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Biographical information subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biographical_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter's_wife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter's_wife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Peter's wife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter's_wife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_leader_of_the_early_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_leader_of_the_early_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 First leader of the early Church </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_leader_of_the_early_Church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First leader of the early Church subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_leader_of_the_early_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_among_the_apostles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_among_the_apostles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Position among the apostles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_among_the_apostles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_of_Jesus_by_Peter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_of_Jesus_by_Peter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Denial of Jesus by Peter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial_of_Jesus_by_Peter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurrection_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurrection_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Resurrection appearances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurrection_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_early_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_early_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Leader of the early Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_early_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Rock"_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Rock"_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 "Rock" dialogue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Rock"_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Apostolic succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antioch_and_Corinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antioch_and_Corinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Antioch and Corinth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antioch_and_Corinth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Antioch and Corinth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Antioch_and_Corinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antioch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antioch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Antioch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antioch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Corinth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_to_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Connection to Rome </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connection_to_Rome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Connection to Rome subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Papacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coming_to_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coming_to_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Coming to Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_to_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 New Testament accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Church Fathers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simon_Magus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simon_Magus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Simon Magus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simon_Magus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Death and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crucifixion_at_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crucifixion_at_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Crucifixion at Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crucifixion_at_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Scholarly views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome_as_Babylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome_as_Babylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Rome as Babylon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome_as_Babylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Feast days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primacy_of_Peter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primacy_of_Peter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Primacy of Peter </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primacy_of_Peter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Primacy of Peter subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Primacy_of_Peter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_21:15–17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_21:15–17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 John 21:15–17 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_21:15–17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matthew_10:2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matthew_10:2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Matthew 10:2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew_10:2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matthew_16:18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matthew_16:18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Matthew 16:18 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew_16:18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_Matthew_16:18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_Matthew_16:18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3.2 Interpretation of Matthew 16:18 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_Matthew_16:18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistles_of_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistles_of_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Epistles of Paul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistles_of_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_rejection_of_Catholic_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_rejection_of_Catholic_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 Protestant rejection of Catholic claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_rejection_of_Catholic_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Eastern Orthodox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_Orthodox_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_Orthodox_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Syriac Orthodox Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_Orthodox_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Apostolic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Apostolic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 New Apostolic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Apostolic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Christian_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Christian_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Non-Christian views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Christian_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-Christian views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Christian_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Bahá'í Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ossetian_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ossetian_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Ossetian mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ossetian_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andean_traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andean_traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Andean traditional medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andean_traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Epistles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Mark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudepigrapha_and_apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudepigrapha_and_apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Pseudepigrapha and apocrypha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudepigrapha_and_apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-canonical_sayings_of_Peter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-canonical_sayings_of_Peter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Non-canonical sayings of Peter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-canonical_sayings_of_Peter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Patronage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisionist_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisionist_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Revisionist views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisionist_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 In music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 In film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saint Peter</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petrus" title="Simon Petrus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simon Petrus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petrus" title="Simon Petrus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Simon Petrus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%85%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%B4%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B5" title="ቅዱስ ጴጥሮስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቅዱስ ጴጥሮስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بطرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Pero" title="Sant Pero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sant Pero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%A2_%DC%9F%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%90" title="ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ntul_Chetru" title="Sântul Chetru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sântul Chetru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedru" title="San Pedru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="San Pedru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Pyotr" title="Müqəddəs Pyotr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Pyotr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پطروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پطروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="প্রেরিত পিতর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রেরিত পিতর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AD-tek" title="Pí-tek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pí-tek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Пётр (апостал) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пётр (апостал)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Пётар (апостал) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пётар (апостал)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_(apostol)" title="San Pedro (apostol) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="San Pedro (apostol)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Петър (апостол) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петър (апостол)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_(Apostl)" title="Petrus (Apostl) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Petrus (Apostl)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="པེ་ཏྲོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པེ་ཏྲོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Petar" title="Sveti Petar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sveti Petar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAr_(abostol)" title="Pêr (abostol) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pêr (abostol)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Pere" title="Sant Pere – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant Pere" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Pedro" title="Simón Pedro – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Simón Pedro" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_(apo%C5%A1tol)" title="Petr (apoštol) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petr (apoštol)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Pedr" title="Sant Pedr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sant Pedr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostlen_Peter" title="Apostlen Peter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apostlen Peter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petrus" title="Simon Petrus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Simon Petrus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peetrus" title="Peetrus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peetrus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Απόστολος Πέτρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόστολος Πέτρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Pedro" title="Simón Pedro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Simón Pedro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_(apostolo)" title="Petro (apostolo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Petro (apostolo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_(apostolua)" title="Petri (apostolua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petri (apostolua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پطرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پطرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_(ap%C3%B4tre)" title="Pierre (apôtre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre (apôtre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_(apostel)" title="Petrus (apostel) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Petrus (apostel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh_Peadar" title="Naomh Peadar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naomh Peadar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro,_papa" title="Pedro, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pedro, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AD-tet" title="Pí-tet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pí-tet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C" title="베드로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베드로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Պետրոս առաքյալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետրոս առաքյալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="सैंट पीटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैंट पीटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Petar" title="Sveti Petar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Petar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Petrus" title="Santa Petrus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santa Petrus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro" title="San Pedro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="San Pedro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="সাও পেড্রো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সাও পেড্রো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petrus" title="Simon Petrus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simon Petrus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tur_postuli" title="Pétur postuli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pétur postuli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_(apostolo)" title="Pietro (apostolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietro (apostolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פטרוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטרוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petrus" title="Simon Petrus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Simon Petrus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პეტრე მოციქული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეტრე მოციქული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_Peter" title="Sen Peter – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sen Peter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtume_Petro" title="Mtume Petro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtume Petro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%A8" title="Pyè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostul_Pire" title="Apostul Pire – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Apostul Pire" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tais_P%C4%93teris" title="Svētais Pēteris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētais Pēteris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9itrus_(Apostel)" title="Péitrus (Apostel) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Péitrus (Apostel)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C5%A1talas_Petras" title="Apaštalas Petras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apaštalas Petras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0n_P%C3%AA" title="Sàn Pê – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sàn Pê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ntu_Petelo" title="Sántu Petelo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sántu Petelo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petro" title="San Petro – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="San Petro" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Peder" title="San Peder – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="San Peder" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_apostol" title="Péter apostol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Péter apostol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Апостол Петар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Апостол Петар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petera" title="Petera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Petera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE" title="പത്രോസ് ശ്ലീഹാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പത്രോസ് ശ്ലീഹാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="सेंट पीटर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेंट पीटर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პავლე მოჩქვაფირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პავლე მოჩქვაფირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="القديس بطرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القديس بطرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پطرس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پطرس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Petrus" title="Santo Petrus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Santo Petrus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%AB-d%C3%A1ik" title="Bī-dáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bī-dáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Гэгээн Петр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэгээн Петр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="စိန့်ပီတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန့်ပီတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Pedro" title="Simón Pedro – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Simón Pedro" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD" title="ペトロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペトロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostelen_Peter" title="Apostelen Peter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apostelen Peter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostelen_Peter" title="Apostelen Peter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apostelen Peter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_l%27Ap%C3%B4tou%C3%A8re" title="Saint Pierre l'Apôtouère – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Saint Pierre l'Apôtouère" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_P%C3%A8ir" title="Sant Pèir – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sant Pèir" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avliyo_Pyotr" title="Avliyo Pyotr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avliyo Pyotr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پطرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پطرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon-Pero" title="Simon-Pero – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Simon-Pero" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petrus" title="Simon Petrus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Simon Petrus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Aposto%C5%82" title="Piotr Apostoł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr Apostoł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_(ap%C3%B3stolo)" title="Pedro (apóstolo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedro (apóstolo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petru" title="Simon Petru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simon Petru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Petrus" title="Simon Petrus – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Simon Petrus" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simun_Piyru" title="Simun Piyru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simun Piyru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80" title="Апостол Пётр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апостол Пётр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پطرس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پطرس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunt_Peter" title="Saunt Peter – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saunt Peter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjetri" title="Pjetri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pjetri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petru_apostulu" title="San Petru apostulu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="San Petru apostulu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%96_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="ශුද්ධවූ පේදුරු තුමා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශුද්ධවූ පේදුරු තුමා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint Peter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(apo%C5%A1tol)" title="Peter (apoštol) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peter (apoštol)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Peter" title="Sveti Peter – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti Peter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyjter_Aposto%C5%82" title="Pyjter Apostoł – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pyjter Apostoł" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3" title="پێترۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێترۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Апостол Петар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апостол Петар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Petar" title="Sveti Petar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveti Petar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietari_(apostoli)" title="Pietari (apostoli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pietari (apostoli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro" title="San Pedro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="San Pedro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title="பேதுரு (திருத்தூதர்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேதுரு (திருத்தூதர்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Апостол Петр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Апостол Петр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="సెయింట్ పీటర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెయింట్ పీటర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="ซีโมนเปโตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีโมนเปโตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Петро (апостол) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Петро (апостол)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پطرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پطرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_ap%C3%B2sto%C5%82o" title="Piero apòstoło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piero apòstoło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1nh_Ph%C3%AAr%C3%B4" title="Thánh Phêrô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thánh Phêrô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro" title="San Pedro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="San Pedro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF" title="聖伯多祿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="聖伯多祿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9t%C3%A9r%C3%B9_M%C3%ADm%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Pétérù Mímọ́ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pétérù Mímọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF" title="聖伯多祿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖伯多祿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Petrus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97_(%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92)" title="彼得 (使徒) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得 (使徒)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sante_Peter" title="Sante Peter – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sante Peter" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33923#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Peter_Spoken_Version.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian apostle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Peter (disambiguation)">Saint Peter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Peter the Apostle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antioch">Bishop of Antioch</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg/220px-Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg/330px-Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg/440px-Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="3051" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Saint Peter (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1610–1612) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, depicting Peter, vested in the <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a>, and holding the <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>First <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a> (pope), according to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> tradition </li> <li>First <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antioch">bishop of Antioch</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Catholic</a> tradition</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 30<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">Between AD 64 and 68<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> (according to tradition): <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> (according to tradition): <a href="/wiki/Evodius" title="Evodius">Evodius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, AD 30</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Shimon Bar Yonah</div> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">Between AD 64 and 68 <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data">John (or Jonah; Jona)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes, name unknown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergyman</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Main feast: <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>) 29 June (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>)</li> <li>18 January: Confession of Saint Peter (Anglicanism)</li> <li>22 February: <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a> (Catholic Church)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">All <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> that venerate <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> and in Islam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canonized</th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Martyr">Red Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">papal vestments</a>, rooster, man crucified upside down, vested as an Apostle, holding a book or scroll, <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_Peter" title="Cross of Saint Peter">Cross of Saint Peter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Patronage">Patronage list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shrines</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Peter">Church of St. Peter</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Saint Peter<a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a> (born Shimon Bar Yonah; died AD 64–68),<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a> also known as Peter the Apostle, Simon Peter, Simeon, Simon, or Cephas,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and one of the first leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian#Jerusalem_ekklēsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">early Christian Church</a>. He appears repeatedly and prominently in <a href="/wiki/Gospel#Canonical_gospels" title="Gospel">all four New Testament gospels</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> tradition accredits Peter as the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a>‍—‌or <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">pope</a>‍—‌and also as the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antioch">bishop of Antioch</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Christian tradition</a>, Peter was <a href="/wiki/Crucified" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucified">crucified</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>. The ancient Christian churches all <a href="/wiki/Venerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerate">venerate</a> Peter as a major <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Church of Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a> but they differ in their attitudes regarding the <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">authority of his successors</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic teaching</a>, Jesus promised Peter a <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">special position</a> in the Church.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the name "Simon Peter" is found 19 times. He is the brother of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a>, and they both were <a href="/wiki/Fishermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishermen">fishermen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> in particular was traditionally thought to show the influence of Peter's preaching and eyewitness memories. He is also mentioned, under either the name Peter or Cephas, in <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Letter_to_the_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="First Letter to the Corinthians">First Letter to the Corinthians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a>. The New Testament also includes two <a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">general epistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="First Peter">First Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Peter">Second Peter</a>, that are traditionally attributed to him, but modern scholarship <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">generally rejects the Petrine authorship of both</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-9">[8]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> have always affirmed Peter's authorship, and recently, evangelical scholars have revived the claim of Petrine authorship of these <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Based on contemporary historical data, Peter's <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">papacy</a> is estimated to have spanned from AD 30 to his death, which would make him the <a href="/wiki/Longest-reigning_pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest-reigning pope">longest-reigning pope</a>, at anywhere from 34 to 38 years; however, this has never been verified.<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Saint Irenaeus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130 – c. 202 AD) explains the Apostle Peter, his <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">See</a>, and his successors in book III of <a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Adversus Haereses</a> (Against <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresies</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> In the book, Irenaeus wrote that Peter and Paul founded and organised the Church in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-3.2-12">[11]</a> Sources suggest that at first, the terms episcopos and presbyteros were used interchangeably,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> with the consensus among scholars being that by the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters, whose duties of office overlapped or were indistinguishable from one another.