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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakkah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><span><i>Bakkah</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakkah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makkah,_Makkah_al-Mukarramah_and_Mecca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makkah,_Makkah_al-Mukarramah_and_Mecca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><span><i>Makkah, Makkah al-Mukarramah</i></span> and <i>Mecca</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makkah,_Makkah_al-Mukarramah_and_Mecca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history_(up_to_6th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_(up_to_6th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early history (up to 6th century CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_(up_to_6th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Quraish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Quraish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Under the Quraish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Quraish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_and_the_conquest_of_Mecca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_and_the_conquest_of_Mecca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_and_the_conquest_of_Mecca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_pre-modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_pre-modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Medieval and pre-modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_pre-modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ibn_Battuta's_description_of_Mecca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Battuta's_description_of_Mecca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Battuta's_description_of_Mecca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance in Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance in Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masjid_al-Haram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masjid_al-Haram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Masjid al-Haram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masjid_al-Haram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Kaaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hajr-e-Aswad_(The_Black_Stone)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hajr-e-Aswad_(The_Black_Stone)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Hajr-e-Aswad (The Black Stone)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hajr-e-Aswad_(The_Black_Stone)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maqam_Ibrahim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maqam_Ibrahim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Maqam Ibrahim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maqam_Ibrahim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safa_and_Marwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safa_and_Marwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Safa and Marwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safa_and_Marwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hajj_and_'Umrah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hajj_and_'Umrah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hajj and 'Umrah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hajj_and_'Umrah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabal_al-Nour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabal_al-Nour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Jabal al-Nour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabal_al-Nour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hira'a_Cave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hira'a_Cave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Hira'a Cave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hira'a_Cave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sources of water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Architectural landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Press_and_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_and_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Press and newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_and_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Rapid transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intercity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>Intercity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mecca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 195 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-195" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">195 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meukah" title="Meukah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meukah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%AB" title="መካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9" title="مكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Meca" title="A Meca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="A Meca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Մեքքա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեքքա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মক্কা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মক্কা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ka" title="Méka – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Méka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99kk%C9%99" title="Məkkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məkkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="مکه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekkah" title="Mekkah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mekkah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মক্কা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মক্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BA%D3%99" title="Мәккә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәккә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="मक्का (शहर) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मक्का (शहर)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ཁ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ཁ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maka" title="Maka – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Maka" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9" title="مكة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مكة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A7" title="މައްކާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މައްކާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Μέκκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέκκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Мекка ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мекка ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekko" title="Mekko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mekko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="مکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mecque" title="La Mecque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Mecque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meche" title="La Meche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="La Meche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meice" title="Meice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Meca" title="A Meca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A Meca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="મક્કા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મક્કા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%B9%B4" title="메카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah" title="Makkah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makkah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Մեքքա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքքա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="मक्का (शहर) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मक्का (शहर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekkah" title="Mekkah – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mekkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah" title="Makkah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Меккæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Меккæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mecca" title="La Mecca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La Mecca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%94" title="מכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekah" title="Mekah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mekah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maka" title="Maka – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maka" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮೆಕ್ಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಕ್ಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="მექა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81%D9%95" title="مکہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مکہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Мекке – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мекке" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meke" title="Meke – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meke" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Меке – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Меке" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/makax" title="makax – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="makax" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meca" title="La Meca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="La Meca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мека" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka_(Arabia_Saodita)" title="Meka (Arabia Saodita) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Meka (Arabia Saodita)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="മക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="მექა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მექა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D9%87" title="مكه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مكه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="مکه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مکه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah" title="Makkah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯦꯛꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯦꯛꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makah" title="Makah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Makah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meca" title="Meca – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Meca" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="မက္ကာဟ်မြို့တော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက္ကာဟ်မြို့တော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB" title="メッカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メッカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߡߞߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߞߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%A8ca" title="La Mèca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="La Mèca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੱਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81" title="مکہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مکہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87" title="مکه مکرمه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مکه مکرمه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="ម៉ិកកា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ិកកា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_M%C3%A8ke" title="El Mèke – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="El Mèke" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%ABcca" title="La Mëcca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="La Mëcca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meca" title="Meca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekke" title="Mekke – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mekke" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekke" title="Mekke – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mekke" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱚᱠᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱠᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81" title="مکہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مکہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8" title="මක්කම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මක්කම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AA%D9%88" title="مڪو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڪو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%95" title="مەککە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەککە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekah" title="Mekah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mekah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecka" title="Mecka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mecka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="மக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mekka" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27A_Mecca" title="'A Mecca – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'A Mecca" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BA%D3%99" title="Мәккә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәккә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="మక్కా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మక్కా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="มักกะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มักกะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Макка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekke" title="Mekke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mekke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekge" title="Mekge – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mekge" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мекка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мекка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81" title="مکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%83%D9%83%DB%95" title="مەككە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەككە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a_Meca" title="Ła Meca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ła Meca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekk" title="Mekk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mekk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4kk%C3%A4" title="Mäkkä – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mäkkä" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mecca" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0" title="麦加 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="麦加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90" title="מעקא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעקא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81kk%C3%A0" title="Mẹ́kkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́kkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麥加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokkah" title="Mokkah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mokkah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokkah" title="Mokkah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mokkah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka" title="Makka – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Makka" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99kk%C9%99" title="Məkkə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Məkkə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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</div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mecca" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mecca" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mecca" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mecca" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5806" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mecca&params=21_25_21_N_39_49_24_E_type:city(2385509)_region:SA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.42250°N 39.82333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.42250; 39.82333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Holiest city in Islam, city in Saudi Arabia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mecca_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mecca (disambiguation)">Mecca (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mecca</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مكة</span>‎</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The Holy Capital <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العاصمة المقدسة</span></span>)</span></li><li>Mother of all Settlements <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أم القرى</span></span>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah al-Mukarramah</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مكة المكرمة</span></span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor,_Saudi_Arabia_(8)_(52501956308).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg/288px-The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg/432px-The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg/576px-The_Kabah_in_the_Grand_Mosque_of_Makkah_from_the_second_floor%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%288%29_%2852501956308%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3730" data-file-height="2623" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> (Great Mosque of Mecca) and <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night,_Saudi_Arabia_(1)_(52501885245).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg/95px-Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg/143px-Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg/190px-Makkah_Clock_Tower_at_night%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%281%29_%2852501885245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/The_Clock_Towers" title="The Clock Towers">The Clock Towers</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/189px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/284px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/378px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_(2241558560).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg/132px-Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg/198px-Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg/264px-Jabbal_An-Nour_-_Makkah_%282241558560%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg/152px-Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg/228px-Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg/304px-Haji_pilgrimage_mina_tent_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> tent</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mecca governorate (green) within Mecca province"><img alt="Mecca governorate (green) within Mecca province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg/250px-Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg/375px-Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg/500px-Makkah_Region_-_Makkah_Al_Mukarramah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="2209" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mecca is located in Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Mecca is located in Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.136%;left:25.795%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mecca"><img alt="Mecca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mecca</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mecca&params=21_25_21_N_39_49_24_E_type:city(2385509)_region:SA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.42250°N 39.82333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.42250; 39.82333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Saudi Arabia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Saudi Arabia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Capital_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Capital Governorate">Holy Capital Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 18th century BCE</span> (per Islamic tradition)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (traditionally claimed to have built The <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Saleh Al-Turki</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Provincial Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud">Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200 km<sup>2</sup> (500 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">760 km<sup>2</sup> (290 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">277 m (909 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,385,509</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd in Saudi Arabia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000/km<sup>2</sup> (5,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Meccan, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makki</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مكي</span>‎</span></span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+966-12</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hmm.gov.sa/">hmm<wbr />.gov<wbr />.sa</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" 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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mecca</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; officially <b>Makkah al-Mukarramah</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly shortened to <b>Makkah</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of western <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>; it is the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest city according to Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is 70 km (43 mi) inland from <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, in a narrow valley 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its metropolitan population in 2022 was 2.