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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gharbzadegi:_"Westoxification"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gharbzadegi:_"Westoxification""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gharbzadegi: "Westoxification"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gharbzadegi:_"Westoxification"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discourse_of_authenticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discourse_of_authenticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Discourse of authenticity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discourse_of_authenticity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discourse of authenticity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discourse_of_authenticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_and_novellas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_novellas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Novels and novellas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_novellas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Critical essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travelogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travelogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Travelogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travelogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad_Literary_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad_Literary_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad_Literary_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جلال آل أحمد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلال آل أحمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99lal_Ale-%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d" title="Cəlal Ale-Əhməd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəlal Ale-Əhməd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جلال آل‌احمد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جلال آل‌احمد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jal%C4%81l_%C4%80l-e-Ahmad" title="Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschal%C4%81l_%C4%80l-e_Ahmad" title="Dschalāl Āl-e Ahmad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschalāl Āl-e Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalal_Al-e_Ahmad" title="Yalal Al-e Ahmad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yalal Al-e Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جلال آل احمد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلال آل احمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93" title="ג'לאל אל-י אחמד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'לאל אל-י אחמד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯალალ ალ-აჰმადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯალალ ალ-აჰმადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جلال آل احمد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جلال آل احمد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89" title="ジャラール・アーレ・アフマド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャラール・アーレ・アフマド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCalal_Al-e_Ahmad" title="Dżalal Al-e Ahmad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżalal Al-e Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5-%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Але-Ахмад, Джалал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Але-Ахмад, Джалал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB-%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Џалал Ал-е Ахмад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џалал Ал-е Ахмад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e Ahmad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jalal Al-e Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ҷалол Али Аҳмад – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷалол Али Аҳмад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Джалал Але Ахмад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джалал Але Ахмад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iranian novelist, short-story writer, translator and philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad<br /><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جلال آل‌احمد</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad05_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad05_%281%29.jpg/220px-Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad05_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad05_%281%29.jpg/330px-Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad05_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad05_%281%29.jpg/440px-Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad05_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1923-12-02</span>)</span>2 December 1923<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublime_State_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublime State of Persia">Sublime State of Persia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-09-09)</span> (aged 45)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Asalem" title="Asalem">Asalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Writer, social and political critic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1948)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Iran)" title="Third Force (Iran)">Third Force</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948–1951)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation" title="Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation">Toilers Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Iran)" title="Third Force (Iran)">Third Force</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1952–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a> <small>(1950−1969, his death)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalal-e_Al-e-Ahmad_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jalal-e_Al-e-Ahmad_signature.png/150px-Jalal-e_Al-e-Ahmad_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jalal-e_Al-e-Ahmad_signature.png/225px-Jalal-e_Al-e-Ahmad_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jalal-e_Al-e-Ahmad_signature.png/300px-Jalal-e_Al-e-Ahmad_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seyyed" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed">Seyyed</a> Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جلال آل‌احمد</span>; December 2, 1923 – September 9, 1969) was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> novelist, short-story writer, translator, philosopher,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> socio-political critic, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> who was "one of the earliest and most prominent of contemporary Iranian <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He popularized the term <i><a href="/wiki/Gharbzadegi" title="Gharbzadegi">gharbzadegi</a></i> – variously translated in English as "westernstruck", "westoxification", and "<a href="/wiki/Occident" title="Occident">Occidentosis</a>" – <sup id="cite_ref-brumberg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brumberg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> producing a holistic ideological <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">critique of the West</a> "which combined strong themes of <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jalal was born in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, into a religious family – his father was a cleric – "originally from the village of Aurazan in the <a href="/wiki/Taleqan_County" title="Taleqan County">Taliqan