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and secular historians generally agree that there was probably "no single 'monarchical' bishop in Rome before the middle of the 2nd century...and likely later."<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Outside of the New Testament, several <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">apocryphal</a> books were later attributed to him, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Preaching of Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Peter">Judgment of Peter</a>, although scholars believe these works to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymologies">Names and etymologies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymologies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peter_(Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18352.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Peter_%28Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18352.tif/lossy-page1-210px-St_Peter_%28Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18352.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Peter_%28Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18352.tif/lossy-page1-316px-St_Peter_%28Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18352.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Peter_%28Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18352.tif/lossy-page1-421px-St_Peter_%28Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18352.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="3486" /></a><figcaption>St Peter, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (1632)</figcaption></figure>The New Testament presents Peter's original name as Simon (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsaɪmən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/92\/Pope_Peter_Pronunciation.ogg\/Pope_Peter_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pope Peter Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Pope_Peter_Pronunciation.ogg/Pope_Peter_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Peter_Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Pope Peter Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>; Σίμων, Simōn in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>). In only two passages,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> his name is instead spelled "<a href="/wiki/Simeon" title="Simeon">Simeon</a>" (Συμεών in Greek). The variation possibly reflects "the well-known custom among Jews at the time of giving the name of a famous patriarch or personage of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> to a male child [i.e., <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>] along with a similar sounding Greek/Roman name [in this case, Simon]".<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> He was later given by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> the name Cephas (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsiːfəs/</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a>), from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> כֵּיפָא, Kepha, 'rock/stone'. In translations of the Bible from the original <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>, his name is maintained as Cephas in nine occurrences in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> whereas in the vast majority of mentions (156 occurrences in the New Testament) he is called Πέτρος, Petros, from the Greek and Latin word for a rock or stone (petra)<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> to which the masculine ending was added, rendered into English as Peter.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The precise meaning of the Aramaic word is disputed, some saying that its usual meaning is "rock" or "crag", others saying that it means rather "stone" and, particularly in its application by Jesus to Simon, like a "jewel", but most scholars agree that as a proper name, it denotes a rough or tough character...<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Both meanings, "stone" (jewel or hewn stone) and "rock", are indicated in dictionaries of Aramaic<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Catholic theologian <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Pesch" title="Rudolf Pesch">Rudolf Pesch</a> argues that the Aramaic word would mean "precious stone" to designate a distinguishing person.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> This cannot be sufficiently proven from Aramaic, however, since the use of the Aramaic root kp as a personal name has not been proven and there are hardly any known examples of the word being used to mean "precious stone".<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The combined name Σίμων Πέτρος (Símon Pétros, Simon Peter) appears 19 times in the New Testament. In some <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> documents he is called, in English translation, Simon Cephas.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographical_information">Biographical information</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biographical information">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_(Milan_1571-Port%27_Ercole_1610)_-_The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_RCIN_402824_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_%28Milan_1571-Port%27_Ercole_1610%29_-_The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_RCIN_402824_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/220px-Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_%28Milan_1571-Port%27_Ercole_1610%29_-_The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_RCIN_402824_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_%28Milan_1571-Port%27_Ercole_1610%29_-_The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_RCIN_402824_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/330px-Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_%28Milan_1571-Port%27_Ercole_1610%29_-_The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_RCIN_402824_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_%28Milan_1571-Port%27_Ercole_1610%29_-_The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_RCIN_402824_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/440px-Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_%28Milan_1571-Port%27_Ercole_1610%29_-_The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_RCIN_402824_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew" title="The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew">The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew</a>, 1603/1606, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> The sources used to reconstruct the life of Peter can be divided in three groups: <ul><li>the New Testament writings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> calls him "Cephas" and "Peter"), the <a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine Epistles</a> (traditionally attributed to him, but their authorship is disputed), the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">Canonical Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a> attributed to him, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Preaching_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching of Peter">Preaching of Peter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Andrew" title="Acts of Peter and Andrew">Acts of Peter and Andrew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_the_Twelve" title="Acts of Peter and the Twelve">Acts of Peter and the Twelve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Acts of Peter and Paul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Peter_to_Philip" title="Letter of Peter to Philip">Letter of Peter to Philip</a>, the Letter of Peter to James the Just, the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter">Coptic Apocalypse of Peter</a>. Scholars agree that these are late <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a> with little historical value, though they may contain some historical kernel;</li> <li>the writing of the Apostolic Fathers and the Church Fathers, such as <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Ireneus</a>.</li></ul> In the New Testament, he is among the first<a href="#cite_note-36">[note 2]</a> of the disciples called during Jesus' ministry. Peter became the first listed <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostle</a> ordained by Jesus in the early Church.<a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Peter-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts">Accounts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accounts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_capernum_is.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ancient_capernum_is.JPG/220px-Ancient_capernum_is.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ancient_capernum_is.JPG/330px-Ancient_capernum_is.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ancient_capernum_is.JPG/440px-Ancient_capernum_is.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Capernaum" title="St. Peter's Church, Capernaum">St. Peter's Church, Capernaum</a> on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>; a Franciscan church is built upon the traditional site of Apostle Peter's house.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> Peter was a Jewish fisherman in <a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> He was named Simon, the son of a man named Jonah or John.<a href="#cite_note-42">[note 3]</a> The three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> recount how Peter's mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Healing_the_mother_of_Peter%27s_wife" title="Healing the mother of Peter's wife">was healed by Jesus</a> at their home in <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a>;<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> these passages depict Peter as being married or widowed. <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> 9:5<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> has also been taken to imply that he was married.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg/240px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg/360px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg/480px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (from the Maestà), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1308–1311</figcaption></figure> In the synoptic gospels, Peter (then Simon) was a fisherman along with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Andrew</a>, and the sons of <a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> also depicts Peter fishing, even after the resurrection of Jesus, in the story of the <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Draught_of_Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraculous Draught of Fish">Catch of 153 fish</a>. In Matthew and Mark, Jesus called Simon and his brother Andrew to be "<a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">fishers of men</a>".<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a> he proclaims Jesus to be the <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a>), as described in the three synoptic gospels.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> It is there, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Caesarea Philippi</a>, that he receives from Jesus the name Cephas (Aramaic Kepha), or Peter (Greek Petros). In <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, Simon Peter owns the <a href="/wiki/Boat_of_Saint_Peter" title="Boat of Saint Peter">boat</a> that Jesus uses to preach to the multitudes who were pressing on him at the shore of <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Lake Gennesaret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Jesus then amazes Simon and his companions James and John (Andrew is not mentioned) by telling them to lower their nets, whereupon they catch a huge number of fish. Immediately after this, they follow Him.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> gives a comparable account of "The First Disciples".<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> In John, the readers are told that it was two disciples of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> (Andrew and an unnamed disciple) who heard John the Baptist announce Jesus as the "<a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>" and then followed Jesus. Andrew then went to his brother Simon, saying, "We have found the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>", and then brought Simon to Jesus, who immediately named him as "Cephas".<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|John|1:42-40">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalier_d%27Arpino_-_Christ_Taken_Prisoner_-_WGA04690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cavalier_d%27Arpino_-_Christ_Taken_Prisoner_-_WGA04690.jpg/220px-Cavalier_d%27Arpino_-_Christ_Taken_Prisoner_-_WGA04690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cavalier_d%27Arpino_-_Christ_Taken_Prisoner_-_WGA04690.jpg/330px-Cavalier_d%27Arpino_-_Christ_Taken_Prisoner_-_WGA04690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cavalier_d%27Arpino_-_Christ_Taken_Prisoner_-_WGA04690.jpg/440px-Cavalier_d%27Arpino_-_Christ_Taken_Prisoner_-_WGA04690.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Apostle Peter striking the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priests</a>' servant <a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a> with a sword in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Gethsemane" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden of Gethsemane">Garden of Gethsemane</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Cesari" title="Giuseppe Cesari">Giuseppe Cesari</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1597</figcaption></figure> Three of the four gospels—Matthew, Mark and John—recount the story of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Jesus walking on water</a>. Matthew additionally describes Peter walking on water for a moment but beginning to sink when his faith wavers.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, Jesus washed His disciples' feet. Peter initially refused to let Jesus wash his feet, but when Jesus told him: "If I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me", Peter replied: "Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head".<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">washing of feet</a> is often repeated in the <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">service of worship</a> on <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> by some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>. The three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> all mention that, when Jesus was arrested, one of his companions cut off the ear of a servant of the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> The Gospel of John also includes this event and names Peter as the swordsman and <a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a> as the victim.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Luke adds that Jesus touched the ear and miraculously healed it.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> This healing of the servant's ear is the last of the <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">37 miracles attributed to Jesus</a> in the Bible. Simon Peter was twice <a href="/wiki/Arraigned" class="mw-redirect" title="Arraigned">arraigned</a>, with John, before the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> and directly defied them.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Peter takes a missionary journey to <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffa, Israel">Joppa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> At Joppa, Peter had a <a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">vision</a> given him from God which allowed for the eating of previously unclean animals, leading the early believers to the decision to evangelise the <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Simon Peter applied the message of the vision on clean animals to the gentiles and follows his meeting with <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius the Centurion</a> by claiming that "God shows no partiality". According to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, Peter and John were sent from Jerusalem to <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Peter/Cephas is mentioned briefly in the opening chapter of one of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a>, which mentions a trip by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> where he meets Peter.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Peter features again in Galatians, fourteen years later, when Paul (now with <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a>) returned to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> When Peter came to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, Paul opposed Peter to his face "because he [Peter] was in the wrong".<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[note 4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apostle_Peter_Released_from_Prison,_Jacopo_di_Cione,_1370-1371_(Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apostle_Peter_Released_from_Prison%2C_Jacopo_di_Cione%2C_1370-1371_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/220px-Apostle_Peter_Released_from_Prison%2C_Jacopo_di_Cione%2C_1370-1371_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apostle_Peter_Released_from_Prison%2C_Jacopo_di_Cione%2C_1370-1371_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/330px-Apostle_Peter_Released_from_Prison%2C_Jacopo_di_Cione%2C_1370-1371_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Apostle_Peter_Released_from_Prison%2C_Jacopo_di_Cione%2C_1370-1371_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Apostle Peter Released from Prison, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_di_Cione" title="Jacopo di Cione">Jacopo di Cione</a>, 1370–1371 (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">Acts 12</a> narrates how Peter, who was in Jerusalem, was put into prison by <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a> (AD 42–44) but was <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Saint Peter">rescued by an angel</a>. After his liberation Peter left Jerusalem to go to "another place".<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> Concerning Peter's subsequent activity there is no further connected information from the extant sources, although there are short notices of certain individual episodes of his later life.<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peter's_wife">Peter's wife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peter's wife">edit</a>]</div> The synoptic gospels mention that Peter had a mother-in-law at the time he joined Jesus, and that Jesus healed Peter's mother-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> However, the gospels give no information about his wife. <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> claimed that Peter's wife was executed for her faith by the Roman authorities but he did not specify any date or location.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Another opinion states that Peter's wife was no longer alive at the time he met Jesus, so he was a widower.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_leader_of_the_early_Church">First leader of the early Church</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First leader of the early Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div> The Gospels and Acts portray Peter as the most prominent apostle, though he denied Jesus three times during the events of the crucifixion. According to the Christian tradition, Peter was the first disciple to whom Jesus appeared, balancing Peter's denial and restoring his position. Peter is regarded as the first leader of the early Church,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116-77">[73]</a> though he was soon eclipsed in this leadership by <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just, "the brother of the Lord"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–117-79">[75]</a> Because Peter was the first to whom Jesus appeared, the leadership of Peter forms the basis of the Apostolic succession and the institutional power of orthodoxy, as the heirs of Peter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200543-80">[76]</a> and he is described as "the rock" on which the church will be built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545-76">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_among_the_apostles">Position among the apostles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Position among the apostles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JanStyka-SaintPeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JanStyka-SaintPeter.jpg/280px-JanStyka-SaintPeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JanStyka-SaintPeter.jpg/420px-JanStyka-SaintPeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JanStyka-SaintPeter.jpg/560px-JanStyka-SaintPeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>St. Peter Preaching the Gospel in the Catacombs by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Styka" title="Jan Styka">Jan Styka</a></figcaption></figure> Peter is always listed first among the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> he formed an informal <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">triumvirate</a> within the Twelve Apostles. Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry, the <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Raising of Jairus' daughter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Peter often confesses his faith in Jesus as the Messiah. Peter is often depicted in the gospels as spokesman of all the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Vidmar" title="John Vidmar">John Vidmar</a>, a Catholic scholar, writes: "Catholic scholars agree that Peter had an authority that superseded that of the other apostles. Peter is their spokesman at several events, he conducts the election of Matthias, his opinion in the debate over converting Gentiles was crucial, etc."<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The author of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> portrays Peter as the central figure within the early Christian community.<a href="#cite_note-93">[note 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial_of_Jesus_by_Peter">Denial of Jesus by Peter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Denial of Jesus by Peter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/220px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/330px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/440px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The tears of Saint Peter, by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, late 16th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of Peter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Denial_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_(1610).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Denial_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%281610%29.jpg/220px-The_Denial_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%281610%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Denial_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%281610%29.jpg/330px-The_Denial_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%281610%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Denial_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%281610%29.jpg/440px-The_Denial_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%281610%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7344" data-file-height="5292" /></a><figcaption>The Denial of Saint Peter, by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, c. 1610</figcaption></figure> All four canonical gospels recount that, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, Jesus foretold that Peter would deny him three times before the following cockcrow ("before the cock crows twice" in Mark's account). The three Synoptics and John describe the three denials as follows: <ol><li>A denial when a female servant of the high priest spots Simon Peter, saying that he had been with Jesus. According to Mark (but not in all manuscripts), "the rooster crowed". Only Luke and John mention a fire by which Peter was warming himself among other people: according to Luke, Peter was "sitting"; according to John, he was "standing".</li> <li>A denial when Simon Peter had gone out to the gateway, away from the firelight, but the same servant girl (per Mark) or another servant girl (per Matthew) or a man (per Luke and also John, for whom, though, this is the third denial) told the bystanders he was a follower of Jesus. According to John, "the rooster crowed". The Gospel of John places the second denial while Peter was still warming himself at the fire and gives as the occasion of the third denial a claim by someone to have seen him in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a> when <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Jesus was arrested</a>.</li> <li>A denial came when Peter's Galilean accent was taken as proof that he was indeed a disciple of Jesus. According to Matthew, Mark and Luke, "the rooster crowed". Matthew adds that it was his <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> that gave him away as coming from Galilee. Luke deviates slightly from this by stating that, rather than a crowd accusing Simon Peter, it was a third individual. John does not mention the Galilean accent.</li></ol> In the Gospel of Luke is a record of Christ telling Peter: "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat: but I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren." In a reminiscent<a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger-94">[89]</a> scene in John's epilogue, Peter affirms three times that he loves Jesus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurrection_appearances">Resurrection appearances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resurrection appearances">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_peters_primacy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Church_peters_primacy.jpg/220px-Church_peters_primacy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Church_peters_primacy.jpg/330px-Church_peters_primacy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Church_peters_primacy.jpg/440px-Church_peters_primacy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1899" /></a><figcaption>Church of the Primacy of St. Peter on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></figcaption></figure> Paul's <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> contains a list of <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection appearances of Jesus">resurrection appearances of Jesus</a>, the first of which is an appearance to Peter.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Here, Paul apparently follows an early tradition that Peter was the first to see the risen Christ,<a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Peter-37">[35]</a> which, however, did not seem to have survived to the time when the gospels were written.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> In John's gospel, Peter is the first person to enter the <a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">empty tomb</a>, although the women and the <a href="/wiki/Beloved_disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved disciple">beloved disciple</a> see it before him.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> In Luke's account, the women's report of the empty tomb is dismissed by the apostles, and Peter is the only one who goes to check for himself, running to the tomb. After seeing the graveclothes, he goes home, apparently without informing the other disciples.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">final chapter</a> of the Gospel of John, Peter, in one of the resurrection appearances of Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">three times affirmed his love for Jesus</a>, balancing his threefold denial, and Jesus reconfirmed Peter's position. The Church of the Primacy of St. Peter on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> is seen as the traditional site where Jesus Christ appeared to his disciples after his resurrection and, according to Catholic tradition, established Peter's supreme jurisdiction over the Christian church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_early_Church">Leader of the early Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leader of the early Church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_by_Giovanni_Lanfranco-BMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_by_Giovanni_Lanfranco-BMA.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_by_Giovanni_Lanfranco-BMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_by_Giovanni_Lanfranco-BMA.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_by_Giovanni_Lanfranco-BMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_by_Giovanni_Lanfranco-BMA.jpg/440px-Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_by_Giovanni_Lanfranco-BMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Liberation of St. Peter from prison by an angel, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanfranco" title="Giovanni Lanfranco">Giovanni Lanfranco</a>, 1620–21</figcaption></figure> Peter was considered along with <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> as the three <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity#Jerusalem_church" title="Early Christianity">Pillars of the Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Legitimised by Jesus' appearance, Peter assumed leadership of the group of early followers, forming the Jerusalem ekklēsia mentioned by Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116-77">[73]</a> He was soon eclipsed in this leadership by James the Just, "the Brother of the Lord."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–117-79">[75]</a> According to Lüdemann, this was due to the discussions about the <a href="/wiki/Paul_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul and Judaism">strictness of adherence</a> to the Jewish Law, when the more conservative faction of James the Just<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> took the overhand over the more liberal position of Peter, who soon lost influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–117-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[note 6]</a> According to Methodist historian <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a>, this was not a "usurpation of power", but a consequence of Peter's involvement in missionary activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockmuehl201052-104">[98]</a> The early Church historian Eusebius (c. AD 325) records <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (c. AD 190) as saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For they say that Peter and <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a> (the Greater) and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> after the ascension of our Saviour, as if also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a> bishop of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a></blockquote> Dunn proposes that Peter was a "bridge-man" between the opposing views of Paul and <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a> [italics original]: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For Peter was probably in fact and effect the bridge-man (pontifex maximus!) who did more than any other to hold together the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">first-century Christianity</a>. James the brother of Jesus and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDunn2001">Dunn 2001</a>, p. 577, Ch. 32</cite></div></blockquote> Paul affirms that Peter had the special charge of being apostle to the Jews, just as he, Paul, was apostle to the Gentiles. Some argue <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a> was <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">bishop of Jerusalem</a> whilst Peter was <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a> and that this position at times gave James privilege in some (but not all) situations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Rock"_dialogue">"Rock" dialogue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Rock" dialogue">edit</a>]</div> In a dialogue between Jesus and his disciples (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2016:13–19">Matthew 16:13–19</a>), Jesus asks, "Who do people say that the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a> is?" The disciples give various answers. When he asks, "Who do you say that I am?", Simon Peter answers, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God." Jesus then declares: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven. And I tell you that you are Cephas (Peter) (Petros), and on this rock (petra) I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.