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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="مشروع عملاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروع عملاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Мегапроект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мегапроект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaprojecte" title="Megaprojecte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Megaprojecte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaprojekt" title="Megaprojekt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Megaprojekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87" title="مگاپروژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مگاپروژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroing%C3%A9nierie" title="Macroingénierie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macroingénierie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EA%B0%80%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8" title="메가프로젝트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메가프로젝트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="महापरियोजना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महापरियोजना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98" title="מגה פרויקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגה פרויקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88" title="メガプロジェクト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メガプロジェクト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Мегапроект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мегапроект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaprojekt" title="Megaprojekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Megaprojekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="เมกะโปรเจกต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมกะโปรเจกต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Мегапроєкт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мегапроєкт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_d%E1%BB%B1_%C3%A1n" title="Siêu dự án – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu dự án" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extremely large-scale construction and investment project</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of megaprojects, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_megaprojects" title="List of megaprojects">List of megaprojects</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of megaprojects specifically related to transportation, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_transport_megaprojects" title="List of transport megaprojects">List of transport megaprojects</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg/220px-ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg/330px-ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg/440px-ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, an example of a 20th-century megaproject</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b54_360-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b54_360-2.jpg/220px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b54_360-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b54_360-2.jpg/330px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b54_360-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b54_360-2.jpg/440px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b54_360-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> and other railways in the Asiatic part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> were important 19th-century megaprojects.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>megaproject</b> is an extremely large-scale construction and <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cost_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more general definition is "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours (i.e. projects) characterised by: large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in organisational terms), and long-lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and society".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Megaprojects refer not only to construction projects but also decommissioning projects, which are projects that can reach multi-billion budgets, and have a high level of innovation and complexity, and are affected by a number of techno-socio-economic and organizational challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/OFCCP" class="mw-redirect" title="OFCCP">OFCCP</a> Mega Construction Project (Megaproject) Program involves projects valued at over $35 million.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downsides">Downsides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaproject&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Downsides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Megaprojects are often affected by corruption, leading to higher cost and lower benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_in_Science_and_Technology" title="European Cooperation in Science and Technology">European Cooperation in Science and Technology</a> (COST), megaprojects are characterized both by "extreme complexity (both in technical and human terms) and by a long record of poor delivery".<sup id="cite_ref-cost_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megaprojects attract significant public attention because of substantial impacts on <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issue">environment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgets</a>, and the high costs involved.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaproject&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_megaprojects" title="List of megaprojects">List of megaprojects</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_transport_megaprojects" title="List of transport megaprojects">List of transport megaprojects</a></div> <p>Megaprojects include <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Public building">public buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> projects, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">extraction</a> projects, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> projects, <a href="/wiki/Weapons_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons system">weapons systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> systems, large-scale <a href="/wiki/Sporting_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting event">sporting events</a> and, more recently, mixed use waterfront redevelopments; however, the most common megaprojects are in the categories of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> facilities, nuclear power plants, and large public transportation projects. Megaprojects can also include large-scale high-cost initiatives in scientific research and infrastructure, such as the sequencing of the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genome project">human genome</a>, a significant global advance in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaproject&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The logic <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2017)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> on which many of the typical megaprojects are built is collective benefits; for example electricity for everybody (who can pay), road access (for those that have cars), etc. They may also serve as a means to open frontiers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megaprojects have been criticised for their top-down planning processes and their ill effects on certain communities. Large scale projects often advantage one group of people while disadvantaging another, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China, the largest hydroelectric project in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> required the displacement of 1.2 million farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12102007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12102007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Highway_revolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway revolts">highway revolts</a> in some Western nations saw urban activists opposing government plans to demolish buildings for freeway route construction, on the basis that such demolitions would unfairly disadvantage the urban working class and benefit commuters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Anti-nuclear protests</a> against proposed nuclear power plants in the United States and Germany prevented developments due to environmental and social concerns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>More recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> new types of megaprojects have been identified that no longer follow the old models of being singular and monolithic in their purposes, but have become quite flexible and diverse, such as waterfront redevelopment schemes that seem to offer something to everybody.