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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaving_the_profession_of_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaving_the_profession_of_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Leaving the profession of clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaving_the_profession_of_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After the clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Memorial School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_to_the_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_to_the_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Travel to the Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_to_the_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaving_the_Memorial_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaving_the_Memorial_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Leaving the Memorial School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaving_the_Memorial_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joining_the_Democrat_Party_and_post-February_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joining_the_Democrat_Party_and_post-February_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Joining the Democrat Party and post-February events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joining_the_Democrat_Party_and_post-February_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_first_wife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_first_wife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Death of first wife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_first_wife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Mazandaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Mazandaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>In Mazandaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Mazandaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Damavand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Damavand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>In Damavand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Damavand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Zanjan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Zanjan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>In Zanjan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Zanjan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-in_Khuzestan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#in_Khuzestan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>in Khuzestan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-in_Khuzestan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_about_the_old_Azari_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_about_the_old_Azari_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works about the old Azari language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_about_the_old_Azari_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Books subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Linguistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_social_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_social_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religious and social books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_social_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Autobiographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmad Kasravi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="أحمد كسروي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحمد كسروي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_K%C9%99sr%C9%99vi" title="Əhməd Kəsrəvi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhməd Kəsrəvi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="احمد کسروی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="احمد کسروی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Ahmad_Kasrawi_Tabrizi" title="Sayyid Ahmad Kasrawi Tabrizi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sayyid Ahmad Kasrawi Tabrizi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasrav%C3%AD" title="Ahmad Kasraví – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahmad Kasraví" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="احمد کسروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احمد کسروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="أحمد کسروي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أحمد کسروي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99" title="אחמד כסרווי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחמד כסרווי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%89" title="احمد كسروى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="احمد كسروى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="احمد کسروی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="احمد کسروی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="アフマド・キャスラヴィー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフマド・キャスラヴィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="احمد کسروی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="احمد کسروی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Кесреви, Ахмед – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кесреви, Ахмед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahmad Kasravi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Аҳмади Касравӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳмади Касравӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Kesrevi" title="Ahmed Kesrevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahmed Kesrevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ahmad Kasravi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">احمد کسروی</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg/220px-Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg/330px-Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg/440px-Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ahmad Hokmabadi Tabrizi</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-09-29</span>)</span>29 September 1890<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublime_State_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublime State of Persia">Sublime State of Persia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 March 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-03-11)</span> (aged 55)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">Ancient Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Constitutional_History_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="The Constitutional History of Iran">The Constitutional History of Iran</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Kings" title="The Forgotten Kings">The Forgotten Kings</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shi%CA%BFism_(book)" title="Shiʿism (book)">Shi'ism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zab%C3%A2n-e_P%C3%A2k" title="Zabân-e Pâk">Zabân-e Pâk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Azari_or_the_Ancient_Language_of_Azerbaijan" title="Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan">Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan</a> (all in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg/120px-Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg/180px-Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg/240px-Ahmad_Kasravi_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8eb7ff;;border-bottom:5px solid #8eb7ff;"> Works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <dl><dt>Historical Research</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution">History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_18_Year_History_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="The 18 Year History of Azerbaijan">The 18 Year History of Azerbaijan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Kings" title="The Forgotten Kings">The Forgotten Kings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lion_and_the_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lion and the Sun">History of the Lion and the Sun</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Religious criticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shi%CA%BFism_(book)" title="Shiʿism (book)">Shiʿism</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Linguistics</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zab%C3%A2n-e_P%C3%A2k" title="Zabân-e Pâk">Zabân-e Pâk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azari_or_the_Ancient_Language_of_Azerbaijan" title="Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan">Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Payman" title="Payman">Payman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parcham_(magazine)" title="Parcham (magazine)">Parcham</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8eb7ff;;border-bottom:5px solid #8eb7ff;"> Related Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_of_Saturday" title="Mujahideen of Saturday">Mujahideen of Saturday</a>"</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmad Kasravi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ahmad Hokmabadi Tabrizi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سید احمد حکم‌آبادی تبریزی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ahmad-e Hokmabadi-ye Tabrizi</i></span>;‎ 29 September 1890 – 11 March 1946), later known as <b>Ahmad Kasravi</b>, was a pre-eminent <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>, a staunch <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secularist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidgeon2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidgeon2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMultiple_Authors201287_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMultiple_Authors201287-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a professor of law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>, as well as an attorney and judge in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Hokmavar" title="Hokmavar">Hokmavar</a> (Hokmabad), <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, Kasravi was an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijani" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijani">Iranian Azerbaijani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his early years, Kasravi enrolled in a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a>. Later, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a>. He deserted his clerical training after this event and enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/American_Memorial_School_of_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="American Memorial School of Tabriz">American Memorial School of Tabriz</a>. Thenceforward he became, in <a href="/wiki/Roy_Mottahedeh" title="Roy Mottahedeh">Roy Mottahedeh</a>'s words, "a true anti-cleric."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kasravi was the founder of a political-social movement whose goal was to build an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> identity. The movement was formed during the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>. Kasravi authored more than 70 books, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>. The most important works from his body of work are <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution">History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Azari_or_the_Ancient_Language_of_Azerbaijan" title="Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan">Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan</a></i> and <i>The 18 Year History of Azerbaijan</i>. </p><p>He was attacked vehemently by the Shi'ite clergy for his secular ideas and by the court for his anti-monarchical statements. In his early period he was linked with the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a> in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 he established a political party, Azadegan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasravi was eventually assassinated by followers of <a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a>, the founder of the Shi'ite fundamentalist <a href="/wiki/Fada%27iyan-e_Islam" title="Fada'iyan-e Islam">Fada'iyan-e Islam</a> group. Many of the prominent members of the then Iranian clergy, including the later Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, supported the act of Kasravi being murdered, and Navvab and the Fada'iyan were proclaimed heroes following the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasravi was the first Iranian Azerbaijani intellectual to take a firm position against <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkists</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and authored the most important work on the Iranian identity of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> region and the region's <a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a> language, an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasravi is widely despised by pan-Turkists in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and Iran, who view him as a "traitor" to Azerbaijanis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kasravi was born on 29 September 1890 in the <a href="/wiki/Hokmavar" title="Hokmavar">Hokmavar</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family admired him as the first son of their family. His mother prevented him from playing with other peers. According to Kasravi himself, from the age of five, his head was shaved according to the tradition of that time, which made him very upset. He was sent to a school in Hekmavar when he was six years old. Nevertheless, Kasravi was a leader in learning, comparing himself to his peers, and he learned many things with his own efforts and with the help of his family. His father died at the age of 12 and (after two years of carpet weaving) he returned to religious school and continued it according to his father's will. Haji Mir Mohsen Agha, who was the husband of the aunt and guardian of the Kasravi family, sent him to the Talibiyeh school. In that school, Kasravi first studied in the school with a man named Mullah Hassan. Kasravi first met Sheikh Mohammad Khayabani, who taught <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, at the same school in Talebia.