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Saudi Arabia by population">third-most populated city in Saudi Arabia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and Jeddah. Around 44.5% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudi citizens</a> and around 55.5% are <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim foreigners</a> from other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilgrims more than triple the population number every year during the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage#Islam" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, observed in the twelfth <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a> month of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhūl-Ḥijjah</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With over 10.8 million international visitors in 2023, Mecca was one of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">most visited cities</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mecca is generally considered "the fountainhead and cradle of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mecca is revered in Islam as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hira_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Hira cave">Hira cave</a> atop the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nur</a></i></span> ("Mountain of Light"), just outside the city, is where Muslims believe the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> was first revealed to Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visiting Mecca for the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥajj</i></span> is an obligation upon all able Muslims. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque of Mecca</a>, known as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Masjid al-Haram</i></span>, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a>, believed by Muslims to have been built by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ishmael</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Islam's holiest site</a> and the direction of prayer (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a></i></span>) for all Muslims worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim rulers from in and around the region long tried to take the city and keep it in their control, and thus, much like most of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region, the city has seen several <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime changes</a>. The city was most recently conquered in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz" title="Saudi conquest of Hejaz">Saudi conquest of Hejaz</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> and his allies in 1925. Since then, Mecca has seen a tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, with newer, modern buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait">Abraj Al Bait</a>, the world's fourth-tallest building and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest buildings in the world">third-largest by floor area</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> towering over the Great Mosque. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi government">Saudi government</a> has also carried out the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">destruction of several historical structures and archaeological sites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ajyad_Fortress" title="Ajyad Fortress">Ajyad Fortress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of the demolitions have officially been part of the continued expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> at Mecca and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a> in Medina and their auxiliary service facilities in order to accommodate the ever-increasing number of Muslims performing the pilgrimage (<i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">prohibited from entering the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peters_206_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peters_206-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Saudi government, Mecca is governed by the Mecca Regional Municipality, a municipal council of 14 locally elected members headed by the mayor (called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Amin</i></span> in Arabic) appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi government</a>. In 2015, the mayor of the city was Osama bin Fadhel Al-Barr;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NG201410_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG201410-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of January 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mecca&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the mayor is Saleh Al-Turki.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City of Mecca <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Subdivisions of Saudi Arabia">amanah</a></i></span>, which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighbouring cities of Jeddah and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a>, even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population than Mecca. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud">Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud</a> has been the provincial governor of the province since 16 May 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Mecca has been referred to by many names. As with many Arabic words, its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-Versteeghp513_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versteeghp513-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely believed to be a synonym for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah</i></span>, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersonp22_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersonp22-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakkah"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bakkah</i></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></div> <p>The Quran refers to the city as <a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bakkah</i></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Al Imran</a> (3), verse 96: "Indeed the first <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">House [of worship]</a>, established for mankind was that at Bakkah". This is said to have been the name of the city at the time of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> and it is also transliterated as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca</i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bekka</i></span>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Kipferp342_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipferp342-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glassep302_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glassep302-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phippsp85_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phippsp85-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a name for the city in the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makkah,_Makkah_al-Mukarramah_and_Mecca"><span id="Makkah.2C_Makkah_al-Mukarramah_and_Mecca"></span><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah, Makkah al-Mukarramah</i></span> and <i>Mecca</i></h3></div> <p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah</i></span> is the official transliteration used by the Saudi government and is closer to the Arabic pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamp76_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government adopted <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah</i></span> as the official spelling in the 1980s, but it is not universally known or used worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamp76_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full official name is <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah al-Mukarramah</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مكة المكرمة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Makkah the Honored').<sup id="cite_ref-Hamp76_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah</i></span> is used to refer to the city in the Quran in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Fath" title="Al-Fath">Al-Fath</a> (48), verse 24.<sup id="cite_ref-Versteeghp513_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versteeghp513-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hittip6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hittip6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Mecca</i> in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this some English-speaking Muslims have come to regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamp76_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamp76-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, <i>Mecca</i> is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city. </p><p>Macoraba, another ancient city name <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> says was within <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>, was also claimed to be Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have questioned this association.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many etymologies have been proposed: the traditional one is that it is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a> root M-K-R-B which means "temple".<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3></div> <p>Another name used for Mecca in the Quran is at 6:92 where it is called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Umm al-Qurā</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى</span>‎</span></span>, meaning "Mother of all Settlements").<sup id="cite_ref-Hittip6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hittip6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has been called several other names in both the Quran and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ahadith</a></i></span>. Another name used historically for Mecca is <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihāmah</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an Islamic suggestion, another name for Mecca, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fārān</i></span>, is synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Desert of Paran</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Genesis 21</a>:21.<sup id="cite_ref-Khanp74_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanp74-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah coastal plain</a> and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-Khanp74_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanp74-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, the 12th-century Syrian geographer, wrote that <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fārān</i></span> was "an arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah."<sup id="cite_ref-Firestonep65_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firestonep65-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <p>In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> with respect to <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> evolution, with the discovery of a <i><a href="/wiki/Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a></i> fossil. <i>Saadanius</i> is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apes">apes</a>. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(up_to_6th_century_CE)"><span id="Early_history_.28up_to_6th_century_CE.29"></span>Early history (up to 6th century CE)</h3></div> <p>The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<sup id="cite_ref-Literary_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Literary-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-Literary_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Literary-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While one individual has suggested that Mecca’s population at the time of Muhammad was around 550,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> research published by Binimad Al-Ateeqi in 2020 shows that the population was closer to 10,000 individuals, a figure extrapolated from data taken from historical records about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">military expeditions</a>, emigrants to both <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Madinah</a>, and Muhammad’s own household. Al-Ateeqi, a researcher from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> who has written extensively about the early history of Mecca, also makes deductions about the numbers of women, children, servants, and slaves living in Mecca at the time, pointing out that some wealthy individuals, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_ibn_Jud%E2%80%99an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah ibn Jud’an (page does not exist)">Abdullah ibn Jud’an</a>, had as many as 100 slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741 CE, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle, though here the author places the region in Mesopotamia rather than the Hejaz.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible earlier mentions are not unambiguous. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i>, describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a> in Mecca. However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of <a href="/wiki/Leuke_Kome" title="Leuke Kome">Leuke Kome</a>, within the former <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a> and the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowersock favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "<i>Makkah"</i> followed by the aggrandizing <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> adjective <i>rabb</i> (great). The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis", the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a> on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>' 6th century statement that the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27add" title="Ma'add">Ma'add</a> tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarites</a> of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment. </p><p>Mecca is mentioned in the following early Quranic manuscripts: </p> <ul><li>Codex Is. 1615 I, folio 47v, <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to 591–643 CE.</li> <li>Codex Ṣanʿāʾ DAM 01–29.1, folio 29a, radiocarbon dated between 633 and 665 CE.</li> <li>Codex Arabe 331, folio 40 v, radiocarbon dated between 652 and 765 CE.</li></ul> <p>The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca-<a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Islamic narrative</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png/220px-Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png/330px-Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png/440px-Makkah_mentioned_in_Quranic_manuscript_Codex_Arabe_331dated_to_652-765_CE_with_95.4%25_probability.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 (<a href="/wiki/Q48:24" class="mw-redirect" title="Q48:24">Q48:24</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OldmapofMecca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/OldmapofMecca.jpg/220px-OldmapofMecca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/OldmapofMecca.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 1787 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Turkish map of <a href="/wiki/Al-Haram_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haram Mosque">Al-Haram Mosque</a>, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_people_in_Islam" title="Biblical people in Islam">Biblical figures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Noahic Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Literary_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Literary-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife <a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hājar</a> (Hagar) in the valley at <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>'s command.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some people from the Yemeni tribe of <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a> settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a></i> ('Cube'),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<sup id="cite_ref-Glasse1991_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasse1991-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lings1983_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lings1983-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the <a href="/wiki/Bakkah#Valley_of_the_Bakha" title="Bakkah">Valley of the Bakha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> chapter <a href="/wiki/Psalm_84" title="Psalm 84">Psalm 84</a>:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=96">3:96</a> In the '<a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">āl ʿimrān</a><i>, a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrashic</a> chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of <a href="/wiki/Nebaioth" title="Nebaioth">Nebaioth</a>, the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p><b>Thamudic inscriptions</b> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a> inscriptions which were discovered in the south <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> contained names of some individuals such as <i>ʿAbd Mekkat</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عَبْد مَكَّة</span>‎</span></span>, "Servant of Mecca").<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also some other inscriptions which contained personal names such as <i>Makki</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَكِّي</span></span>, "Makkan, of Makkah"), but Jawwad Ali from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a> suggested that there's also a probability of a tribe named "Makkah".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Quraish">Under the Quraish</h3></div> <p>Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Arabia's pagan tribes</a>. Mecca's most important <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a>, which had been placed there by the ruling <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraish</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained until the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, since battles elsewhere were diverting <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> had previously controlled the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> had been increasing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another previous route that ran through the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, and was being disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIE_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIE-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lapidus-14_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 CE they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader <a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a>. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a> and a position at the crossroads of major <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravan</a> routes.<sup id="cite_ref-world-13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">local tribes</a>, but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam</a>. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-lapidus-16_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-16-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>The Year of the Elephant (570 CE)</b> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Elephant" title="Year of the Elephant">Year of the Elephant</a>" is the name in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> history for the year approximately equating to 570–572 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, when, according to Islamic sources such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, Abraha descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">cathedral</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">San'aa</a>, named <i>al-Qullays</i> in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajjah_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajjah-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajjah_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajjah-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajjah_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajjah-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kinanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Kinanah">Kinana</a>, the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hudhayl" title="Banu Hudhayl">Hudhayl</a> called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecating</a> in it.<sup id="cite_ref-DACB_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DACB-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muller_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a> marched upon the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a> with a large army, which included one or more <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khuza%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Khuza'a">Khuza'a</a> and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Ka'bah and the city. A man from the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Muttalib">Abdul Muttalib</a> told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reference to the story in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is rather short. According to the 105th <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">Surah</a> of the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Al-Fil</a>, the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Economy</b> </p><p>Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Shaam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-world_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a>. Other regional powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Habesha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha people">Abyssinians</a>, Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-lapidus-16_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-16-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_and_the_conquest_of_Mecca">Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Muhammad in Mecca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of expeditions of Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad,_Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/330px-Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/440px-Site_of_the_birthplace_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad%2C_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Makkah_Al_Mukarramah_Library" title="Makkah Al Mukarramah Library">Makkah Al Mukarramah Library</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mecca&params=21_25_30_N_39_49_48_E_type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA&title=Bayt+al-Mawlid+%2F+Makkah+Al+Mukarramah+Library"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.42500°N 39.83000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.42500; 39.83000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bayt al-Mawlid / Makkah Al Mukarramah Library</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Mawlid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Mawlid">Bayt al-Mawlid</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Muhammad was <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">born</a> in Mecca in 570 CE, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> in the ruling tribe of <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a> that Muhammad began receiving divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelations</a> from God through the <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibreel</a> in 610 CE, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic monotheism</a> against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated (<a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)"><i>hijrah</i></a>) in 622 CE with his companions, the <i><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a></i>, to Yathrib (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a> in 627 CE, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<sup id="cite_ref-lapidus-32_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 628 CE, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a>, whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and promised that Muslims would be allowed into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Bakr" title="Banu Bakr">Banu Bakr</a>, allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location <a href="/wiki/Islamized" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamized">Islamized</a> and rededicated to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (<i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i>), one of the Islamic faith's <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a>. </p><p>Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning '<a href="/wiki/Attab_ibn_Asid" title="Attab ibn Asid">Attab ibn Asid</a> as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-EIE_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIE-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lapidus-32_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad died in 632 CE. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Islamic realm</a> grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca also attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_pre-modern_times">Medieval and pre-modern times</h3></div> <p>Mecca was never the capital of any of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic states</a>. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '<a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (r. 634–644 CE) and '<a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> (r. 644–656 CE) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-EIE_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIE-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '<a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the fourth caliph, took power and chose <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> as his capital. The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in Syria and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>, when it was held by <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr</a> and the Zubayrids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(683)" title="Siege of Mecca (683)">683</a> CE and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">692</a> CE, and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930 CE, Mecca was <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca" title="Sack of Mecca">attacked and sacked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Muslim sect</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB-T%C4%81hir_Al-Jann%C4%81b%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī">Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī</a> and centered in eastern Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> hit Mecca in 1349 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ibn_Battuta's_description_of_Mecca"><span id="Ibn_Battuta.27s_description_of_Mecca"></span>Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca</h4></div> <p>One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>. In his <i>rihla</i> (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 CE or 729 AH, Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330 CE. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina". While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salaheddin al-Ayyubi</a>, Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>Under the Ottomans</b></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_Mecca_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Hajj_and_the_Arts_of_Pilgrimage" title="Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage">Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage</a></figcaption></figure><p>In 1517, the then Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliph</a> but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1803 the city was captured by the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful <i><a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a></i> (viceroy) and <i><a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wali</a></i> of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_return_of_Mecca_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman return of Mecca 1813">in 1813</a>. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the <a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi State">Second Saudi State</a> that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the <i>Hajj</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> did this in 1503),<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera outbreaks and pandemics">outbreaks</a>. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makkah-1910.jpg/220px-Makkah-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makkah-1910.jpg/330px-Makkah-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makkah-1910.jpg/440px-Makkah-1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Mecca in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hashemite Revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca</b> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Ottoman Empire was at war with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. It had successfully repulsed an attack on <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> and on Baghdad in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a>. The British intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> conspired with the Ottoman governor, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussain bin Ali</a>, the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">1916 Battle of Mecca</a>. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a>, declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> with returning <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Saudi Arabian conquest and modern history</b> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mecca (1924)">1924 Battle of Mecca</a>, the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (<i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i>). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> (approx. 70 km away) internationally and the <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if Regional Airport">Ta'if Regional Airport</a> (approx. 120 km away) for domestic flights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a> in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a> and onward to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a> in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a> system which runs at 300 km/h (190 mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a> near Rabigh within two hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">haram area</a> of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. </p> <p><b>1979 Grand Mosque seizure</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></div> <p>On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by <a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhayman al-Otaibi">Juhayman al-Otaibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque Seizure">seized the Grand Mosque</a>, claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the <a href="/wiki/Al-Safa_and_Al-Marwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Safa and Al-Marwah">Safa-Marwah</a> gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. </p> <p><b>Destruction of Islamic heritage sites</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg/300px-Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg/450px-Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg/600px-Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>Mecca, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait">Mecca Clock Tower</a> is visible in the skyline.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadijah</a>, the wife of Muhammad, the house of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, Muhammad's birthplace and the Ottoman-era <a href="/wiki/Ajyad_Fortress" title="Ajyad Fortress">Ajyad Fortress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>Incidents during pilgrimage</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Incidents during the Hajj</a></div> <p>Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a <a href="/wiki/1990_Hajj_stampede" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Hajj stampede">stampede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims <a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">were killed</a> in a stampede at <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2027 total solar eclipse</b> </p><p>Mecca will experience a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_2,_2027" title="Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027">total solar eclipse</a> on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Islam">Significance in Islam</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/300px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/450px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/600px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> involves pilgrims visiting Al-Haram Mosque, but mainly camping and spending time in the plains of <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arafah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arafah">Arafah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mecca holds an important place in Islam and is considered the holiest city in all branches of the religion. The city derives its importance from the role it plays in the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and '<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> and for its status as the birthplace of Muhammad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masjid_al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</h3></div> <p>The <i>Masjid al-Haram</i> is the site of two of the most important rites of both the Hajj and of the Umrah, the circumambulation around the Ka'bah (<i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">tawaf</a></i>) and the walking between the two mounts of Safa and Marwa (<i><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ee">sa'ee</a></i>). The masjid is also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a>. According to Islamic tradition, a prayer in the masjid is equal to 100,000 prayers in any other masjid around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaaba">Kaaba</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></div> <p>There is a difference of opinion between Islamic scholars upon who first built the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a>, some believe it was built by the <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> while others believe it was built by <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a>. Regardless, it was built several times before reaching its current state. The Ka'bah is also the common direction of prayer (<i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a></i>) for all Muslims. The surface surrounding the Ka'bah on which Muslims circumambulate it is known as the Mataf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hajr-e-Aswad_(The_Black_Stone)"><span id="Hajr-e-Aswad_.28The_Black_Stone.29"></span>Hajr-e-Aswad (The Black Stone)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a></div> <p>The Black Stone is a stone, considered by scientists to be a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> or of similar origin and believed by Muslims to be of divine origin. It is set in the eastern corner of the Ka'bah and it is <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> to touch and kiss the stone. The area around the stone is generally always crowded and guarded by policemen to ensure the pilgrims' safety. In Islamic tradition, the stone was sent down from Jannah (Paradise) and used to build the Ka'bah. It used to be a white stone (and was whiter than milk). Because of the worldly sins of man, it slowly changed color to black over the years after it was brought down to Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maqam_Ibrahim">Maqam Ibrahim</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maqam_Ibrahim,_Makkah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/170px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/255px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/340px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqam Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This is the stone that Ibrahim (Abraham) stood on to build the higher parts of the Ka'bah. It contains two footprints that are comparatively larger than average modern-day human feet. The stone is raised and housed in a golden hexagonal chamber beside the Ka'bah on the Mataf plate. The stone inside the casing is square shaped and measures 40 cm (16 in) in length and width, and 20 cm (7.9 in) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-madainmaqam_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainmaqam-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used to be enclosed by a structure called the <i>Maqsurat Ibrahim</i> which was covered by a <a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)"><i>sitara</i></a>: an ornamental, embroidered curtain that was replaced annually.<sup id="cite_ref-daralkiswa_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daralkiswa-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, it is placed inside a golden-metal enclosure. The outer casing has changed a number of times over the years; historic photographs show that the arch of the Banu Shaybah Gate stood next to it.<sup id="cite_ref-madainshaiba_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainshaiba-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safa_and_Marwa">Safa and Marwa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></div><p> Muslims believe that in the divine revelation to Muhammad, the Quran, Allah describes the mountains of Safa and Marwah as symbols of His divinity. Walking between the two mountains seven times, four times from Safa to Marwah and three times from Marwah interchangeably, is considered a mandatory pillar (<i><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">rukn</a></i>) of '<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a>.</p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1132px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the al-Masjid al-Haram, also known as the Grand Mosque of Mecca, during the Hajj pilgrimage"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG/1124px-Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="1124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG/1686px-Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG/2248px-Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG" title="File:Masjid al-Haram panorama.JPG"> </a></div>Panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Haram">al-Masjid al-Haram</a>, also known as the Grand Mosque of Mecca, during the Hajj pilgrimage</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hajj_and_'Umrah"><span id="Hajj_and_.27Umrah"></span>Hajj and 'Umrah</h3></div> <p>The Hajj pilgrimage, also called the greater pilgrimage, attracts millions of Muslims from all over the world and almost triples Mecca's population for one week in the twelfth and final Islamic month of <i><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a></i>. In 2019, the Hajj attracted 2,489,406 pilgrims to the holy city.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'Umrah, or the lesser pilgrimage, can be done at anytime during the year. Every adult, healthy Muslim who has the financial and physical capacity to travel to Mecca must perform the Hajj at least once in a lifetime. Umrah, the lesser pilgrimage, is not obligatory, but is recommended in the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the <i>Masjid al-Haram</i>, pilgrims also must visit the nearby towns of <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina/Muna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah" title="Muzdalifah">Muzdalifah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a> for various rituals that are part of the Hajj. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabal_al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabal_Nur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jabal_Nur.JPG/220px-Jabal_Nur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jabal_Nur.JPG/330px-Jabal_Nur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jabal_Nur.JPG/440px-Jabal_Nur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a>, the mountain atop which is the Hira cave, where it is believed Muhammad received his first revelation.