district</a> bordering <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">northern Iran</a>, and in due time Jalal was to travel there, exerting himself actively for the welfare of the villagers and devoting to them the first of his <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Taleghani" title="Mahmoud Taleghani">Mahmoud Taleghani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After elementary school Al-e-Ahmad was sent to earn a living in the Tehran bazaar, but also attended Marvi Madreseh for a religious education, and without his father's permission, night classes at the <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Dar ul-Fonun</a>. He went to Seminary of <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> in 1944 but returned home very quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became "acquainted with the speech and words of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>" and was unable to commit to the clerical career his father and brother had hoped he would take, describing it as "a snare in the shape of a cloak and an <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">aba</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes his family as a religious family in the autobiographical sketch that published after his death in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-ĀL-E_AḤMAD,_JALĀL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ĀL-E_AḤMAD,_JALĀL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 he earned an M.A. in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> from Tehran Teachers College<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a teacher, at the same time making a sharp break with his religious family that left him "completely on his own resources."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pursued academic studies further and enrolled in a doctoral program of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tehran_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran University">Tehran University</a> but quit before he had defended his <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, he married <a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a>, a well-known <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>. Jalal and Simin were infertile, a topic that was reflected in some of Jalal's works. </p><p>He died in Asalem, a rural region in the north of Iran, inside a cottage which was built almost entirely by himself. He was buried in Firouzabadi <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray, Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commons and his wife, Simin, believe he was poisoned by <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chamber_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamber-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bashiri_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bashiri-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the Tehran Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts Department bought the house in which both Jalal Al-e Ahmad and his brother Shams were born and lived.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_life">Political life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gharbzadegi:_"Westoxification""><span id="Gharbzadegi:_.22Westoxification.22"></span>Gharbzadegi: "Westoxification"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gharbzadegi: "Westoxification""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gharbzadegi" title="Gharbzadegi">Gharbzadegi</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:29em; border-width: 1px; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We have been unable to preserve our own historicocultural character in the face of the machine and its fateful onslaught. Rather, we have been routed. We have been unable to take a considered stand in the face of this contemporary monster. So long as we do not comprehend the real essence, basis, and philosophy of Western civilization, only aping the West outwardly and formally (by consuming its machines), we shall be like the ass going about in a lion's skin. We know what became of him. Although the one who created the machine now cries out that it is stifling him, we not only fail to repudiate our assuming the garb of machine tenders, we pride ourselves on it. For two hundred years we have resembled the crow mimicking the partridge (always supposing that the West is a partridge and we are a crow). So long as we remain <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>, so long as we have not built the machine, we remain occidentotic. Our dilemma is that once we have built the machine, we will have become mechanotic, just like the West, crying out at the way technology and the machine have stampeded out of control. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Jalal Al-e Ahmad, <i>Occidentosis: A Plague From the West</i>, Mizan Press (1984), p. 31</cite></p> </div> <p>Al-e-Ahmad is perhaps most famous for using the term <a href="/wiki/Gharbzadegi" title="Gharbzadegi">Gharbzadegi</a>, originally coined by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a> and variously translated in English as weststruckness, westoxification and occidentosis - in a book by the same name <i>Occidentosis: A Plague from the West</i>, self-published by Al-e Ahmad in Iran in 1962. In the book Al-e-Ahmad developed a "stinging <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a> of Western technology and by implication of Western `civilization` itself". He argued that the decline of traditional Iranian industries such as carpet weaving was the beginning of Western "economic and <a href="/wiki/Existential" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential">existential</a> victories over the East."<sup id="cite_ref-brumberg_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brumberg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His criticism of Western technology and mechanization was influenced, through <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, and he also considered <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> as another seminal philosophical influence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>, to whom Jalal ascribes a major part in the <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> of his famous book, and he goes on to say "Junger and I were both exploring more or less the same subject, but from two viewpoints. We were addressing the same question, but in two languages."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the twelve chapters of the essay, Al-e Ahmad defines gharbzadegi as a contagious disease, lists its initial symptoms and details its <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a>, diagnoses local patients, offers a prognosis for patients in other localities, and consults with other specialists to suggest a rather hazy antidote.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> His message was embraced by the Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a>, who wrote in 1971 that </p><blockquote><p>"The poisonous culture of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> [is] penetrating to the depths of towns and villages throughout the Muslim world, displacing the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, recruiting our youth en masse to the service of foreigners and imperialists..."