</blockquote> A common view of Peter is provided by Jesuit Father <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Daniel J. Harrington</a>, who suggests that Peter was an unlikely symbol of stability. While he was one of the first disciples called and was the spokesman for the group, Peter is also the exemplar of "little faith". In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2014&version=nrsv">Matthew 14</a>, Peter will soon have Jesus say to him, "O you of little faith, why did you doubt?", and he will eventually deny Jesus three times. Thus, in light of the Easter event, Peter became an exemplar of the forgiven sinner.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> Outside the Catholic Church, opinions vary as to the interpretation of this passage with respect to what authority and responsibility, if any, Jesus was giving to Peter.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> this passage is interpreted as not implying a special prominence to the person of Peter, but to Peter's position as representative of the Apostles. The word used for "rock" (petra) grammatically refers to "a small detachment of the massive ledge",<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> not to a massive boulder. Thus, Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">Sacred Tradition</a> understands Jesus' words as referring to the apostolic faith. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Pedro_en_l%C3%A1grimas_-_Murillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/San_Pedro_en_l%C3%A1grimas_-_Murillo.jpg/220px-San_Pedro_en_l%C3%A1grimas_-_Murillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/San_Pedro_en_l%C3%A1grimas_-_Murillo.jpg/330px-San_Pedro_en_l%C3%A1grimas_-_Murillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/San_Pedro_en_l%C3%A1grimas_-_Murillo.jpg/440px-San_Pedro_en_l%C3%A1grimas_-_Murillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6744" data-file-height="9672" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter in Tears by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> (1617–1682)</figcaption></figure> Petros had not previously been used as a name, but in the Greek-speaking world it became a popular Christian name, after the tradition of Peter's prominence in the early Christian church had been established. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_succession">Apostolic succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Apostolic succession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></div> The leadership of Peter forms the basis of the Apostolic succession and the institutional power of orthodoxy, as the heirs of Peter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200543-80">[76]</a> and is described as "the rock" on which the church will be built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545-76">[72]</a> Catholics refer to him as chief of the Apostles,<a href="#cite_note-CE-109">[103]</a> as do the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> In Coptic Orthodox Church liturgy, he is once referred to as "prominent" or "head" among the Apostles, a title shared with Paul in the text (The Fraction of Fast and Feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria). Some, including the Orthodox Churches, believe this is not the same as saying that the other Apostles were under Peter's orders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antioch_and_Corinth">Antioch and Corinth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antioch and Corinth">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antioch">Antioch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antioch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></div> According to the Epistle to the Galatians (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:11&version=nrsv">2:11</a>), Peter went to Antioch where Paul rebuked him for following the conservative line regarding the conversion of Gentiles, having meals separate from Gentiles.<a href="#cite_note-114">[note 7]</a> Subsequent tradition held that Peter had been the first <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a>. According to the writings of Origen<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-115">[108]</a> and Eusebius in his Church History (III, 36) Peter had founded the church of Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-Eusebius-116">[109]</a> Later accounts expand on the brief biblical mention of his visit to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a> (9th century) mentions Peter as having served as bishop of Antioch for seven years, and having potentially left his family in the Greek city before his journey to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> Claims of direct blood lineage from Simon Peter among the old population of Antioch existed in the 1st century and continue to exist today, notably by certain <a href="/wiki/Semaan" title="Semaan">Semaan</a> families of modern-day Syria and Lebanon. Historians have furnished other evidence of Peter's sojourn in Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-118">[note 8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a>, a group of related works written in the fourth century but believed to contain materials from earlier centuries, relates information about Peter that may come from earlier traditions. One is that Peter had a group of 12 to 16 followers, whom the Clementine writings name.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> Another is that it provides an itinerary of Peter's route from <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> to Antioch, where he debated his adversary <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a>; during this journey he ordained <a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a> as the first bishop of Caesarea and Maro as the first bishop of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripolis</a>. Historian Fred Lapham suggests the route recorded in the Clementine writings may have been taken from an earlier document mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a> called "The Itinerary of Peter".<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corinth">Corinth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Corinth">edit</a>]</div> Peter may have visited <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinth, Greece">Corinth</a>, and maybe there existed a party of "Cephas".<a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Peter-37">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="First Corinthians">First Corinthians</a> suggests that perhaps Peter visited the city of Corinth, located in Greece, during their missions.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius,_bishop_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius, bishop of Corinth">Dionysius, bishop of Corinth</a>, in his Epistle to the Roman Church under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Pope Soter</a> (A.D. 165–174), declares that Peter and Paul founded the Church of Rome and the Church of Corinth, and they have lived in Corinth for some time, and finally in Italy where they found death: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You have thus by such an admonition bound together the planting of Peter and of Paul at Rome and Corinth. For both of them planted and likewise taught us in our Corinth. And they taught together in like manner in Italy, and suffered martyrdom at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_to_Rome">Connection to Rome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Connection to Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Correggio_-_The_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul,_detail_of_cupola_fresco_-_WGA05317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Correggio_-_The_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul%2C_detail_of_cupola_fresco_-_WGA05317.jpg/220px-Correggio_-_The_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul%2C_detail_of_cupola_fresco_-_WGA05317.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Correggio_-_The_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul%2C_detail_of_cupola_fresco_-_WGA05317.jpg/330px-Correggio_-_The_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul%2C_detail_of_cupola_fresco_-_WGA05317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Correggio_-_The_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul%2C_detail_of_cupola_fresco_-_WGA05317.jpg/440px-Correggio_-_The_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul%2C_detail_of_cupola_fresco_-_WGA05317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Apostles Peter and Paul, detail of cupola fresco by <a href="/wiki/Correggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Correggio">Correggio</a> (1520–1524)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papacy">Papacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Papacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_as_Pope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_as_Pope.png/180px-Peter_as_Pope.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_as_Pope.png/270px-Peter_as_Pope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Peter_as_Pope.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter portrayed as a Pope in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a> </figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church speaks of the pope, the bishop of Rome, as the successor of Saint Peter. This is often interpreted to imply that Peter was the first Bishop of Rome. However, it is also said that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was Bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> According to book III, chapter 3 of <a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a> (180 AD) by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a> was named as Peter's successor and is recognised by the Catholic church as the second Bishop of Rome (pope), followed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> notes that Linus succeeded Peter as the bishop of the Church in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As to the rest of his followers, Paul testifies that Crescens was sent to Gaul; but Linus, whom he mentions in the Second Epistle to Timothy as his companion at Rome, was Peter's successor in the episcopate of the church there, as has already been shown.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, Book III, Chapter 4</cite></div></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>'s book Prescription against Heretics, it is stated that Clement was ordained by Peter as the bishop of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...as also the church of Rome, which makes Clement to have been ordained in like manner by Peter.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tertullian, Prescription against Heretics, Chapter 32</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">St. Clement</a> of Rome identifies Peter and Paul as the outstanding heroes of the faith.<a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Peter-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_to_Rome">Coming to Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coming to Rome">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Testament_accounts">New Testament accounts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Testament accounts">edit</a>]</div> There is no obvious biblical evidence that Peter was ever in Rome, but the first epistle of Peter does mention that "The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son."<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|1_Peter|5:13-127">[119]</a> Most scholars agree that the city alluded to in this verse is Rome, for which Babylon was a common nickname in Jewish and Christian literature at the time, albeit mostly after the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD (after Peter's death).<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-HoWi-130">[122]</a> Paul's <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, written about AD 57,<a href="#cite_note-Franzen,_p.26-131">[123]</a> greets some fifty people in Rome by name,<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse||Romans|16-132">[124]</a> but not Peter <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">whom he knew</a>. There is also no mention of Peter in Rome later during Paul's two-year stay there in Acts 28, about AD 60–62. With regards to the latter, Acts 28 does not specifically mention any of Paul's visitors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_Fathers">Church Fathers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Church Fathers">edit</a>]</div> The writings of the 1st century Church Father <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> (c. 35 – c. 107) refer to Peter and Paul giving admonitions to the Romans, indicating Peter's presence in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> (c. 130 – c. 202) wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd century</a> that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a> as succeeding bishop.<a href="#cite_note-3.2-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (c. 150 – c. 215) states that "Peter had preached the Word publicly at Rome (A.D. 190)."<a href="#cite_note-CL-135">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (184–253)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-115">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Eusebius-116">[109]</a> Peter "after having first founded the church at Antioch, went away to Rome preaching the Gospel, and he also, after [presiding over] the church in Antioch, presided over that of Rome until his death".<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> After presiding over the church in Antioch for a while, Peter would have been succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Evodius" title="Evodius">Evodius</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> and thereafter by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a>, who was a disciple of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, in his book called Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died, written around 318, noted that "and while Nero reigned, the Apostle Peter came to Rome, and, through the power of God committed unto him, wrought certain miracles, and, by turning many to the true religion, built up a faithful and stedfast temple unto the Lord."<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simon_Magus">Simon Magus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Simon Magus">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> of Caesarea (260/265–339/340) relates that when Peter confronts <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a> at Judea (mentioned in Acts 8), Simon Magus flees to Rome, where the Romans began to regard him as a god. According to Eusebius, his luck did not last long, since God sent Peter to Rome, and Simon was quenched and immediately destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (327–420): "Peter went to Rome in the second year of Claudius to overthrow Simon Magus, and held the sacerdotal chair there for twenty-five years until the last, that is the fourteenth, year of Nero."<a href="#cite_note-Jerome1-141">[133]</a> An apocryphal work, the Actus Vercellenses (7th century), a Latin text preserved in only one manuscript copy published widely in translation under the title Acts of Peter, sets Peter's confrontation with Simon Magus in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crucifixion_at_Rome">Crucifixion at Rome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Crucifixion at Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domine,_quo_vadis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Domine%2C_quo_vadis.jpg/170px-Domine%2C_quo_vadis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Domine%2C_quo_vadis.jpg/255px-Domine%2C_quo_vadis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Domine%2C_quo_vadis.jpg/340px-Domine%2C_quo_vadis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Domine_quo_vadis%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Domine quo vadis?">Domine quo vadis?</a> (1602) by <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a></figcaption></figure> In the epilogue<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> of the Gospel of John, Jesus hints at the death by which Peter would glorify God, saying: "But when you grow old, you will stretch out your hands, and someone else will fasten a belt around you and take you where you do not wish to go."<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> This is interpreted by some as a reference to Peter's crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger-94">[89]</a> Unitarian theologian Donald Fay Robinson has suggested that the incident in <a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">Acts 12</a>:1–17,<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> where Peter is "released by an angel" and goes to "another place", really represents an idealised account of his death, which may have occurred in a Jerusalem prison as early as AD 44.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> Early Church tradition says that Peter died by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> (with arms outstretched) at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in the year 64. This probably took place three months after the disastrous fire that destroyed Rome for which the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> wished to blame the Christians. This "dies imperii" (regnal day anniversary) was an important one, exactly ten years after Nero ascended to the throne, and it was "as usual" accompanied by much bloodshed. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> authorities sentenced him to death by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a> In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a>, he was <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_Peter" title="Cross of Saint Peter">crucified head down</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> Tradition also locates his burial place where the <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter</a> was later built, directly beneath the Basilica's high altar. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_(c.1600).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg/170px-Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg/255px-Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg/340px-Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8180" data-file-height="10537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter_(Caravaggio)" title="Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Caravaggio)">The Crucifixion of Saint Peter</a> (1601) by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a> (d. 99), in his Letter to the Corinthians (Chapter 5), written c. 80–98, speaks of Peter's martyrdom in the following terms: "Let us take the noble examples of our own generation. Through jealousy and envy the greatest and most just pillars of the Church were persecuted, and came even unto death. …Peter, through unjust envy, endured not one or two but many labours, and at last, having delivered his testimony, departed unto the place of glory due to him."<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> The apocryphal Acts of Peter (2nd cent.) (<a href="/wiki/Vercelli_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercelli manuscript">Vercelli</a> Acts XXXV)<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> is the source for the tradition about the famous Latin phrase "<a href="/wiki/Quo_vadis%3F" title="Quo vadis?">Quo vadis, Domine?</a>" (in Greek: Κύριε, ποῦ ὑπάγεις "Kyrie, pou hypageis?"), which means "Where are you going, Lord?". According to the story, Peter, fleeing Rome to avoid execution meets the risen Jesus. In the Latin translation, Peter asks Jesus, "Quo vadis?" He replies, "Romam eo iterum crucifigi" ("I am going to Rome to be crucified again"). Peter then gains the courage to continue his ministry and returns to the city, where he is martyred. This story is commemorated in an <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a> painting. The <a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quo Vadis (church)">Church of Quo Vadis</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callistus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Callistus I">Saint Callistus</a>, contains a stone in which Jesus' footprints from this event are supposedly preserved, though this was apparently an <a href="/wiki/Ex-voto" title="Ex-voto">ex-voto</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrim</a>, and indeed a copy of the original housed in the <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">Basilica of St Sebastian</a>. The death of Peter is attested to by <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (c. 155 – c. 240) at the end of the 2nd century in his Prescription Against Heretics, noting that Peter endured a passion like his Lord's: "How happy is that church ... where Peter endured a passion like that of the Lord, where Paul was crowned in a death like John's".<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> The statement implies that Peter was killed like Jesus (by crucifixion) and Paul was killed like John (by beheading). It gives the impression that Peter also died in Rome since Paul also died there.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> In his work Scorpiace 15, he also speaks of Peter's crucifixion: "The budding faith Nero first made bloody in Rome. There Peter was girded by another, since he was bound to the cross."<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (184–253) in his Commentary on the Book of Genesis III, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_(Eusebius)" title="Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a> (III, 1), said: "Peter was crucified at Rome with his head downwards, as he himself had desired to suffer."<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of St. Peter">Cross of St. Peter</a> inverts the <a href="/wiki/Crux_immissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Crux immissa">Latin cross</a> based on this refusal, and on his claim of being unworthy to die the same way as his Saviour.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Peter of Alexandria</a> (d. 311), who was <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Alexandria">bishop of Alexandria</a> and died around AD 311, wrote an epistle on Penance, in which he says: "Peter, the first of the apostles, having been often apprehended and thrown into prison, and treated with ignominy, was last of all crucified at Rome."<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (327–420) wrote that "at Nero's hands Peter received the crown of martyrdom being nailed to the cross with his head towards the ground and his feet raised on high, asserting that he was unworthy to be crucified in the same manner as his Lord."<a href="#cite_note-Jerome1-141">[133]</a> According to Jerome and Eusebius, Peter died in the year AD 67–68, twenty-five years after his arrival in Rome in AD 42.<a href="#cite_note-Jerome1-141">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> Some modern scholars argue for a date between the years AD 64–68.<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a> also gives him a tenure of 25 years, and adds that he died in the 38th year after the death of Jesus, which, reckoning from AD 30, also gives AD 67–68. However, it also explicitly states that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Pope Linus</a> succedded him in the year AD 56, which is the result of mixing two contradictory traditions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-158">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burial">Burial</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Burial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaintPeterRelic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaintPeterRelic.jpg/220px-SaintPeterRelic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaintPeterRelic.jpg/330px-SaintPeterRelic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaintPeterRelic.jpg/440px-SaintPeterRelic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Looking down into the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">confessio</a> near the tomb of Apostle Peter, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> Catholic tradition holds that Peter's inverted crucifixion occurred in the gardens of Nero, with the burial in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a> nearby.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a> in his Disputation Against Proclus (A.D. 198), preserved in part by Eusebius, relates this of the places in which the remains of the apostles Peter and Paul were deposited: "I can point out the trophies of the apostles. For if you are willing to go to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican</a> or to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Ostiensis" title="Via Ostiensis">Ostian Way</a>, you will find the trophies of those who founded this Church."<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, in his work <a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De Viris Illustribus</a> (A.D. 392), "Peter was buried at Rome in the Vatican near the triumphal way where he is venerated by the whole world."<a href="#cite_note-Jerome1-141">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a> states that he was buried on June 29th<a href="#cite_note-:0-158">[150]</a> (the corrupted <a href="/wiki/Liberian_Catalogue" title="Liberian Catalogue">Liberian Catalogue</a> gives it as the date of his death).<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> Some authors have argued that the date was deliberately chosen to replace an old Roman festival, but this seems unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a> In the early 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine I">Emperor Constantine I</a> decided to honour Peter with <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">a large basilica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-166">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> Because the precise location of Peter's burial was so firmly fixed in the belief of the Christians of Rome, the church to house the basilica had to be erected on a site that was not convenient to construction. The slope of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a> had to be excavated, even though the church could much more easily have been built on level ground only slightly to the south.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> There were also moral and legal issues, such as demolishing a cemetery to make room for the building. The focal point of the Basilica, both in its original form and in its later complete reconstruction, is the altar located over what is said to be the point of Peter's burial.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg/220px-Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg/330px-Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg/440px-Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">burial site of St. Peter</a>, seen from the <a href="/wiki/River_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tiber">River Tiber</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relics">Relics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Relics">edit</a>]</div> According to a letter quoted by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Pope Vitalian</a> sent a cross containing filings said to be from Peter's chains to the queen of <a href="/wiki/Oswy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswy">Oswy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> King of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> in 665, as well as unspecified relics of the saint to the king.<a href="#cite_note-Wall-170">[162]</a> The skull of Saint Peter is claimed to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> since at least the ninth century, alongside the skull of Saint Paul.<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> In 1950, human bones were found buried underneath the altar of St. Peter's Basilica. The bones have been claimed by many to have been those of Peter.<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> An attempt to contradict these claims was made in 1953 by the excavation of what some believe to be <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a> in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> However along with this supposed tomb in Jerusalem bearing his previous name Simon (but not Peter), tombs bearing the names of Jesus, Mary, James, John, and the rest of the apostles were also found at the same excavation—though all these names were very common among Jews at the time. In the 1960s, items from the excavations beneath <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a> were re-examined, and the bones of a male person were identified. A forensic examination found them to be a male of about 61 years of age from the 1st century. This caused Pope Paul VI in 1968 to announce them most likely to be the relics of Apostle Peter.<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> On 24 November 2013, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> presented part of the relics, consisting of bone fragments, for the first time in public during a Mass celebrated in St. Peter's Square.<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> On 2 July 2019, it was announced that Pope Francis had transferred nine of these bone fragments within a bronze reliquary to Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-braveandbold-176">[168]</a> Bartholomew, who serves as head of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, described the gesture as "brave and bold."<a href="#cite_note-braveandbold-176">[168]</a> Pope Francis has said his decision was born "out of prayer" and intended as a sign of the ongoing work towards communion between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> The majority of Saint Peter's remains, however, are still preserved in Rome, under the high altar of St. Peter's Basilica.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarly_views">Scholarly views</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Scholarly views">edit</a>]</div> Some church historians consider Peter and Paul to have been <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> under the reign of Nero,<a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-179">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-St-Paul-Outside-the-Walls_homepage-180">[172]</a> around AD 65 after the Great Fire of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-historians-181">[note 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wylen,_pp.190-192-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn,_pp._33-34-183">[174]</a> Currently, most Catholic scholars,<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> and many scholars in general,<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> hold the view that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero.<a href="#cite_note-187">[note 10]</a> While accepting that Peter came to Rome and was martyred there, there is no historical evidence that he held episcopal office there.<a href="#cite_note-BrownMeier-188">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cullman-189">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[182]</a> According to two studies published by the German philologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Zwierlein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Zwierlein (page does not exist)">Otto Zwierlein</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zwierlein" class="extiw" title="de:Otto Zwierlein">de</a>] in 2009<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> and 2013 respectively,<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a> "there is not a single piece of reliable literary evidence (and no archaeological evidence either) that Peter ever was in Rome."<a href="#cite_note-Zwierlein_review-195">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[note 11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Timothy Barnes</a> has criticised Zwierlein's views as "a nadir in historical criticism".<a href="#cite_note-203">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Letter_of_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="First Letter of Clement">Clement of Rome's First Letter</a>, a document that has been dated from the 90s to the 120s, is one of the earliest sources adduced in support of Peter's stay in Rome, but Zwierlein questions the text's authenticity and whether it has any knowledge about Peter's life beyond what is contained in the New Testament <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zwierlein_review-195">[185]</a> The letter also does not mention any particular place, only saying: "Peter, through unrighteous envy, endured not one or two, but numerous labours and when he had at length suffered martyrdom, departed to the place of glory due to him" (ch. 5).