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a> (or Jabal an-Nur) is a mountain believed by Muslims to have been the place where Muhammad spent his time away from the bustling city of Mecca in seclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain is located on the eastern entrance of the city and is the highest point in the city at 642 meters (2,106 feet). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hira'a_Cave"><span id="Hira.27a_Cave"></span>Hira'a Cave</h4></div> <p>Situated atop Jabal al-Nour, this is the cave where Muslims believe Muhammad received the first revelation from Allah through the archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Jibril</a> in Islamic tradition) at the age of 40.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png/220px-Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png/330px-Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png/440px-Mecca_seen_from_international_space_station.png 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="3050" /></a><figcaption>Mecca as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.</figcaption></figure><p> Mecca is located in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz region</a>, a 200 km (124 mi) wide strip of mountains separating the <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nafud desert</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around 70 km (44 mi) east of the port city of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejaz region, located at an elevation of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. </p><p>The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to <i>al-Haram</i> is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a>. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over 1,200 km<sup>2</sup> (460 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3></div> <p>Mecca is at an elevation of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level, and approximately 70 km (44 mi) inland from the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-world-13_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in height. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <p>The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca". The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<sup id="cite_ref-EIE_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIE-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_water">Sources of water</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/220px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/330px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/440px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>The mouthpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Well_of_Zamzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Well of Zamzam">well of Zamzam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to Mecca's climatic conditions <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a>, that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far" title="Zubaidah bint Ja'far">Zubayda</a>, the wife of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun ar-Rashid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a>. The project encompassed the construction of an underground <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عين حنين</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn Ḥunayn</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Spring of <a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Hunayn</a>' and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a> called <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عين زبيدة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn Zubayda</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Spring of <a href="/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far" title="Zubaidah bint Ja'far">Zubayda</a>' using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245 CE, 1361 CE, 1400 CE, 1474 CE, and 1510 CE different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525 CE due to the system's troubles persisting however the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 CE to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<sup id="cite_ref-Literary_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Literary-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a>. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern day, <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination facilities</a> have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mecca" title="Climate of Mecca">Climate of Mecca</a></div> <p>Mecca features a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>BWh</i>), in three different <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">plant hardiness zones</a>: 10, 11 and 12.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from 19 °C (66 °F) at night to 30 °C (86 °F) in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the 40 °C (104 °F) mark in the afternoon, dropping to 30 °C (86 °F) in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall is associated with the northward movement of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mecca (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4<br />(108.3) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5) </td> <td style="background: #920000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.4<br />(120.9) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.8<br />(125.2) </td> <td style="background: #7C0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.0<br />(123.8) </td> <td style="background: #890000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.0<br />(122.0) </td> <td style="background: #8C0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.8<br />(121.6) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.2<br />(106.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.8<br />(125.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4<br />(108.3) </td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.9<br />(111.0) </td> <td style="background: #E70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.2<br />(109.8) </td> <td style="background: #EB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.9<br />(109.2) </td> <td style="background: #EB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.9<br />(109.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.5<br />(101.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(0.81) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(0.10) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(0.20) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(0.33) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(0.10) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(0.23) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(0.25) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(0.56) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(0.91) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(0.97) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104.6<br />(4.12) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(daily average)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">321.0 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">313.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,400.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<sup id="cite_ref-JRCC_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRCC-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads%2C_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Pilgrims are the driving force of Mecca's economy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Meccan economy has been heavily dependent on pilgrimages coming for Umrah and Hajj.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Income generated through pilgrims not only powers the Meccan economy but has historically had far-reaching effects on the economy of the entire <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. The income was generated in a number of ways. One method was taxing the pilgrims. Taxes were especially increased during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and many of these taxes existed to as late as 1972. Another way the Hajj generates income is through services to pilgrims. For example, the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia">Saudia</a>, generates 12% of its income from the pilgrimage. Fares paid by pilgrims to reach Mecca by land also generate income; as do the hotels and lodging companies that house them.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city takes in more than $100 million, while the Saudi government spends about $50 million on services for the Hajj. There are some industries and factories in the city, but Mecca no longer plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia's economy</a>, which is mainly based on oil exports.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few industries operating in Mecca include textiles, furniture, and utensils. The majority of the economy is service-oriented. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/330px-Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/440px-Hilton_Hotel_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Hilton Hotels & Resorts">Hilton Hotels & Resorts</a> in Mecca</figcaption></figure> <p>Nevertheless, many industries have been set up in Mecca. Various types of enterprises that have existed since 1970 in the city include <a href="/wiki/Iron_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron mining">corrugated iron manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">copper extraction</a>, carpentry, <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>, bakeries, farming and banking.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has grown substantially in the 20th and 21st centuries, as the convenience and affordability of <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet</a> travel has increased the number of pilgrims participating in the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. Thousands of Saudis are employed year-round to oversee the Hajj and staff the hotels and shops that cater to pilgrims; these workers in turn have increased the demand for housing and services. The city is now ringed by freeways and contains shopping malls and skyscrapers.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new industrial city is being developed in <i>Al Akashiya</i> district of Makkah by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Authority_for_Industrial_Cities_and_Technology_Zones" title="Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones">Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones</a>. It covers an area of 45 square kilometres (11,000 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h2></div> <p>Formal education started to be developed in the late Ottoman period continuing slowly into Hashemite times. The first major attempt to improve the situation was made by a Jeddah merchant, Muhammad ʿAlī Zaynal Riḍā, who founded the Madrasat al-Falāḥ in Mecca in 1911–12 that cost £400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school system in Mecca has many public and private schools for both males and females. As of 2005, there were 532 <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public</a> and private schools for males and another 681 public and private schools for female students.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>, but some private schools founded by foreign entities such as International schools use the English language as the medium of instruction. Some of these are coeducational while other schools are not. For higher education, the city has only one university, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al-Qura_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Al-Qura University">Umm Al-Qura University</a>, which was established in 1949 as a college and became a public university in 1981. </p><p>Healthcare is provided by the Saudi government free of charge to all pilgrims. There are ten main hospitals in Mecca:<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ajyad Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى أَجْيَاد</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>King Faisal Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْمَلِك فَيْصَل بِحَي ٱلشّشه</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>King Abdulaziz Hospital (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْمَلِك عَبْد ٱلْعَزِيْز بِحَي ٱلـزَّاهِر</span>‎</span>)</li> <li>Al Noor Specialist Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلنُّوْر ٱلتَّخَصُّصِي</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>Hira'a Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى حِرَاء</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>Maternity and Children's Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْوِلَادَة وَٱلْأَطْفَال</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>King Abdullah Medical City (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَدِيْنَة ٱلْمَلِك عَبْد ٱلله ٱلطِّبِيَّة</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>Khulais General Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى خُلَيْص ٱلْعَام</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>Al Kamel General Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْكَامِل ٱلْعَام</span>‎</span></span>)</li> <li>Ibn Sina Hospital (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُسْتَشْفَى ابْن سِيْنَا بِحَدَاء / بَحْرَه</span>‎</span></span>)</li></ul> <p>There are also many walk-in clinics available for both residents and pilgrims. Several temporary clinics are set up during the Hajj to tend to wounded pilgrims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Mecca" title="List of neighbourhoods in Mecca">List of neighbourhoods in Mecca</a></div> <p>Mecca is very densely populated. Most long-term residents live in the Old City, the area around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque</a> and many work to support pilgrims, known locally as the <i>Hajj</i> industry. 'Iyad Madani, the Saudi Arabian Minister for Hajj, was quoted saying, "We never stop preparing for the Hajj."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Year-round, pilgrims stream into the city to perform the rites of '<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a>, and during the last weeks of eleventh Islamic month, <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qi%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu al-Qi'dah">Dhu al-Qi'dah</a>, on average 2–4 million Muslims arrive in the city to take part in the rites known as Hajj.<sup id="cite_ref-ebmm_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebmm-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilgrims are from varying <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicities</a> and backgrounds, mainly <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. Many of these pilgrims have remained and become residents of the city. By the 19th century, people of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> origin had come to constitute 20% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Burmese are an older, more established community who number roughly 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding to this, the discovery of oil in the past 50 years has brought hundreds of thousands of working immigrants. </p><p>Non-Muslims are not permitted to enter Mecca under <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-peters_206_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peters_206-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and using fraudulent documents to do so may result in arrest and prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prohibition extends to <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a>, as they are considered non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, many non-Muslims and Ahmadis have visited the city as these restrictions are loosely enforced. The first such recorded example of a non-Muslim entering the city is that of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in 1503.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, the founder of Sikhism, is said to have visited Mecca<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in December 1518.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who traveled as a <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiriyyah">Qadiriyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 1853. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a> is the only province where <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates in Saudi Arabia">expatriates</a> outnumber <a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_meca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Al-Haram Mosque and the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></figcaption></figure><p>Mecca's culture has been affected by the large number of pilgrims that arrive annually, and thus boasts a rich <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. As a result of the vast numbers of pilgrims coming to the city each year, Mecca has become by far the most diverse city in the Muslim world. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <p>In pre-modern Mecca, the most common sports were impromptu wrestling and foot races.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is now the most popular sport in Mecca and the kingdom. The city hosts some of the oldest sport clubs in Saudi Arabia, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Wahda_(Mecca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Wahda (Mecca)">Al Wahda FC</a> (established in 1945). <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul Aziz Stadium">King Abdulaziz Stadium</a> is the largest stadium in Mecca with a capacity of 38,000.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_landmarks">Architectural landmarks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_sites_in_Mecca" title="Sacred sites in Mecca">Sacred sites in Mecca</a></div> <p>Adorning the southern facade of the Masjid al-Haram is the <a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait">Abraj al-Bait Complex</a>; towering over the Great Mosque, it is a seven-building complex with the central clock tower having a length of 601 m (1,972 feet), making it the world's fourth-tallest building. All seven buildings in the complex also form the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest buildings in the world">third-largest building by floor area</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Gate" title="Mecca Gate">Mecca Gate</a>, known popularly as the Quran Gate, sits on the western entrance of the city, which is the route from Jeddah. Located on Highway 40, it marks the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Haram area</a> where non-Muslims are prohibited from entering. The gate was designed in 1979 by an Egyptian architect, Samir Elabd, for the architectural firm IDEA Center. The structure is that of a book, representing the Quran, sitting on a <a href="/wiki/Rehal_(book_rest)" title="Rehal (book rest)"><i>rehal</i></a>, or bookrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Makkah_Gate_Design_-_elabdarchitecture.com_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkah_Gate_Design_-_elabdarchitecture.com-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_and_newspapers">Press and newspapers</h3></div> <p>The first press was brought to Mecca in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri Pasha</a>, an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wāli</a>. During the Hashemite period, it was used to print the city's official gazette, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Qibla" title="Al Qibla">Al Qibla</a></i>. The Saudi regime expanded this press into a larger operation, introducing the new Saudi official gazette of Mecca, <i>Umm al-Qurā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mecca also has its own paper owned by the city, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Nadwa_(newspaper)" title="Al Nadwa (newspaper)">Al Nadwa</a></i>. However, other Saudi newspapers are also provided in Mecca such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Gazette" title="Saudi Gazette">Saudi Gazette</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Madinah">Al Madinah</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Okaz" title="Okaz">Okaz</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bilad_(Saudi_newspaper)" title="Al-Bilad (Saudi newspaper)">Al Bilad</a>,</i> in addition to other international newspapers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <p>Telecommunications in the city were emphasized early under the Saudi reign. King <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">Abdulaziz</a> pressed them forward as he saw them as a means of convenience and better governance. While under <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein bin Ali</a>, there were about 20 public telephones in the entire city; in 1936, the number jumped to 450, totaling about half the telephones in the country. During that time, telephone lines were extended to Jeddah and Ta'if, but not to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>. By 1985, Mecca, like other Saudi cities, possessed modern telephone, telex, radio and television communications.