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>and became part of the ideology of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, which emphasized <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of industry, independence in all areas of life from both the Soviet and the Western world, and "self-sufficiency" in economics. He was also one of the main influences of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadinejad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discourse_of_authenticity">Discourse of authenticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discourse of authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mirsepasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Mirsepasi">Ali Mirsepasi</a> believes that Al-e Ahmad is concerned with the discourse of authenticity along with Shariati. According to Mirsepasi, Jalal extended his critiques of the <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemonic">hegemonic</a> power of the West. The critique is centered on the concept of westoxication. Al-e Ahmad attacks <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a>. He believes that the intellectuals could not construct effectively an authentically Iranian <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>. On this occasion, he posed the concept of “return” to an Islamic culture which is authentic at the same time. Al-e Ahmad believed that to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Homogenizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogenizing">homogenizing</a> and alienating forces of modernity, it is necessary to return to the roots of Islamic culture. In fact, Al Ahmad wanted to reimagine modernity with Iranian-Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-e-Ahmad joined the communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a> along with his mentor <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Maleki" title="Khalil Maleki">Khalil Maleki</a> shortly after World War II. They "were too independent for the party" and resigned in protest over the lack of democracy and the "nakedly pro-Soviet" support for Soviet demands for oil concession and occupation of Iranian <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. They formed an alternative party the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> Society of the Iranian Masses in January 1948 but disbanded it a few days later when Radio Moscow attacked it, unwilling to publicly oppose "what they considered the world's most progressive nations." Nonetheless, the dissent of Al-e-Ahmad and Maleki marked "the end of the near hegemony of the party over intellectual life."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He later helped found the pro-<a href="/wiki/Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossadegh">Mossadegh</a> Tudeh Party, one of the component parties of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>, and then in 1952 a new party called the Third Force. Following the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> Al-e-Ahmad was imprisoned for several years and "so completely lost faith in party politics" that he signed a letter of repentance published in an Iranian newspaper declaring that he had "resigned from the Third Force, and completely abandoned politics."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he remained a part of the Third Force political group, attending its meetings, and continuing to follow the political mentorship of Khalil Maleki until their deaths in 1969. In 1963, visited Israel for two weeks, and in his account of his trip stated that the fusion of the religious and the secular he discerned in Israel afforded a potential model for the state of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his relationship with the secular Third Force group, Al-e-Ahmad became more sympathetic to the need for religious leadership in the transformation of Iranian politics, especially after the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_life">Literary life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalal_Al-Ahmad_stamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jalal_Al-Ahmad_stamp.JPG/220px-Jalal_Al-Ahmad_stamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jalal_Al-Ahmad_stamp.JPG/330px-Jalal_Al-Ahmad_stamp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jalal_Al-Ahmad_stamp.JPG/440px-Jalal_Al-Ahmad_stamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>1988 Iranian stamp honoring Jalal Al-e-Ahmad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-e-Ahmad used a <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> style in <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>. In this sense, he is a follower of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> Persian novelists like <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a>. Since the subjects of his works (novels, essays, travelogues, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a>) are usually cultural, social, and political issues, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> representations and sarcastic expressions are regular patterns in his books. A distinct characteristic of his writings is his honest examination of subjects, regardless of possible reactions from political, social, or religious powers. </p><p>On the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Frye">Richard Nelson Frye</a>, Al-e-Ahmad spent a summer at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, as part of a Distinguished Visiting Fellowship program established by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> for supporting promising Iranian intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-e-Ahmad rigorously supported <a href="/wiki/Nima_Yushij" class="mw-redirect" title="Nima Yushij">Nima Yushij</a> (father of modern <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a>) and had an important role in the acceptance of Nima's revolutionary style. </p><p>In "a short but prolific career", his writings "came to fill over thirty-five volumes."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels_and_novellas">Novels and novellas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Novels and novellas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The School Principal</i></li> <li><i>By the Pen</i></li> <li><i>The Tale of Beehives</i></li> <li><i>The Cursing of the Land</i></li> <li><i>A Stone upon a Grave</i></li></ul> <p>Many of his novels, including the first two in the list above, have been translated into English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">setar</a>"</li> <li>"Of our suffering"</li> <li>"Someone else's child"</li> <li>"Pink nail-polish"</li> <li>"The Chinese flower pot"</li> <li>"The postman"</li> <li>"The treasure"</li> <li>"The Pilgrimage"</li> <li>"Sin"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_essays">Critical essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Critical essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Seven essays"</li> <li>"Hurried investigations"</li> <li>"Plagued by the West" (<i><a href="/wiki/Gharbzadegi" title="Gharbzadegi">Gharbzadegi</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monographs">Monographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jalal traveled to far-off, usually poor, regions of Iran and tried to document their life, culture, and problems. Some of these monographs are: </p> <ul><li>"Owrazan"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tat</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Buin-Zahra_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Buin-Zahra County">Block-e-Zahra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kharg_Island" title="Kharg Island">Kharg Island</a>, the unique pearl of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travelogues">Travelogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Travelogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>A Straw in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></i></li> <li><i>A Journey to Russia</i></li> <li><i>A Journey to Europe</i></li> <li><i>A Journey to the Land of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("The land of <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-chamber_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamber-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i>A Journey to America</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Gambler</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a></li> <li><i>L'Etranger</i> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><i>Les mains sales</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><i>Return from the U.S.S.R.