<sup id="cite_ref-life5-57_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life5-57-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, at the same time as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> in Tabriz, Kasravi first came across the name of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> and, according to him, he was dedicated to the constitution from the very beginning. At the same time, a young cleric in Hakmavar became the son-in-law of Mir Mohsen Agha, the guardian of Kasravi's family, and Mir Mohsen started the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> of Nia Kasravi and forced Kasravi to learn from him; But the two were at hostility. Kasravi's leaning towards the constitution and the opposition of this cleric and Mir Mohsen Agha to the constitution also increased his enmity. Therefore, Kasravi stopped learning from him, and as a result, his family guardian also resented Kasravi and changed his attitude towards him.<sup id="cite_ref-life5-57_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life5-57-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar</a> <a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">bombardment of the Majlis</a>. Tabriz was blockaded. At that time, Haji Mirza Hassan Mojtahed and a group of like-minded people in Dohchi formed the Islamic Association, and Kasravi, who was still a student at the time, was watching. After that, Tabriz suffered from conflict and bloodshed for four months, which resulted in the cessation of the Islamic Association. Kasravi, who was seventeen at the time, was forced to stay at home and read books. At this time, most of the people of Hakmavar, as well as Kasravi's family, were enemies of the constitution, and Kasravi, who had attached himself to the constitution, by force of circumstance camouflaged his attachment. In the meantime, he followed the events of Tabriz until Tabriz calmed down and Kasravi started studying again. After studying for two years, he finally became a clergyman.<sup id="cite_ref-life5-57_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life5-57-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Kasravi went down with <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>. As a result of this disease, Kasravi suffered from a constant disability that was always with him. He also suffered from <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> and his eyes became dim and he suffered from indigestion. After recovering from his illness, his relatives and locals, according to him, forcibly took him to the prayer mosque to become a cleric there. On the other hand, an opponent cleric, whose son-in-law was Mir Mohsen, also preached anti-Kasravi and called him a democrat in order to disperse the people around him. At this time, Kasravi sent his two younger brothers to Nejat Elementary School, which was not a good thing in the eyes of the people of that time, because his brothers, like other Sayyids, did not wear headscarves and did not wear green scarves. Kasravi, unlike other elected clerics, wore a beard, high-heeled shoes, and machine-made socks, wore a small <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>, fastened his scarf, and wore glasses, which his opponents considered all because of his cult. After all, he did not fast and criticized the fasting people, and according to him, he only did things such as reciting the wedding sermon. From then on, he took over the management of his family, but he became poor. At this time, he began to recite the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and tried to learn the meaning of the verses of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-life5-57_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life5-57-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaving_the_profession_of_clergy">Leaving the profession of clergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leaving the profession of clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahmad Kasravi entered the Talibiyeh school in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> as a teenager and studied Islamic sciences. After a while, as a <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> missionary, he dressed as a Shiite cleric. At Talebieh School, he was a classmate of Sheikh Mohammad Khayabani and Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Gholam_Hossein_Tabrizi" title="Gholam Hossein Tabrizi">Gholam Hossein Tabrizi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also in front of the Kasravi Mosque in the Hekmabad neighbourhood of Tabriz for a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-life60-71_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life60-71-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 April 1909, the Russians clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> in Tabriz. Although Kasravi was far from a conflict in Hekmavar, this conflict and the stability of the Iranians affected him, and since <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> had also begun, he advised the people on the pulpit. Kasravi was not satisfied with this and tried to join the fighters with several rifles; But the war did not last more than four days and the Mujahideen left the city and the Russians conquered <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Samad_Khan_Momtaz_os-Saltaneh" title="Samad Khan Momtaz os-Saltaneh">Samad Khan</a>, one of the long-time enemies of the Constitution, over the city. Anti-constitutional clerics and their followers also inflicted severe violence on the constitutionalists. Kasravi was also forced to visit Samad Khan in <a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Amir_Bekandeh" title="Bagh-e Amir Bekandeh">Bagh-e Amir</a> under the pressure of Haji Mir Mohsen Agha, Guardian their family. However, for the few days that he went to the pulpit, the clerics excommunicated him, and the cleric who was with him in Hakmavar incited the thugs to harm him, and eventually, the people gradually dispersed from his pulpit, and he thus withdrew from the clergy. According to him, the burden of the clergy was removed from his neck.<sup id="cite_ref-life60-71_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life60-71-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From then on, Kasravi was a homemaker for a while and read various books and became acquainted with the sciences of the day, and gradually found friends among the freedom seekers. According to Kasravi, one of the books that moved him to read was <a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Ibrahim Bey</a>'s travelogue by <a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-life60-71_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life60-71-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_clergy">After the clergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the shop from which he bought the book, Kasravi met several freedom fighters, one of whom was a street that had come to the Caucasus and from there to Tabriz after the parliament closed, and thus a friendship developed between them. He also met Reza Soltanzadeh, who said that this friendship was lasting and lasted until the last years of Kasravi's life.<sup id="cite_ref-life71-77_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life71-77-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, Kasravi made a marriage contract with his cousin, the eldest daughter of their family, Mir Mohsen Agha; But at this time he saw the persecution of the clergy and was accused of cultism and disbelief in religion. On the other hand, because he had nothing to do, he became poor, had to sell his books, and, of course, enlisted the help of his father's old friends. Kasravi was offered to weave socks and he bought a sock machine, but the machine was unhealthy and Kasravi returned it, however, the seller did not return his advance payment. He bought another sock weaving machine, but this one also got into trouble and he lost it.<sup id="cite_ref-life71-77_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life71-77-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kasravi, who had failed to provide a career and had also sold his books, became very depressed. He was interested in three disciplines: mathematics, history and Arabic, and he spent his time learning and reading these. At this time he wrote a speech in Arabic for a magazine called <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Irfan_(magazine)" title="Al-Irfan (magazine)">Al-Irfan</a></i>, which was published in <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, and sent it to publish it without any compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-life71-77_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life71-77-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial_School">Memorial School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Memorial School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1914, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in Europe. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> advanced to Tabriz and repulsed Russia, but it was not long before they were defeated and retreated. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> was the battlefield of the states involved in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-life79-97_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life79-97-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915, Kasravi, in search of new knowledge, found himself in need of learning a European language. At first, he tried to learn French, but he knew that he could not learn without it. So he wanted to go to the American school in Tabriz called "<a href="/wiki/American_Memorial_School_in_Tabriz" title="American Memorial School in Tabriz">Memorial School</a>", so he went to Mr Chesp, the principal of that school, and repeated his request. Chesp considered Kasravi's high school year as a ban on his studentship at that school and had initially suggested that he go there as a teacher and study for two hours a day. Kasravi, who suffers from unemployment, accepted the offer and taught Arabic to The students who studied English themselves. It was in the first few months that he became self-taught about Esperanto and became attached to the language. He also chose a way to teach Arabic to his students. Then he wrote a book about this method called Al-Najm al-Darya, which was taught in Tabriz high schools for some time. In the American school, there were three Christian tribes (Armenian and Assyrian), Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahis</a>, which was a conflict between Christians and Muslims, and Kasravi was not relieved of this conflict. Some Muslim officials were also hostile to him there. Nevertheless, Kasravi calls Mr Chesp a righteous man who was far from religious.<sup id="cite_ref-life79-97_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life79-97-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1915 and 1916, Kasravi, who was familiar with <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baha'i</a> history and beliefs, had discussions with the preachers of this religion.