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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Processes and activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processes_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Work practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_Infrastructure_Asset_Management_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_Infrastructure_Asset_Management_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>United Nations Infrastructure Asset Management approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_Infrastructure_Asset_Management_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IIAM_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IIAM_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>IIAM approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IIAM_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GIS_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GIS_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>GIS system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GIS_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Capacity building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/230px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/345px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/460px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a> and facilities</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation scheme">Irrigation schemes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Mass transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Roads</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">Sluices</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Solid waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Concepts</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asset management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">Appropriation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_green_infrastructure" title="European green infrastructure">European green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Engineering" title="Infrastructure">Engineering contracts</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government debt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Maintenance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Monopoly</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Replacement (upgrade)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover (economics)">Spillover</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">Taxation</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Issues and ideas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewables</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless technology</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Fields of study</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Examples</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_parking_station" title="Bicycle parking station">Bicycle parking station</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazilian energy independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago" title="Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago">Chicago wastewater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China's high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de Transporte">Curtiba rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="History of cycling infrastructure">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="Safety of cycling infrastructure">safety</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Danish wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">British offshore wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">Nuclear power in France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Solar power in Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Petroleum#Jamnagar_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Petroleum">Jamnagar Refinery</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_port" title="Offshore wind port">Offshore wind port</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay Bridge">San Francisco Bay Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spanish high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">French TGV rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spanish autovias and autopistas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Power transmission in the USA</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;background:lavender;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template talk:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Infrastructure asset management</b> is the integrated, multidisciplinary set of strategies in sustaining <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public infrastructure</a> assets such as <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> facilities, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewer lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility grid">utility grids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>. Generally, the process focuses on the later stages of a facility's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/life_cycle" class="extiw" title="wikt:life cycle">life cycle</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance, repair and operations">maintenance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_conservation#Current_treatments" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural conservation">rehabilitation</a>, and replacement. Asset management specifically uses software tools to organize and implement these strategies with the fundamental goal to preserve and extend the <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a> of long-term infrastructure assets which are vital underlying components in maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> in society and efficiency in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infrastructure_Asset_Management-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> has become an important part of infrastructure asset management competence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Term">Term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infrastructure asset management is a specific term of asset management focusing on <i>physical</i>, rather than <i>financial</i> assets. Sometimes the term <b>infrastructure management</b> is used to mean the same thing, most notably in the title of <i>The International Infrastructure Management Manual</i> (2000, 6th edition). Where there is no problem of confusion, the term <b>asset management</b> is more widely used, as in the professional societies: the Asset Management Council in Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Asset_Management" title="Institute of Asset Management">Institute of Asset Management</a> in the UK. In this context, infrastructure is a wide term denoting road and rail, water, power, etc. assets. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_asset_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Road asset management (page does not exist)">Road asset management</a> is part of infrastructure asset management including all the physical assets on the road network such as roads, bridges, culverts, and road furniture. </p><p>The first published use of the term <b>asset management</b> to refer to physical assets is not known for sure. The earliest adopter known for certain is Dr Penny Burns in 1984 (see the Asset Management History Project <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amqi.com/">AMQI's STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT – Public infrastructure</a>). The National Asset Management Manual was published in Australia in October 1994 by the Institute of Municipal Engineering Australia (now IPWEA). The NAMM and the New Zealand Infrastructure Asset Management Manual published in 1996 are an early use of the specific term infrastructure asset management <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nams.org.nz/">Home - NAMS NZ</a>. The NAMM and IAMM were combined into the International Infrastructure Management Manual (IIMM) published in 2000. The term "asset management" was first used in a document published in 1983 by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration entitled: Transportation Resource Management Strategies for Elected Officials of Rural Municipalities and Counties. That document consisted of seven chapters of resource management strategies for each of two types of transportation infrastructure - roads & bridges and public transportation. Each of these two parts of the document focused on the following seven categories: Planning, Prioritization, Contracting Out, Innovative Finance, Human Resource Management, Asset Management and Performance Measurement & Reporting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most local governments in Australia are required to develop an asset management plan for major asset classes and align the forecast outlays with a long tern financial plan to ensure the needed services from infrastructure are provided in an affordable and sustainable manner. Guidelines for alignment financial and non-financial aspects of asset management are available in the Australian Infrastructure Financial Management Manual published in 2009 and updated in 2015 and International Infrastructure Financial Management Manual, 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After decades of <a href="/wiki/Capital_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital investment">capital investment</a> in United States's infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> facilities, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilities">utility lines</a>, the need to sustain such infrastructure experiences mounting challenges. The current duress includes tight <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">state and local budgets</a>, deferral of needed maintenance funding, and political pressures to cut <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">public spending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infrastructure_Asset_Management-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, shrinking <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">federal appropriations</a>, progressively aging capital stock, and parochial statuses and interest groups have inhibited flexible <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a> strategies. And with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">design firms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licensures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">construction and industry associations</a>, and related specialties the management of the infrastructure system has dramatically altered. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">life cycle</a> of a facility, including planning, design, construction, operations, maintenance, upgrading, and replacement has become bifurcated between agencies and firms where design and construction becomes contracted separately from operations and maintenance. The push for more dual-track strategies and not segmented ones such as <a href="/wiki/Design-Build" class="mw-redirect" title="Design-Build">Design-Build</a> and <a href="/wiki/Build-Operate-Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Build-Operate-Transfer">Build-Operate-Transfer</a> helps in maintaining public facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Procurement_Methods_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Procurement_Methods-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, over time, the government apparatus focused more on start-up capital expenses for constructing public assets without focused monies on maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After World War II, with the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">economic boom of the 1950s</a>, and rise in <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a>, public projects became financed through direct government funding. Additionally, the federal government began setting criteria and procedures for architects and engineers to comply on federal construction and related projects. State and local statutes soon followed suit. Over the years, a large <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic machine</a> began administering infrastructure projects through <a href="/wiki/Design-Bid-Build" class="mw-redirect" title="Design-Bid-Build">Design-Bid-Build</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt financing</a> methods. This led to hyper-competition of federal, states, and localities over scant federal resources and overall fostered a limited approach in life-cycle attention (namely, no account of operation and maintenance).<sup id="cite_ref-Procurement_Methods_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Procurement_Methods-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asset management attempts to fill in the gaps of such fragmentation for better performance in infrastructure assets.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the majority of municipal assets were built between 1960s to 1970s. The average age of municipal infrastructure has increased since the end of the late 1970s, because investment has been insufficient to replace deteriorating assets.<sup id="cite_ref-trid.trb.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trid.trb.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mirza,_S._2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirza,_S._2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deficit could be the result a shift in financing policy at the end of 1970s, which made the local governments responsible to fund the municipal assets.<sup id="cite_ref-Mirza,_S._2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirza,_S._2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> municipalities are required to develop an asset management plan to receive provincial fund.<sup id="cite_ref-trid.trb.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trid.trb.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes_and_activities">Processes and activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Processes and activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic premise of infrastructure asset management is to intervene at strategic points in an asset's normal life cycle to extend the expected <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a>, and thereby maintain its performance. Typically, a long-life-cycle asset requires multiple intervention points including a combination of repair and maintenance activities and even overall rehabilitation. Costs decrease with planned maintenance rather than unplanned maintenance. Yet, excessive planned maintenance increases costs. Thus, a balance between the two must be recognized. While each improvement raises an asset's condition curve, each rehabilitation resets an asset's condition curve, and complete replacement returns condition curve to new level or upgraded level. Therefore, strategically timing these interventions will aid in extending an asset's life cycle. A simple working definition of asset management would be: first, assess what you have; then, assess what condition it is in; and lastly, assess the financial burden to maintain it at a targeted condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infrastructure_Asset_Management-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essential processes and activities for infrastructure asset management include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maintaining a systematic record of individual assets (an inventory)—e.g., acquisition cost, original service life, remaining useful life, physical condition, repair and maintenance consistency</li> <li>Developing a defined program for sustaining the aggregate body of assets through <a href="/wiki/Deterioration_modeling" title="Deterioration modeling">deterioration modeling</a>, planned maintenance, repair, and replacement<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Implementing and managing information systems in support of these systems—e.g., <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic Information Systems">Geographic Information Systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infrastructure_Asset_Management-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Defining current and expected <a href="/wiki/Levels_of_service" title="Levels of service">levels of service</a> and linking them to maintenance and capital planning<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trid.trb.org_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trid.trb.