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, just like the old megaprojects, the new ones also foreclose "upon a wide variety of social practices, reproducing rather than resolving urban inequality and disenfranchisement".<sup id="cite_ref-lehrer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehrer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their plethora of land uses "these mega-projects inhibit the growth of oppositional and contestational practices".<sup id="cite_ref-lehrer_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehrer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collective benefits that are often the underlying logic of a mega-project, are here reduced to an individualized form of public benefit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaproject&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">infrastructure-based development</a> advocate for funding large-scale projects to create long-term economic benefits. Investing in megaprojects in order to stimulate the general economy has been a popular policy measure since the economic crisis of the 1930s. Recent examples are the 2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">Chinese economic stimulus program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2008_European_Union_stimulus_plan" title="2008 European Union stimulus plan">2008 European Union stimulus plan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>. </p><p>Megaprojects often raise capital based on expected returns—though projects often go overbudget and over time, and market conditions like commodity prices can change.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concern at cost overruns is often expressed by critics of megaprojects during the planning phase. If the megaproject is delivered in a country with relevant corruption the likelihood and magnitude of having overbudgets increases.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most challenging aspects of megaprojects is obtaining sufficient funding. Alan Altshuler and David Luberoff have found that creative and politically adept political leadership is required to secure resources as well as generate public support, mollify critics, and manage conflict through many years of planning, authorization and implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other challenges faced by those planning megaprojects include laws and regulations that empower community groups, contested information and methodologies, high levels of uncertainty, avoiding impacts on neighborhoods and the environment, and attempting to solve a <a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">wicked problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaproject&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megaprojects" title="List of megaprojects">List of megaprojects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transport_megaprojects" title="List of transport megaprojects">List of transport megaprojects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_class_forecasting" title="Reference class forecasting">Reference class forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism bias</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaprojects_and_Risk" title="Megaprojects and Risk">Megaprojects and Risk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Technology_Fails" title="When Technology Fails">When Technology Fails</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaproject&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cost-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cost_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cost_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cost.eu/actions/TU1003/#tabs">"Megaproject: The Effective Design and Delivery of Megaprojects in the EU"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_in_Science_and_Technology" title="European Cooperation in Science and Technology">European Cooperation in Science and Technology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megaproject%3A+The+Effective+Design+and+Delivery+of+Megaprojects+in+the+EU&rft.pub=European+Cooperation+in+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cost.eu%2Factions%2FTU1003%2F%23tabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookesLocatelli2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brookes, Naomi J.; Locatelli, Giorgio (2015-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90267/3/JUP%2015-00036r1%20Final%20V01.pdf">"Power plants as megaprojects: Using empirics to shape policy, planning, and construction management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Utilities Policy</i>. <b>36</b>: 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jup.2015.09.005">10.1016/j.jup.2015.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8165155">8165155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utilities+Policy&rft.atitle=Power+plants+as+megaprojects%3A+Using+empirics+to+shape+policy%2C+planning%2C+and+construction+management&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jup.2015.09.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8165155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Naomi+J.&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+Giorgio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F90267%2F3%2FJUP%252015-00036r1%2520Final%2520V01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvernizziLocatelliBrookes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Invernizzi, Diletta Colette; Locatelli, Giorgio; Brookes, Naomi J. (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/110232/">"Managing social challenges in the nuclear decommissioning industry: A responsible approach towards better performance"</a>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>35</b> (7): 1350–1364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.12.002">10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.12.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Managing+social+challenges+in+the+nuclear+decommissioning+industry%3A+A+responsible+approach+towards+better+performance&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1350-1364&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.12.002&rft.aulast=Invernizzi&rft.aufirst=Diletta+Colette&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Brookes%2C+Naomi+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F110232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvernizziLocatelliGrönqvistBrookes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Invernizzi, Diletta Colette; Locatelli, Giorgio; Grönqvist, Marcus; Brookes, Naomi J. (2019-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201000000/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004">"Applying value management when it seems that there is no value to be managed: the case of nuclear decommissioning"</a>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>37</b> (5): 668–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2019.01.004">10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-7863">0263-7863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115941020">115941020</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.004">the original</a> on 1 Feb 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Applying+value+management+when+it+seems+that+there+is+no+value+to+be+managed%3A+the+case+of+nuclear+decommissioning&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=668-683&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A115941020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0263-7863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2019.01.004&rft.aulast=Invernizzi&rft.aufirst=Diletta+Colette&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6nqvist%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Brookes%2C+Naomi+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2019.01.