<sup id="cite_ref-life79-97_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life79-97-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, too, Kasravi allegedly harassed clerics who knew he was going to an American school to study <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Babism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-life79-97_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life79-97-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_to_the_Caucasus">Travel to the Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Travel to the Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the school closed on 2 July 1916, Kasravi borrowed loans from acquaintances to find work and health (doctors had offered to travel for further recovery) and travelled by rail to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. During this trip, Kasravi tried to learn <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. He went to <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> and left for <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> after two days. He did not find anything in Baku, so he boarded a ship and left for <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>. Then he went to <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and after a month he returned to Baku the way he had come and when he could not find work again he went to Tbilisi again. In Tiflis he became acquainted with freedom-seekers and also liked the city and its people, so he remained there for a while. There he became acquainted with botany. However, he did not find anything there. Then, in mid-October, he returned to Tabriz following his mother's motivation letter and the call of Mr Chesp, the director of the Memorial School.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaving_the_Memorial_School">Leaving the Memorial School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leaving the Memorial School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his return, the enmity between Muslims and Armenians increased, and Kasravi had verbal confrontations with them until one day when he left school, several Armenian students followed him and dragged his cloak away. This led to a Muslim strike at the school, and although the principal apologized to him through the middle leg, Kasravi, who was upset, did not go to school anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joining_the_Democrat_Party_and_post-February_events">Joining the Democrat Party and post-February events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Joining the Democrat Party and post-February events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was at this time in 1917 that <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, the last Russian tsar, was overthrown. This overthrow affected the time of Iran at that time, especially Tabriz, where the Russians were influential. Meanwhile, a street reopened the Democratic Party in Azerbaijan. At this time, according to Kasravi, some constitutionalists, who had suffered a great deal from others in the past six years, resorted to grudges that Kasravi tried to keep quiet and sheltered some of his former enemies. It was at this time that high schools opened and Kasravi was called to teach Arabic in high school. It was at this time that Kasravi joined the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, cholera spread in Tabriz and Kasravi also contracted the disease. Tabriz also suffered from drought. Under these circumstances, the government provided flour to the people, and the Democrats mediated the distribution of flour among the people. Kasravi also tried to do this in Hekmavar.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> were in power in Russia. There was chaos in Iran as well, especially in Azerbaijan. The retreating Russians looted and destroyed cities like Khoy. In Urmia and Salmas, the Assyrian uprising caused bloodshed. With the onset of winter, the government, which fed the meagre, got into trouble and reduced their rations. Then typhoid and typhoid diseases spread in Tabriz and left many dead. Meanwhile, one of Kasravi's brothers and niece also fell ill but recovered, but Kasravi's mother Khadijeh Khanum contracted typhus and did not recover and died. This incident upset Kasravi and he said it was the saddest event in his life after his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> troops <a href="/wiki/Tabriz_during_World_War_I" title="Tabriz during World War I">invaded Azerbaijan</a>. They were pessimistic about the Democrats, so they captured <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khiabani" title="Mohammad Khiabani">Sheikh Mohammad Khayabani</a> and some of his allies and drove him out of Tabriz. The Ottomans formed a party in Tabriz called the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Union_of_Iraqi_Turkoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkoman">Islamic Union</a>, which was joined by a group of Tabrizis as well as Democrats, but Kasravi did not join them. At this time, Kasravi, who had been in the hands of enemies for some time, saw better to change his place of life, so he moved to <a href="/wiki/Lilava" title="Lilava">Lilava</a>, which was one of the best alleys in Tabriz at that time. At this time, Taqi Rifat, one of the street supporters, with the help of the Ottomans, founded a Turkish-language newspaper called Azarbadegan, in which he promoted Pan-Turkism. However, since World War I had led to the defeat of the Allies, in October of that year, the Ottoman troops left Tabriz and the Islamic Union collapsed. So Kasravi and the other Democrats reorganized their organization and expelled those who had collaborated with the Ottomans and tried to spread <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a>. They decided that from now on the party would use Persian language and one of its ideals would be to spread this language in Azerbaijan. In the meantime, Khiabani returned to Tabriz, but some of his actions, such as returning the expelled from the party and blaming others for his previous assassinations in Tabriz, angered the Democrats. In the meantime, Kasravi got bored and left the party. With the start of the fourth round of parliamentary elections on 21 July 1919, the street regrouped the Democrats and apologized for their previous actions, calling for the Democrats to show solidarity again; But still, Khiabani dictatorship annoyed Kasravi and others. At this time, <a href="/wiki/Vossug_ed_Dowleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vossug ed Dowleh">Vossug ed Dowleh</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Persian Agreement">1919 agreement</a> with Britain, but Mohammad Khiabani, contrary to the expectations of his allies, remained silent and did not act on it, which also increased the resentment of the Democrats. It was at this time that Kasravi began working in the judiciary (15 September 1919).<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, divisiveness among Democrats escalated, with Kasravi splitting from the party. In the last meeting that took place between Kasravi and Khayabani, the two talked loudly, and after that Kasravi did not meet with Khayabani anymore. However, in his biography, Kasravi has expressed his remorse for being so big against a man who was eighteen or seventeen years older than him.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterwards, Mohammad Khiabani <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khiabani%27s_uprising" title="Mohammad Khiabani's uprising">revolted against the government</a>. Kasravi and his companions disbanded their group, but Sheikh Khiabani pursued them and harassed a group of them. Kasravi also had to stay at home. After a few days, he had to go to Fakhrabad, a village two miles from Tabriz. Two weeks later, Major Edmund, the head of the British Political Bureau, called for a meeting with Kasravi. Kasravi went to the British Consulate in Tabriz and met with Major Edmund. According to Kasravi, Britain was concerned about the spread of Bolshevism, as <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Kuchik_Khan" title="Mirza Kuchik Khan">Mirza Kuchik Khan</a> had allied himself with them, and Britain wanted to abandon the ideology of Sheikh Khiabani. Major Edmund wanted to incite Kasravi to pursue a street fight, but Kasravi refused and explained that firstly his group would not be able to confront the street sheikh and secondly that he would not face him because his uprising was for Azerbaijan. At the same time, the Prime Minister had received a coded telegram from the critics that if you rise up to fight the street sheikh, the government will help you, which was also not accepted. At that time, Kasravi had returned to Tabriz, but he and his friends were under pressure and threats.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a group of Kasravi's companions were arrested in the prison of Sheikh Khayabani, Kasravi had to leave Tabriz with his wife, leaving the cities and diyats alone until he contracted a nausea fever in Shahindaj and stayed there for a month and a half. Because there was no doctor there, Kasravi went to Tehran sometime later.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tehran, Kasravi met with his companions who had been expelled from Tabriz by a street sheikh. Although his illness had not left him, he went in search of work. He was eventually accepted to teach Arabic at Servat High School. Meetings were held in Tehran and Kasravi was asked to fight in the streets, but Kasravi refrained from doing so. Meanwhile, Mukhbar al-Saltanah, who had just become the governor of Azerbaijan, asked Kasravi to join him in quelling the street uprising, but Kasravi refused. Khiabani was killed two weeks later and the riot was suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-life100-103_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_first_wife">Death of first wife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death of first wife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tehran, he wrote articles about the mourning for <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah Afshar</a>'s grave, which led to his acquaintance with <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> groups. He also had meetings and discussions with <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baha'is</a>. In the meantime, he was appointed head of the Tabriz Judiciary, which he refused. Meanwhile, Kasravi had not yet brought his family to Tehran and did not have enough money to do so. In the meantime, he was offered membership in the Tabriz Appeal, which he accepted. In February, he set out for Tabriz, where snow and storm kept him on the road for twenty days. At this time, Azerbaijan, like other parts of Iran, was in turmoil, and <a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak">Simko Shikak</a> had conquered <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>. The judiciary has also suffered a lot of corruption, as Kasravi said. The magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Molla_Nasraddin_(magazine)" title="Molla Nasraddin (magazine)">Molla Nasraddin</a></i>, which was published in Azerbaijan after the Caucasus uprising at the time, also covered the devastation in humorous language. However, Kasravi did not stay in Tabriz for more than three weeks, as <a href="/wiki/Zia_ol_Din_Tabatabaee" title="Zia ol Din Tabatabaee">Zia ol Din Tabatabaee</a> took power in a coup d'etat and he had ordered the closure of the judiciary on 14 March. Thus Kasravi became unemployed again and faced poverty. In 1922, Tabatabaee was ousted and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Ghavam</a>, but the judiciary remained closed. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> had looted Kasravi's brother's shop in Baku, and when he returned to Tabriz, <a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a> took the rest of his property. Inevitably, Kasravi left his books to his brother to open a library and not be unemployed. At this time, Mukhbar al-Saltanah, who had a good relationship with Kasravi, paid Kasravi's remaining salary, and he paid his debts, and he was somewhat out of trouble. He wanted to go to Tehran when his wife fell ill. At this time, he and a group of thinkers were trying to spread Esperanto in Tabriz. At the end of September of that year, Kasravi's wife's condition worsened and her hands and feet became swollen. Doctors determined that he had dehydration and needed surgery. After the operation, she recovered for two days, but on the second night she died suddenly and Kasravi was deeply saddened. Kasravi's first wife was his youngest cousin, and Kasravi had no attachment to her and was forced to marry her only at the insistence of her family; But after the marriage, according to Kasravi, the woman had put her love in Kasravi's heart with her purity and simplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Mazandaran">In Mazandaran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Mazandaran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After forty days after the death of his wife, on 20 September, Kasravi handed over his children to his brother and left for Tehran again. When Kasravi was on his way to Tehran, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Pessian" title="Mohammad Taqi Pessian">Mohammad Taqi Pessian</a> was killed in Khorasan. On 12 October, after a long trip, he arrived in Tehran, and after some rest, he went to see the then Minister of Justice, Amid al-Saltanah, but there was no room for him in the judiciary. Thus, Kasravi was caught in bipolar again. He remarried in Tehran. Eventually, he was made a member of the Mazandaran Appeal. On 17 November, Kasravi left for Mazandaran, where at that time the only way to get there was to use <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a>, and Kasravi rented a horse and ran away. At this time, Amir Moayed Savadkuhi had revolted against the government in Savadkuh and Sardar Sepah (<a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>) had sent an army to suppress him and Kasravi's caravan in Firoozkooh was prevented from following the trip. So the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Cossacks</a> sent him with another caravan, but because the caravan was not satisfied with his company, Kasravi left him and set off on foot to Sari. It was during this trip that Kasravi first came across Iranian dialects and became aware of their existence. Despite all the difficulties, he finally arrived in Sari and stayed there for four months, bringing his wife there as well. He enjoyed life in Mazandaran, where he studied the Mazandaran language and studied. At this time, Simko Shikak had reached Mahabad and surrendered to the gendarmes and killed them. On the other hand, in Mazandaran, Amir Moayed's revolt had subsided and he had surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Damavand">In Damavand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Damavand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March, Tehran was informed that Mazandaran's appeal had been dismissed, and Kasravi had to leave for Tehran. On his return to Tehran, he met with Abdolhossein Teymourtash, and this acquaintance later led to their cooperation. After a while, he was sent to Damavand by the judiciary to resolve the disputes between the judiciary staff and the ruler there. After resolving the dispute, they asked him to stay in Damavand and Kasravi accepted. At this time, Kasravi began writing a book in Arabic called "Azerbaijan in the Twentieth Century" and sending it to the monthly <a href="/wiki/Al-Irfan_(magazine)" title="Al-Irfan (magazine)">Al-Irfan</a>. In October, a law was passed to test the knowledge of judges, so Kasravi went to Tehran for the exam and he received the highest score in this exam. He stayed in Tehran for two months and spent this time researching the history of Mazandaran and writing notes on the history of Tabarestan in the weekly Nobahar and researching Ibn Esfandiar's manuscript and comparing it with foreign manuscripts, which he considered the beginning of his writing life.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Zanjan">In Zanjan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Zanjan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a while, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran" title="Zanjan, Iran">Zanjan</a>, where they had problems dismissing the former head of the court. After two months, he was offered to go to Arak and he accepted, but the offer was rejected by the people of Zanjan who wanted him to stay. In Zanjan, he resumed writing the book "Azerbaijan in the Twentieth Century". He also researched events related to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Babi movement</a> in Zanjan, which later helped him write a book on Baha'ism. The differences between the dialects of the Zanjanis and the Azerbaijanis also prompted Kasravi to research the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani Turkish</a> language and its writings and works. At the end of the summer of 1923, Kasravi was sent to Qazvin to be tested by the judiciary. He went to <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a> with his family and stayed there for a month, where he learned about <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1hirih" title="Táhirih">Táhirih</a>. After that, he returned to Zanjan. In the meantime, he made a trip to <a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltanieh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="in_Khuzestan">in Khuzestan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: in Khuzestan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was in Zanjan until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Sardar Sepah</a> as prime minister. At that time, Mu'adh al-Saltanah had become the Minister of Justice. Kasravi also set conditions for the acceptance of Khuzestan, and when he was accepted, Kasravi also agreed to go to Khuzestan. Before leaving, he met Reza Khan Sardar Sepah for the first time. Sardar Sepah entrusted Kasravi to establish a judiciary that would be superior to the British judiciary on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Arvand River</a>. Kasravi also set off and reached Khuzestan via Iraq (<a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>). First, he went to <a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr" title="Khorramshahr">Khorramshahr</a>, then in Abadan he met <a href="/wiki/Khaz%CA%BDal_Ibn_Jabir" title="Khazʽal Ibn Jabir">Sheikh Khazal</a> in his special ship. From there, he sat on a device and went to <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>. Then it was difficult to go to Shushtar, which was the centre of Khuzestan at that time. Kasravi was surprised by the lack of interest in this city and its small size. There he learned that Khazal in Khuzestan did not dominate only Dezful, Shushtar and Ramhormoz, where he also bribed most government employees. Sheikh Khazal was also in the hands of mercenaries who, for example, had killed Sayyid Abdullah, one of the former heads of the judiciary, at the behest of one of these assassins. At this time, 250 Iranian troops were gathered in <a href="/wiki/Salasel_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Salasel Castle">Salasel</a> Fortress near <a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a>, which was the only government force in Khuzestan at that time, and Sheikh Khazal had a separate government from the central government of Iran. Britain, which benefits many in Khuzestan, also supported Khazal. At this time, Reza Khan was thinking of restoring the central government's influence over this part of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, Khazal and his sons were pleased to know that Kasravi had knowledge of Arabic, but when Kasravi wrote in Arabic newspapers in response to Khuzestan's independent reading and called Khuzestan part of Iran, Khazal became angry with him. Kasravi visited <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a> in Khuzestan. He also saw the ruins of Jundishapur. In Khuzestan, when he became acquainted with the Arabs of that region, he knew that few people except his graduates were familiar with eloquent Arabic. He also knew that not all Arabs have a good relationship with Sheikh Khazal. At this time, Kasravi was constantly reporting to the Prime Minister on the critical situation in Khuzestan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A proponent of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">reform in Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was respected for his deep knowledge of the religion, as "even his orthodox opponents admit that Kasravi was an able theologian and regard his <i>Shari'ate Ahmadi</i> as the best book on the fundamentals of Islam and Shi'ism of his time",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, like Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a> some three decades later, Kasravi considered that there were two kinds of Islam: </p><blockquote><p>[O]ne is the religion that that honourable Arab man brought one thousand, three hundred and fifty years ago and was established for centuries. The other is the Islam that there is today and has turned into many colours from Sunnism, Shi'ism, Esmaili, Aliollahi, Sheikhi, and Karimkhani, and the like. They call both Islam, but they are not one. They are completely different and are opposite of one another.... Nothing is left of that Islam. This establishment that the mullas are running not only does not have many benefits but also causes many harms and results in wretchedness.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Basically, he believed and wrote that "all the present-day representations of Islam have deviated from the essence and the true concept of its foundation".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was particularly critical of Shia (since its formation since the sixth emam, Emam Jafar Sadegh) and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, to which he ascribed many ills, from its supposed promotion of stagnation, "irrationality" or even being a tool of the <a href="/wiki/Orientalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Orientalists">Orientalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main target in that field was the famous <a href="/wiki/E._G._Browne" class="mw-redirect" title="E. G. Browne">E. G. Browne</a>, appreciated by Iranian intellectuals of all tendencies, whom he accused to have favoured <a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a> in his history of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, and thus trying to characterize the Iranian spirit with the errors he thinks belong to Sufis (immorality, irrationality, ...), further promoting idleness and passivity in order to keep Iran subjugated to foreign imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His criticism of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafez Shirazi">Hafez Shirazi</a> followed the same path, considering him "a source of disgrace",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that his "immorality" was due to the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> were the new rulers in the region, not respectful of Islamic law, thus letting some Sufis (like Hafez) "free to indulge in drinking wine, whereas previously they had to be cautious not to offend the Islamic sentiments of the rulers and the religious authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasravi was also critical about the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and considered it as another continuation of the same deviation that started from Shia (penetration and influence of Old Iranian and Judaism beliefs about "a supposed to come saviour" into Islam) to <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a> (followers of <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Ahmad" title="Shaykh Ahmad">Shaykh Ahmad</a>) then <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Babism</a> (followers of Ali Muhammad, called the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Bab</a>), then into the Baháʼí Faith. <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Abbas Amanat</a>, professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, believes that Kasravi's work regarding the Bahá'í called Bahaigari is "a short polemic of little historical value". He further explains "in his criticism of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Bab</a>, he hardly takes into account the historical circumstances under which the movement first appeared and his pontifical judgements no doubt are influenced by his own vision of <i>pakdini</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:33_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should be noted, however, that Amanat considers himself a follower of the Baháʼí Faith.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kasravi's views threatened both modernist (blind followers of western culture in materialistic concept) intellectuals and the traditionalist cleric class (who worked along and gave legitimacy to traditionalists and Shia leaders who oppose progressive needed changes to modernize the country), not only because of his vision of religion (apart from Shi'a faith and Sufism, he was also sceptical of the Baháʼí), but also due to his critical stance on <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and the fact that he was "the first Iranian to criticize <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> before <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal Al-e Ahmad">Al-e Ahmad</a> coined the term '<a href="/wiki/Weststruckness" class="mw-redirect" title="Weststruckness">Weststruckness</a>' and made it a genre."