<a href="#cite_note-204">[193]</a> A letter to the Romans attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> might imply that Peter and Paul had special authority over the Roman church,<a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Peter-37">[35]</a> telling the Roman Christians: "I do not command you, as Peter and Paul did" (ch. 4), although Zwierlein says he could be simply referring to the Epistles of the Apostles, or their mission work in the city, not a special authority given or bestowed. Zwierlein questions the authenticity of this document and its traditional dating to c. 105–10, saying it may date from the final decades of the 2nd century instead of from the beginning.<a href="#cite_note-Zwierlein_review-195">[185]</a> The ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> describes how Roman soldiers would amuse themselves by crucifying criminals in different positions,<a href="#cite_note-205">[194]</a> and it is likely that this would have been known to the author of the Acts of Peter. The position attributed to Peter's crucifixion is thus plausible, either as having happened historically or as being an invention by the author of the Acts of Peter. Death, after crucifixion head down, is unlikely to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a>, the usual "cause of death in ordinary crucifixion".<a href="#cite_note-206">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Fetti_-_Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Domenico_Fetti_-_Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien.jpg/220px-Domenico_Fetti_-_Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Domenico_Fetti_-_Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien.jpg/330px-Domenico_Fetti_-_Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Domenico_Fetti_-_Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien.jpg/440px-Domenico_Fetti_-_Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>Peter's vision of a sheet with animals, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fetti" title="Domenico Fetti">Domenico Fetti</a>, 1619</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rome_as_Babylon">Rome as Babylon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rome as Babylon">edit</a>]</div> Church tradition ascribes the epistles <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Peter</a> to the Apostle Peter, as does the text of Second Peter itself, an attribution rejected by scholarship. First Peter<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|1_Peter|5:13-127">[119]</a> says the author is in "Babylon", which has been held to be a coded reference to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-207">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[198]</a> Early Church tradition reports that Peter wrote from Rome. Eusebius of Caesarea states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> in the sixth [book] of the Hypotyposeis cites the story, and the bishop of Hierapolis named <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a> joins him in testifying that Peter mentions Mark in the first epistle, which they say he composed in Rome herself, and that he indicates this, calling the city more figuratively Babylon by these: "She who is in Babylon, chosen together with you, sends you greetings and so does my son Mark. (1 Pet 5:13)"<a href="#cite_note-210">[199]</a></blockquote> If the reference is to Rome, it is the only biblical reference to Peter being there. Many scholars regard both First and Second Peter as not having been authored by him, partly because other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> seem to describe Peter as an illiterate fisherman.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[200]</a> Most Biblical scholars<a href="#cite_note-HoWi-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[201]</a> believe that "Babylon" is a metaphor for the pagan <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> at the time it persecuted Christians, before the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313: perhaps specifically referencing some aspect of Rome's rule (brutality, greed, <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>). Although most scholars recognise that Babylon is a metaphor for Rome, some also claim that Babylon represents more than the Roman city of the first century. According to Lutheran scholar on Revelation Craig R. Koester "the whore [of Babylon] is Rome, yet more than Rome".<a href="#cite_note-213">[202]</a> It "is the Roman imperial world, which in turn represents the world alienated from God".<a href="#cite_note-214">[203]</a> At that time in history, the ancient city of Babylon was no longer of any importance. E.g., <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> wrote, "The greater part of Babylon is so deserted that one would not hesitate to say ... the Great City is a great desert."<a href="#cite_note-215">[204]</a> Another theory is that "Babylon" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Babylon_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylon (Egypt)">Babylon in Egypt</a> that was an important <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">fortress city</a> in Egypt, just north of today's Cairo and this, combined with the "greetings from Mark" (1 Peter 5:13), who may be <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>, regarded as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a> (Egypt), has led some scholars to regard the First Peter epistle as having been written in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-216">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feast_days">Feast days</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Feast days">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Eve">St Peter's Eve</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Peter_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Peter_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Peter_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Peter_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Peter_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Peter_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Peter the Apostle, detail of the mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, 6th century</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a> assigns 29 June as the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> of both Peter and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, without thereby declaring that to be the day of their deaths. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> says in his Sermon 295: "One day is assigned for the celebration of the martyrdom of the two apostles. But those two were one. Although their martyrdom occurred on different days, they were one." This is also the feast of both <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> in the calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a> is celebrated on 22 February, and the anniversary of the dedication of the two <a href="/wiki/Papal_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Basilica">Papal Basilicas</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Saint Paul outside the Walls</a> is held on 18 November. Before <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>'s revision in 1960, the Roman Calendar also included on 18 January another feast of the Chair of Saint Peter (denominated the Chair of Saint Peter in Rome, while the February feast was then called that of the Chair of Saint Peter at Antioch), and on 1 August the feast of <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Saint Peter">Saint Peter in Chains</a>. In the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Office">Daily Office</a> every Thursday throughout the year is dedicated to the Holy Apostles, including St. Peter. There are also three <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a> in the year which are dedicated to him: <ul><li>16 January, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Saint Peter">Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter</a> — commemorating both the chains which Acts 12:1–11 says miraculously fell from him, and the chains in which he was held before his martyrdom by <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[206]</a></li> <li>29 June, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a> — This is a major feast day and is preceded by a period of Lenten fasting known as the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[207]</a></li> <li>30 June, Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles — commemorating of <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[208]</a></li></ul> Peter is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a> on 29 June, Peter the Apostle may be celebrated alone, without Paul, on 29 June.<a href="#cite_note-220">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primacy_of_Peter">Primacy of Peter</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primacy of Peter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></div> Christians of different theological backgrounds are in disagreement as to the exact significance of Peter's ministry. For instance: <ul><li>Catholics view Peter as the first pope. The Catholic Church asserts that Peter's ministry, conferred upon him by Jesus of Nazareth in the gospels, lays down the theological foundation for the pope's exercise of pastoral authority over the Church.</li> <li>Eastern Orthodox also believe that Peter's ministry points to an underlying theology wherein a special primacy ought to be granted to Peter's successors above other Church leaders but see this as merely a "primacy of honor", rather than the right to exercise pastoral authority.</li> <li>Protestant denominations assert that Peter's apostolic work in Rome does not imply a connection between him and the papacy.</li></ul> Similarly, historians of various backgrounds also offer differing interpretations of the Apostle's presence in Rome. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of Simon Peter">Primacy of Simon Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_San_Pietro_realizzata_da_Giuseppe_De_Fabris_-_Piazza_di_San_Pietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Statua_di_San_Pietro_realizzata_da_Giuseppe_De_Fabris_-_Piazza_di_San_Pietro.jpg/220px-Statua_di_San_Pietro_realizzata_da_Giuseppe_De_Fabris_-_Piazza_di_San_Pietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Statua_di_San_Pietro_realizzata_da_Giuseppe_De_Fabris_-_Piazza_di_San_Pietro.jpg/330px-Statua_di_San_Pietro_realizzata_da_Giuseppe_De_Fabris_-_Piazza_di_San_Pietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Statua_di_San_Pietro_realizzata_da_Giuseppe_De_Fabris_-_Piazza_di_San_Pietro.jpg/440px-Statua_di_San_Pietro_realizzata_da_Giuseppe_De_Fabris_-_Piazza_di_San_Pietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3871" /></a><figcaption>Statue of St. Peter in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> at the Vatican</figcaption></figure> According to Catholic belief, Simon Peter was distinguished by Jesus to hold the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of Simon Peter">first place of honor and authority</a>. Also in Catholic belief, Peter was, as the first Bishop of Rome, the first <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. Furthermore, they consider every Pope to be Peter's successor and the rightful superior of all other <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CEPope-221">[210]</a> However, Peter never bore the title of "Pope" or "Vicar of Christ".<a href="#cite_note-222">[211]</a> The Catholic Church's recognition of Peter as head of <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant#Catholic_Church" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">its church on earth</a> (with Christ being its <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavenly</a> head) is based on its interpretation of passages from the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> of the New Testament, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_21:15–17">John 21:15–17</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: John 21:15–17">edit</a>]</div> The first passage is John 21:15–17 which is: "Feed my lambs... Tend my sheep... feed my sheep"<a href="#cite_note-223">[212]</a> (within the Greek it is Ποίμαινε i.e., to feed and rule [as a Shepherd] v. 16, while Βόσκε i.e., to feed for v.15 & v. 17)<a href="#cite_note-224">[213]</a>—which is seen by Catholics as Christ promising the spiritual supremacy to Peter. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 sees in this passage Jesus "charging [Peter] with the superintendency of all his sheep, without exception; and consequently of his whole flock, that is, of his own church".<a href="#cite_note-CEPope-221">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matthew_10:2">Matthew 10:2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Matthew 10:2">edit</a>]</div> In this passage, the evangelist writes, "first, Simon called Peter..." The Greek word for "first" (protos), derived from the ancient Greek πρῶτος, can mean primacy in foundation, not just in a numerical sense.<a href="#cite_note-225">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matthew_16:18">Matthew 16:18</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Matthew 16:18">edit</a>]</div> Another passage is Matthew 16:18: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hell will not overcome it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 16:18–19 (NIV)<a href="#cite_note-auto1-226">[215]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Etymology">Etymology</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> In the story of the <a href="/wiki/First_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First disciples of Jesus">calling of the disciples</a>, Jesus addresses Simon Peter with the Greek term Κηφᾶς (Cephas), a Hellenised form of Aramaic ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܳܐ (keepa), which means "rock",<a href="#cite_note-227">[216]</a> a term that before was not used as a proper name: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">:ἐμβλέψας αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάννου, σὺ κληθήσῃ Κηφᾶς ὃ ἑρμηνεύεται Πέτρος.<a href="#cite_note-228">[217]</a> <dl><dd>Having looked at him, Jesus said, "You are Simon the son of John; you will be called Cephas," which means Petros ("rock").<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite> John 1:42</cite></div></dd></dl></blockquote> Jesus later alludes to this nickname after Peter declares Jesus to be the Messiah: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">:κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος [Petros] καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ [petra] οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, καὶ πύλαι ᾅδου οὐ κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς.<a href="#cite_note-232">[note 12]</a> <dl><dd>I also say to you now that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> will not prevail against it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 16:18<a href="#cite_note-matthew1618greek-233">[221]</a></cite></div></dd></dl></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">Syriac</a> version renders Jesus' words into <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a><a href="#cite_note-aramaic-234">[222]</a> as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">:ܐܳܦ݂ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐ݈ܢܳܐ ܠܳܟ݂ ܕ݁ܰܐܢ݈ܬ݁ ܗ݈ܽܘ ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܳܐ ܘܥܰܠ ܗܳܕ݂ܶܐ ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܳܐ ܐܶܒ݂ܢܶܝܗ ܠܥܺܕ݈݁ܬ݁ܝ ܘܬ݂ܰܪܥܶܐ ܕ݁ܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܠܳܐ ܢܶܚܣܢܽܘܢܳܗ܂ <dl><dd>Also I say to you that you are Keepa, and on this keepa I will build my Church, and the gates of <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> not will subdue it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite> Matthew 16:18<a href="#cite_note-235">[223]</a></cite></div></dd></dl></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> later uses the appellation Cephas in reference to Peter.<a href="#cite_note-236">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interpretation_of_Matthew_16:18">Interpretation of Matthew 16:18</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Interpretation of Matthew 16:18">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Petrus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg/170px-Petrus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Petrus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg/255px-Petrus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Petrus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg/340px-Petrus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Saint Peter in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Monnot" title="Pierre-Étienne Monnot">Pierre-Étienne Monnot</a>. Peter holds the Keys of Heaven.</figcaption></figure> To better understand what Christ meant, St. Basil elaborates:<a href="#cite_note-Basil-237">[225]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Though Peter be a rock, yet he is not a rock as Christ is. For Christ is the true unmoveable rock of himself, Peter is unmoveable by Christ the rock. For Jesus doth communicate and impart his dignities, not voiding himself of them, but holding them to himself, bestoweth them also upon others. He is the light, and yet you are the light: he is the Priest, and yet he maketh Priests: he is the rock, and he made a rock.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Basil li. De poenit. cƒ. Matt. v. 14; Luke 22:19</cite></div></blockquote> In reference to Peter's occupation before becoming an Apostle, the popes wear the <a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisherman's Ring">Fisherman's Ring</a>, which bears an image of the saint casting his nets from a fishing boat. The keys used as a symbol of the pope's authority refer to the "keys of the kingdom of Heaven" promised to Peter.<a href="#cite_note-238">[226]</a> The terminology of this "commission" of Peter is unmistakably parallel to the commissioning of Eliakim ben Hilkiah in Isaiah 22:15–23.<a href="#cite_note-239">[227]</a> Peter is often depicted in both Western and Eastern Christian art holding a <a href="/wiki/Key_(lock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Key (lock)">key</a> or a set of keys. In the original <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> the word translated as "Peter" is Πέτρος (Petros) and that translated as "rock" is πέτρα (petra), two words that, while not identical, give an impression of one of many times when Jesus used a play on words. Furthermore, since Jesus presumably spoke to Peter in their native Aramaic language, he would have used kepha in both instances.<a href="#cite_note-keating-240">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">The Peshitta Text</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshitta#Old_Syriac_texts" title="Peshitta">the Old Syriac texts</a> use the word "kepha" for both "Peter" and "rock" in Matthew 16:18.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-226">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[229]</a> John 1:42 says Jesus called Simon "Cephas", as Paul calls him in some letters.<a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a> He was instructed by Christ to strengthen his brethren, i.e., the apostles.<a href="#cite_note-243">[231]</a> Peter also had a leadership role in the early Christian church at Jerusalem according to The Acts of the Apostles chapters 1–2, 10–11, and 15. Early Catholic Latin and Greek writers (such as St. <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>) considered the "foundation rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his confession of faith (or the faith of his confession) symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Church at large.<a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a> This "double meaning" interpretation is present in the current <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[233]</a> Protestant arguments against the Catholic interpretation are largely based on the difference between the Greek words translated "Rock" in the Matthean passage. They often claim that in classical <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> petros (masculine) generally meant "pebble", while petra (feminine) meant "boulder" or "cliff", and accordingly, taking Peter's name to mean "pebble", they argue that the "rock" in question cannot have been Peter, but something else, either Jesus himself, or the faith in Jesus that Peter had just professed.<a href="#cite_note-246">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[235]</a> These popular-level writings are disputed in similar popular-level Catholic writings.<a href="#cite_note-248">[236]</a> The New Testament was written in <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Koiné Greek">Koiné Greek</a>, not Attic Greek, and some authorities say no significant difference existed between the meanings of petros and petra. So far from meaning a pebble was the word petros that <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, a writer of Koiné Greek of the third century B.C., used it to refer to "a huge round boulder, a terrible quoit of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> <a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a>; four stalwart youths could not have raised it from the ground even a little".<a href="#cite_note-249">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/220px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/330px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/440px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Christ Handing the Keys to St Peter, by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a> (1481–82)</figcaption></figure> The feminine noun petra (πέτρα in Greek), translated as rock in the phrase "on this rock I will build my church", is also used at 1 Cor. 10:4 in describing Jesus Christ, which reads: "They all ate the same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ."<a href="#cite_note-250">[238]</a> Although Matthew 16 is used as a primary proof-text for the Catholic doctrine of Papal supremacy, some Protestant scholars say that prior to the Reformation of the 16th century, Matthew 16 was very rarely used to support papal claims, despite it being well documented as being used in the 3rd century by Stephen of Rome against Cyprian of Carriage in a "passionate disagreement" about baptism and in the 4th century by Pope Damasus as a claim to primacy as a lesson of the Arian Controversy for stricter discipline and centralised control.<a href="#cite_note-251">[239]</a> Their position is that most of the early and medieval Church interpreted the "rock" as being a reference either to Christ or to Peter's faith, not Peter himself. They understand Jesus' remark to have been his affirmation of Peter's testimony that Jesus was the Son of God.<a href="#cite_note-252">[240]</a> Despite this claim, many Fathers saw a connection between Matthew 16:18 and the primacy of Peter and his office, such as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, writing: "The Lord said to Peter, 'On this rock I will build my Church, I have given you the keys of the kingdom of heaven [and] whatever you shall have bound or loosed on earth will be bound or loosed in heaven' [Matt. 16:18–19]. ...Upon you, he says, I will build my Church; and I will give to you the keys, not to the Church."<a href="#cite_note-253">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epistles_of_Paul">Epistles of Paul</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Epistles of Paul">edit</a>]</div> Paul's <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, written about AD 57.<a href="#cite_note-Franzen,_p.26-131">[123]</a> greets some fifty people in Rome by name,<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse||Romans|16-132">[124]</a> but not Peter <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">whom he knew</a>. There is also no mention of Peter in Rome later during Paul's two-year stay there in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028&version=nrsv">Acts 28</a>, about AD 60–62. Some Church historians consider Peter and Paul to have been martyred under the reign of Nero,<a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-179">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pennington,_p._2-254">[242]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>]<a href="#cite_note-St-Paul-Outside-the-Walls_homepage-180">[172]</a> around AD 64 or 68.<a href="#cite_note-historians-181">[note 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wylen,_pp.190-192-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn,_pp._33-34-183">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant_rejection_of_Catholic_claims">Protestant rejection of Catholic claims</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Protestant rejection of Catholic claims">edit</a>]</div> Other theologically conservative Christians, including <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutherans">Confessional Lutherans</a>, also rebut comments made by Karl Keating and D.A. Carson who claim that there is no distinction between the words petros and petra in Koine Greek. The Lutheran theologians state that the dictionaries of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine/NT Greek</a>, including the authoritative<a href="#cite_note-255">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauer_lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer lexicon">Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich Lexicon</a>, indeed list both words and the passages that give different meanings for each. The Lutheran theologians further note that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We honor Peter and in fact some of our churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. The same keys given to Peter in Matthew 16 are given to the whole church of believers in Matthew 18.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-256">[244]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirck_van_Baburen_Saint_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dirck_van_Baburen_Saint_Peter.jpg/220px-Dirck_van_Baburen_Saint_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dirck_van_Baburen_Saint_Peter.jpg/330px-Dirck_van_Baburen_Saint_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Dirck_van_Baburen_Saint_Peter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter by <a href="/wiki/Dirck_van_Baburen" title="Dirck van Baburen">Dirck van Baburen</a> (c. 1615–1620)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann" title="Oscar Cullmann">Oscar Cullmann</a>, a Lutheran theologian and distinguished Church historian, disagrees with Luther and the Protestant reformers who held that by "rock" Christ did not mean Peter, but meant either himself or the faith of His followers. He believes the meaning of the original Aramaic is very clear: that "Kepha" was the Aramaic word for "rock", and that it was also the name by which Christ called Peter.<a href="#cite_note-Time-257">[245]</a> Yet, Cullmann sharply rejects the Catholic claim that Peter began the papal succession. He writes: "In the life of Peter there is no starting point for a chain of succession to the leadership of the church at large." While he believes the Matthew text is entirely valid and is in no way spurious, he says it cannot be used as "warrant of the papal succession."<a href="#cite_note-Time-257">[245]</a> Cullmann concludes that while Peter was the original head of the apostles, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession.<a href="#cite_note-Time-257">[245]</a> There are other Protestant scholars who also partially defend the historical Catholic position about "Rock."<a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a> Taking a somewhat different approach from Cullman, they point out that the Gospel of Matthew was not written in the classical Attic form of Greek, but in the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine dialect</a> in which there is no distinction in meaning between petros and petra. Moreover, even in Attic Greek, in which the regular meaning of petros was a smallish "stone", there are instances of its use to refer to larger rocks, as in <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> v. 1595, where petros refers to a boulder used as a landmark, obviously something more than a pebble. In any case, a petros/petra distinction is irrelevant considering the Aramaic language in which the phrase might well have been spoken. In Greek, of any period, the feminine noun petra could not be used as the given name of a male, which may explain the use of Petros as the Greek word with which to translate Aramaic Kepha.<a href="#cite_note-keating-240">[228]</a> Yet, still other Protestant scholars believe that Jesus in fact did mean to single out Peter as the very rock which he will build upon, but that the passage does nothing to indicate a continued succession of Peter's implied position. They assert that Matthew uses the demonstrative pronoun taute, which allegedly means "this very" or "this same", when he refers to the rock on which Jesus' church will be built. He also uses the Greek word for "and", kai. It is alleged that when a demonstrative pronoun is used with kai, the pronoun refers back to the preceding noun. The second rock Jesus refers to must then be the same rock as the first one; and if Peter is the first rock, he must also be the second.<a href="#cite_note-259">[247]</a> Unlike Oscar Cullmann, <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutherans">Confessional Lutherans</a> and many other Protestant apologists agree that it's meaningless to elaborate the meaning of "Rock" by looking at the Aramaic language. While the Jews spoke mostly Aramaic at home, in public they usually spoke Greek. The few Aramaic words spoken by Jesus in public were unusual, which is why they are noted as such. And most importantly the New Testament was revealed in Koine Greek, not Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[250]</a> Lutheran historians even report that the Catholic church itself did not, at least unanimously, regard Peter as the rock until the 1870s: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Rome's rule for explaining the Scriptures and determining doctrine is the <a href="/wiki/Profession_of_faith_(Catholic_Church)#Tridentine_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Profession of faith (Catholic Church)">Creed</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IV">Pius IV</a>. This Creed binds Rome to explain the Scriptures only according to the unanimous consent of the Fathers. In the year 1870 when the Fathers gathered and the pope declared his infallibility, the cardinals were not in agreement on Matthew 16, 18. They had five different interpretations. Seventeen insisted, Peter is the rock. Sixteen held that Christ is the rock. Eight were emphatic that the whole apostolic college is the rock. Forty-four said, Peter's faith is the rock, The remainder looked upon the whole body of believers as the rock. – And yet Rome taught and still teaches that Peter is the rock.<a href="#cite_note-WLS-Eckert-263">[251]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_c_1500_Peter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Icon_c_1500_Peter.JPG/130px-Icon_c_1500_Peter.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Icon_c_1500_Peter.JPG/195px-Icon_c_1500_Peter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Icon_c_1500_Peter.JPG/260px-Icon_c_1500_Peter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Icon of Saint Peter, c 1500</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> regards Apostle Peter, together with Apostle Paul, as "Preeminent Apostles". Another title used for Peter is Coryphaeus, which could be translated as "Choir-director", or lead singer.<a href="#cite_note-264">[252]</a> The church recognises Apostle Peter's leadership role in the <a href="/wiki/Early_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early church">early church</a>, especially in the very early days at Jerusalem, but does not consider him to have had any "princely" role over his fellow Apostles. The New Testament is not seen by the Orthodox as supporting any extraordinary authority for Peter with regard to faith or morals. The Orthodox also hold that Peter did not act as leader at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>, but as merely one of a number who spoke. The final decision regarding the non-necessity of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> (and certain prohibitions) was spelled out by <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a> (though Catholics hold James merely reiterated and fleshed out what Peter had said, regarding the latter's earlier divine revelation regarding the inclusion of Gentiles). Eastern and Oriental Orthodox do not recognise the Bishop of Rome as the successor of St. Peter but the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of the feast of Sts. Peter and Paul. In the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ravenna">Ravenna Document</a> of 13 October 2007, the representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch ("To the Romans", Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis, and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs, if the Papacy unites with the Orthodox Church. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium." With regard to Jesus' words to Peter, "Thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church", the Orthodox hold Christ is referring to the confession of faith, not the person of Peter as that upon which he will build the church. This is allegedly shown by the fact that the original Septuagint uses the feminine demonstrative pronoun when he says, "upon this rock" (ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ); whereas, grammatically, if he had been referring to Peter, he would allegedly have used the masculine.<a href="#cite_note-265">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syriac_Orthodox_Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Syriac Orthodox Church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_de_Bellis_-_La_liberazione_di_San_Pietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Antonio_de_Bellis_-_La_liberazione_di_San_Pietro.jpg/300px-Antonio_de_Bellis_-_La_liberazione_di_San_Pietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Antonio_de_Bellis_-_La_liberazione_di_San_Pietro.jpg/450px-Antonio_de_Bellis_-_La_liberazione_di_San_Pietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Antonio_de_Bellis_-_La_liberazione_di_San_Pietro.jpg/600px-Antonio_de_Bellis_-_La_liberazione_di_San_Pietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5856" data-file-height="4076" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter and the angel, early 1640s, by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Bellis" title="Antonio de Bellis">Antonio de Bellis</a> </figcaption></figure> The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church tried to give a theological interpretation to the primacy of Apostle Peter. They were fully convinced of the unique office of Peter in the primitive Christian community. <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maruthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruthas">Maruthas</a> who were supposed to have been the best exponents of the early <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac tradition</a> unequivocally acknowledge the office of Peter. The Syriac Fathers, following the rabbinic tradition, call Jesus "Kepha" for they see "rock" in the Old Testament as a messianic Symbol (yet the Old Maronite Syriacs of Lebanon still refer to Saint Peter as "Saint Simon the Generous" or Simon Karam"). When Christ gave his own name "Kepha" to Simon he was giving him participation in the person and office of Christ. Christ who is the Kepha and shepherd made Simon the chief shepherd in his place and gave him the very name Kepha and said that on Kepha he would build the Church. <a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a> shared the common Syriac tradition. For him Kepha is in fact another name of Jesus, and Simon was given the right to share the name. The person who receives somebody else's name also obtains the rights of the person who bestows the name. Aphrahat makes the stone taken from Jordan a type of Peter. He wrote: "Jesus [Joshua] son of Nun set up the stones for a witness in Israel; Jesus our Saviour called Simon Kepha Sarirto and set him as the faithful witness among nations." Again, he wrote in his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> that <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> brought forth water from "rock" (Kepha) for the people and Jesus sent Simon Kepha to carry his teachings among nations. God accepted him and made him the foundation of the Church and called him Kepha. When he speaks about the transfiguration of Christ he calls him <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Simon Peter</a>, the foundation of the Church. Ephrem also shared the same view. The Armenian version of <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Virginitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Virginitate (page does not exist)">De Virginitate</a> records that <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the rock">Peter the rock</a> shunned honour. A mimro of Efrem found in Holy Week Liturgy points to the importance of Peter. Both <a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem</a> represent the authentic tradition of the Syrian Church. The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of Church buildings, marriage, ordination, et cetera, reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of living faith of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-266">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Apostolic_Church">New Apostolic Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: New Apostolic Church">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>, which believes in the re-established Apostle ministry, sees Peter as the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Apostle" title="Chief Apostle">Chief Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A3o_Pedro_(c._1529)_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_(Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/220px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/330px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/440px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5270" data-file-height="4855" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter by <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Grão Vasco">Vasco Fernandes</a>, 1506</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> teaches that Peter was the first leader of the early Christian church after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. While the Church accepts apostolic succession from Peter, it rejects papal successors as illegitimate. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, recorded in multiple revelations that the resurrected Peter appeared to him and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a> in 1829, near <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Township,_Susquehanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania">Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania</a>, in order to bestow the apostleship and keys of the kingdom as part of a <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">restoration of priesthood authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[257]</a> In interpreting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:13–19&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:13–19</a>, Latter-day Saint leader <a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">Bruce R. McConkie</a> stated, "The things of God are known only by the power of his Spirit,"<a href="#cite_note-270">[258]</a> and "that which the world calls Mormonism is based upon the rock of revelation."<a href="#cite_note-271">[259]</a> In his April 1981 <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">general conference</a> address, McConkie identified the rock of which Jesus spoke as the rock of revelation: "There is no other foundation upon which the Lord could build His Church and kingdom. ...Revelation: Pure, perfect, personal revelation—this is the rock!"<a href="#cite_note-272">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Christian_views">Non-Christian views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Non-Christian views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Judaism" title="Saint Peter and Judaism">Saint Peter and Judaism</a></div> According to an old Jewish tradition, Simon Peter joined the early Christians at the decision of the rabbis. Worried that early Christianity's similarity to Judaism would lead people to mistake it for a branch of Judaism, he was chosen to join them. As he moved up in rank, he would be able to lead them into forming their own, distinct belief system. Despite this, he was said to remain a practicing Jew, and is ascribed with the authorship of the Nishmas prayer.<a href="#cite_note-273">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter in Islam</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> consider <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> a prophet of God. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as "helpers to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophet of God</a>".<a href="#cite_note-274">[262]</a> Muslim exegesis and Qur'an commentary, however, names them and includes Peter among the disciples.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-275">[263]</a> An old tradition, which involves the legend of <a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Habib the Carpenter</a>, mentions that Peter was one of the three disciples sent to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> to preach to the people there.<a href="#cite_note-276">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Muslims see a parallel in the figure of Peter to <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> at <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>'s time. They look upon Ali as being the <a href="/wiki/Vicegerent" title="Vicegerent">vicegerent</a>, with Muhammad being the prophet; likewise, they see Peter as the vicegerent, behind Jesus the prophet and <a href="/wiki/Masih" title="Masih">Masih</a>. Peter's role as the first proper leader of the church is also seen by Shias to be a parallel to their belief in Ali as the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> after Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-277">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahá'í_Faith">Bahá'í Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bahá'í Faith">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> "the primacy of Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, is upheld and defended."<a href="#cite_note-278">[266]</a> Bahá'ís understand Peter's station as The Rock upon which the church of God would be founded to mean that Peter's belief in Christ as the Son of the living God would serve as the foundation for Christianity, and that upon this belief would the foundation of the church of God, understood as the Law of God, be established.<a href="#cite_note-bahai.org-279">[267]</a> Peter appears in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the Prophet-Founder of the Bahá'í Faith, often referred to as The Rock: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">O followers of all religions! We behold you wandering distraught in the wilderness of error. Ye are the fish of this Ocean; wherefore do ye withhold yourselves from that which sustaineth you? Lo, it surgeth before your faces. Hasten unto it from every clime. This is the day whereon the Rock (Peter) crieth out and shouteth, and celebrateth the praise of its Lord, the All-Possessing, the Most High, saying: "Lo! The Father is come, and that which ye were promised in the Kingdom is fulfilled!"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bahá'u'lláh, <a href="/wiki/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts" title="Summons of the Lord of Hosts">The Summons of the Lord of Hosts</a><a href="#cite_note-bahai.org-279">[267]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ossetian_mythology">Ossetian mythology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Ossetian mythology">edit</a>]</div> His name with a prefix dan (related to river names) was applied to <a href="/wiki/Donbettyr" title="Donbettyr">Donbettyr</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Osettian</a> god of waters, patron of fish and fishermen.<a href="#cite_note-Foltz-280">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andean_traditional_medicine">Andean traditional medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Andean traditional medicine">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro cactus</a> (Echinopsis pachanoi) has a long history of being used in <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[269]</a> The common name "San Pedro cactus" – Saint Peter cactus, is attributed to the belief that as St Peter holds the keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users "to reach heaven while still on earth." In 2022, the Peruvian Ministry of Culture declared the traditional use of San Pedro cactus in northern Peru as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, two canonical epistles (<a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a>) and several apocryphal works have been attributed to Peter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_del_Cossa_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Francesco_del_Cossa_017.jpg/170px-Francesco_del_Cossa_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Francesco_del_Cossa_017.jpg/255px-Francesco_del_Cossa_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Francesco_del_Cossa_017.jpg/340px-Francesco_del_Cossa_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2065" /></a><figcaption>St Peter by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_del_Cossa" title="Francesco del Cossa">Francesco del Cossa</a>, 1473</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epistles">Epistles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Epistles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Authorship of the Petrine epistles</a></div> The New Testament includes two letters (epistles) ascribed to Peter. Both demonstrate a high quality of cultured and urban Greek, at odds with the linguistic skill that would ordinarily be expected of an Aramaic-speaking fisherman, who would have learned Greek as a second or third language. The textual features of these two epistles are such that a majority of scholars doubt that they were written by the same hand. Some scholars argue that theological differences imply different sources and point to the lack of references to 2 Peter among the early Church Fathers. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a> (who maintains that Peter was the author) writes that, for many scholars, "the issue of authorship is already settled, at least negatively: the apostle Peter did not write this letter" and that "the vast bulk of NT scholars adopts this perspective without much discussion". However, he later states, "Although a very strong case has been made against Petrine authorship of 2 Peter, we believe it is deficient. ...Taken together, these external and internal arguments strongly suggest the traditional view, viz., that Peter was indeed the author of the second epistle which bears his name."<a href="#cite_note-283">[271]</a> Of the two epistles, the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">first epistle</a> is considered the earlier. A number of scholars have argued that the textual discrepancies with what would be expected of the biblical Peter are due to it having been written with the help of a secretary or as an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ce-epistles-284">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> explains: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The two Epistles attributed to St. Peter differ in style, character, and the construction of the words, which proves that according to the exigencies of the moment St. Peter made use of different interpreters. (Epistle 120 – To Hedibia)<a href="#cite_note-Jerome-285">[273]</a></blockquote> Some have seen a reference to the use of a secretary in the sentence: "By Silvanus, a faithful brother unto you, as I suppose, I have written briefly, exhorting, and testifying that this is the true grace of God wherein ye stand".<a href="#cite_note-286">[274]</a> However New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> in his 2011 book Forged states that "scholars now widely recognise that when the author indicates that he wrote the book 'through Silvanus', he is indicating not the name of his secretary, but the person who was carrying his letter to the recipients."<a href="#cite_note-287">[275]</a> The letter refers to Roman persecution of Christians, apparently of an official nature. The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and the biographer <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> do both record that Nero persecuted Christians, and Tacitus dates this to immediately after the fire that burned Rome in 64. Christian tradition, for example Eusebius of Caesarea (History book 2, 24.1), has maintained that Peter was killed in Nero's persecution, and thus had to assume that the Roman persecution alluded to in First Peter must be this Neronian persecution.<a href="#cite_note-ce-epistles-284">[272]</a> On the other hand, many modern scholars argue that First Peter refers to the persecution of Christians in Asia Minor during the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (81–96), as the letter is explicitly addressed to Jewish Christians from that region: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to God's elect, strangers in the world, scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia, who have been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through the sanctifying work of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and sprinkling by his blood: Grace and peace be yours in abundance.<a href="#cite_note-288">[276]</a></blockquote> Those scholars who believe that the epistle dates from the time of Domitian argue that Nero's persecution of Christians was confined to the city of Rome itself and did not extend to the Asian provinces mentioned in 1 Pet 1:1–2. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a>, on the other hand, appears to have been copied, in part, from the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a>, and some modern scholars date its composition as late as c. 150. Some scholars argue the opposite, that the Epistle of Jude copied Second Peter, while others contend an early date for Jude and thus observe that an early date is not incompatible with the text.<a href="#cite_note-ce-epistles-284">[272]</a> Many scholars have noted the similarities between the <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">Second Epistle of Clement</a> (2nd century) and Second Peter. Second Peter may be earlier than 150; there are a few possible references to it that date back to the 1st century or early 2nd century, e.g., <a href="/wiki/1_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Clement">1 Clement</a> written in c. AD 96, and the later church historian Eusebius wrote that <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> had made reference to the epistle before 250.<a href="#cite_note-ce-epistles-284">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[277]</a> Jerome says that Peter "wrote two epistles which are called Catholic, the second of which, on account of its difference from the first in style, is considered by many not to be by him" (De Viris Illustribus 1).<a href="#cite_note-Jerome1-141">[133]</a> But he himself received the epistle, and explained the difference in style, character, and structure of words by the assumption that Peter used different interpreters in the composition of the two epistles;<a href="#cite_note-Jerome-285">[273]</a> and from his time onward the epistle was generally regarded as a part of the New Testament. Even in early times there was controversy over its authorship, and Second Peter was often not included in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a>; it was only in the 4th century that it gained a firm foothold in the New Testament, in a series of synods. In the East the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> still did not admit it into the canon until the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-ce-epistles-284">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mark">Mark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Mark">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark#Authorship_and_genre" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> was said to have been written by a person named <a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a>, and that this person was an assistant to Peter; hence its content was traditionally seen as the closest to Peter's viewpoint. According to Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History, <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a> recorded this belief from <a href="/wiki/John_the_Presbyter" title="John the Presbyter">John the Presbyter</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Mark having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately whatsoever he remembered. It was not, however, in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of Christ. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied Him. But afterwards, as I said, he accompanied Peter, who accommodated his instructions to the necessities [of his hearers], but with no intention of giving a normal or chronological narrative of the Lord's sayings. Wherefore Mark made no mistake in thus writing some things as he remembered them. For of one thing he took especial care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictional into the statements.<a href="#cite_note-290">[278]</a></blockquote> Clement of Alexandria in the fragments of his work Hypotyposes (A.D. 190) preserved and cited by the historian Eusebius in his Church History (VI, 14: 6) writes that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As Peter had preached the Word publicly at Rome, and declared the Gospel by the Spirit, many who were present requested that <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a>, who had followed him for a long time and remembered his sayings, should write them out. And having composed the Gospel he gave it to those who had requested it.<a href="#cite_note-CL-135">[127]</a></blockquote> Also, Irenaeus wrote about this tradition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After their (Peter and Paul's) passing, Mark also, the disciple and interpreter of Peter, transmitted to us in writing the things preached by Peter.<a href="#cite_note-291">[279]</a></blockquote> Based on these quotes, and on the Christian tradition, the information in Mark's gospel about Peter would be based on eyewitness material.<a href="#cite_note-ce-epistles-284">[272]</a> The gospel itself is <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_work" title="Anonymous work">anonymous</a>, and the above passages are the oldest surviving written testimony to its authorship.<a href="#cite_note-ce-epistles-284">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudepigrapha_and_apocrypha">Pseudepigrapha and apocrypha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Pseudepigrapha and apocrypha">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg/120px-Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg/180px-Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg/240px-Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Key_(lock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Key (lock)">key</a> as symbol of St. Peter</figcaption></figure> There are also a number of other <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> writings which have been either attributed to or written about Peter. These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, a partially <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetic</a> narrative that has survived in part</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Andrew" title="Acts of Peter and Andrew">Acts of Peter and Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Acts of Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_the_Twelve" title="Acts of Peter and the Twelve">Acts of Peter and the Twelve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter">Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Peter_to_Philip" title="Letter of Peter to Philip">Letter of Peter to Philip</a>, which was preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, which was considered as genuine by many Christians as late as the 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preaching_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching of Peter">Preaching of Peter</a>, a 2nd century writing, only fragments survived.<a href="#cite_note-292">[280]</a></li> <li>The Epistula Petri, the introductory letter ascribed to the Apostle Peter that appears at the beginning of at least one version of the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-canonical_sayings_of_Peter">Non-canonical sayings of Peter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Non-canonical sayings of Peter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouts_third-appearance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bouts_third-appearance.jpg/220px-Bouts_third-appearance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bouts_third-appearance.jpg/330px-Bouts_third-appearance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bouts_third-appearance.jpg/440px-Bouts_third-appearance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_catch_of_fish" title="Miraculous catch of fish">Miraculous catch of fish</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Aelbrecht_Bouts" title="Aelbrecht Bouts">Aelbrecht Bouts</a></figcaption></figure> Two sayings are attributed to Peter in the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>. In the first, Peter compares Jesus to a "just messenger".<a href="#cite_note-293">[281]</a> In the second, Peter asks Jesus to "make Mary leave us, for females don't deserve life."<a href="#cite_note-294">[282]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, Peter holds a dialogue with Jesus about the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_fig_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Parable of the fig tree">parable of the fig tree</a> and the fate of <a href="/wiki/Sinners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinners">sinners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[283]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a>, whose text is largely fragmented, Peter appears to be jealous of "Mary" (probably <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>). He says to the other disciples, "Did He really speak privately with a woman and not openly to us? Are we to turn about and all listen to her? Did He prefer her to us?"<a href="#cite_note-auto-296">[284]</a> In reply to this, Levi says, "Peter, you have always been hot tempered."<a href="#cite_note-auto-296">[284]</a> Other noncanonical texts that attribute sayings to Peter include the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Book_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Book of James">Secret Book of James</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a>, which dates to the end of the 3rd century, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny him three times before a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cock</a> crows on the following morning. The account is similar to that of the canonical gospels, especially the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>. It is unclear whether the fragment is an abridged version of the accounts in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a>, or a source text on which they were based, perhaps the apocryphal Gospel of Peter.<a href="#cite_note-297">[285]</a> The fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a> contains an account of the death of Jesus differing significantly from the canonical gospels. It contains little information about Peter himself, except that after the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">empty tomb</a>, "I, Simon Peter, and Andrew my brother, took our fishing nets and went to the sea."<a href="#cite_note-298">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_piece_of_Taulum%C3%A4ki_Church_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Altar_piece_of_Taulum%C3%A4ki_Church_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt.JPG/220px-Altar_piece_of_Taulum%C3%A4ki_Church_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Altar_piece_of_Taulum%C3%A4ki_Church_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt.JPG/330px-Altar_piece_of_Taulum%C3%A4ki_Church_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Altar_piece_of_Taulum%C3%A4ki_Church_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt.JPG/440px-Altar_piece_of_Taulum%C3%A4ki_Church_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="3719" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter sinking on water by <a href="/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a> (1892)</figcaption></figure> The earliest portrait of Peter dates back to the 4th century and was located in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-299">[287]</a> In traditional <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, Peter has been shown very consistently since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">early Christian art</a> as an oldish, thick-set man with a "slightly combative" face and a short beard, and usually white hair, sometimes balding. He thus contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> who is bald except at the sides, with a longer beard and often black hair, and thinner in the face. One exception to this is in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon art</a>, where he typically lacks a beard. Both Peter and Paul are shown thus as early as the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Marcellinus_and_Peter" title="Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter">Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-300">[288]</a> Later in the Middle Ages his <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">attribute</a> is one or two large keys in his hand or hanging from his belt, first seen in the early 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-301">[289]</a> More than many medieval attributes, this continued to be depicted in the Renaissance and afterwards. By the 15th century Peter is more likely to be bald on the top of his head in the Western church, but he continues to have a good head of hair in Orthodox icons. The depiction of Saint Peter as literally the keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Pearly_gates" title="Pearly gates">gates of heaven</a>, popular with modern cartoonists, is not found in traditional religious art, but Peter usually heads groups of saints flanking God in heaven, on the right side (viewer's left) of God. Narrative images of Peter include several scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a> where he is mentioned in the gospels, and he is often identifiable in scenes where his presence is not specifically mentioned. Usually, he stands nearest to Christ. In particular, depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest of Christ">Arrest of Christ</a> usually include Peter cutting off the ear of one of the soldiers. Scenes without Jesus include his distinctive martyrdom, his rescue from prison, and sometimes his trial. In the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> scenes of Peter hearing the cock crow for the third time became popular, as a representation of <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> and hence the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Confession_(sacrament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession (sacrament)">Confession</a> or Reconciliation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronage">Patronage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Patronage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_in_Chora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_in_Chora.jpg/180px-Peter_in_Chora.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_in_Chora.jpg/270px-Peter_in_Chora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_in_Chora.jpg/360px-Peter_in_Chora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Medieval mosaic of Saint Peter in the <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_icon_of_sts_peter_%26_paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_icon_of_sts_peter_%26_paul.jpg/180px-Ancient_icon_of_sts_peter_%26_paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_icon_of_sts_peter_%26_paul.jpg/270px-Ancient_icon_of_sts_peter_%26_paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_icon_of_sts_peter_%26_paul.jpg/360px-Ancient_icon_of_sts_peter_%26_paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Icon of Saint Peter and Paul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llanbeblig_Hours_(f._2v.)_St._Peter,_holding_a_key_and_a_book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._2v.%29_St._Peter%2C_holding_a_key_and_a_book.jpg/180px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._2v.%29_St._Peter%2C_holding_a_key_and_a_book.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._2v.%29_St._Peter%2C_holding_a_key_and_a_book.jpg/270px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._2v.%29_St._Peter%2C_holding_a_key_and_a_book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._2v.%29_St._Peter%2C_holding_a_key_and_a_book.jpg/360px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._2v.