_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233/">"Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Qutb+Minar+and+its+Monuments%2C+Delhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F233%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b275-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b275_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berlo and Phillips, 275</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._Walsh1907" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Walsh" title="James Joseph Walsh">James J. Walsh</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301075205/http://www2.nd.edu/Departments//Maritain/etext/walsh.htm">"The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries"</a>. <i>nd.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/walsh.htm">the original</a> on 2017-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nd.edu&rft.atitle=The+Thirteenth%3A+Greatest+of+Centuries&rft.date=1907&rft.au=James+J.+Walsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2FDepartments%2FMaritain%2Fetext%2Fwalsh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A13th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decades_and_years" title="Template talk:Decades and years"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decades_and_years" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>13th century</b><br /><small><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a> ← <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a> ← ↔ → <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a> → <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a></span></small> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/1190s" title="1190s"><b>1190s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1190" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1190">1190</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1191" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1191">1191</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1192" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1192">1192</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1193" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1193">1193</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1194" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1194">1194</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1195" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1195">1195</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1196" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1196">1196</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1197" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1197">1197</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1198" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1198">1198</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1199" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1199">1199</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)"><b>1200s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1200" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1200">1200</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1201" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1201">1201</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1202" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1202">1202</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1203" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1203">1203</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1204" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1204">1204</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1205" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1205">1205</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1206" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1206">1206</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1207" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1207">1207</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1208" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1208">1208</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1209" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1209">1209</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1210s" title="1210s"><b>1210s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1210" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1210">1210</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1211" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1211">1211</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1212" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1212">1212</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1213" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1213">1213</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1214" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1214">1214</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1215" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1215">1215</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1216" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1216">1216</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1217" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1217">1217</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1218" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1218">1218</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1219">1219</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1220s" title="1220s"><b>1220s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1220" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1220">1220</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1221" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1221">1221</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1222" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1222">1222</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1223" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1223">1223</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1224" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1224">1224</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1225" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1225">1225</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1226" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1226">1226</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1227" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1227">1227</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1228" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1228">1228</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1229" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1229">1229</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1230s" title="1230s"><b>1230s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1230" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1230">1230</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1231" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1231">1231</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1232" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1232">1232</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1233" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1233">1233</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1234" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1234">1234</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1235" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1235">1235</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1236" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1236">1236</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1237" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1237">1237</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1238" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1238">1238</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1239" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1239">1239</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1240s" title="1240s"><b>1240s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1240" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1240">1240</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1241" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1241">1241</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1242" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1242">1242</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1243" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1243">1243</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1244" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1244">1244</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1245" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1245">1245</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1246" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1246">1246</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1247" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1247">1247</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1248" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1248">1248</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1249" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1249">1249</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1250s" title="1250s"><b>1250s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1250" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1250">1250</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1251" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1251">1251</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1252" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1252">1252</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1253" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1253">1253</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1254" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1254">1254</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1255" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1255">1255</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1256" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1256">1256</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1257" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1257">1257</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1258" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1258">1258</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1259" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1259">1259</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s"><b>1260s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1260" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1260">1260</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1261" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1261">1261</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1262" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1262">1262</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1263" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1263">1263</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1264" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1264">1264</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1265" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1265">1265</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1266" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1266">1266</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1267" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1267">1267</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1268" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1268">1268</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1269" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1269">1269</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s"><b>1270s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1270" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1270">1270</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1271" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1271">1271</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1272" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1272">1272</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1273" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1273">1273</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1274" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1274">1274</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1275" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1275">1275</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1276" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1276">1276</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1277" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1277">1277</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1278" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1278">1278</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1279" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1279">1279</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s"><b>1280s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1280" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1280">1280</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1281" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1281">1281</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1282" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1282">1282</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1283" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1283">1283</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1284" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1284">1284</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1285" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1285">1285</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1286" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1286">1286</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1287" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1287">1287</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1288" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1288">1288</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1289" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1289">1289</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s"><b>1290s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1290" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1290">1290</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1291" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1291">1291</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1292" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1292">1292</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1293" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1293">1293</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1294" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1294">1294</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1295" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1295">1295</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1296" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1296">1296</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1297" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1297">1297</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1298" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1298">1298</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1299" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1299">1299</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1300s_(decade)" title="1300s (decade)"><b>1300s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1300" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1300">1300</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1301" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1301">1301</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1302" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1302">1302</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1303" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1303">1303</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1304" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1304">1304</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1305" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1305">1305</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1306" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1306">1306</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1307" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1307">1307</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1308" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1308">1308</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1309" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1309">1309</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Centuries_and_millennia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centuries" title="Template:Centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centuries" title="Template talk:Centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Centuries_and_millennia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Centuries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#efefef; width:10%;">Millennium</th> <th colspan="10" style="background-color:#efefef; width:90%;">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">BC (BCE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:9%"><b><a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th</a></b></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/40th_century_BC" title="40th century BC">40th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/39th_century_BC" title="39th century BC">39th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/38th_century_BC" title="38th century BC">38th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">37th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/36th_century_BC" title="36th century BC">36th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/34th_century_BC" title="34th century BC">34th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/33rd_century_BC" title="33rd century BC">33rd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">32nd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/31st_century_BC" title="31st century BC">31st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century_BC" title="30th century BC">30th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century_BC" title="29th century BC">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century_BC" title="28th century BC">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century_BC" title="27th century BC">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century_BC" title="26th century BC">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century_BC" title="25th century BC">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century_BC" title="24th century BC">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century_BC" title="23rd century BC">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century_BC" title="22nd century BC">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century_BC" title="21st century BC">21st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_century_BC" title="20th century BC">20th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century_BC" title="19th century BC">19th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_century_BC" title="18th century BC">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century_BC" title="17th century BC">17th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century_BC" title="16th century BC">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century_BC" title="15th century BC">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_century_BC" title="13th century BC">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_century_BC" title="12th century BC">12th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century_BC" title="11th century BC">11th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century_BC" title="10th century BC">10th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century_BC" title="9th century BC">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century_BC" title="7th century BC">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century_BC" title="4th century BC">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">AD (CE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd century">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd century">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="24th century">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="25th century">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="26th century">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="27th century">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="28th century">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="29th century">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="30th century">30th</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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