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>God Is with Us</i> or <i>Khoda Ba Mast</i> is a book by Ahmad Kasravi in which he discusses Sufism was published in 1944. It has eight chapters. In the introduction he touches on some common beliefs about Sufism; for example, he says that Sufism has many followers and is very diverse and that there are Sufis in places such as Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Maragheh, etc. He goes on to claim that it is not true that science will destroy Sufism and talks about why Europeans adore Sufism. He talks about the root of Sufism and its origin in Greek philosophy. Like his other books about Shia and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> beliefs, he criticizes Sufism and brings up contradictions and flaws in Sufism; in the second chapter, for example, he mentions the fact that most of Sufis do not have any occupation, do not get married, and do not care about life before death. The third chapter is about Islam and Sufism, and the bad things followers of Sufism have done to Islam. The next chapter is about the negative effect of Sufism on its followers because of the nature of the belief system. In the sixth chapter he calls followers of Sufism liars, and criticizes the message of their books as "kramat".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The next two chapters are about the Mongolians' attack on Iran and its relationship with Sufism; Kasravi blames Sufism for Iran’s defeat. The last chapter is about the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, whom Kasravi believes is the founder of Sufism, and Kasravi's critique of his ideas. The book attacks all Sufi beliefs, taking some examples from Sufi books. </p><p>Kasravi also published several periodicals: <i><a href="/wiki/Payman" title="Payman">Payman</a></i> (1932–1942) and <i><a href="/wiki/Parcham_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parcham (newspaper)">Parcham</a></i> (1942–1944).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_about_the_old_Azari_language">Works about the old Azari language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works about the old Azari language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kasravi is known for his solid and controversial research work on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Azari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Azari language">ancient Azari language</a>. He showed that the ancient Azari language was an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi language</a>. Due to this discovery, he was granted membership of the London <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Royal Asiatic Society</a> and American Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Azari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Azari language">ancient Azari language</a> had been closely related to <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> and the influx of Turkic words began only with the Seljuq invasion, Ahmad Kasravi believed that the true national language of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> was Persian and therefore advocated the linguistic assimilation of Persian in Azarbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927-8 Ahmad Kasravi led the way in establishing the ancestry of the Safavids dynasty with the publication of three influential articles, and disputed the validity of the 'official' Safavid family tree contained in the Safvat al-Safa, and argued convincingly that the ancestors of Shaykh Safi al-Din, who founded the Safavid Order (tariqa), were indigenous inhabitants of Iran. Today, the consensus among Safavid historians is that the Safavid family hailed from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Persian Kurdistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our words have deep strong roots, and will never be eradicated with a pistol. There will be no better result from using a pistol than bloodshed. Say and write whatever you like, we will never be offended, but your support for thugs has a different meaning.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ahmad Kasravi</cite></div></blockquote> <p>On 11 March 1946, while being tried on charges of "slander against Islam," Kasravi and one of his assistants named Seyyed Mohammad Taghi Haddadpour, were knifed and killed in <a href="/wiki/Kakh_Dadgostari_Tehran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakh Dadgostari Tehran">open court</a> in Tehran by followers of <a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a>, a Shi'a extremist cleric who had founded an organization called the <a href="/wiki/Fadayan-e_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadayan-e Islam">Fadayan-e Islam</a> (literally <i>Devotees of Islam</i>), led by two brothers, Hossein and Ali-Mohammad Emami.<sup id="cite_ref-KASRAVI,_AḤMAD_ii._ASSASSINATION_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KASRAVI,_AḤMAD_ii._ASSASSINATION-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same group had failed in assassinating Kasravi earlier in April 1945 in Tehran. <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi">Ayatollah Borujerdi</a> and Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Sadr" title="Sadr al-Din al-Sadr">Sadr al-Din al-Sadr</a> had issued fatwas for killing Ahmad Kasravi.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future Supreme Leader of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, was also against Kasravi's ideas and had called for young martyrs for Islam to counter "this illiterate Tabrizi" a few weeks after the first unsuccessful assassination attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-KASRAVI,_AḤMAD_ii._ASSASSINATION_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KASRAVI,_AḤMAD_ii._ASSASSINATION-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of his more famous books are as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_18_Year_History_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="The 18 Year History of Azerbaijan">The 18 Year History of Azerbaijan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تاریخ هیجده ساله‌ی آذربایجان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Târix-e Hijdahsâle-ye Âzarbâyjân</i></span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution">History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تاریخ مشروطه‌ی ایران</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Târix-e Mašrute-ye Irân</i></span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Kings" title="The Forgotten Kings">The Forgotten Kings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شهریاران گم‌نام</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Šahriyârân-e Gomnâm</i></span>)</li> <li><i>The 500 Year History of Khuzestan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تاریخ پانصد ساله‌ی خوزستان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Târix-e Pânsadsâle-ye Xuzestân</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha%27sha%27iyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musha'sha'iyyah">Musha'sha'iyian</a> or Part of Khuzestan's History</li> <li>Histories of <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> and Our Notes</li> <li>Sheikh Muhammad Khiabani's <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khiabani%27s_uprising" title="Mohammad Khiabani's uprising">Uprising</a></li> <li>History of America's Discovery</li> <li>An Excerpt of Plutarch's Book</li> <li>Kasravi's Karvand</li> <li><i>A Brief History of The Lion and Sun</i></li> <li><i>Sheikh Safi and His Progeny</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شیخ صفی و تبارش</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Šeyx Safi va Tabâraš</i></span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lion_and_the_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lion and the Sun">History of the Lion and the Sun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تاریخچه شیروخورشید</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Tāriḵča-ye šir o ḵoršid</i></span>), 1931</li> <li>History and Its Advice</li> <li>History of the Jewish People</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic">Linguistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Linguistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azari_or_the_Ancient_Language_of_Azerbaijan" title="Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan">Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آذری یا زبان باستان آذربایجان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Âzari yâ Zabân-e Bâstân-e Âzarbâyjân</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zab%C3%A2n-e_P%C3%A2k" title="Zabân-e Pâk">Zabân-e Pâk</a></li> <li>The Book of "K" (Kafnama)</li> <li>The Iranian Language: Originally published as "Kasravi's Papers on the Persian Language by Hasan Yazdani in 1979, is a collection of all Kasravi's writings on the matter of Persian language and linguistics throughout his life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Court</li> <li>What is the Solution Today?</li> <li>What Should be Done Today?</li> <li>What will be Iran's Destiny?</li> <li>The Government Should Answer Us</li> <li>In the Path of Politics</li> <li>We and Our Neighbours</li> <li>Our Officers</li> <li>What are the Benefits of the United Nations?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_social_books">Religious and social books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religious and social books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Sacred Foundation</i></li> <li>On the Matter of Kherad</li> <li>On the Matter of Animals</li> <li>On the Matter of Islam</li> <li>In Response to Haqiqatgu</li> <li>On the Matter of Materialism</li> <li>On the Matter of Philosophy</li> <li>On the Matter of Ravan</li> <li>On the Matter of Novels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%CA%BFism_(book)" title="Shiʿism (book)">Šiʿigari</a> (Shiʿism), 1943, revised as <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Beḵᵛānid o dāvari konid</i></span> or <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Beḵᵛānand o dāvari konand</i></span> (<i>Read and Judge</i>), 1944</li> <li><i>Baháʼísm</i></li> <li><i>Sufism</i></li> <li>What is "Culture"?</li> <li>Inquisition in Iran</li> <li>Religion and the World</li> <li>The Maladies and The Remedies</li> <li>Questions and Answers</li> <li>God is with Us</li> <li>Our Sisters and Daughters</li> <li>What Do We Want?</li> <li>Questions and Answers</li> <li>A Conversation (Goft-o-Shenid, Literally "Said and Heard")</li> <li>In Response to Ill-wishers</li> <li>Is it Culture or Malice?</li> <li>Now and the Future Belongs to Us</li> <li>A Letter to the Men of Science in Europe and America</li> <li>Superstitions (Pendarha, literally "Suppositions")</li> <li>Work, Jobs, and Money</li> <li>The First of Dey and Its Story</li> <li>The First of Dey, 1322</li> <li>The Way of Salvation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiographies">Autobiographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Autobiographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>My Life (1944)</li> <li>10 Years in the Judiciary (1944)</li> <li>Why did I leave the Ministry of Justice? (A speech on 22 November 1944)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>What does Hafez Say?</li> <li>The Nation's Judgement On Poetry in iran</li> <li>On Poetry and Sufism</li> <li>Kasravi's Speech In the Literary Circle</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Movements_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual Movements in Iran">Intellectual Movements in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Asrar" title="Kashf al-Asrar">Kashf al-Asrar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidgeon2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidgeon2018_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidgeon2018">Ridgeon 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMultiple_Authors201287-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMultiple_Authors201287_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMultiple_Authors2012">Multiple Authors 2012</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJahanbakhsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Jahanbakhsh, Forough (2001). "Opposition Groups". <i>Islam, Democracy and Religious Modernism in Iran, 1953–2000: From Bāzargān to Soroush</i>. Vol. 77. Brill Publishers. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004119825" title="Special:BookSources/9004119825"><bdi>9004119825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opposition+Groups&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Democracy+and+Religious+Modernism+in+Iran%2C+1953%E2%80%932000%3A+From+B%C4%81zarg%C4%81n+to+Soroush&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004119825&rft.aulast=Jahanbakhsh&rft.aufirst=Forough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Minorsky. (1957). <i>Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan</i> (Mongolica, 4), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. <b>19</b>, No. 1, pp. 58–81, p. 66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/609632">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iran and Its Place Among Nations, Alidad Mafinezam, Aria Mehrabi, 2008, p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottahedeh2009" class="citation book cs1">Mottahedeh, Roy (2009). <i>The mantle of the prophet : religion and politics in Iran</i> (Rev. ed.). Oxford [England]: Oneworld Publications. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851686162" title="Special:BookSources/9781851686162"><bdi>9781851686162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mantle+of+the+prophet+%3A+religion+and+politics+in+Iran&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=104&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781851686162&rft.aulast=Mottahedeh&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_Ridgeon2005" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd Ridgeon (2005). <i>Religion and Politics in Modern Iran: A Reader</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-073-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+Modern+Iran%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-073-4&rft.au=Lloyd+Ridgeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_Ridgeon2006" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd Ridgeon (2006). <i>Sufi castigator. Ahmad Kasravi and the Iranian mystical tradition</i>. London: Routledge. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415665131" title="Special:BookSources/9780415665131"><bdi>9780415665131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufi+castigator.+Ahmad+Kasravi+and+the+Iranian+mystical+tradition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415665131&rft.au=Lloyd+Ridgeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmini2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amini, Moḥammad (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kasravi-ahmad-ii">"KASRAVI, AḤMAD ii. ASSASSINATION"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XVI/1: Kashan–Kašši , Abu ʿAmr Mohammad</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-33-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-33-2"><bdi>978-1-934283-33-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KASRAVI%2C+A%E1%B8%A4MAD+ii.+ASSASSINATION&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+XVI%2F1%3A+Kashan%E2%80%93Ka%C5%A1%C5%A1i+%2C+Abu+%CA%BFAmr+Mohammad&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-934283-33-2&rft.aulast=Amini&rft.aufirst=Mo%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkasravi-ahmad-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). <i>The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869663"><bdi>978-0190869663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Nationalisms%3A+Iranian+response+to+Baku%27s+irredentism&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+in+West+Asia%3A+Iran%2C+Turkey+and+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190869663&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). <i>The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 299 (note 111). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869663"><bdi>978-0190869663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Nationalisms%3A+Iranian+response+to+Baku%27s+irredentism&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+in+West+Asia%3A+Iran%2C+Turkey+and+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=299+%28note+111%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190869663&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Doustdar_Haghighi1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Mohammad Doustdar Haghighi (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/zg64tn935"><i>The religious thought of Aḥmad Kasravī Tabrīzī</i></a> (MA thesis). <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+religious+thought+of+A%E1%B8%A5mad+Kasrav%C4%AB+Tabr%C4%ABz%C4%AB&rft.degree=MA&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Mohammad+Doustdar+Haghighi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.mcgill.ca%2Fconcern%2Ftheses%2Fzg64tn935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life5-57-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life5-57_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life5-57_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life5-57_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life5-57_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">My Life, p. 5-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of Mohammad Mehdi Abdokhodai, Islamic Revolution Documentation Center Publications, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life60-71-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life60-71_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life60-71_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life60-71_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">My Life, 60–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life71-77-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life71-77_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life71-77_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life71-77_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">My Life, p. 71-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life79-97-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life79-97_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life79-97_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life79-97_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life79-97_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">My Life, p. 79-97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">My Life, p. 92-100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life100-103-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life100-103_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">My Life, p. 100-103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasravi, 152–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasravi, 165–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasravi, 180–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasravi, 194-242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasravi, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">kasravi, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles D. Fletcher, "The Methodology of Abdolkarim Soroush: A Preliminary Study" in <i>Islamic Studies</i>, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Winter 2005), p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sohrab Behdad, "Utopia of Assassins: Nawab Safavi and the Fada'ian-e Eslamin Prerevolutionary Iran" in Ramin Jahanbegloo, <i>Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity</i>, Lexington Books (2004), p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad Kasravi, <i>Dar Piramoun-e Eslam</i> (Tehran: Payedar, fifth printing, 1969), p.4 quoted by Sohrab Behdad, "Utopia of Assassins: Nawab Safavi and the Fada'ian-e Eslamin Prerevolutionary Iran" in Ramin Jahanbegloo, <i>Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity</i>, Lexington Books (2004), p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Ridgeon, <i>Sufi Castigator: Ahmad Kasravi and the Iranian Mystical Tradition</i>, Routledge (2006), p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Ridgeon, <i>Sufi Castigator: Ahmad Kasravi and the Iranian Mystical Tradition</i>, Routledge (2006), pp. 50–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Ridgeon, <i>Sufi Castigator: Ahmad Kasravi and the Iranian Mystical Tradition</i>, Routledge (2006), pp. 121–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Ridgeon, <i>Sufi Castigator: Ahmad Kasravi and the Iranian Mystical Tradition</i>, Routledge (2006) p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Ridgeon, <i>Sufi Castigator: Ahmad Kasravi and the Iranian Mystical Tradition</i>, Routledge (2006), p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:33_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanat, Abbas. Resurrection and Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran. Cornell University Press, 1989. 348-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/24614">"Juan Cole: Critic assails his possible appointment by Yale | History News Network"</a>. <i>historynewsnetwork.org</i>. 26 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynewsnetwork.org&rft.atitle=Juan+Cole%3A+Critic+assails+his+possible+appointment+by+Yale+%7C+History+News+Network&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F24614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farhang Rajaee, <i>Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran</i>, University of Texas Press (2010), pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinoo_Ramyar1969" class="citation thesis cs1">Minoo Ramyar (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10016/"><i>Sayyed Ahmad Kasravi historian, language reformer and thinker</i></a> (ML thesis). Durham University. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sayyed+Ahmad+Kasravi+historian%2C+language+reformer+and+thinker&rft.degree=ML&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Minoo+Ramyar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F10016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naghed.net/Maghale_ha/Kasravi.htm">احمد کسروی؛ پژوهشگری،سرکشی و خرده نگری Khosro Naghed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209172657/http://www.naghed.net/Maghale_ha/Kasravi.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Tadeusz Swietochowski</a>, <i>Russia and a Borderland in Transition Azerbaijan</i>, 122–289 p. (Columbia University Press, 1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-07068-3">0-231-07068-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory1995" class="citation web cs1">Savory, Roger M. (16 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/reflections_safavid_history_historiography1.php">"Iran Chamber Society: History of Iran: Is there an ultimate use for historians? Reflections on Safavid history and historiography"</a>. Iranchamber.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Chamber+Society%3A+History+of+Iran%3A+Is+there+an+ultimate+use+for+historians%3F+Reflections+on+Safavid+history+and+historiography&rft.pub=Iranchamber.com&rft.date=1995-03-16&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Freflections_safavid_history_historiography1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KASRAVI,_AḤMAD_ii._ASSASSINATION-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KASRAVI,_AḤMAD_ii._ASSASSINATION_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KASRAVI,_AḤMAD_ii._ASSASSINATION_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Amini" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mohammad Amini. "Kasravi, Ahmad ii. Assassination". <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. XVI. pp. 92–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kasravi%2C+Ahmad+ii.+Assassination&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=92-94&rft.au=Mohammad+Amini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iichs.org/index.asp?id=266&doc_cat=8">"IICHS موسسه مطالعات تاريخ معاصر ايران"</a>. Iichs.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IICHS+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87+%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pub=Iichs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iichs.org%2Findex.asp%3Fid%3D266%26doc_cat%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ahmad Kasravi, My Life (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mottahedeh" title="Roy Mottahedeh">Roy Mottahedeh</a>, <i>The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran</i>, 416 p. (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1985), Ch. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-55197-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-55197-3">0-671-55197-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Rahnema" title="Ali Rahnema">Ali Rahnema</a>, <i>An Islamic Utopian' 7-10p. (I.B Tauris Publishers, New York, 2000), The Political and Religious Setting. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-552-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-552-5">978-1-86064-552-5</a></i></li> <li>Ahmad Kasravi, <i>Tārikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran</i> (History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution), in Persian, 951 p. (Negāh Publications, Tehran, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-351-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/964-351-138-3">964-351-138-3</a>. <b>Note:</b> This book is also available in two volumes, published by <i>Amir Kabir Publications</i> in 1984. <i>Amir Kabir's</i> 1961 edition is in one volume, 934 pages.</li> <li>Ahmad Kasravi, <i>History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tārikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran</i>, Volume I, translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Evan_Siegel" title="Evan Siegel">Evan Siegel</a>, 347 p. (Mazda Publications, Costa Mesa, California, 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56859-197-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56859-197-7">1-56859-197-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMultiple_Authors2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Multiple Authors (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kasravi-ahmad">"Aḥmad Kasravi"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 1</i>. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A%E1%B8%A5mad+Kasravi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XVI%2C+Fasc.+1&rft.pages=87&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Multiple+Authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkasravi-ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeon2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/kasravi-ahmad-COM_33078">"Aḥmad Kasravī"</a>. In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Islam, Third Edition</i>. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A%E1%B8%A5mad+Kasrav%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fkasravi-ahmad-COM_33078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Kasravi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kasravi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/reflections_safavid_history_historiography1.php">Why is Safavid history important</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425152705/http://naghed.net/Maghale_ha/Kasravi.htm">Criticism at Kasravi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Khosro_Naghed" title="Khosro Naghed">Khosro Naghed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kavehsara.com/books.htm#kasravi">Books from Ahmad Kasravi in Kavehsara.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=ahmad+kasravi">Works by Ahmad Kasravi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Old Persian language">Old Persian inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscriptions" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana-i_Menog_Khrat" title="Dana-i Menog Khrat">Dana-i Menog Khrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan of Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr">Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li> <li>Anthology of Zadspram</li> <li>Warshtmansr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig">Drakht-i Asurig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Shikand-gumanig Vizar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Wasif" title="Muhammad ibn Wasif">Muhammad ibn Wasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu-Shakur Balkhi">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Khosrovani" title="Abu Tahir Khosrovani">Abu Tahir Khosrovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Balkhi" title="Shahid Balkhi">Shahid Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal'ami">Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Taher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Taher">Bābā Tāher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujwiri">Hujwiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari">Uthman Mukhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borzu-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzu-Nama">Borzu-Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranshah_(poet)" title="Iranshah (poet)">Iranshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi">Suzani Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghaznavi" title="Hassan Ghaznavi">Hassan Ghaznavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Faramarz Nama">Faramarz Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir">Adib Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaki_Shirvani" title="Falaki Shirvani">Falaki Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq">Am'aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> <small>(1142–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.1220</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small></li> <li>Faramarz-e Khodadad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_od-Din_Esmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal od-Din Esmail">Kamal al-Din Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darab_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darab Nama">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a></li> <li>Shams al-Din Qays Razi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shabistari">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Safina–yi Tabriz">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Golestān</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homam Tabrizi">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shirvani" title="Badr Shirvani">Badr Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu%27l-Fiqar_Shirvani" title="Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani">Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1300s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yamin" title="Ibn Yamin">Ibn Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Qalandar">Abu Ali Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a></li> <li>Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Savaji" title="Salman Savaji">Salman Savaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatefi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatefi (poet)">Hatefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khujandi" title="Kamal Khujandi">Kamal Khujandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> <small>(1487–1524)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Faghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Faghani">Baba Faghani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohtasham_Kashani" title="Mohtasham Kashani">Mohtasham Kashani</a> <small>(1500–1588)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi" title="'Orfi Shirazi">'Orfi Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1600s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Taleb Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi" title="Saib Tabrizi">Saib Tabrizi</a> <small>(1607–1670)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asir-e_Esfahani" title="Asir-e Esfahani">Asir-e Esfahani</a> <small>(c. 1620–1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Kashani" title="Kalim Kashani">Kalim Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small></li> <li>Saba Kashani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil">Abdul-Qādir Bēdil</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naw%27i_Khabushani" title="Naw'i Khabushani">Naw'i Khabushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qoli_Salim_Tehrani" title="Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani">Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani</a></li> <li>Rasa Salim Tehrani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatef_Esfahani" title="Hatef Esfahani">Hatef Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar_Bigdeli" title="Azar Bigdeli">Azar Bigdeli</a> <small>(1722–1781)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshat_Esfahani" title="Neshat Esfahani">Neshat Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Foroughi_Bastami" title="Abbas Foroughi Bastami">Abbas Foroughi Bastami</a> <small>(1798–1857)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghma_Jandaqi" title="Yaghma Jandaqi">Yaghma Jandaqi</a> <small>(1782–1859)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> <small>(1797–1869)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_Shirvani" title="Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani">Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani</a> <small>(1779–1837)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a> <small>(1800–1871)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Taqi_Sepehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr">Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr</a> <small>(1801–1880)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaani" title="Qaani">Qaani</a> <small>(1808–1854)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Khan_Malek_al-Sho%27ara" title="Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara">Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara</a> <small>(1813–1893)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadreza_Ahmadi" title="Ahmadreza Ahmadi">Ahmadreza Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li> <li>Hormoz Alipour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeysar_Aminpour" title="Qeysar Aminpour">Qeysar Aminpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_NikTalab" title="Ahmad NikTalab">Ahmad NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mosharraf_Azad_Tehrani" title="Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani">Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Elahi" title="Bijan Elahi">Bijan Elahi</a></li> <li>Parviz Eslampour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Monzavi" title="Hossein Monzavi">Hossein Monzavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Irani" title="Hushang Irani">Hushang Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmail_Khoi" title="Esmail Khoi">Esmail Khoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Langeroodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams Langeroodi">Shams Langeroodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (writer)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani" title="Nosrat Rahmani">Nosrat Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadollah_Royaee" title="Yadollah Royaee">Yadollah Royaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei_Kadkani" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li>Manouchehr Sheybani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a> (<a href="/wiki/She%27r-e_Nimaa%27i" title="She'r-e Nimaa'i">She'r-e Nimaa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Haghverdian" title="Edward Haghverdian">Edward Haghverdian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Wasef Bakhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziq_Faani" title="Raziq Faani">Raziq Faani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssof_Kohzad" title="Youssof Kohzad">Youssof Kohzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farzona" class="mw-redirect" title="Farzona">Farzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Khatloni" title="Iskandar Khatloni">Iskandar Khatloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Gulrukhsor Safieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loiq Sher-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satim_Ulugzade" title="Satim Ulugzade">Satim Ulugzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Gulzoda" title="Asad Gulzoda">Asad Gulzoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammad_Afghani" title="Ali Mohammad Afghani">Ali Mohammad Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Amirkhani" title="Reza Amirkhani">Reza Amirkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahshid_Amirshahi" title="Mahshid Amirshahi">Mahshid Amirshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassem_Hashemi_Nezhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad">Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudabeh_Fazaeli" title="Soudabeh Fazaeli">Soudabeh Fazaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hanif_(Iranian_writer)" title="Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)">Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li>Aboutorab Khosravi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Koushan" title="Mansour Koushan">Mansour Koushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Pezeshkzad" title="Iraj Pezeshkzad">Iraj Pezeshkzad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li> <li>Shamim Bahar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Etessami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolhassan Etessami">Abolhassan Etessami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Mojabi" title="Javad Mojabi">Javad Mojabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Ebrahimi" title="Nader Ebrahimi">Nader Ebrahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mastoor" title="Mostafa Mastoor">Mostafa Mastoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Modarres-Sadeghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi">Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Najdi" title="Bijan Najdi">Bijan Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goli_Taraqqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli Taraqqi">Goli Taraqqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Abdoh" title="Reza Abdoh">Reza Abdoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh</a></li> <li>Mohsen Yalfani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Reza_Koohestani" title="Amir Reza Koohestani">Amir Reza Koohestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Koushk_Jalali" title="Alireza Koushk Jalali">Alireza Koushk Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nalbandian" title="Abbas Nalbandian">Abbas Nalbandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_Saberi" title="Pari