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Calculating life-cycle cost of assets and possible sources of finance for maintenance actions</li></ul> <p>These processes and activities are interrelated and interdependent aspects that usually cross organizational boundaries including finance, engineering, and operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infrastructure_Asset_Management-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, asset management is a comprehensive approach in handling an immense portfolio of public and private capital stock. As example, in 2009, the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> Maximo software was adopted to manage the maintenance of rolling stock and facilities for three railway systems: the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">San Francisco BART system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington metrorail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, recently, wireless sensors, totaling 663, have been installed on <a href="/wiki/Jindo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Jindo Island">South Korea's Jindo Bridge</a> to detect structural cracks and corrosion. Though in a testing phase among three universities in South Korea, United States, and Japan, the use of wireless technology to may lend itself to future, cost-efficient asset management.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 ISO published an international management system standard for asset management.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">ISO 55000</a> series provides terminology, requirements and guidance for implementing, maintaining and improving an effective asset management system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_practices">Work practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Work practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politically, many legal and governmental initiatives have emphasized proactive asset management given the current state of an aging infrastructure and fiscal challenges. Recent developments include the <a href="/wiki/Governmental_Accounting_Standards_Board" title="Governmental Accounting Standards Board">Governmental Accounting Standards Board</a> Statement No. 34 that required state and local entities to report in their accounting <i>all</i> infrastructure assets not only the privately financed ones such as water supply and utilities paid by user fees. This helps to determine an agency's overall infrastructure asset inventory, timely assessment of physical condition, and annual projection of financial requirements. Additionally, the United States <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>’s Capacity, Management, Operation, and Maintenance (CMOM) initiative works to move away from the compliance-mandate enforcement to proactive partnership with public managers to self-audit their infrastructure systems in assessing capacity, management, and operations/maintenance. </p><p>Still other proponents for proactive management include judicial consent decrees for facility managers to resolve noncompliance with environmental standards set by EPA or state <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> departments (i.e., laws against sewer overflows); post-<a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> security vulnerability analyses; funding legislation that specifies asset management as qualifying condition to receive/keep award; and <a href="/wiki/Professional_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional organizations">professional organizations</a> that are moving the industry to asset management through <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workshops" class="mw-redirect" title="Workshops">workshops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infrastructure_Asset_Management-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the current challenges of the time's financial constraints, one advantage is the growing availability of <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> to employ asset management. But while municipalities have made significant investments and use of software tools in the last 20 years, they are mostly <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">stand-alone systems</a> with limited to no capability for sharing or exchanging information with other tools. Consequently, they operate in isolated silos of information across <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal departments</a>. Data has to be re-interpreted, transformed, and reentered into different software tools several times leading to time-consuming, prone-to-error inefficiencies. Many in academia and industry recognize the need for integrated, multidisciplinary asset management that involves:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Systemization and coordination of work processes</li> <li>Development of centralized share data repositories</li> <li>Organization of distributed software tools into modular, extensive-wide software environments</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations_Infrastructure_Asset_Management_approach">United Nations Infrastructure Asset Management approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Nations Infrastructure Asset Management approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), and United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) are currently working together to encourage governments world-wide to adopt a more systemic and proactive approach in the management of their infrastructure assets. Highlighting that more than 90 per cent of the Sustainable Development Goals and their targets hinge upon sound infrastructure asset management, their initiatives seek, among other things, to ensure the accessibility, resilience and sustainability of infrastructure assets, to strengthen public management confidence among the population and to attract new investments. </p><p>To meet these challenges, the UN published <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/financing/document/un-handbook-infrastructure-asset-management">Managing Infrastructure Assets for Sustainable Development: A handbook for local and national governments</a></i>. The Handbook offers a flexible step-by-step diagnostic methodology with advice, exercises and examples easily accessible to practitioners and decision-makers in local and central governments. Focused on anticipating risks and facing the challenges of the future, the guide applies to traditional infrastructure (roads, water distribution networks, sanitation, buildings for essential services, etc.), publicly owned land and to equipment operation and maintenance. Some chapters also offer a situational assessment of climate risks and resource mobilization for a more effective response to public health emergencies. </p><p>The UN also created a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitar.org/courses/infrastructure-asset-management-sustainable-development-7772">Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)</a> on Infrastructure Asset Management for Sustainable Development, which provides in-depth instruction and complements knowledge acquired from the Handbook. This course is freely accessible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IIAM_approach">IIAM approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: IIAM approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Institute of Infrastructure Asset Management (IIAM), a U.S.