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many television stations serve the city area, including <a href="/wiki/Saudi_T.V._Channel_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi T.V. Channel 1">Saudi TV1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_T.V._Channel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi T.V. Channel II">Saudi TV2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_TV_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi TV Sports">Saudi TV Sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ekhbariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ekhbariya">Al-Ekhbariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Radio_and_Television_Network" title="Arab Radio and Television Network">Arab Radio and Television Network</a> and various cable, satellite and other specialty television providers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> <p>Limited radio communication was established within the Kingdom under the Hashemites. In 1929, wireless stations were set up in various towns in the region, creating a network that would become fully functional by 1932. Soon after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the existing network was greatly expanded and improved. Since then, radio communication has been used extensively in directing the pilgrimage and addressing the pilgrims. This practice started in 1950, with the initiation of broadcasts on the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Arafa">Day of 'Arafah</a> (9 Dhu al-Hijjah), and increased until 1957, at which time Radio Makkah became the most powerful station in the Middle East at 50 kW. Later, power was increased nine-fold to 450 kW. Music was not immediately broadcast; gradually, folk music was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-EIModern_117-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIModern-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <p>The only airport near the city is the Mecca East airport, which is not active. Mecca is primarily served by <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> for international and regional connections and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if Regional Airport">Ta'if Regional Airport</a> for regional connections. To cater to the large number of Hajj pilgrims, Jeddah Airport has a Hajj Terminal, specifically for use during the <i>Hajj</i> season; the terminal can accommodate 47 planes simultaneously while receiving 3,800 pilgrims per hour during the Hajj season.<sup id="cite_ref-opening1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opening1-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg/220px-3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg/330px-3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg/440px-3rd_Ring_Road_makkah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>3rd Ring Road passing through Kudai Area</figcaption></figure> <p>Mecca, similar to Medina, lies at the junction of two of the most important highways in Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Highway_40_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Highway 40 (Saudi Arabia)">Highway 40</a>, connecting it to the important port city of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in the west and the capital of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and the other major port city, <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a>, in the east. The other, Highway 15, connects Mecca to the other holy Islamic city of Medina approximately 400 km (250 mi) in the north and onward to <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. While in the south, it connects Mecca to <a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mecca is served by four ring roads, and these are very crowded compared to the three ring roads of Medina. Mecca also has many tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_transit">Rapid transit</h3></div> <p><b>Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro</b> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Al_Mashaaer_Al_Mugaddassah_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro">Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro</a> is a metro line in Mecca opened on 13 November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-opening2_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opening2-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18.1-kilometer (11.2-mile) elevated metro transports pilgrims to the holy sites of '<a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Arafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah" title="Muzdalifah">Muzdalifah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> in the city to reduce congestion on the road and is only operational during the <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i> season.<sup id="cite_ref-rgi20090624_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgi20090624-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of nine stations, three in each of the aforementioned towns. </p><p><b>Mecca Metro</b> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Metro" title="Mecca Metro">Mecca Metro</a>, officially known as <b>Makkah Mass Rail Transit</b>, is a planned four-line <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-approved_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-approved-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will be in addition to<sup id="cite_ref-approved_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-approved-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Al_Mashaaer_Al_Mugaddassah_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro">Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro</a> which carries pilgrims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intercity">Intercity</h4></div> <p>In 2018, a high speed intercity rail line, part of the <a href="/wiki/Haramain_High_Speed_Rail_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain High Speed Rail Project">Haramain High Speed Rail Project</a>, named the <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a> line entered operation, connecting the holy cities of Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> together via <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Rabigh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rgi20090423_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgi20090423-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arabnews_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabnews-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway consists of 35 <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric trains</a> and is capable of transporting 60 million passengers annually. Each train can achieve speeds of up to 300 kmh (190 mph), traveling a total distance of 450 km (280 mi), reducing the travel time between the two cities to less than two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-arwmmcc_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arwmmcc-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arabnews_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabnews-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Mawlid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Mawlid">Bayt al-Mawlid</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Al_Mukarramah_Library" title="Makkah Al Mukarramah Library">house</a> where Muhammad is believed to have been born</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masar_Destination" title="Masar Destination">Masar Destination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَكَّة ٱلْمُكَرَّمَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah al-Mukarramah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Makkah the Noble', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hejazi Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="acw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[makːa<span class="wrap"> </span>almʊkarːama]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَكَّة</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Makkah</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hejazi Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="acw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[ˈmakːa]</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 CE and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dompetdhuafa.org/en/the-history-of-kaaba-construction-and-its-renovation-over-time/">"The History of Kaaba Construction and Its Renovation Over Time"</a>. <i>Dompet Dhuafa</i>. 15 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dompet+Dhuafa&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Kaaba+Construction+and+Its+Renovation+Over+Time&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dompetdhuafa.org%2Fen%2Fthe-history-of-kaaba-construction-and-its-renovation-over-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/">"Mecca Governorate"</a>. <i>City Population</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Mecca+Governorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fsaudiarabia%2Fmakkah%2F0201__makkah_al_mukarramah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/48?startingVerse=22">48:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724"><i>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</i></a>. Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=724&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-546-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo_VIPIJerIC%26pg%3DPA724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/">"Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>City Population</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Makkah+%28Makkah+al-Mukarramah%2C+Mecca+Region%2C+Saudi+Arabia%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts%2C+Map%2C+Location%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fsaudiarabia%2Fmakkah%2Fmakkah_al_mukarramah%2F02002__makkah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage">"Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage"</a>. <i>Salamislam</i>. 3 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531214408/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salamislam&rft.atitle=Hajj+The+Holy+Pilgrimage&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalamislam.com%2Farticles%2Fpractical-principles%2Fhajj-holy-pilgrimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023">"Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…"</a>. <i>Euromonitor</i>. 13 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromonitor&rft.atitle=Euromonitor+International%27s+report+reveals+world%27s+Top+100%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromonitor.com%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2Fdec-2023%2Feuromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgle2015" class="citation book cs1">Ogle, Vanessa (2015). <i>The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28614-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28614-6"><bdi>978-0-674-28614-6</bdi></a>. <q>Mecca, "the fountainhead and cradle of Islam," would be the center of Islamic timekeeping.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Transformation+of+Time%3A+1870%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-28614-6&rft.aulast=Ogle&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2013" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Reynold A. (2013). <i>Literary History Of The Arabs</i>. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-17016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-17016-4"><bdi>978-1-136-17016-4</bdi></a>. <q>Mecca was the cradle of Islam, and Islam, according to Muhammad, is the religion of Abraham.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+History+Of+The+Arabs&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-17016-4&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Reynold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan,_A_M2003" class="citation book cs1">Khan, A M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26"><i>Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith</i></a>. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87746-47-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87746-47-8"><bdi>978-81-87746-47-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Value+Of+The+Qur+An+And+The+Hadith&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+Ho&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-87746-47-8&rft.au=Khan%2C+A+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcMHD5WWL7AC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Laithy,_Ahmed2005" class="citation book cs1">Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61"><i>What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an</i></a>. Garant. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1774-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1774-5"><bdi>978-90-441-1774-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Should+Know+About+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=Garant&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-441-1774-5&rft.au=Al-Laithy%2C+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ShMqiiJbNYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed</a> (2005). <i>Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam</i>. Aperture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89381-752-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89381-752-X"><bdi>0-89381-752-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca%2C+The+Blessed%2C+Medina%2C+The+Radiant%3A+The+Holiest+Cities+of+Islam&rft.pub=Aperture&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89381-752-X&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayat2021" class="citation web cs1">Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehsanbayat.com/6-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-abraj-al-bait-clock-tower/">"Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower"</a>. <i>Dr. Ehsan Bayat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Ehsan+Bayat&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ehsan+Bayat+-+6+Facts+You+Need+to+Know+about+the+Abraj+Al-Bait+Clock+Tower&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehsanbayat.com%2F6-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-abraj-al-bait-clock-tower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 9 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>Because <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhābism</a> prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, such as the homes and graves of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were demolished under Saudi rule. <a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationists</a> have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> have been razed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+%28Islamic+movement%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html">"Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mecca+for+the+rich%3A+Islam%27s+holiest+site+%27turning+into+Vegas%27&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fmecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (24 June 2010), Cairo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fattah, Hassan M.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html">Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045207/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (20 January 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cultural-genocide-of-Islamic-heritage-in-Saudi-Arabia-riles-Sunni-Sufis/articleshow/17564283.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 11 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Cultural+genocide+of+Islamic+heritage%27+in+Saudi+Arabia+riles+Sunni+Sufis&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FCultural-genocide-of-Islamic-heritage-in-Saudi-Arabia-riles-Sunni-Sufis%2Farticleshow%2F17564283.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peters_206-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peters_206_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peters_206_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1994" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Francis E. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete"><i>The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206">206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02619-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02619-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hajj%3A+The+Muslim+Pilgrimage+to+Mecca+and+the+Holy+Places&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02619-0&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhajjmuslimpilgri0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25"><i>What everyone needs to know about Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3"><bdi>978-0-19-979413-3</bdi></a>. <q>Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+everyone+needs+to+know+about+Islam&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979413-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wSVQI3Ya2EC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004403/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015">"Mayor of Makkah Receives Malaysian Consul General"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia. 28 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015">the original</a> on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mayor+of+Makkah+Receives+Malaysian+Consul+General&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kln.gov.my%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FME2g%2Fblog%2Fmayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general%3Fredirect%3D%252Fweb%252Fsau_jeddah%252Fn2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG201410-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NG201410_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Stone, Dan (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717031610/http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/">"The Growing Pains of the Ancient Hajj"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/">the original</a> on 17 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Growing+Pains+of+the+Ancient+Hajj&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonward.nationalgeographic.com%2F2014%2F10%2F03%2Fthe-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia">"Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah"</a>. 29 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who%3A+Saleh+Al-Turki%2C+the+new+mayor+of+Makkah&rft.date=2022-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2014476%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421">"Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region"</a>. Saudi Press Agency. 16 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+Khalid+Al+Faisal+appointed+as+governor+of+Makkah+region&rft.pub=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spa.gov.sa%2FEnglish%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D450421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versteeghp513-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Versteeghp513_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versteeghp513_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh,_Kees2008" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2008). C.H.M. Versteegh; Kees Versteegh (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+language+and+linguistics%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=513&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14476-7&rft.au=Versteegh%2C+Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=96">3:96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersonp22-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersonp22_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson,_Daniel_C.2007" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Daniel C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47"><i>Muhammad, prophet of God</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-0754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%2C+prophet+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zpbEj0xA_sC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipferp342-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kipferp342_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipfer,_Barbara_Ann2000" class="citation book cs1">Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342"><i>Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3"><bdi>978-0-306-46158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+dictionary+of+archaeology&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46158-3&rft.au=Kipfer%2C+Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXneTstDbcC0C%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glassep302-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glassep302_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé,_CyrilSmith,_Huston2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril & Smith, Huston (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302"><i>The new encyclopedia of Islam</i></a> (Revised, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_Altamira" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman Altamira">Rowman Altamira</a>. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=302&rft.edition=Revised%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6&rft.au=Glass%C3%A9%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phippsp85-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phippsp85_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps,_William_E.1999" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, William E. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip"><i>Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1207-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1207-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-1207-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+Jesus%3A+a+comparison+of+the+prophets+and+their+teachings&rft.pages=85&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2&rft.au=Phipps%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadjesuscom0000phip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Carrasco, David</a>; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Reynolds_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Reynolds (academic) (page does not exist)">Reynolds, Frank</a>; Giarardot, Norman; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Pelikan, Jaroslav</a>; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999). <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> (ed.). <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. p. 703. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=703&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Carrasco&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Warmind%2C+Morten&rft.au=Hawley%2C+John+Stratton&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Frank&rft.au=Giarardot%2C+Norman&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Pelikan%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Campo%2C+Juan&rft.au=Penner%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamp76-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamp76_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam,_AnthonyBrekhus_Shams,_MarthaMadden,_Andrew2004" class="citation book cs1">Ham, Anthony; Brekhus Shams, Martha & Madden, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76"><i>Saudi Arabia</i></a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-667-1"><bdi>978-1-74059-667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-667-1&rft.au=Ham%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Brekhus+Shams%2C+Martha&rft.au=Madden%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPddTr1X7hEgC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2005" class="citation book cs1">Long, David E. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long"><i>Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32021-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32021-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32021-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hittip6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hittip6_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hittip6_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Khûri_Hitti1973" class="citation book cs1">Philip Khûri Hitti (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25"><i>Capital cities of Arab Islam</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0663-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0663-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-0663-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+cities+of+Arab+Islam&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4&rft.au=Philip+Kh%C3%BBri+Hitti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9niSNOCIoL8C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo">"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography+%281854%29%2C+Maacah%2C+Maacah%2C+Macoraba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic%2Bletter%3DM%3Aentry%2Bgroup%3D1%3Aentry%3Dmacoraba-geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2018" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Ian D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/">"Mecca and Macoraba"</a>. <i>Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā</i>. <b>26</b>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17613%2Fzcdp-c225">10.17613/zcdp-c225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1068-1051">1068-1051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-%CA%BFU%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr+al-Wus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81&rft.atitle=Mecca+and+Macoraba&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17613%2Fzcdp-c225&rft.issn=1068-1051&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A22167%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/6?startingVerse=92">6:92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khanp74-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khanp74_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khanp74_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayyid_Aḥmad_Khān1870" class="citation book cs1">Sayyid Aḥmad Khān (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75"><i>A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto</i></a>. London: Trübner & co. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+series+of+essays+on+the+life+of+Muhammad%3A+and+subjects+subsidiary+thereto&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+co.&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Sayyid+A%E1%B8%A5mad+Kh%C4%81n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNeoOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firestonep65-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Firestonep65_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirestone,_Reuven1990" class="citation book cs1">Firestone, Reuven (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205"><i>Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 65, 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0331-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-0331-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Title+Journeys+in+holy+lands%3A+the+evolution+of+the+Abraham-Ishmael+legends+in+Islamic+exegesis&rft.pages=65%2C+205&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0&rft.au=Firestone%2C+Reuven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO69zjVnjL10C%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2010" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius">"Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ape+ancestors+brought+to+life+by+fossil+skull+of+%27Saadanius%27+primate&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2010%2Fjul%2F14%2Fape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaursen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.354">10.1038/news.2010.354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Fossil+skull+fingered+as+ape%E2%80%93monkey+ancestor&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2010.354&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Laursen&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Literary-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Literary_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Literary_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Literary_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Literary_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1994" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F. E. (1994). <i>Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8736-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-8736-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978697983">978697983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca%3A+a+Literary+History+of+the+Muslim+Holy+Land.&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F978697983&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Robinson2022" class="citation journal cs1">M. Robinson (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2022-0002">"The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh"</a>. <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>1</b> (99): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2022-0002">10.1515/islam-2022-0002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F25835">10023/25835</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247974816">247974816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=The+Population+Size+of+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad%27s+Mecca+and+the+Creation+of+the+Quraysh&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F25835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247974816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislam-2022-0002&rft.au=M.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fislam-2022-0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Ateeqi2020" class="citation book cs1">Al-Ateeqi, Binimad (2020). <i>Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH)</i>. Independently Published (published 17 March 2020). pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1710858853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1710858853"><bdi>978-1710858853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makkah+at+the+Time+of+Prophet+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+%28PBUH%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1710858853&rft.aulast=Al-Ateeqi&rft.aufirst=Binimad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, Tom; In the Shadow of the Sword; Little, Brown; 2012; p. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated by C.H. Oldfather, <i>Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II</i>, William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone,_Patricia1987" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (1987). <i>Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">134–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-102-3"><bdi>978-1-59333-102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meccan+Trade+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-102-3&rft.au=Crone%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Ian_D.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Ian D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf">"Mecca and Macoraba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā</i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>60. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-%CA%BFU%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr+Al-Wus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81&rft.atitle=Mecca+and+Macoraba&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamichistorycommons.org%2Fmem%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F55%2F2018%2F11%2FUW-26-Morris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersock2017" class="citation book cs1">Bowersock, G. W. (2017). <i>The crucible of Islam</i>. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05776-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05776-0"><bdi>978-0-674-05776-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crucible+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Mass.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05776-0&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crane, P. <i>Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam</i>, 1987, p.136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahid1995" class="citation book cs1">Shahid, Irfan (1995). <i>Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1</i>. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-284-8"><bdi>978-0-88402-284-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+Sixth+Century%2C+volume+1%2C+part+1&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-284-8&rft.aulast=Shahid&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcopius" class="citation book cs1">Procopius. <i>History</i>. pp. I.xix.14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History&rft.pages=I.xix.14&rft.au=Procopius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crone, Patricia; <i>Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam</i>; 1987; p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, Tom (2012). <i>In the Shadow of the Sword</i>; Little, Brown; p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah_Alwi_Haji_Hassan1994" class="citation book cs1">Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan (1994). <i>Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law</i>. Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University. pp. 3 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-408-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-408-136-6"><bdi>978-969-408-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sales+and+Contracts+in+Early+Islamic+Commercial+Law&rft.pages=3+ff&rft.pub=Islamic+Research+Institute%2C+International+Islamic+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-969-408-136-6&rft.au=Abdullah+Alwi+Haji+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersock2017" class="citation book cs1">Bowersock, Glen. W. (2017). <i>Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowersock%2C+G.+W.+%282017%29.+The+crucible+of+Islam.+Cambridge+%28Mass.%29%3A+Harvard+University+Press.+pp.+50+ff.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=Glen.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2007" class="citation journal cs1">Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>70</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X0700002X">10.1017/S0041977X0700002X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378894">40378894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154910558">154910558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Quraysh+and+the+Roman+Army%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Meccan+Leather+Trade.&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154910558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40378894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X0700002X&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyland1997" class="citation book cs1">Hoyland, Robert (1997). <i>Seeing Islam as others saw it</i>. Darwin Press. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87850-125-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87850-125-8"><bdi>0-87850-125-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Islam+as+others+saw+it&rft.pages=565&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87850-125-8&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=127">2:127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/22?startingVerse=25">22:25-37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse1991-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glasse1991_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ">"Kaaba"</a>. <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperSanFrancisco" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperSanFrancisco">HarperSanFrancisco</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0606-3126-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-0606-3126-0"><bdi>0-0606-3126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaaba&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-0606-3126-0&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlPuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lings1983-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lings1983_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLings1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Lings, Martin</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_His_Life_Based_on_the_Earliest_Sources" title="Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources"><i>Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources</i></a>. 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Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,</i></a> Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Lankester Harding & Enno Littman, Some Thamudic Inscriptions from the Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan (Leiden, Netherlands – 1952), p. 19, Inscription No. 112A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jawwad Ali, The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam (1993), Vol. 4, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting,_G.R.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 44–54 (44). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00110523">10.1017/S0041977X00110523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/616125">616125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162654756">162654756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Disappearance+and+Rediscovery+of+Zamzam+and+the+%27Well+of+the+Ka%27ba%27&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-54+%2844%29&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162654756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F616125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00110523&rft.au=Hawting%2C+G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#iw"><i>Islamic World</i></a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIE-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIE_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods", <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapidus-14-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lapidus-14_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lapidus">Lapidus</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer,_S._Wise2010" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, S. Wise (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243"><i>The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5"><bdi>978-0-393-05975-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+medieval+world%3A+from+the+conversion+of+Constantine+to+the+First+Crusade&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05975-5&rft.au=Bauer%2C+S.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1u2oP2RihIgC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-13-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world-13_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world-13_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#iw"><i>Islamic World</i></a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapidus-16-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus-16_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus-16_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lapidus">Lapidus</a>, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hajjah-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hajjah_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajjah_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajjah_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjah_Adil2002" class="citation book cs1">Hajjah Adil, Amina (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil"><i>Prophet Muhammad</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_America" title="Islamic Supreme Council of America">ISCA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930409-11-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-930409-11-7"><bdi>1-930409-11-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+Muhammad&rft.pub=ISCA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-930409-11-7&rft.aulast=Hajjah+Adil&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadmessenge0000adil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DACB-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DACB_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html">"Abraha."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Dictionary of African Christian Biographies</i>. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, Walter W. (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm">"Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Werner Daum (ed.), <i>Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant">"The Year of the Elephant"</a>. <i>Al-Islam.org</i>. 