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/141870/">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ofccp/Mega-Construction-Project-Program">"Office of Federal Contractor Compliance Programs: Mega Construction Project Program"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocatelliMarianiSainatiGreco2017" class="citation journal cs1">Locatelli, Giorgio; Mariani, Giacomo; Sainati, Tristano; Greco, Marco (2017-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010">"Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room!"</a>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 252–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010">10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Corruption+in+public+projects+and+megaprojects%3A+There+is+an+elephant+in+the+room%21&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=252-268&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010&rft.aulast=Locatelli&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.au=Mariani%2C+Giacomo&rft.au=Sainati%2C+Tristano&rft.au=Greco%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/majorprojects/defined.cfm">"Project Delivery Defined"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a>. <q>Prior to the enactment of SAFETEA-LU in August 2005, projects with over $1 billion in construction costs were designated as "Mega Projects". SAFETEA-LU has lowered the monetary threshold from an estimated total cost of $1 billion to $500 million or greater, and the term "Mega Project" has since been eliminated and replaced with the term "Major Project."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Delivery+Defined&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fmajorprojects%2Fdefined.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_A._Altshuler" title="Alan A. Altshuler">Alan Altshuler</a> and David Luberoff, <i>Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment</i> (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-0129-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-0129-2">0-8157-0129-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jetpress.org/volume4/space.htm">"The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Very+Large+Space+Projects&rft.pub=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetpress.org%2Fvolume4%2Fspace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102044334/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2015-01/01/c_127352471.htm">"Three Gorges breaks world record for hydropower generation"</a>. Xinhua. 1 January 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Gorges+breaks+world+record+for+hydropower+generation&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fchina%2F2015-01%2F01%2Fc_127352471.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc12102007-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc12102007_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7042660.stm">"Millions forced out by China dam"</a>. BBC News. 2007-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Millions+forced+out+by+China+dam&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7042660.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Chao2001" class="citation news cs1">Julie Chao (2001-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1925172.stm">"Relocation for Giant Dam Inflames Chinese Peasants"</a>. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Relocation+for+Giant+Dam+Inflames+Chinese+Peasants&rft.date=2001-05-15&rft.au=Julie+Chao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F1925172.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillhamMacLean2002" class="citation cs2">Gillham, Oliver; MacLean, Alex (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCCvnLt2AbcC&q=francis+sargent+freeway+moratorium&pg=PA49"><i>The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl Debate</i></a>, Island Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-833-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-833-3"><bdi>978-1-55963-833-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limitless+City%3A+A+Primer+on+the+Urban+Sprawl+Debate&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-833-3&rft.aulast=Gillham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=MacLean%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCCvnLt2AbcC%26q%3Dfrancis%2Bsargent%2Bfreeway%2Bmoratorium%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehrer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lehrer_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lehrer_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrerLaidley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lehrer, U.; Laidley, J. (2008). "Old Mega-projects Newly Packaged? Waterfront Redevelopment in Toronto". <i>International Journal of Urban and Regional Research</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 786–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2008.00830.x">10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00830.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=Old+Mega-projects+Newly+Packaged%3F+Waterfront+Redevelopment+in+Toronto&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=786-803&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2008.00830.x&rft.aulast=Lehrer&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.au=Laidley%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/crude-oil-fall-squeezes-megaprojects-1418086469">"Crude Oil's Fall Pressures Energy Megaprojects"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. 8 Dec 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Crude+Oil%27s+Fall+Pressures+Energy+Megaprojects&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fcrude-oil-fall-squeezes-megaprojects-1418086469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocatelliMarianiSainatiGreco2017" class="citation journal cs1">Locatelli, Giorgio; Mariani, Giacomo; Sainati, Tristano; Greco, Marco (2017-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010">"Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room!"</a>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 252–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010">10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Corruption+in+public+projects+and+megaprojects%3A+There+is+an+elephant+in+the+room%21&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=252-268&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010&rft.aulast=Locatelli&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.au=Mariani%2C+Giacomo&rft.au=Sainati%2C+Tristano&rft.au=Greco%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegaproject" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altshuler, Alan and David Luberoff. Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotch, Philip Mark. What's Taking So Long? Identifying the Underlying Causes of Delays in Planning Transportation Megaprojects in the United States. Journal of Planning Literature. Available online January 8, 2015.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaproject&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mega-project.eu/resources/">[1]</a> Mega-project.eu, a website run by <a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_in_Science_and_Technology" title="European Cooperation in Science and Technology">European Cooperation in Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cih.ru/kz/e1.html">Borovoye-Biocity</a> – megaproject of Bionic City for <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rastorguev" title="Simon Rastorguev">S. Rastorguev</a>, M. Kudryashov, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calleam.com/WTPF/?page_id=3">Catalogue of Catastrophe</a> – list of troubled large projects</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 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