Saberi">Pari Saberi</a></li> <li>Mirza Aqa Tabrizi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaghoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Yaghoubi">Mohammad Yaghoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saeed Aghighi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani-E%27temad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani-E'temad">Rakhshan Bani-E'temad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajir_Darioush" title="Hajir Darioush">Hajir Darioush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouran_Derakhshandeh" title="Pouran Derakhshandeh">Pouran Derakhshandeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Farmanara" title="Bahman Farmanara">Bahman Farmanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrouz_Gharibpour" title="Behrouz Gharibpour">Behrouz Gharibpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun_Gole" title="Fereydun Gole">Fereydun Gole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hatami" title="Ali Hatami">Ali Hatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili" title="Abolfazl Jalili">Abolfazl Jalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hatamikia" title="Ebrahim Hatamikia">Ebrahim Hatamikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani" title="Abdolreza Kahani">Abdolreza Kahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuzh_Karim-Masihi" title="Varuzh Karim-Masihi">Varuzh Karim-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Khachikian" title="Samuel Khachikian">Samuel Khachikian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Majidi" title="Majid Majidi">Majid Majidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi" title="Reza Mirkarimi">Reza Mirkarimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasoul_Mollagholipour" title="Rasoul Mollagholipour">Rasoul Mollagholipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Naderi" title="Amir Naderi">Amir Naderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi" title="Kambuzia Partovi">Kambuzia Partovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Rahnema" title="Fereydoun Rahnema">Fereydoun Rahnema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Sadr_Ameli" title="Rasul Sadr Ameli">Rasul Sadr Ameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sadri" title="Mohammad Sadri">Mohammad Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi" title="Parviz Shahbazi">Parviz Shahbazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Shahid-Saless" title="Sohrab Shahid-Saless">Sohrab Shahid-Saless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amrollah Abjadian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaleh_Amouzgar" title="Jaleh Amouzgar">Jaleh Amouzgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Daryabandari" title="Najaf Daryabandari">Najaf Daryabandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(translator)" title="Mohammad Ghazi (translator)">Mohammad Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_Golestan" title="Lili Golestan">Lili Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Hosseini" title="Saleh Hosseini">Saleh Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Ahmad Kamyabi Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Pourdavoud" title="Ebrahim Pourdavoud">Ebrahim Pourdavoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Samandarian" title="Hamid Samandarian">Hamid Samandarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Sattari" title="Jalal Sattari">Jalal Sattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Zaryab" title="Abbas Zaryab">Abbas Zaryab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Behrangi" title="Samad Behrangi">Samad Behrangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Poopak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Hasanzadeh" title="Farhad Hasanzadeh">Farhad Hasanzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydin_Aghdashloo" title="Aydin Aghdashloo">Aydin Aghdashloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Ali Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi" title="Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi">Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Kasravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q400678#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q400678#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q400678#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116844521">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90776157">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798707/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhx8YXtHKdRTCh6CPYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11904336X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81006922">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14634019r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14634019r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01010933">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p097637319">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90742311">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwrgs10nrq7cb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810658819605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271876205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07038861?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074493728">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Template:Persian Constitutional Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Template talk:Persian Constitutional Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian Constitutional Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authoritarians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdol_Majid_Mirza" title="Abdol Majid Mirza">Abdol Majid Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%27oud_Mirza_Zell-e_Soltan" title="Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan">Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malek_Mansur_Mirza_Shoa_O-Saltaneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh">Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaz%CA%BDal_Ibn_Jabir" title="Khazʽal Ibn Jabir">Sheikh Khaz'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fazlollah_Noori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Fazlollah Noori">Sheikh Fazlollah Noori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasrullah_Khan" title="Mirza Nasrullah Khan">Mirza Nasrullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdol-Hossein_Farman_Farma" title="Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma">Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Asghar_Khan_Amin_al-Soltan" title="Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan">Amin al-Soltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Liakhov" title="Vladimir Liakhov">Vladimir Liakhov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutionalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza_Nayeb_es-Saltaneh" title="Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh">Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Hassan Pirnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdol-Hossein_Farman_Farma" title="Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma">Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Asghar_Khan_Amin_al-Soltan" title="Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan">Ali Asghar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Vali_Khan_Tonekaboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni">Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek">Mostowfi ol-Mamalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Bakhtiari" title="Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari">Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Pessian" title="Mohammad Taqi Pessian">Colonel Pessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeprem_Khan" title="Yeprem Khan">Yeprem Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Gholi_Khan_Hedayat" title="Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat">Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Qoli_Hedayat" title="Mehdi Qoli Hedayat">Mehdi Qoli Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abdul%27Rahim_Talibov_Tabrizi" title="Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi">Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Malkam_Khan" title="Mirza Malkam Khan">Mirza Malkam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Taqizadeh" title="Hassan Taqizadeh">Hassan Taqizadeh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Kasravi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heydar_Latifiyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heydar Latifiyan (page does not exist)">Heydar Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji-Mirza_Hassan_Roshdieh" title="Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh">Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal al-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Sayyed_Mohammad_Tabatabai" title="Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai">Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Modarres" title="Hassan Modarres">Hassan Modarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khiabani" title="Mohammad Khiabani">Mohammad Khiabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abutaleb_Zanjani" title="Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani">Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rais_al-Mojahedin" title="Rais al-Mojahedin">Rais al-Mojahedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzadeh_Eshghi" title="Mirzadeh Eshghi">Mirzadeh Eshghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Alakbar_Sabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Alakbar Sabir">Mirza Alakbar Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Tarbiat" title="Mohammad Ali Tarbiat">Mohammad Ali Tarbiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade" title="Mahammad Amin Rasulzade">Mahammad Amin Rasulzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Farrokhi_Yazdi" title="Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi">Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Jahangir_Khan" title="Mirza Jahangir Khan">Jahangir-Khan Sur-e-Esrafil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf-Qoli_Khan_Bakhtiari" title="Najaf-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari">Saad ad-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Khan" title="Sattar Khan">Sattar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqir_Khan" title="Baqir Khan">Bāqer Khān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Duman" title="Nikol Duman">Nikol Duman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydar_Khan_Amo-oghli" title="Haydar Khan Amo-oghli">Haydar Khan Amo-oghli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani" title="Mirza Reza Kermani">Mirza Reza Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Bahman_Jamshidian" title="Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian">Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_Shuster" title="William Morgan Shuster">William Morgan Shuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Edward Granville Browne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Women in the Persian Constitutional Revolution">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Khanom_Tadj_es-Saltaneh" title="Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh">Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Khanoom_Astarabadi" title="Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi">Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediqeh_Dowlatabadi" title="Sediqeh Dowlatabadi">Sediqeh Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Maryam_Bakhtiari" title="Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari">Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainab_Pasha" title="Zainab Pasha">Zainab Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Protest" title="Tobacco Protest">Tobacco Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">Persian Constitution of 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tabriz_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Tabriz (1908)">Siege of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Iranian_Majlis" title="1st Iranian Majlis">the First Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">Majlis Bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Tehran" title="Triumph of Tehran">Triumph of Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Movement_of_Gilan" title="Jungle Movement of Gilan">Jungle Movement of Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_involvement_in_the_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution">Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Enlightenment" title="Iranian Enlightenment">Iranian Enlightenment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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