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=The+Year+of+the+Elephant&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Flife-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi%2Fyear-elephant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462">"Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant"</a>. <i>aliftaa.jo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aliftaa.jo&rft.atitle=Significance+Behind+Prophet+Mohammad%27s+Birth+in+the+Year+of+the+Elephant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faliftaa.jo%2FArticleEn.aspx%3FArticleId%3D2462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʿAbdu_r-Rahmān_ibn_Nāsir_as-Saʿdī2009" class="citation web cs1">ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī (23 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176">"Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)"</a>. Translated by Abū Rumaysah. Islamic Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176">the original</a> on 20 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Najashi</a>, the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tafsir+of+Surah+al+Fil+%E2%80%93+The+Elephant+%28Surah+105%29&rft.pub=Islamic+Network&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.au=%CA%BFAbdu+r-Rahm%C4%81n+ibn+N%C4%81sir+as-Sa%CA%BFd%C4%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislaam.net%2Fmain%2Fdisplay.php%3Fid%3D1480%26category%3D176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrHubbardCathey2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Marr" title="John S. Marr">Marr JS</a>, Hubbard E, Cathey JT (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2015.003">"The Year of the Elephant"</a>. <i>WikiJournal of Medicine</i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2015.003">10.15347/wjm/2015.003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WikiJournal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Year+of+the+Elephant&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2015.003&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+E&rft.au=Cathey%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15347%252Fwjm%252F2015.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span><br />In turn citing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillan_R.1821" class="citation web cs1">Willan R. (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ">"Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi"</a>. 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Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+an+Era+of+Nation-States%3A+Politics+and+Religious+Renewal+in+Muslim+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1957-6&rft.au=Robert+W.+Hefner&rft.au=Patricia+Horvatich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kQ4yo-GIWUC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113084034/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197406/the.lure.of.mecca.htm">"The Lure Of Mecca"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197406/the.lure.of.mecca.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Lure+Of+Mecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F197406%2Fthe.lure.of.mecca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInderjit_Singh_Jhajj" class="citation book cs1">Inderjit Singh Jhajj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GuruNanakAtMecca"><i>Guru Nanak At Mecca</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Nanak+At+Mecca&rft.au=Inderjit+Singh+Jhajj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGuruNanakAtMecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer says that Mecca was not banned to non-Muslim till nineteenth century; <i>Sikh History in 10 volumes</i>, Sikh University Press, (2010–2012), vol. 1, pp. 181–182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1853Burton.html">"Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1853"</a>. Fordham.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412091714/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1853Burton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Richard+Francis+Burton%3A+A+Pilgrimage+to+Mecca%2C+1853&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1853Burton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/en-demographic-research-2016_2.pdf">"Demographics Survey 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Demographics Survey 2016</i>. General Authority for Statistics. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demographics+Survey+2016&rft.atitle=Demographics+Survey+2016&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fen-demographic-research-2016_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html">Asian Football Stadiums</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629224018/http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Stadium King Abdul Aziz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkah_Gate_Design_-_elabdarchitecture.com-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makkah_Gate_Design_-_elabdarchitecture.com_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208203337/http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm">"IDEA Center Projects"</a>. Elabdar Architecture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDEA+Center+Projects&rft.pub=Elabdar+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felabdarchitecture.com%2Fresume.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span> – Makkah Gate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opening1-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opening1_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/28/Hajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html">"Saudi terminal can receive 3,800 pilgrims per hour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. 28 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108201350/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/28/Hajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+terminal+can+receive+3%2C800+pilgrims+per+hour&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2Faviation-and-transport%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2FHajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204075504/http://www.saudinf.com/main/g11.htm">"Roads"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. saudinf.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudia-online.com/newsnov01/news06.shtml">"The Roads and Ports Sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108182344/http://www.saudia-online.com/newsnov01/news06.shtml">Archived</a> 8 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. saudia-online.com. 5 November 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-tenders/article-22689-makkah-building-eight-tunnels-to-ease-congestion">"Makkah building eight tunnels to ease congestion"</a>. <i>Construction Weekly</i>. 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Weekly&rft.atitle=Makkah+building+eight+tunnels+to+ease+congestion&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionweekonline.com%2Fprojects-tenders%2Farticle-22689-makkah-building-eight-tunnels-to-ease-congestion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opening2-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opening2_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203184240/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html">"Hajj pilgrims take the metro to Mecca"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>. 15 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Hajj+pilgrims+take+the+metro+to+Mecca&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnc%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fhajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgi20090624-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rgi20090624_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228180304/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/makkah-metro-contracts-signed.html">"Mecca metro contracts signed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>. 24 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//makkah-metro-contracts-signed.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Mecca+metro+contracts+signed&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F%2Fmakkah-metro-contracts-signed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-approved-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-approved_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-approved_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/jeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html">"Jeddah and Makkah metro plans approved"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>. 17 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143011/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/jeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Jeddah+and+Makkah+metro+plans+approved&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fjeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgi20090423-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rgi20090423_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/high-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html">"High speed stations for a high speed railway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>. 23 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619124828/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/high-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=High+speed+stations+for+a+high+speed+railway&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F10%2Fhigh-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabnews-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arabnews_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabnews_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414052459/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1386191/saudi-arabia">"Saudi Arabia's Haramain High-Speed Railway opens to public"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>. 11 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/1386191/saudi-arabia">the original</a> on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Haramain+High-Speed+Railway+opens+to+public&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1386191%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arwmmcc-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arwmmcc_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html">"Al Rajhi wins Makkah – Madinah civils contract"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>. 9 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619124810/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Al+Rajhi+wins+Makkah+%E2%80%93+Madinah+civils+contract&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F10%2Fal-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="iw" class="citation book cs1"><i>What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405</i>. Time-Life Books. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7835-5465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7835-5465-5"><bdi>978-0-7835-5465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+life+was+like+in+the+lands+of+the+prophet%3A+Islamic+world%2C+AD+570%E2%80%931405&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lapidus" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (1988). <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22552-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22552-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22552-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22552-6&rft.au=Lapidus%2C+Ira+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mecca#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Mecca">Timeline of Mecca § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianca,_Stefano2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Bianca" title="Stefano Bianca">Bianca, Stefano</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218">"Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change"</a>. <i>Urban Form in the Arab World</i>. Zurich: <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-1972-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-1972-8"><bdi>978-3-7281-1972-8</bdi></a>. 0500282056.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Case+Study+1%3A+The+Holy+Cities+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+Impact+of+Mass+Transportation+and+Rapid+Urban+Change&rft.btitle=Urban+Form+in+the+Arab+World&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pub=ETH+Zurich&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8&rft.au=Bianca%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtkq3a0bXBa0C%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_C._Edmund2007" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund, ed. (2007). "Mecca". <i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mecca&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumper,_Michael_R._T.Stanley,_Bruce_E.2008" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2008). "Makkah". <i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Makkah&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal,_FranzIbn_Khaldun1967" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Franz; <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1967). <i>The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09797-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09797-8"><bdi>978-0-691-09797-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muqaddimah%3A+An+Introduction+to+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09797-8&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Franz&rft.au=Ibn+Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008</li> <li>Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh">"Quraysh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online). 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quraysh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia+%28online%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31568%2Fhistory-of-Arabia%2F45979%2FQuraysh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMecca" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca">Mecca Saudi Arabia</a>, in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>, by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mecca</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mecca" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mecca">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mecca" class="extiw" title="c:Mecca">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mecca" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mecca">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mecca" class="extiw" title="q:Mecca">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mecca" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mecca">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mecca" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mecca">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mecca" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mecca">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mecca" class="extiw" title="voy:Mecca">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx">Holy Makkah Municipality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000407212305/http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm">Saudi Information Resource – Holy Makkah</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html">Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_in_Islam" title="Pharaoh in Islam">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Articles_about_Mecca730" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#32CD32;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mecca" title="Template:Mecca"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mecca" title="Template talk:Mecca"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mecca" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mecca"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Articles_about_Mecca730" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Articles about <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mecca</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#32CD32;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mecca" title="Timeline of Mecca">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad and Muslim state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="The Kaaba"><img alt="The Kaaba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/193px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/290px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/386px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#32CD32;">Landmarks<br />and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait_Towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraj Al Bait Towers">Abraj Al Bait Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Nur">Jabal al-Nur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr" title="Jabal Thawr">Jabal Thawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamarat_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamarat Bridge">Jamarat Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah" title="Muzdalifah">Muzdalifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Mu%27alla" title="Jannat al-Mu'alla">Jannat al-Mu'alla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Gate" title="Mecca Gate">Bawabat Makkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#32CD32;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#32CD32;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wahda_FC_(Mecca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Wahda FC (Mecca)">Al-Wehda FC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#32CD32;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_High_Speed_Rail_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain High Speed Rail Project">Haramain High Speed Rail Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Metro" title="Mecca Metro">Mecca Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mashaaer_Al_Mugaddassah_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro">Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#32CD32;">Pilgrimage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></li> <li>‘<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'y">Sa‘ī</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mecca" title="Category:Mecca">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mecca" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mecca">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mecca" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mecca">News</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mecca" class="extiw" title="q:Mecca">Quotes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikivoyage page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mecca" class="extiw" title="voy:Mecca">Voyage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Main_Saudi_Arabian_cities_by_population293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_cities" title="Template:Saudi cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_cities" title="Template talk:Saudi cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Main_Saudi_Arabian_cities_by_population293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Main Saudi Arabian cities</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Mushait" title="Khamis Mushait">Khamis Mushait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Taif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000-999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al-Kharj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil" title="Ḥaʼil">Ḥaʼil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafar_al-Batin" title="Hafar al-Batin">Hafar al-Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar" title="Khobar">Khobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><300,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bahah" title="Al Bahah">Al Bahah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Lith" title="Al Lith">Al Lith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah" title="Al Majma'ah">Al Majma'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah" title="Al Qunfudhah">Al Qunfudhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Arar, Saudi Arabia">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq" title="Abqaiq">Abqaiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareq" title="Bareq">Bareq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisha" title="Bisha">Bisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duba,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Duba, Saudi Arabia">Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakakah" title="Sakakah">Sakakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafji" title="Khafji">Khafji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Tanura" title="Ras Tanura">Ras Tanura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaizah" title="Unaizah">Unaizah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu' al Bahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/">cdsi.gov.sa</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_Mecca_Province100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mecca_Region" title="Template:Mecca Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mecca_Region" title="Template talk:Mecca Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mecca_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mecca Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_Mecca_Province100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Flag of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Capital:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mecca</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hisani" title="Abu Hisani">Abu Hisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qirfah" title="Abu Qirfah">Abu Qirfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Shu%60ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Shu`ayb">Abu