</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><i>Rhinoceros</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad_Literary_Award">Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award">Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award</a></div> <p>The Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award is an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">literary award</a> presented yearly since 2008. Every year, an award is given to the best Iranian authors on the birthday of the renowned Persian writer <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal Al-e Ahmad">Jalal Al-e Ahmad</a>. The top winner receives 110 <a href="/wiki/Bahar_Azadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahar Azadi">Bahar Azadi</a> gold coins (about $33,000), making it Iran's most lucrative literary award.<sup id="cite_ref-tt2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some years there is no top winner, other notables receive up to 25 gold coins. Categories include "Novel", "Short story", "Literary criticism" and "History and documentations".<sup id="cite_ref-irib2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irib2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The award was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Cultural_Revolution_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Cultural Revolution Council">Supreme Cultural Revolution Council</a> in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-irib2011_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irib2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first award was presented in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gholam_Hossein_Saedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gholam Hossein Saedi">Gholam-Hossein Sā'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad_Literary_Awards" title="Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Awards">Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sena Karasipahi, <i>Muslims in Modern Turkey: Kemalism, Modernism and the Revolt of the Islamic Intellectuals</i>, I.B.Tauris (2008), p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_O._Beeman" title="William O. Beeman">William O. Beeman</a>, <i>The Great Satan Vs. the Mad Mullahs: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other</i>, University of Chicago Press (2008), p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nematollah_Fazeli" title="Nematollah Fazeli">Nematollah Fazeli</a>, "Politics of Culture in Iran", Routledge (2006), p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brumberg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brumberg_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brumberg_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brumberg, <i>Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran</i>, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emory C. Bogle, <i>Islam: Origin and Belief</i>, University of Texas Press (1998), p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Algar" title="Hamid Algar">Hamid Algar</a>, "Introduction" in Jalal Al-e Ahmad, <i>Occidentosis: A Plague From the West</i>, Mizan Press (1984), p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF8_September_2016" class="citation web cs1">8 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1395/06/18/1181564/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF">"All written relics of Jalal / the author who is not tired of writing"</a>. Tasnim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+written+relics+of+Jalal+%2F+the+author+who+is+not+tired+of+writing&rft.pub=Tasnim&rft.au=8+September+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasnimnews.com%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F1395%2F06%2F18%2F1181564%2F%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D9%2587-%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D9%2585%25DA%25A9%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584-%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25DA%25A9%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Rahnema2016" class="citation book cs1">Ali Rahnema (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP6qCwAAQBAJ&q=jalal+al+ahmad+najaf&pg=PA54"><i>Shi'i Reformation in Iran: The Life and Theology of Shari'at Sangelaji</i></a>. Routledge. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317055334" title="Special:BookSources/9781317055334"><bdi>9781317055334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27i+Reformation+in+Iran%3A+The+Life+and+Theology+of+Shari%27at+Sangelaji&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.isbn=9781317055334&rft.au=Ali+Rahnema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMP6qCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djalal%2Bal%2Bahmad%2Bnajaf%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mottahedeh, Roy, <i>The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran</i>, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ĀL-E_AḤMAD,_JALĀL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ĀL-E_AḤMAD,_JALĀL_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._W._Clinton" class="citation web cs1">J. W. Clinton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-ahmad-jalal-1302-48-s">"ĀL-E AḤMAD, JALĀL"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%80L-E+A%E1%B8%A4MAD%2C+JAL%C4%80L&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.au=J.+W.+Clinton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fal-e-ahmad-jalal-1302-48-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boroujerdi, Mehrzad. Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. 1996. p.187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mottahedeh, Roy, <i>The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran</i>, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boroujerdi, Mehrzad. Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. 1996. p.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1205024">"Photograph of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad's grave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehr_News_Agency" title="Mehr News Agency">Mehr News Agency</a>. 9 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Photograph+of+Jalal+Al-e-Ahmad%27s+grave&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mehrnews.com%2Ffa%2FNewsDetail.aspx%3FNewsID%3D1205024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamber-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chamber_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chamber_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/jalahmad/jalal_al_ahmad.php">"Jalal Al Ahmad"</a>. Iran Chamber society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jalal+Al+Ahmad&rft.pub=Iran+Chamber+society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fliterature%2Fjalahmad%2Fjalal_al_ahmad.