-based transportation consultancy, works to promote the same issues and collaborates with other organizations, such as in the INFRAASSETS2010 conference in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, in management of public assets. </p><p>The IIAM approach to infrastructure asset management is based upon the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard of service">Standard of Service</a> (SoS) that describes how an <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">asset</a> will perform in objective and measurable terms. The SoS includes the definition of a "minimum condition grade", which is established by considering the consequences of a failure of the infrastructure asset. </p><p>The key components of "Infrastructure Asset Management" are: </p> <ul><li>Definition of a <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard of service">Standard of Service</a> <ul><li>Establishment of measurable specifications of how the asset should perform</li> <li>Establishment of a minimum condition grade</li></ul></li> <li>Establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Whole-life_cost" title="Whole-life cost">whole-life cost</a> approach to managing the asset</li> <li>Elaboration of an <a href="/wiki/Asset_Management_Plan" title="Asset Management Plan">Asset Management Plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GIS_system">GIS system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: GIS system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public asset management expands the definition of <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Asset_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Asset Management">Enterprise Asset Management</a> (EAM) by incorporating the management of all things which are of value to a <a href="/wiki/Municipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal">municipal</a> jurisdiction and its citizen's expectations. Public Asset Management is the term that considers the importance that public assets affect other public assets and work activities which are important sources of revenue for municipal governments and has various points of citizen interaction. The versatility and functionality of a <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> system allow for the control and management of all assets and land-focused activities. All public assets are interconnected and share proximity, and this connectivity is possible through the use of GIS. GIS-centric public asset management standardizes data and allows interoperability, providing users the capability to reuse, coordinate, and share information in an efficient and effective manner. </p><p>Among the GISs in use for infrastructure management in the USA are GE <a href="/wiki/Smallworld" title="Smallworld">Smallworld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Systems_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Systems Research Institute">ESRI</a>. An ESRI GIS platform combined with the overall public asset management umbrella of both physical <i>hard</i> assets and <i>soft</i> assets helps remove the traditional silos of structured municipal functions which serves the citizens. While the hard assets are the typical physical assets or infrastructure assets, the soft assets of a municipality includes <a href="/wiki/Construction_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction permit">permits</a>, <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_enforcement" title="Code enforcement">code enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(public_throughway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (public throughway)">right-of-ways</a> and other land-focused work activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacity_building">Capacity building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Capacity building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An executive education program in infrastructure asset management (Certificate of Advanced Studies Managing Infrastructure Assets, CASMIA, 16ECTS) has been developed since 2012, launched in 2014 and funded by Swiss federal Agency of Energy (SFOE). It is the only individual and organizational learning program worldwide that operates by changing university institute hosts. This ensures that the emerging MIA profession can cope with cross-disciplinary content critically and universities review curriculum. Former university institutes include ETH Zurich (IBI) and University of St. Gallen (HSG-ACA). This program also ensures the highest possible <a href="/wiki/Accreditation" title="Accreditation">accreditation</a> for an emerging profession, since individuals in this field still outperform institutions in terms of quality of content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design-Build" class="mw-redirect" title="Design-Build">Design-Build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Asset_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Asset Management">Enterprise Asset Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">Life cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">ISO 55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Infrastructure_Asset_Management-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infrastructure_Asset_Management_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cagle, R. 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"Integration of Municipal Infrastructure Assets Management Processes". <i>Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering</i>, vol. 22, no. 6.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Learning & Development Infrastructure Management Hasselmann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casmia.ch">CAS MIA Certificate in Advanced Studies | Managing Infrastructure Assets</a></li> <li>Institute of Asset Management (IAM): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theiam.org">Home</a></li> <li>Institute of Public Works Engineering Australasia (IPWEA): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipwea.org/AM">Asset Management - Institute of Public Works Engineering Australasia</a></li> <li>Asset Management Council: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amcouncil.com.au">Home blank</a></li> <li>European Federation of National Maintenance Societies (EFNMS): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efnms.org">EFNMS</a></li> <li>Institute for Infrastructure Asset Management (IIAM): <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.infrastructureinstitute.org/gateway.php">[1]</a></li> <li>International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Asset Management Technical Committee: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://committee.iso.org/home/tc251">About</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&oldid=1148321043">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_asset_management&oldid=1148321043</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Category:Infrastructure asset management">Infrastructure asset management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asset_management" title="Category:Asset management">Asset management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Applications_of_geographic_information_systems" title="Category:Applications of geographic information systems">Applications of geographic information systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 April 2023, at 13:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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