Shu`ayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%60Urwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu `Urwah">Abu `Urwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dabbah" title="Ad Dabbah">Ad Dabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Daff" title="Ad Daff">Ad Daff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dawh" title="Ad Dawh">Ad Dawh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dawh_al_Kabir" title="Ad Dawh al Kabir">Ad Dawh al Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dawh_as_Saghir" title="Ad Dawh as Saghir">Ad Dawh as Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dirs" title="Ad Dirs">Ad Dirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dur" title="Ad Dur">Ad Dur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ashraf,_Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ashraf, Makkah">Al Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Balad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Balad">Al Balad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Barabir" title="Al Barabir">Al Barabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bi%27ar" title="Al Bi'ar">Al Bi'ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Buraykah" title="Al Buraykah">Al Buraykah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Fawwarah" title="Al Fawwarah">Al Fawwarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Faydah" title="Al Faydah">Al Faydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Fazz" title="Al Fazz">Al Fazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gharith" title="Al Gharith">Al Gharith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghulah" title="Al Ghulah">Al Ghulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hada" title="Al Hada">Al Hada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Halaqah" title="Al Halaqah">Al Halaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hamimah" title="Al Hamimah">Al Hamimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Harra%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Harra'">Al Harra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hawiyah" title="Al Hawiyah">Al Hawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hazm,_Makkah" title="Al Hazm, Makkah">Al Hazm, Makkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jadidah" title="Al Jadidah">Al Jadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jami%60ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jami`ah">Al Jami`ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jid%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jid`">Al Jid`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jumum" title="Al Jumum">Al Jumum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ju%60ranah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ju`ranah">Al Ju`ranah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khadra,_Mecca" title="Al Khadra, Mecca">Al Khadra, Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khalas" title="Al Khalas">Al Khalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khamrah" title="Al Khamrah">Al Khamrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khaydar" title="Al Khaydar">Al Khaydar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khayf" title="Al Khayf">Al Khayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khulasah" title="Al Khulasah">Al Khulasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Kidwah" title="Al Kidwah">Al Kidwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Kura%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kura`">Al Kura`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Madiq,_Makkah" title="Al Madiq, Makkah">Al Madiq, Makkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Maghal" title="Al Maghal">Al Maghal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mahjar" title="Al Mahjar">Al Mahjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Maqrah" title="Al Maqrah">Al Maqrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Masarrah" title="Al Masarrah">Al Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Masfalah" title="Al Masfalah">Al Masfalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mashayikh" title="Al Mashayikh">Al Mashayikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mathnah" title="Al Mathnah">Al Mathnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ma%60rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ma`rash">Al Ma`rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mubarak" title="Al Mubarak">Al Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mudawwarah" title="Al Mudawwarah">Al Mudawwarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mulayha%27" title="Al Mulayha'">Al Mulayha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mundassah" title="Al Mundassah">Al Mundassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Muqayti%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Muqayti`">Al Muqayti`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Muqr" title="Al Muqr">Al Muqr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Muraysiyah" title="Al Muraysiyah">Al Muraysiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Muwayh" title="Al Muwayh">Al Muwayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qadimah" title="Al Qadimah">Al Qadimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qararah" title="Al Qararah">Al Qararah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaryat" title="Al Qaryat">Al Qaryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qawba%60iyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qawba`iyah">Al Qawba`iyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qirshan" title="Al Qirshan">Al Qirshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qirw" title="Al Qirw">Al Qirw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qufayf" title="Al Qufayf">Al Qufayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qushashiyah" title="Al Qushashiyah">Al Qushashiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qu%60tubah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qu`tubah">Al Qu`tubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ukhaydir,_Makkah_Province" title="Al-Ukhaydir, Makkah Province">Al Ukhaydir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Waht" title="Al Waht">Al Waht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Yamaniyah" title="Al Yamaniyah">Al Yamaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_%60Utaybiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al `Utaybiyah">Al `Utaybiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_%C4%80b%C4%81r" title="Al Ābār">Al Ābār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%60Awali" class="mw-redirect" title="Al`Awali">Al`Awali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Naqa" class="mw-redirect" title="An Naqa">An Naqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rabwah_al_%60Ulya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Rabwah al `Ulya">Ar Rabwah al `Ulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rabwah_as_Sufla" title="Ar Rabwah as Sufla">Ar Rabwah as Sufla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rafah" title="Ar Rafah">Ar Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rawdah_ash_Shamaliyah" title="Ar Rawdah ash Shamaliyah">Ar Rawdah ash Shamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rayyan,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Ar Rayyan, Saudi Arabia">Ar Rayyan, Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar_Rihab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ar Rihab (page does not exist)">Ar Rihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Ru%27ays,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Ru'ays, Saudi Arabia">Ar Ru'ays, Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rudaymah" title="Ar Rudaymah">Ar Rudaymah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Arya`">Arya`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sabahani" class="mw-redirect" title="As Sabahani">As Sabahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sadr" title="As Sadr">As Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Safa,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="As Safa, Saudi Arabia">As Safa, Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Samd_ash_Shamali" title="As Samd ash Shamali">As Samd ash Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sayl_al_Kabir" title="As Sayl al Kabir">As Sayl al Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sayl_as_Saghir" title="As Sayl as Saghir">As Sayl as Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sifyani" title="As Sifyani">As Sifyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sudayrah,_Makkah" title="As Sudayrah, Makkah">As Sudayrah, Makkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Sur,_Saudi_Arabia" title="As Sur, Saudi Arabia">As Sur, Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Suwadah" title="As Suwadah">As Suwadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shafa" title="Ash Shafa">Ash Shafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shajwah" title="Ash Shajwah">Ash Shajwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shamiyah" title="Ash Shamiyah">Ash Shamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shara%27i%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Shara'i`">Ash Shara'i`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shara%27i%60_al_%60Ulya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Shara'i` al `Ulya">Ash Shara'i` al `Ulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shaybi" title="Ash Shaybi">Ash Shaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shishah" title="Ash Shishah">Ash Shishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shi%60b" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Shi`b">Ash Shi`b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shuhada%27_ash_Shamaliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Shuhada' ash Shamaliyah">Ash Shuhada' ash Shamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shumaysi" title="Ash Shumaysi">Ash Shumaysi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shuwaybit" title="Ash Shuwaybit">Ash Shuwaybit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At-Tan%CA%BDim" title="At-Tanʽim">At Tan`im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Tarfa%27" title="At Tarfa'">At Tarfa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Turqi" title="At Turqi">At Turqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_Zaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Az Zaymah">Az Zaymah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_Zilal" title="Az Zilal">Az Zilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_Zughbah" title="Az Zughbah">Az Zughbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_Zurra%60" class="mw-redirect" title="Az Zurra`">Az Zurra`</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_Zuwayb" title="Az Zuwayb">Az Zuwayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrah" title="Bahrah">Bahrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrat_al_Qadimah" title="Bahrat al Qadimah">Bahrat al Qadimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahwil" title="Bahwil">Bahwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranah" title="Baranah">Baranah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzah,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Barzah, Saudi Arabia">Barzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashm" title="Bashm">Bashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraykah" title="Buraykah">Buraykah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burayman" title="Burayman">Burayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabyah" title="Dabyah">Dabyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughaybjah" title="Dughaybjah">Dughaybjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayd" title="Fayd">Fayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghran" title="Ghran">Ghran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda%27" title="Hadda'">Hadda'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddat_ash_Sham" title="Haddat ash Sham">Haddat ash Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhah" title="Hadhah">Hadhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajur" title="Hajur">Hajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halamah" title="Halamah">Halamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harat_al_Bab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harat al Bab">Harat al Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_al_Hamdaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayy al Hamdaniyah">Hayy al Hamdaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_as_Salihiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayy as Salihiyah">Hayy as Salihiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husnah" title="Husnah">Husnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julayyil" title="Julayyil">Julayyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khulays" title="Khulays">Khulays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumrah" title="Khumrah">Khumrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulakh" title="Kulakh">Kulakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrakah" title="Madrakah">Madrakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafruq" title="Mafruq">Mafruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakan" title="Malakan">Malakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashajji" title="Mashajji">Mashajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masihat_Mahd_al_Hayl" title="Masihat Mahd al Hayl">Masihat Mahd al Hayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskar" title="Maskar">Maskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiyah" title="Matiyah">Matiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%60shi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma`shi">Ma`shi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidiyah" title="Murshidiyah">Murshidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushrif" title="Mushrif">Mushrif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nughayshiyah" title="Nughayshiyah">Nughayshiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzlat_al_Faqin" title="Nuzlat al Faqin">Nuzlat al Faqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiya" title="Qiya">Qiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quwayzah" title="Quwayzah">Quwayzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqiyah" title="Raqiyah">Raqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuhah" title="Sabuhah">Sabuhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shara%27i%60_al_Mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shara'i` al Mujahidin">Shara'i` al Mujahidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shira%60ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Shira`ayn">Shira`ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%60b_%60amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi`b `amir">Shi`b `amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaym" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaym">Sulaym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumaymah" title="Sumaymah">Sumaymah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suways" title="Suways">Suways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharwah" title="Tharwah">Tharwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turubah" title="Turubah">Turubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al_Jalil" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al Jalil">Wadi al Jalil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saudi_Arabia_articles633" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saudi_Arabia_articles633" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Early Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Borders of Saudi Arabia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of earthquakes in Saudi Arabia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith (secret police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.95em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Elections in Saudi Arabia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Mutaween (religious police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_passport" title="Saudi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visa policy of Saudi Arabia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Saudi Arabia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army" title="Saudi Arabian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense">Air Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force" title="Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force">Strategic Missile Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chairman of the General Staff">Chairman of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Presidency" title="General Staff Presidency">General Staff Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">General Intelligence Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian military ranks">Military ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of companies of Saudi Arabia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Market_Authority_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)">Capital Market Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_and_Development_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Economic and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">History of the oil industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Riyal (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Economic_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia">Supreme Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rail transport in Saudi Arabia">rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Society of Saudi Arabia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_racial_discrimination_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and racial discrimination in Saudi Arabia">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Libraries in Saudi Arabia">libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Polygamy in Saudi Arabia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prostitution in Saudi Arabia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Response of Saudi Arabia to ISIL">response to ISIL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visual arts in Saudi Arabia">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Public holidays in Saudi Arabia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Football in Saudi Arabia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Saudi Arabia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Heritage in Saudi Arabia">Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National symbols of Saudi Arabia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Saudi Arabia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Outline of Saudi Arabia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Saudi Arabia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5806#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2734" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5806#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2734" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5806#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121768551">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157091185">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204780/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxhV4J6Fc37VJCWx4Xh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4038514-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mecca (Saudi Arabia)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79032243">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119983981">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119983981">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="メッカ"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629323">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mekka (Saúdská Arábie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129992&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451634">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000262326&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000212891">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538257005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559661205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/a1a3bf35-ff36-45ac-80af-23f7bf89aeed">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/29652">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028076664">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044893">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mekke">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mecca&oldid=1273862738">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mecca&oldid=1273862738</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mecca" title="Category:Mecca">Mecca</a></li><li><a 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