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bashiri-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bashiri_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIraj_Bashiri" class="citation web cs1">Iraj Bashiri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Authors/AAhmad.html">"Al-i Ahmad, Jalal"</a>. angelfire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-i+Ahmad%2C+Jalal&rft.pub=angelfire&rft.au=Iraj+Bashiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Frnb%2Fbashiri%2FAuthors%2FAAhmad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1216574">Al-e Ahmad patrimony in Tehran obtained</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013051043/http://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1216574">Archived</a> October 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehrzad Boroujerdi, <i>Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism</i>, Syracuse University Press (1996), pp. 68-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jalal Al-e Ahmad, <i>Occidentosis: A Plague From the West</i>, Mizan Press (1984), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendelman-Baavur, Liora, "The Odyssey of Jalal Al-Ahmad's Gharbzadegi - Five Decades After," in Kamran Talattof ed., <i>Persian Language, Literature and Culture: New Leaves, Fresh Looks</i> (London and NY: Routledge, 2015), pp. 258-286. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138826212" title="Special:BookSources/9781138826212">9781138826212</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Message to the Pilgrims" (Message sent to Iranian pilgrims on Hajj in Saudi Arabia from Khomeini in exile in Najaf) February 6, 1971, <i>Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini</i>, (1981), p.195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avideh Mayville, "The Religious Ideology of Reform in Iran" in <a href="/wiki/J._Harold_Ellens" title="J. Harold Ellens">J. Harold Ellens</a> (ed.), <i>Winning Revolutions: The Psychosocial Dynamics of Revolts for Freedom, Fairness, and Rights [3 volumes]</i>, ABC-CLIO (2013), p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Mirsepasi2000" class="citation book cs1">Ali Mirsepasi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ7Hmo5_7cgC&q=intellectual+discourse+and+the+politics+of+modernization"><i>intellectual discourse and the politics of modernization</i></a>. Cambridge University. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521650003" title="Special:BookSources/0521650003"><bdi>0521650003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=intellectual+discourse+and+the+politics+of+modernization&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0521650003&rft.au=Ali+Mirsepasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZ7Hmo5_7cgC%26q%3Dintellectual%2Bdiscourse%2Band%2Bthe%2Bpolitics%2Bof%2Bmodernization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mottahedeh, Roy, <i>The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran</i>, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mottahedeh, Roy, <i>The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran</i>, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Shatz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n04/adam-shatz/israels-putinisation">'Israel’s Putinisation,'</a> <a href="/wiki/The_London_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Review of Books">The London Review of Books</a> Vol. 38 No. 4 · 18 February 2016 pages 11-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2012/04/homa-katouzian-on-khalil-maleki-part-2-debunking-conspiracy-theory.html">"Homa Katouzian on Khalil Maleki | Part 2: Debunking Conspiracy Theory - Tehran Bureau"</a>. PBS. 16 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homa+Katouzian+on+Khalil+Maleki+%26%23124%3B+Part+2%3A+Debunking+Conspiracy+Theory+-+Tehran+Bureau&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Ftehranbureau%2F2012%2F04%2Fhoma-katouzian-on-khalil-maleki-part-2-debunking-conspiracy-theory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2005" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Richard Nelson (2005). <i>Greater Iran: A 20th-century Odyssey</i>. University of Michigan. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568592893" title="Special:BookSources/9781568592893"><bdi>9781568592893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Iran%3A+A+20th-century+Odyssey&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781568592893&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr Stephanie Cronin, <i>Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left</i>, Routledge (2013), p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-e_Ahmad" class="citation web cs1">Al-e Ahmad, Jalal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109193500/http://www.restlessbooks.com/the-israeli-republic">"The Israeli Republic"</a>. Restless Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.restlessbooks.com/the-israeli-republic">the original</a> on 9 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Republic&rft.pub=Restless+Books&rft.aulast=Al-e+Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.restlessbooks.com%2Fthe-israeli-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+Al-e-Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt2011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tt2011_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/index.php/component/content/article/92700">" “War Road” author not surprised over lucrative Jalal award"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127162556/http://www.tehrantimes.com/index.php/component/content/article/92700">Archived</a> 2011-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Tehran Times</i>, November 20, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irib2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irib2011_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irib2011_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.irib.ir/radioculture/art/persian-literature/writers/item/78645-5000-works-compete-in-4th-jalal-al-e-ahmad-award">"5000 works compete in 4th Jalal Al-e Ahmad Award"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407014638/http://english.irib.ir/radioculture/art/persian-literature/writers/item/78645-5000-works-compete-in-4th-jalal-al-e-ahmad-award">Archived</a> 2012-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Iran Radio Culture, IRIB World Service, August 17, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Authors/AAhmad.html">Al-i Ahmad, Jalal</a> A biography by <a href="/wiki/Iraj_Bashiri" title="Iraj Bashiri">Iraj Bashiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399341#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399341#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010864612X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/267848294">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/80873/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrTCQ94DYMHTxmRPj3cP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119282690">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81119743">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12144971d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12144971d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00462099">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070030251">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl022pr60s6ngbn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810693823605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271018805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13750717?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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