%29_St._Peter%2C_holding_a_key_and_a_book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>St. Peter, holding a key and a book, depicted in a medieval Welsh manuscript, 1390–1400</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Workers </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">Bakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Bridge builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fishermen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">Harvesters</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordwainer" title="Cordwainer">Cordwainers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Locksmith">Locksmiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Cobblers</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Net_(device)" title="Net (device)">Net</a> makers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipwright" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwright">Shipwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationer">Stationers</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Called for aid in </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>Frenzy</li> <li>Foot problems</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Institutions </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden_Provostry" title="Berchtesgaden Provostry">Berchtesgaden Provostry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Cotton_Boys_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Cotton Boys School">Bishop Cotton Boys' School, Bangalore</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Universalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Universalism">Universalist Church</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Peter's College, Oxford">St Peter's College, Oxford</a>, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Auckland" title="St Peter's College, Auckland">St Peter's College, Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radley_College" title="Radley College">St Peter's College, Radley</a>, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York" title="St Peter's School, York">St Peter's School, York</a>, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_University" title="Saint Peter's University">Saint Peter's University, New Jersey</a>, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Adelaide" title="St Peter's College, Adelaide">St Peter's College</a>, Adelaide, Australia</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Churches and Cathedrals </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;" colspan="3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter</a>, Vatican City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Peter's Church (disambiguation)">List of churches dedicated to St Peter</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Locations </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalit" title="Apalit">Apalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotac_Viejo" title="Barotac Viejo">Barotac Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C5%BCebbu%C4%A1a" title="Birżebbuġa">Birżebbuġa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen (city)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calatrava,_Negros_Occidental" title="Calatrava, Negros Occidental">Calatrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calauag" title="Calauag">Calauag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calbayog" title="Calbayog">Calbayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunajsk%C3%A1_Streda" title="Dunajská Streda">Dunajská Streda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinton_on_the_Green" title="Hinton on the Green">Hinton on the Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilovik" title="Ilovik">Ilovik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sveti_Petar_(island)" title="Sveti Petar (island)">Sveti Petar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick" title="Köpenick">Köpenick</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessines" title="Lessines">Lessines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loboc,_Bohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Loboc, Bohol">Loboc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralal" title="Maralal">Maralal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan" title="Marquette, Michigan">Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moissac" title="Moissac">Moissac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naumburg" title="Naumburg">Naumburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obermarsberg" title="Obermarsberg">Obermarsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubnico_(village),_Nova_Scotia" title="Pubnico (village), Nova Scotia">Pubnico</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna" title="San Pedro, Laguna">San Pedro, Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Soloma" title="San Pedro Soloma">San Pedro Soloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seixal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Seixal Municipality">Seixal Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holsbeek" title="Holsbeek">Sint-Pieters-Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuntio" title="Siuntio">Siuntio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielt" title="Tielt">Tielt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toa_Baja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toa Baja">Toa Baja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbria,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbria, Italy">Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revisionist_views">Revisionist views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Revisionist views">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/L._Michael_White" title="L. Michael White">L. Michael White</a> suggests that there was a serious division between Peter's <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> party and Paul's Hellenizing party, seen in e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a>, which later Christian accounts have downplayed.<a href="#cite_note-302">[290]</a> Another revisionist view was developed by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a>, which holds that the figure of Peter is largely a development from some mythological doorkeeper figures. According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Drews" title="Arthur Drews">Arthur Drews</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="George Albert Wells">G. A. Wells</a>, if there was a historical Peter, then all that is known about him is the brief mentions in Galatians.<a href="#cite_note-303">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: In art">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Depictions of Saint Peter</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Peter Attempting to Walk on Water, by François Boucher, 1766"><img alt="Saint Peter Attempting to Walk on Water, by François Boucher, 1766" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/142px-Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/213px-Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/284px-Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="619" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Peter Attempting to Walk on Water, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>, 1766</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Release_of_St._Peter%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Bernardo_Strozzi,_c._1635,_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Release of St. Peter by Bernardo Strozzi, 1635"><img alt="The Release of St. Peter by Bernardo Strozzi, 1635" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%27The_Release_of_St._Peter%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_c._1635%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/183px-%27The_Release_of_St._Peter%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_c._1635%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%27The_Release_of_St._Peter%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_c._1635%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/275px-%27The_Release_of_St._Peter%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_c._1635%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%27The_Release_of_St._Peter%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_c._1635%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/367px-%27The_Release_of_St._Peter%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_c._1635%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1599" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Release of St. Peter by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi" title="Bernardo Strozzi">Bernardo Strozzi</a>, 1635</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_giving_the_Keys_of_Heaven_to_St._Peter_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jesus gives Peter the keys to Heaven by Peter Paul Rubens, 1614"><img alt="Jesus gives Peter the keys to Heaven by Peter Paul Rubens, 1614" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christ_giving_the_Keys_of_Heaven_to_St._Peter_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/170px-Christ_giving_the_Keys_of_Heaven_to_St._Peter_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christ_giving_the_Keys_of_Heaven_to_St._Peter_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/255px-Christ_giving_the_Keys_of_Heaven_to_St._Peter_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christ_giving_the_Keys_of_Heaven_to_St._Peter_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/340px-Christ_giving_the_Keys_of_Heaven_to_St._Peter_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="3512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jesus gives Peter the keys to Heaven by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, 1614</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnolfo_di_cambio,_Statua_bronzea_di_san_Pietro,_xiii_secolo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Enthroned, by Arnolfo di Cambio (13th-century statue in St Peter's Basilica, Rome)"><img alt="Peter Enthroned, by Arnolfo di Cambio (13th-century statue in St Peter's Basilica, Rome)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_Statua_bronzea_di_san_Pietro%2C_xiii_secolo_01.jpg/117px-Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_Statua_bronzea_di_san_Pietro%2C_xiii_secolo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_Statua_bronzea_di_san_Pietro%2C_xiii_secolo_01.jpg/176px-Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_Statua_bronzea_di_san_Pietro%2C_xiii_secolo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_Statua_bronzea_di_san_Pietro%2C_xiii_secolo_01.jpg/234px-Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_Statua_bronzea_di_san_Pietro%2C_xiii_secolo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="3354" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter Enthroned, by <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Lapo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnolfo di Lapo">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> (13th-century statue in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, Rome) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, by Raphael, 1515"><img alt="The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, by Raphael, 1515" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6688" data-file-height="5396" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, 1515</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jesus calling Simon Peter and Andrew by Duccio di Buoninsegna, 1308–1311"><img alt="Jesus calling Simon Peter and Andrew by Duccio di Buoninsegna, 1308–1311" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg/200px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg/300px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg/400px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="2561" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jesus calling Simon Peter and Andrew by <a href="/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna" class="mw-redirect" title="Duccio di Buoninsegna">Duccio di Buoninsegna</a>, 1308–1311</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aparici%C3%B3n_del_ap%C3%B3stol_San_Pedro_a_San_Pedro_Nolasco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An apparition of the Apostle Peter to Saint Peter Nolasco, by Francisco Zurbarán, 1629"><img alt="An apparition of the Apostle Peter to Saint Peter Nolasco, by Francisco Zurbarán, 1629" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aparici%C3%B3n_del_ap%C3%B3stol_San_Pedro_a_San_Pedro_Nolasco.jpg/200px-Aparici%C3%B3n_del_ap%C3%B3stol_San_Pedro_a_San_Pedro_Nolasco.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aparici%C3%B3n_del_ap%C3%B3stol_San_Pedro_a_San_Pedro_Nolasco.jpg/300px-Aparici%C3%B3n_del_ap%C3%B3stol_San_Pedro_a_San_Pedro_Nolasco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aparici%C3%B3n_del_ap%C3%B3stol_San_Pedro_a_San_Pedro_Nolasco.jpg/400px-Aparici%C3%B3n_del_ap%C3%B3stol_San_Pedro_a_San_Pedro_Nolasco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An apparition of the Apostle Peter to Saint Peter Nolasco, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Zurbar%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Zurbarán">Francisco Zurbarán</a>, 1629</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Turchi_-_Saint_Agatha_Attended_by_Saint_Peter_and_an_Angel_in_Prison_-_Walters_37552.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alessandro Turchi, Saint Agatha Attended by Saint Peter and an Angel in Prison, 1640–1645"><img alt="Alessandro Turchi, Saint Agatha Attended by Saint Peter and an Angel in Prison, 1640–1645" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alessandro_Turchi_-_Saint_Agatha_Attended_by_Saint_Peter_and_an_Angel_in_Prison_-_Walters_37552.jpg/200px-Alessandro_Turchi_-_Saint_Agatha_Attended_by_Saint_Peter_and_an_Angel_in_Prison_-_Walters_37552.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alessandro_Turchi_-_Saint_Agatha_Attended_by_Saint_Peter_and_an_Angel_in_Prison_-_Walters_37552.jpg/300px-Alessandro_Turchi_-_Saint_Agatha_Attended_by_Saint_Peter_and_an_Angel_in_Prison_-_Walters_37552.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alessandro_Turchi_-_Saint_Agatha_Attended_by_Saint_Peter_and_an_Angel_in_Prison_-_Walters_37552.jpg/400px-Alessandro_Turchi_-_Saint_Agatha_Attended_by_Saint_Peter_and_an_Angel_in_Prison_-_Walters_37552.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1296" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Turchi" title="Alessandro Turchi">Alessandro Turchi</a>, Saint Agatha Attended by Saint Peter and an Angel in Prison, 1640–1645</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_(Perugino).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel, 1480–1482"><img alt="Fresco by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel, 1480–1482" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg/200px-Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg/300px-Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg/400px-Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3187" data-file-height="1923" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, 1480–1482 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Luterana_de_Helsinki,_Finlandia,_2012-08-14,_DD_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Saint Peter by Hermann Schievelbein at the roof of Helsinki Cathedral"><img alt="Statue of Saint Peter by Hermann Schievelbein at the roof of Helsinki Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Catedral_Luterana_de_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_17.JPG/148px-Catedral_Luterana_de_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Catedral_Luterana_de_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_17.JPG/222px-Catedral_Luterana_de_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Catedral_Luterana_de_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_17.JPG/296px-Catedral_Luterana_de_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1922" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Saint Peter by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schievelbein" title="Hermann Schievelbein">Hermann Schievelbein</a> at the roof of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Cathedral" title="Helsinki Cathedral">Helsinki Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peter_(c.1510-20)_(V%26A).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Saint Peter (c. 1510–1520) at the V&A"><img alt="Statue of Saint Peter (c. 1510–1520) at the V&A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/St_Peter_%28c.1510-20%29_%28V%26A%29.jpg/112px-St_Peter_%28c.1510-20%29_%28V%26A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/St_Peter_%28c.1510-20%29_%28V%26A%29.jpg/169px-St_Peter_%28c.1510-20%29_%28V%26A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/St_Peter_%28c.1510-20%29_%28V%26A%29.jpg/225px-St_Peter_%28c.1510-20%29_%28V%26A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Saint Peter (c. 1510–1520) at the <a href="/wiki/V%26A" class="mw-redirect" title="V&A">V&A</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieto_vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Peter in the coat of arms of Lieto"><img alt="Saint Peter in the coat of arms of Lieto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lieto_vaakuna.svg/182px-Lieto_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lieto_vaakuna.svg/273px-Lieto_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lieto_vaakuna.svg/364px-Lieto_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Peter in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Lieto" title="Lieto">Lieto</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: In music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Rolland de Lassus</a>, Les Larmes de Saint Pierre, 21 spiritual madrigals (1594).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, Le Reniement de Saint Pierre H.424, for soloists, chorus and continuo (date unknown).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: In film and television">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dano" title="Royal Dano">Royal Dano</a> in the 1961 American film <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_(1961_film)" title="King of Kings (1961 film)">King of Kings</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Raymond" title="Gary Raymond">Gary Raymond</a> in the 1965 American film <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Story_Ever_Told" title="The Greatest Story Ever Told">The Greatest Story Ever Told</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/James_Farentino" title="James Farentino">James Farentino</a> in the 1977 British-Italian miniseries <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(TV_series)" title="Jesus of Nazareth (TV series)">Jesus of Nazareth</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by Niko Nitai in the 1979 American film <a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by Pio Gallini in the 1988 Italian film <a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_of_Judas_(film)" title="The Kiss of Judas (film)">The Kiss of Judas</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Argo" title="Victor Argo">Victor Argo</a> in the 1988 film <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (film)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Schoonhoven" title="Gerrit Schoonhoven">Gerrit Schoonhoven</a> in the 1993 film <a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Zingaretti" title="Luca Zingaretti">Luca Zingaretti</a> in the 1999 Italian-American miniseries <a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1999_film)" title="Jesus (1999 film)">Jesus</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is voiced by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Stott" title="Ken Stott">Ken Stott</a> in the 2000 British animated film <a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_Maker_(1999_film)" title="The Miracle Maker (1999 film)">The Miracle Maker</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kash" title="Daniel Kash">Daniel Kash</a> in the 2003 film <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)">The Gospel of John</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Vito" title="Francesco De Vito">Francesco De Vito</a> in the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Icon_Productions" title="Icon Productions">Icon Productions</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Shaw" title="Darwin Shaw">Darwin Shaw</a> in the 2013 <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Channel</a> mini series <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_(miniseries)" title="The Bible (miniseries)">The Bible</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Levy_(actor)" title="Adam Levy (actor)">Adam Levy</a> in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> drama <a href="/wiki/A.D._The_Bible_Continues" title="A.D. The Bible Continues">A.D. The Bible Continues</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Rodney" title="Alexis Rodney">Alexis Rodney</a> in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (American TV channel)">National Geographic</a> film <a href="/wiki/Killing_Jesus_(2015_film)" title="Killing Jesus (2015 film)">Killing Jesus</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor" title="Chiwetel Ejiofor">Chiwetel Ejiofor</a> in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/IFC_Films" title="IFC Films">IFC</a> film <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(2018_film)" title="Mary Magdalene (2018 film)">Mary Magdalene</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B4nio_Gontijo" title="Petrônio Gontijo">Petrônio Gontijo</a> in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/RecordTV" class="mw-redirect" title="RecordTV">RecordTV</a> telenovela <a href="/wiki/Jesus_(TV_series)" title="Jesus (TV series)">Jesus</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_Hopkins_(actor)" title="John Hopkins (actor)">John Hopkins</a> in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a> series <a href="/wiki/Jesus:_His_Life" title="Jesus: His Life">Jesus: His Life</a>.</li> <li>Simon Peter is portrayed by Shahar Isaac in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Angel_Studios" title="Angel Studios">Angel Studios</a> series <a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_(TV_series)" title="The Chosen (TV series)">The Chosen</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a> in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from El Greco"><img alt="Detail from El Greco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/135px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/203px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/270px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_ear_of_a_servant" title="Healing the ear of a servant">Servant's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Vision of a sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_Peter" title="Cross of Saint Peter">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Peter" title="Sword of Peter">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quo_vadis%3F" title="Quo vadis?">Quo vadis?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Judaism" title="Saint Peter and Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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talk:Peter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Simeon_Kepha" title="Apocalypse of Simeon Kepha">Apocalypse of Simeon Kepha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">List of Catholic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter and Islam">Saint Peter and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Judaism" title="Saint Peter and Judaism">Saint Peter and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword of Saint Peter">Sword of Saint Peter</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שמעון בר יונה, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Šīmʿōn bar Yōnā; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ, romanized: Šemʿōn Kēp̄ā; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سِمعَان بُطرُس, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Simʿān Buṭrus; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Πέτρος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a> Petros; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: Ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ, romanized: Petros; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Petrus; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: شمعون الصفـا, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Shamʿūn aṣ-Ṣafá, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Simon the Pure'<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The narrative of Jesus' calling of his first disciples varies throughout all four gospels. In Mark 1:16,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> "Simon and his brother Andrew" are the first to be called; in Matthew 4:18,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> "Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother" are also the first to be called; and in Luke 5:1–11,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Simon Peter, alongside "James and John, sons of Zebedee, who were partners with Simon", are the first to be called. The narrative in the Gospel of John deviates from the narrative in the three Synoptic Gospels; in John 1:40–42,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Andrew is the first disciple, and later brings Simon to Jesus, who names him Cephas (translated as Peter). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> His father's name is given as 'Jonah'<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|John|1:42-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> although some manuscripts of John give his father's name as 'John'. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a>; see also the section below headed "Road to Rome: Antioch and Corinth". </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Peter delivering a significant <a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">open-air sermon</a> during <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. According to the same book, Peter took the lead in selecting a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Following this appointment, we see Peter establish the conditions for being an apostle as those who have spent time with Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Peter's authority lent to his role as an adjudicator in conflicts and moral matters. He takes on this role in the case of Ananias and Sapphira and holds them accountable for lying about their alms-giving. Peter passes judgement upon them and they are individually struck dead over the infraction.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Peter's role wasn't always leadership, since he also employed his gifts for taking care of those in need. We see Peter establish these trends by reaching out to the sick and lame. Peter heals two individuals who cannot walk or are paralyzed<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acts9-92">[88]</a> as well as raising Tabitha from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-Acts9-92">[88]</a> While these acts were miracles of compassion, they also contributed to the number of believers in the early Church. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> (c. 50), the early Church, Paul and the leaders of the Jerusalem church met and decided to embrace Gentile converts. Acts portrays Peter and other leaders as successfully opposing the Christian Pharisees who insisted on <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Galatians is accepted as authentic by almost all scholars. These may be the earliest mentions of Peter to be written. Eusebius of Caesarea, in his "<a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiastica</a> (I,12:2)" while naming some of the Seventy Disciples of Jesus, says: "This is the account of Clement, in the fifth book of Hypotyposes (A.D. 190); in which he also says that Cephas was one of the seventy disciples, a man who bore the same name as the apostle Peter, and the one concerning whom Paul says, [When Cephas came to Antioch I withstood him to his face.]"<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> <dl><dd>(ἡ δ᾿ ἱστορία παρὰ Κλήμεντι κατὰ τὴν πέμπτην τῶν Ὑποτυπώσεων· ἐν ᾗ καὶ Κηφᾶν, περὶ οὗ φησιν ὁ Παῦλος· "ὅτε δὲ ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην", ἕνα φησὶ γεγονέναι τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα μαθητῶν, ὁμώνυμον Πέτρῳ τυγχάνοντα τῷ ἀποστόλῳ.)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> This is provided in Downey, A History of Antioch, pp. 583–586. This evidence is accepted by M. Lapidge, among others, see Bischoff and Lapidge, Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School (Cambridge, 1994) p. 16. Lastly, see Finegan, The Archaeology of the New Testament, pp. 63–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-historians-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historians_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historians_181-1">b</a> Historians debate whether the Roman government distinguished between Christians and Jews prior to Nerva's modification of the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a> in 96. From then on, practising Jews paid the tax, Christians did not. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Guarducci" title="Margherita Guarducci">Margherita Guarducci</a>, who led the research leading to the rediscovery of Peter's reputed tomb in its last stages (1963–1968), concludes Peter died on 13 October AD 64 during the festivities on the occasion of the "dies imperii" of Emperor Nero.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Zwierlein's thesis has caused debate.<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a> Zwierlein has made a summary of his view available online in English.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> An edited volume in German was also written in rebuttal against Otto Zwierlein's views.<a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Πέτρᾳ (petra "rock") is the feminine form of the Greek noun (Πέτρος) (Petros), which represents the masculine form; the two forms are identical in meaning.<a href="#cite_note-229">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cephas-230">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[220]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-newadvent-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles"</a>. www.newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+St.+Peter%2C+Prince+of+the+Apostles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11744a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTj4wAEACAAJ">The Papacy: An Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. 2002. p. 947. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415922283" title="Special:BookSources/0415922283"><bdi>0415922283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=947&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0415922283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTj4wAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2016" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Sean (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIm1CwAAQBAJ&q=it+is+likely+that+the+apostle+peter+died+in+rome&pg=PA57">The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03190-1"><bdi>978-1-317-03190-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Apostles%3A+Examining+the+Martyrdom+Accounts+of+the+Closest+Followers+of+Jesus&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-03190-1&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIm1CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dit%2Bis%2Blikely%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bapostle%2Bpeter%2Bdied%2Bin%2Brome%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiecienski2017" class="citation book cs1">Siecienski, A. Edward (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8DXDQAAQBAJ&q=scholarship+largely+came+to+accept+Peter%27s+death+in+Rome+%E2%80%9Cas+a+fact+which+is&pg=PT50">The Papacy and the Orthodox: Sources and History of a Debate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065092-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065092-6"><bdi>978-0-19-065092-6</bdi></a>. <q>scholarship largely came to accept Peter's death in Rome "as a fact which is relatively, although not absolutely, assured." While a select few were willing to make this judgment definitive</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Orthodox%3A+Sources+and+History+of+a+Debate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065092-6&rft.aulast=Siecienski&rft.aufirst=A.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8DXDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dscholarship%2Blargely%2Bcame%2Bto%2Baccept%2BPeter%2527s%2Bdeath%2Bin%2BRome%2B%25E2%2580%259Cas%2Ba%2Bfact%2Bwhich%2Bis%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_T._AntounDonald_Quataert1991" class="citation book cs1">Richard T. Antoun; Donald Quataert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cn1gwQXfgkC&pg=PA53">"The Alawis of Syria Religious Ideology and Organization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cn1gwQXfgkC&pg=PA53">Syria: Society, Culture, and Polity</a>. Suny Series in Judaica. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0713-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0713-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-0713-4</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alawis+of+Syria+Religious+Ideology+and+Organization&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Society%2C+Culture%2C+and+Polity&rft.series=Suny+Series+in+Judaica&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0713-4&rft.au=Richard+T.+Antoun&rft.au=Donald+Quataert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cn1gwQXfgkC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1990). "Cephas and Peter". Journal of Biblical Literature. 109 (3): 463–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267052">10.2307/3267052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267052">3267052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Cephas+and+Peter&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=463-74&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267052%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267052&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:18&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2009-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_9-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Martin_(scholar)" title="Dale Martin (scholar)">Dale Martin</a> 2009 (lecture). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ9Gt_R5a-k">"24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Accessed 22 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmolearning.com/video-lectures/apocalyptic-and-accommodation-6817/">Lecture 24 (transcript)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906132019/http://www.cosmolearning.com/video-lectures/apocalyptic-and-accommodation-6817/">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Jobes, Karen H. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: 1 Peter (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005), 7–18; Kruger, Michael J. "The Authenticity of 2 Peter", Journal of Evangelical Society, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1999), 645–671; Michaels, J. Ramsey. 1 Peter, WBC 49. (Texas: Word Books, 1988), i-lvii </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Irenaeus_of_Lyons2018" class="citation book cs1">Saint Irenaeus of Lyons (13 November 2018). "4.1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXO1wgEACAAJ&q=against+heresies+book+3">The Third Book of St. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, Against Heresies</a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-353-54233-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-353-54233-4"><bdi>978-0-353-54233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.1&rft.btitle=The+Third+Book+of+St.+Irenaeus%2C+Bishop+of+Lyons%2C+Against+Heresies&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-353-54233-4&rft.au=Saint+Irenaeus+of+Lyons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXO1wgEACAAJ%26q%3Dagainst%2Bheresies%2Bbook%2B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3.2-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3.2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3.2_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Lyons2018" class="citation book cs1">of Lyons, Saint Irenaeus (13 November 2018). "3.2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXO1wgEACAAJ&q=against+heresies+book+3">The Third Book of St. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, Against Heresies</a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-353-54233-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-353-54233-4"><bdi>978-0-353-54233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.2&rft.btitle=The+Third+Book+of+St.+Irenaeus%2C+Bishop+of+Lyons%2C+Against+Heresies&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-353-54233-4&rft.aulast=of+Lyons&rft.aufirst=Saint+Irenaeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXO1wgEACAAJ%26q%3Dagainst%2Bheresies%2Bbook%2B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 1997 edition revised 2005, page 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Cambridge History of Christianity, volume 1, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Cambridge History of Christianity, volume 1, 2006, page 418 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_Henry_Palmer1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Fathers_of_the_Church">"Fathers of the Church" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Thomas Patrick Halton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqzY1zBtKg0C&q=%22I+simon+Peter%22+%22Ones+who+are+scattered%22&pg=PA5">On Illustrious Men</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162604/https://books.google.com/books?id=uqzY1zBtKg0C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=%22I%20simon%20Peter%22%20%22Ones%20who%20are%20scattered%22&f=false">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, v. 100, CUA Press, 1999, pp. 5–7 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-0100-4">0-8132-0100-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm">"The Early Church Fathers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109104125/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm">Archived</a> 9 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter 1, New Advent </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:14&version=nrsv">Acts 15:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%201:1&version=nrsv">2 Peter 1:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1979" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Robert McLachlan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDg8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122">Text and Interpretation: Studies in the New Testament Presented to Matthew Black</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22021-7"><bdi>978-0-521-22021-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+and+Interpretation%3A+Studies+in+the+New+Testament+Presented+to+Matthew+Black&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22021-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert+McLachlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDg8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> John Hayes, Who was who in the Bible, Thomas Nelson, 1999, p. 70: "CEPHAS [SEE fuhs]". </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/greek/2786.htm">"Strong's Greek: 2786. Κηφᾶς (Képhas) – "a rock," Cephas, a name given to the apostle Peter"</a>. biblehub.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek%3A+2786.+%CE%9A%CE%B7%CF%86%E1%BE%B6%CF%82+%28K%C3%A9phas%29+%E2%80%93+%22a+rock%2C%22+Cephas%2C+a+name+given+to+the+apostle+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F2786.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/greek/4073.htm">"Strong's Greek: 4073. πέτρα (petra) – a (large mass of) rock"</a>. biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek%3A+4073.+%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1+%28petra%29+%E2%80%93+a+%28large+mass+of%29+rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F4073.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/greek/4074.htm">"Strong's Greek: 4074. Πέτρος (Petros) – "a stone" or "a boulder," Peter, one of the twelve apostles"</a>. biblehub.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek%3A+4074.+%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%28Petros%29+%E2%80%93+%22a+stone%22+or+%22a+boulder%2C%22+Peter%2C+one+of+the+twelve+apostles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F4074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiecienski2017" class="citation book cs1">Siecienski, A. Edward (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8DXDQAAQBAJ&q=%22american+nickname+rocky'&pg=PT36">The Papacy and the Orthodox: Sources and History of a Debate</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065092-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065092-6"><bdi>978-0-19-065092-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Orthodox%3A+Sources+and+History+of+a+Debate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065092-6&rft.aulast=Siecienski&rft.aufirst=A.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8DXDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522american%2Bnickname%2Brocky%27%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJastrow1903" class="citation web cs1">Jastrow, Marcus (20 February 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftarg01jastuoft/page/634/mode/2up">"A dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli, and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic literature"</a>. London: Luzac – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+the+Targumim%2C+the+Talmud+Babli%2C+and+Yerushalmi%2C+and+the+Midrashic+literature&rft.pub=London%3A+Luzac&rft.date=1903-02-20&rft.aulast=Jastrow&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoftarg01jastuoft%2Fpage%2F634%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarydial00maclgoog">"A Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac: As Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan ..."</a> Clarendon. 20 February 1901 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Dialects+of+Vernacular+Syriac%3A+As+Spoken+by+the+Eastern+Syrians+of+Kurdistan+...&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1901-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadictionarydial00maclgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Rudolf Pesch: Simon Petrus. Geschichte und geschichtliche Bedeutung des ersten Jüngers Jesu Christi. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1980, S. 25–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2013" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Jack J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEObx1sUjdwC&pg=PA26">Peter Between Jerusalem and Antioch: Peter, James, and the Gentiles</a>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151889-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151889-8"><bdi>978-3-16-151889-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Between+Jerusalem+and+Antioch%3A+Peter%2C+James%2C+and+the+Gentiles&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-16-151889-8&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Jack+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEObx1sUjdwC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> John P. Meier: Petrine Ministry in the New Testament and in the Early Patristic Traditions. In: James F. Puglisi et al.: How Can the Petrine Ministry be a Service to the Unity of the Universal Church? Cambridge 2010. S. 17 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=518BdgLmXN4C&dq=%22teaching+of+simon+cephas%22&pg=PA673">The Teaching of Simon Cephas in the City of Rome</a>; <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IX/The_Diatessaron_of_Tatian/The_Diatessaron/Section_LIV">The Diatessaron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033350/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IX/The_Diatessaron_of_Tatian/The_Diatessaron/Section_LIV">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:16&version=nrsv">Mark 1:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%204:18&version=nrsv">Matthew 4:18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%205:1–11&version=nrsv">Luke 5:1–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:40–42&version=nrsv">John 1:40–42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC_Peter-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_Peter_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_Peter_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_Peter_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_Peter_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_Peter_37-4">e</a> "Peter, St" by F. L. Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507211858/https://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/3/Capernaum-%20The%20Church%20of%20the%20House%20of%20Peter">"The Church of the House of Peter"</a>. mfa.gov.il. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.il&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+House+of+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FMFAArchive%2F2000_2009%2F2000%2F3%2FCapernaum-%2520The%2520Church%2520of%2520the%2520House%2520of%2520Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:44&version=nrsv">John 1:44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|John|1:42-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|John|1:42_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|John|1:42_40-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:42&version=nrsv">John 1:42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:17&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%208:14–17&version=nrsv">Matthew 8:14–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:29–31&version=nrsv">Mark 1:29–31</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:38&version=nrsv">Luke 4:38</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%209:5&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 9:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2013" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Raymond F. (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwZWAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Peter's+wife%22+Corinthians&pg=PA92">Accompanied by a Believing Wife: Ministry and Celibacy in the Earliest Christian Communities</a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-8238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-8238-8"><bdi>978-0-8146-8238-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accompanied+by+a+Believing+Wife%3A+Ministry+and+Celibacy+in+the+Earliest+Christian+Communities&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-8238-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Raymond+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwZWAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Peter%27s%2Bwife%2522%2BCorinthians%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%204:18–19&version=nrsv">Matthew 4:18–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:16–17&version=nrsv">Mark 1:16–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:13–20&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:13–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%208:27–30&version=nrsv">Mark 8:27–30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:18–21&version=nrsv">Luke 9:18–21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%205:3&version=nrsv">Luke 5:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%205:4–11&version=nrsv">Luke 5:4–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:35–42&version=nrsv">John 1:35–42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2014:28–31&version=nrsv">Matthew 14:28–31</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2013:2–11&version=nrsv">John 13:2–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:51&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:47&version=nrsv">Mark 14:47</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:50&version=nrsv">Luke 22:50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:10&version=nrsv">John 18:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:49–51&version=nrsv">Luke 22:49–51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:7–22&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 4:7–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:18–42&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 5:18–42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:32–10:2&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 9:32–10:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2010&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:14&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 8:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:18&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:7–9&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:7–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:11&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012:1–18&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 12:1–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Luke 4:38-40 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Stromata, book 7, ch. 11. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to AD 325, vol. 12, p. 451 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-was-up-with-st-peters-wife">"What Was Up with St. Peter's Wife?"</a>. Catholic Answers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=What+Was+Up+with+St.+Peter%27s+Wife%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fqa%2Fwhat-was-up-with-st-peters-wife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545_76-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels2005">Pagels 2005</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüdemannÖzen1996">Lüdemann & Özen 1996</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels2005">Pagels 2005</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–117-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–117_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–117_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–117_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüdemannÖzen1996">Lüdemann & Özen 1996</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200543-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200543_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200543_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels2005">Pagels 2005</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2010:2–4&version=nrsv">Matt. 10:2–4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:16–19&version=nrsv">Mk. 3:16–19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%206:14–16&version=nrsv">Lk. 6:14–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 1:13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%205:37&version=nrsv">Mark 5:37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2017:1&version=nrsv">Matthew 17:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:37&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#15:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 15:15</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#19:27" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">19:27</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#12:41" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 12:41</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#6:67" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 6:67–68</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidmar2005" class="citation book cs1">Vidmar, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zENJHwQqSy0C">John Vidmar, The Catholic Church through the ages: a history. pp. 39–40</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4234-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-4234-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Vidmar%2C+The+Catholic+Church+through+the+ages%3A+a+history.+pp.+39%E2%80%9340&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4234-7&rft.aulast=Vidmar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzENJHwQqSy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:15&version=nrsv">Acts 1:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201&version=nrsv">Acts 1 (NRSV)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205&version=nrsv">Acts 5 (NRSV)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203&version=nrsv">Acts 3 (NRSV)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acts9-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Acts9_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acts9_92-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209&version=nrsv">Acts 9 (NRSV)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-May_Metzger-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_94-1">b</a> May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015&version=nrsv">1Cor 15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:3–7&version=nrsv">1Cor 15:3–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:8–10&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:8–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:16&version=nrsv">John 20:16</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:13–16&version=nrsv">Luke 24:13–16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:1–9&version=nrsv">Jn. 20:1–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:1–12&version=nrsv">Lk. 24:1–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Galatians 2:9 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyllykoski2006" class="citation journal cs1">Myllykoski, Matti (2006). "James the Just in History and Tradition: Perspectives of Past and Present Scholarship (Part I)". Currents in Research. 5. Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland: 73–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X06068700">10.1177/1476993X06068700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162513014">162513014</a>. <q>James the Just, the brother of Jesus, is known from the New Testament as the chief apostle of the Torah-obedient Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Research&rft.atitle=James+the+Just+in+History+and+Tradition%3A+Perspectives+of+Past+and+Present+Scholarship+%28Part+I%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=73-122&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X06068700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162513014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Myllykoski&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-yAQQAACAAJ">Understanding the Bible</a> (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9"><bdi>978-0-07-340744-9</bdi></a>. <q>Christian Pharisees demand that the entire Torah be kept, but Peter reportedly opposes this ([Acts] 15:10) and ... silences the Judaizers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=420&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-340744-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-yAQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockmuehl201052-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBockmuehl201052_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBockmuehl2010">Bockmuehl 2010</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">"Church History Book II, Chapter I, quoting Clement of Alexandria's Sixth book of Hypotyposes"</a>. Newadvent.org. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+II%2C+Chapter+I%2C+quoting+Clement+of+Alexandria%27s+Sixth+book+of+Hypotyposes&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington, Daniel J.</a> "Peter the Rock." America, 18–25 August 2008. Accessed 9 October 2009: p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/question/what-did-jesus-mean-when-he-said-%E2%80%9Cupon-rock-i-will-build-my-church%E2%80%9D">"What did Jesus mean when he said, "Upon this rock I will build my church"?"</a>. Bible.org. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible.org&rft.atitle=What+did+Jesus+mean+when+he+said%2C+%22Upon+this+rock+I+will+build+my+church%22%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.org%2Fquestion%2Fwhat-did-jesus-mean-when-he-said-%25E2%2580%259Cupon-rock-i-will-build-my-church%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieneckerRogers1976" class="citation book cs1">Rienecker, Fritz; Rogers, Cleon (1976). Linguistic key to the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids MI: Regency Reference Library (<a href="/wiki/Zondervan_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Zondervan Publishing House">Zondervan Publishing House</a>). p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-32050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-32050-0"><bdi>978-0-310-32050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+key+to+the+Greek+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids+MI&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Regency+Reference+Library+%28Zondervan+Publishing+House%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-310-32050-0&rft.aulast=Rienecker&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Cleon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-109"><a href="#cite_ref-CE_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf212.ii.v.xlii.html">"Sermon by Leo the Great (440–461)"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sermon+by+Leo+the+Great+%28440%E2%80%93461%29&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf212.ii.v.xlii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107000949/http://www.greekorthodox.org.au/downloads/files/english/voo/2005/11VOO05E">"Archbishop Stylianos of Australia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekorthodox.org.au/downloads/files/english/voo/2005/11VOO05E">the original</a> on 7 November 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archbishop+Stylianos+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greekorthodox.org.au%2Fdownloads%2Ffiles%2Fenglish%2Fvoo%2F2005%2F11VOO05E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011205211/http://www.syrianchurch.org/pzakka/Jubilee.htm">"Patriarch H.H. Ignatius Zakka I Iwas"</a>. Syrianchurch.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syrianchurch.org/PZakka/Jubilee.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patriarch+H.H.+Ignatius+Zakka+I+Iwas&rft.pub=Syrianchurch.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syrianchurch.org%2FPZakka%2FJubilee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianorthodoxchurch.com/pa_identity.htm">"Syriac Orthodox Church in Canada - Identity of the Church"</a>. syrianorthodoxchurch.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=syrianorthodoxchurch.com&rft.atitle=Syriac+Orthodox+Church+in+Canada+-+Identity+of+the+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrianorthodoxchurch.com%2Fpa_identity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250101.htm">"Church History Book I, Chapter 12:2"</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+I%2C+Chapter+12%3A2&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_115-1">b</a> Origen's homilies on Luke VI, 4. <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a> 13:1814 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eusebius-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eusebius_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eusebius_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm">"Church History Book III, Chapter 36"</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+III%2C+Chapter+36&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Louise Ropes Loomis, The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889758-86-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-889758-86-8">1-889758-86-8</a> (Reprint of the 1916 edition). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Homilies, 2.1; Recognitions, 2.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Lapham, An Introduction to the New Testament Apocrypha (London: T&T Clark International, 2003), p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%201:12&version=nrsv">1Cor. 1:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Corinth" class="citation web cs1">of Corinth, Dionysius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/dionysius.html">"Fragments from a Letter to the Roman Church Chapter III"</a>. www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fragments+from+a+Letter+to+the+Roman+Church+Chapter+III&rft.pub=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.aulast=of+Corinth&rft.aufirst=Dionysius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fdionysius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207211426/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome">"Was Peter in Rome?"</a>. Catholic Answers. 10 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome">the original</a> on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2014. <q>If Peter never made it to the capital, he still could have been the first pope, since one of his successors could have been the first holder of that office to settle in Rome. After all, if the papacy exists, it was established by Christ during his lifetime, long before Peter is said to have reached Rome. There must have been a period of some years in which the papacy did not yet have its connection to Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Peter+in+Rome%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftracts%2Fwas-peter-in-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Lyons" class="citation web cs1">of Lyons, Irenaeus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Against Heresies, III.3 (St. Irenaeus)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Against+Heresies%2C+III.3+%28St.+Irenaeus%29&rft.aulast=of+Lyons&rft.aufirst=Irenaeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103303.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsDonaldson1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roberts" title="Alexander Roberts">Roberts, Alexander</a>; Donaldson, James (1885). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_III/Chapter_4">Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II</a>. Vol. I (1st ed.). Church History of Eusebius, Book III, Chapter IV, 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%3A+Series+II&rft.pages=Church+History+of+Eusebius%2C+Book+III%2C+Chapter+IV%2C+10&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Donaldson%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers%3A_Series_II%2FVolume_I%2FChurch_History_of_Eusebius%2FBook_III%2FChapter_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation book cs1">Tertullian. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Anti-Marcion/The_Prescription_Against_Heretics/Chapter_XXXII">Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. III, Anti-Marcion, The Prescription Against Heretics</a>. Vol. III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers+Vol.+III%2C+Anti-Marcion%2C+The+Prescription+Against+Heretics&rft.au=Tertullian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAnte-Nicene_Fathers%2FVolume_III%2FAnti-Marcion%2FThe_Prescription_Against_Heretics%2FChapter_XXXII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|1_Peter|5:13-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|1_Peter|5:13_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|1_Peter|5:13_127-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%205:13&version=nrsv">1 Peter 5:13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2021" class="citation book cs1">Cook, John G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqTkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA741">"The Tradition of Peter's Crucifixion"</a>. In Eisen, Ute E.; Mader, Heidrun Elisabeth (eds.). Talking God in Society: Multidisciplinary (Re)constructions of Ancient (Con)texts. Festschrift for Peter Lampe. Vol. 1: Theories and Applications. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 741. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-647-57317-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-647-57317-5"><bdi>978-3-647-57317-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tradition+of+Peter%27s+Crucifixion&rft.btitle=Talking+God+in+Society%3A+Multidisciplinary+%28Re%29constructions+of+Ancient+%28Con%29texts.+Festschrift+for+Peter+Lampe.+Vol.+1%3A+Theories+and+Applications&rft.pages=741&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-647-57317-5&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqTkEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2021" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5YwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP61">1 Peter: A Commentary</a>. Baker Academic. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-2931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-2931-8"><bdi>978-1-4934-2931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Peter%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-2931-8&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5YwEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoWi-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoWi_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoWi_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrellWilliams2023" class="citation book cs1">Horrell, David G.; Williams, Travis B. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bWmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192">1 Peter: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary: Volume 1: Chapters 1-2</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 192–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-70998-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-70998-1"><bdi>978-0-567-70998-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Peter%3A+A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary%3A+Volume+1%3A+Chapters+1-2&rft.pages=192-194&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-567-70998-1&rft.aulast=Horrell&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Travis+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bWmEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen,_p.26-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen,_p.26_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen,_p.26_131-1">b</a> Franzen, A Concise History of the Church. p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse||Romans|16-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse||Romans|16_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse||Romans|16_132-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016&version=nrsv">Romans 16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatius_of_Antioch" class="citation web cs1">Ignatius of Antioch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0107.htm">"The Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=The+Epistle+of+Ignatius+to+the+Romans&rft.au=Ignatius+of+Antioch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.iv.html">"Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. www.ccel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+ANF01.+The+Apostolic+Fathers+with+Justin+Martyr+and+Irenaeus+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.ix.iv.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CL-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CL_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius_of_Caesarea" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius of Caesarea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250106.htm">"Church History Book VI, Chapter 14:6"</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+VI%2C+Chapter+14%3A6&rft.au=Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Eusebius, in his Chronicle (A.D. 303) [Chronicle, 44 A.D. <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a> 19:539]. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm">"Church History Book III Chapter 36:2"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 5 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+III+Chapter+36%3A2&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm">"Church History Book III Chapter 22"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 5 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+III+Chapter+22&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucius_Caecilius_Firmianus" class="citation web cs1">Lucius Caecilius Firmianus, Lactantius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.v.ii.html">"Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died Chapter 2"</a>. ccel.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+the+Manner+in+Which+the+Persecutors+Died+Chapter+2&rft.pub=ccel.org&rft.aulast=Lucius+Caecilius+Firmianus&rft.aufirst=Lactantius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf07.iii.v.ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">"Church History Book II, Chapter 14–15"</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+II%2C+Chapter+14%E2%80%9315&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome1-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome1_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome1_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome1_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome1_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome1_141-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsaint" class="citation web cs1">saint, Jerome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm">"De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) Chapter 1"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 5 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Viris+Illustribus+%28On+Illustrious+Men%29+Chapter+1&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=saint&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2708.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Lapham, Introduction, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">"The Acts of Peter"</a>. www.earlychristianwritings.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.atitle=The+Acts+of+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Factspeter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-yAQQAACAAJ">Understanding the Bible</a> (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9"><bdi>978-0-07-340744-9</bdi></a>. <q>[John's] Gospel is commonly divided into a prologue (1:1–51); a Book of Signs ... (2:1–11:57); the Book of Glory ... (12:1–20:31); and an epilogue (21:1–25).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=381&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-340744-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-yAQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:18–19&version=nrsv">Jn. 21:18–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+12:1–17&version=nkjv">Acts 12:1–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Robinson, D. F., 'Where and When did Peter die?', <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a> Vol. 64 (1945), supported by Smaltz, W. M., Did Peter die in Jerusalem?, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a> Vol. 71, No. 4 (Dec. 1952), pp. 211–216. Accessed 31 August 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">Apocryphal Acts of Peter Chapter 37</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200108220758/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_of_Rome" class="citation web cs1">Clement of Rome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-hoole.html">"The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians"</a>. earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Epistle+of+Clement+to+the+Corinthians&rft.pub=earlychristianwritings.com&rft.au=Clement+of+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2F1clement-hoole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">The Acts of Peter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200108220758/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, by M. R. James </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintus_Septimius_Florens" class="citation web cs1">Quintus Septimius Florens, Tertullian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.iii.xxxvi.html">"Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI"</a>. ccel.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015. <q>Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's [the Baptist]; where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prescription+Against+Heretics+Chapter+XXXVI&rft.pub=ccel.org&rft.aulast=Quintus+Septimius+Florens&rft.aufirst=Tertullian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf03.v.iii.xxxvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/tract/was-peter-in-rome">"Was Peter in Rome?"</a>. Catholic Answers. Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Was+Peter+in+Rome%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftract%2Fwas-peter-in-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintus_Septimius_Florens" class="citation web cs1">Quintus Septimius Florens, Tertullian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0318.htm">"Scorpiace Chapter 15"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 6 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scorpiace+Chapter+15&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=Quintus+Septimius+Florens&rft.aufirst=Tertullian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0318.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1">of Caesarea, Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm">Church History, Book III Chapter 1 (Eusebius)</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History%2C+Book+III+Chapter+1+%28Eusebius%29&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=of+Caesarea&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Granger Ryan & Helmut Ripperger, The Golden Legend Of Jacobus De Voragine Part One, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Alexandria" class="citation web cs1">of Alexandria, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0620.htm">"Canonical Epistle on Penitence Canon 9"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canonical+Epistle+on+Penitence+Canon+9&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=of+Alexandria&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0620.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Jerome)" title="Chronicon (Jerome)">Chronicon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm">AD 42, AD 68</a>. "Peter the Apostle, by nation a Galilean, first high priest of the Christians, after he had been the first to found a church at Antioch, proceeded to Rome, where as bishop of the same city he remains, preaching the gospel for 25 years." </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_158-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis1.html">Liber Pontificalis, I. Petrus.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis2006" class="citation book cs1">Loomis, Louise Ropes (2006) [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1KMTRsvPGUC&pg=PA6">The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis)</a>. Arx Publishing, LLC. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-86-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-86-2"><bdi>978-1-889758-86-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Popes+%28Liber+Pontificalis%29&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Arx+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-889758-86-2&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Louise+Ropes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1KMTRsvPGUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vatican Cardinal Angelo Comastri (interviewee) (2011). Secret Access: The Vatican (Video) (in English and Italian). Vatican City, Rome, Italy: A&E Studio Entertainment. Event occurs at 94 minutes. <q>This is the holiest site in the Basilica, where the Apostle Peter was crucified and his blood shed to the ground</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+Access%3A+The+Vatican&rft.place=Vatican+City%2C+Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pub=A%26E+Studio+Entertainment&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpresbyter" class="citation web cs1">presbyter, Caius (Gaius). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">"Dialogue or Disputation Against Proclus (A.D. 198) in Eusebius, Church History Book II Chapter 25:6–7"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialogue+or+Disputation+Against+Proclus+%28A.D.+198%29+in+Eusebius%2C+Church+History+Book+II+Chapter+25%3A6%E2%80%937&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=presbyter&rft.aufirst=Caius+%28Gaius%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_13_bishops_of_rome.htm">Liberian Catalogue, 1.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman2011" class="citation book cs1">Eastman, David L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NswF2j8IISMC&pg=PA23">Paul the Martyr: The Cult of the Apostle in the Latin West</a>. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-515-3"><bdi>978-1-58983-515-3</bdi></a>. <q>Scholars generally viewed June 29 as a purely liturgical date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+the+Martyr%3A+The+Cult+of+the+Apostle+in+the+Latin+West&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-515-3&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNswF2j8IISMC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman2019" class="citation book cs1">Eastman, David L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENqUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">The Many Deaths of Peter and Paul</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-107993-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-107993-1"><bdi>978-0-19-107993-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Deaths+of+Peter+and+Paul&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-107993-1&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENqUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzmanSághyTesta2016" class="citation book cs1">Salzman, Michele Renee; Sághy, Marianne; Testa, Rita Lizzi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtnECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA332">Pagans and Christians in Late Antique Rome</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 330–335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11030-4"><bdi>978-1-107-11030-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagans+and+Christians+in+Late+Antique+Rome&rft.pages=330-335&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11030-4&rft.aulast=Salzman&rft.aufirst=Michele+Renee&rft.au=S%C3%A1ghy%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Testa%2C+Rita+Lizzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtnECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-166"><a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13374a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tomb of St. Peter"</a>. www.newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Tomb+of+St.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13374a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaintings" class="citation web cs1">Paintings, Authors: Department of European. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pope/hd_pope.htm">"The Papacy and the Vatican Palace | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"</a>. The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met%27s+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Vatican+Palace+%26%23124%3B+Essay+%26%23124%3B+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.aulast=Paintings&rft.aufirst=Authors%3A+Department+of+European&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fpope%2Fhd_pope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartner1972" class="citation book cs1">Partner, Peter (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ6eJuZfTAEC&q=saint+peter+rome+846+desecrating&pg=PA57">The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02181-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02181-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02181-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lands+of+St.+Peter%3A+The+Papal+State+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Early+Renaissance&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02181-5&rft.aulast=Partner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZ6eJuZfTAEC%26q%3Dsaint%2Bpeter%2Brome%2B846%2Bdesecrating%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne" class="citation web cs1">Suzanne, Boorsch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/the_building_of_the_vatican_the_papacy_and_architecture_the_metropolitan_museum_of_art_bulletin_v_40_no_3_winter_1982_1983">"The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture": The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 40, no. 3 (Winter, 1982–1983)"</a>. www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Building+of+the+Vatican%3A+The+Papacy+and+Architecture%22%3A+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin%2C+v.+40%2C+no.+3+%28Winter%2C+1982%E2%80%931983%29&rft.aulast=Suzanne&rft.aufirst=Boorsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2Fthe_building_of_the_vatican_the_papacy_and_architecture_the_metropolitan_museum_of_art_bulletin_v_40_no_3_winter_1982_1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Wall_170-0">^</a> Wall, J. Charles. (1912), Porches and Fonts. Pub. London: Wells Gardner and Darton. p. 295; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book3.html">"Venerable Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Book III, Chapter 29"</a>. Fordham.edu. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venerable+Bede%2C+Historia+Ecclesiastica+Gentis+Anglorum%3A+The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People.+Book+III%2C+Chapter+29&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Fbede-book3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuming1870" class="citation journal cs1">Cuming, H. Syer (December 1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDAGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA272">"Notes on a group of reliquaries"</a>. Journal of the British Archaeological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Archaeological+Association&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+group+of+reliquaries&rft.date=1870-12&rft.aulast=Cuming&rft.aufirst=H.+Syer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDAGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Walsh, The Bones of St. Peter: A 1st Full Account of the Search for the Apostle's Body </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Finegan, The Archeology of the New Testament, pp. 368–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Necropolis/JW/TheBonesofStPeter-1.htm">"The Bones of St. Peter"</a>. Saintpetersbasilica.org. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bones+of+St.+Peter&rft.pub=Saintpetersbasilica.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintpetersbasilica.org%2FNecropolis%2FJW%2FTheBonesofStPeter-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/vatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis">"Vatican displays Saint Peter's bones for the first time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Associated Press. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vatican+displays+Saint+Peter%27s+bones+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F24%2Fvatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-braveandbold-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-braveandbold_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-braveandbold_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCindy_Wooden2019" class="citation news cs1">Cindy Wooden (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025194659/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/07/02/pope-gives-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox-patriarch/">"Pope gives relics of St. Peter to Orthodox patriarch"</a>. Catholic News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/07/02/pope-gives-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox-patriarch/">the original</a> on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+gives+relics+of+St.+Peter+to+Orthodox+patriarch&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.au=Cindy+Wooden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fvatican%2F2019%2F07%2F02%2Fpope-gives-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox-patriarch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhaus" class="citation web cs1">Brockhaus, Hannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/42253/pope-francis-explains-decision-to-give-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox">"Pope Francis explains decision to give relics of St. Peter to Orthodox"</a>. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+explains+decision+to+give+relics+of+St.+Peter+to+Orthodox&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F42253%2Fpope-francis-explains-decision-to-give-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/the-inexplicable-transfer-of-st-peters-relics-to-constantinople/">"The inexplicable transfer of St Peter's relics to Constantinople"</a>. Catholic Herald. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=The+inexplicable+transfer+of+St+Peter%27s+relics+to+Constantinople&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fthe-inexplicable-transfer-of-st-peters-relics-to-constantinople%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC_self-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_179-1">b</a> "Paul, St" Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-St-Paul-Outside-the-Walls_homepage-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-St-Paul-Outside-the-Walls_homepage_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-St-Paul-Outside-the-Walls_homepage_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720031958/https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/en/basilica/tomba.htm">"Papal Basilica – Saint Paul Outside-the-Walls"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/en/basilica/tomba.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papal+Basilica+%E2%80%93+Saint+Paul+Outside-the-Walls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fvarious%2Fbasiliche%2Fsan_paolo%2Fen%2Fbasilica%2Ftomba.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylen,_pp.190-192-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylen,_pp.190-192_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylen,_pp.190-192_182-1">b</a> Wylen, pp. 190–192 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn,_pp._33-34-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn,_pp._33-34_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn,_pp._33-34_183-1">b</a> Dunn, pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> "most scholars, both Catholic and Protestant, concur that Peter died in Rome" Keener, Craig S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C2Y_HaL5W0C">The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary</a>, p. 425, n. 74, 2009 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_Daniel_William2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Connor, Daniel William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5632/Tradition-of-Peter-in-Rome">"Saint Peter the Apostle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. p. 5. Retrieved 12 April 2013. <q>[M]any scholars… accept Rome as the location of the martyrdom and the reign of Nero as the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Peter+the+Apostle&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2013&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Daniel+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F453832%2FSaint-Peter-the-Apostle%2F5632%2FTradition-of-Peter-in-Rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998) p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownMeier-188"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownMeier_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Raymond_E.Meier,_John_P.1983" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. & Meier, John P. (1983). Antioch and Rome: New Testament Cradles of Christianity. Paulist Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0339-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0339-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-0339-3</bdi></a>. <q>As for Peter, we have no knowledge at all of when he came to Rome and what he did there before he was martyred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antioch+and+Rome%3A+New+Testament+Cradles+of+Christianity&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0339-3&rft.au=Brown%2C+Raymond+E.&rft.au=Meier%2C+John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullman-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Cullman_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullmann1962" class="citation book cs1">Cullmann, Oscar (1962). Peter: Disciple, Apostle, Martyr, 2nd ed. Westminster Press. p. 234. <q>From the second half of the second century we do possess texts that mention the apostolic foundation of Rome, and at this time, which is indeed rather late, this foundation is traced back to Peter and Paul, an assertion that cannot be supported historically. Even here, however, nothing is said as yet of an episcopal office of Peter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%3A+Disciple%2C+Apostle%2C+Martyr%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Cullmann&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1993" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Henry (1993). The Early Church, rev. ed. Penguin Books. p. 18. <q>No doubt Peter's presence in Rome in the sixties must indicate a concern for Gentile Christianity, but we have no information whatever about his activity or the length of his stay there. That he was in Rome for twenty-five years is third-century legend.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church%2C+rev.+ed.&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> J.N.D. Kelly, Oxford Dictionary of the Popes (Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 6. "Ignatius assumed that Peter and Paul wielded special authority over the Roman church, while Irenaeus claimed that they jointly founded it and inaugurated its succession of bishops. Nothing, however, is known of their constitutional roles, least of all Peter's as presumed leader of the community." </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Building Unity, Ecumenical Documents IV (Paulist Press, 1989), p. 130. "There is increasing agreement that Peter went to Rome and was martyred there, but we have no trustworthy evidence that Peter ever served as the supervisor or bishop of the local church in Rome." </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwierlein2010" class="citation book cs1">Zwierlein, Otto (20 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4V222SlC4oC&q=Zwierlein+Petrus+Gruyter&pg=PP1">Petrus in Rom</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024058-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024058-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrus+in+Rom&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024058-0&rft.aulast=Zwierlein&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4V222SlC4oC%26q%3DZwierlein%2BPetrus%2BGruyter%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Zwierlein, Otto: Petrus und Paulus in Jerusalem und Rom. Vom Neuen Testament zu den apokryphen Apostelakten. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030331-5">978-3-11-030331-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zwierlein_review-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zwierlein_review_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zwierlein_review_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zwierlein_review_195-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Pieter Willem van der Horst</a>, review of Otto Zwierlein, Petrus in Rom: die literarischen Zeugnisse. Mit einer kritischen Edition der Martyrien des Petrus und Paulus auf neuer handschriftlicher Grundlage, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, in <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review" title="Bryn Mawr Classical Review">Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-03-25.html">2010.03.25</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505161124/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-03-25.html">Archived</a> 5 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a>, review of Zwierlein 2009, in <a href="/wiki/Review_of_Biblical_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Review of Biblical Literature">Review of Biblical Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/bookdetail.asp?TitleId=7189">2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725092129/http://www.bookreviews.org/bookdetail.asp?TitleId=7189">Archived</a> 25 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiecienski2017" class="citation book cs1">Siecienski, A. Edward (20 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBPGDQAAQBAJ&q=Siecienski+Zwierlein&pg=PA48">The Papacy and the Orthodox: Sources and History of a Debate</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024525-2"><bdi>978-0-19-024525-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Orthodox%3A+Sources+and+History+of+a+Debate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-024525-2&rft.aulast=Siecienski&rft.aufirst=A.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBPGDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSiecienski%2BZwierlein%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloggers" class="citation web cs1">Bloggers, Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120102549/http://subscribe.vision.org/first-followers/bid/41962/Petrus-im-Rom-or-Peter-in-Rome-revisited">""Petrus im Rom" or Peter in Rome revisited"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subscribe.vision.org/first-followers/bid/41962/Petrus-im-Rom-or-Peter-in-Rome-revisited">the original</a> on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Petrus+im+Rom%22+or+Peter+in+Rome+revisited&rft.aulast=Bloggers&rft.aufirst=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsubscribe.vision.org%2Ffirst-followers%2Fbid%2F41962%2FPetrus-im-Rom-or-Peter-in-Rome-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306171055/https://www.philologie.uni-bonn.de/philologie/personal/zwierlein/st_peter_in_rome.pdf">"Has St. Peter ever been in Rome?"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philologie.uni-bonn.de/philologie/personal/zwierlein/st_peter_in_rome.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+St.+Peter+ever+been+in+Rome%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philologie.uni-bonn.de%2Fphilologie%2Fpersonal%2Fzwierlein%2Fst_peter_in_rome.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/v17/TC-2012-Rev-Heid-Bockmuehl.pdf">"Review of Petrus und Paulus in Rom"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+Petrus+und+Paulus+in+Rom.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frosetta.reltech.org%2FTC%2Fv17%2FTC-2012-Rev-Heid-Bockmuehl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKok2017" class="citation web cs1">Kok, Michael J. (19 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jesusmemoirs.wordpress.com/2017/06/19/otto-zwierlein/">"Otto Zwierlein on the Traditions about Peter in Rome"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otto+Zwierlein+on+the+Traditions+about+Peter+in+Rome&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.aulast=Kok&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjesusmemoirs.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F06%2F19%2Fotto-zwierlein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2015" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DabDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">"'Another Shall Gird Thee': Probative Evidence for the Death of Peter"</a>. In Bond, Helen K.; Hurtado, Larry W. (eds.). Peter in Early Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7171-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-7171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E2%80%99Another+Shall+Gird+Thee%E2%80%99%3A+Probative+Evidence+for+the+Death+of+Peter&rft.btitle=Peter+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7171-8&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDabDCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scripturecatholic.com/the-primacy-of-peter/">"The Primacy of Peter"</a>. 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Primacy+of+Peter&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripturecatholic.com%2Fthe-primacy-of-peter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavius" class="citation web cs1">Flavius, Josephus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/war-5.htm">"Jewish War, Book V Chapter 11"</a>. ccel.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+War%2C+Book+V+Chapter+11&rft.pub=ccel.org&rft.aulast=Flavius&rft.aufirst=Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fj%2Fjosephus%2Fworks%2Fwar-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8IjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA350">The Holy Bible, according to the authorized version (A.D. 1611)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Charles_Cook" title="Frederic Charles Cook">Frederic Charles Cook</a> – J. Murray (1881) p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-yAQQAACAAJ">Understanding the Bible</a> (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9"><bdi>978-0-07-340744-9</bdi></a>. <q>'Babylon' became the Christian code name for Rome after Titus destroyed Jerusalem, thus duplicating the Babylonians' demolition of the holy city (587 BCE).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=477&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-340744-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-yAQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbeHaak2003" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L.; Haak, Robert D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuauhZijcb4C&pg=PA69">Knowing the End From the Beginning</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08462-0"><bdi>978-0-567-08462-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowing+the+End+From+the+Beginning&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08462-0&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft.au=Haak%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuauhZijcb4C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmeier2008" class="citation book cs1">Feldmeier, Reinhard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vUkZpLbOooC&pg=PA41">The First Letter of Peter</a>. Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-024-4"><bdi>978-1-60258-024-4</bdi></a> – via google.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Letter+of+Peter&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60258-024-4&rft.aulast=Feldmeier&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4vUkZpLbOooC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">"Church History Book II Chapter 15:2"</a>. hypotyposeis.org & newadvent.org. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+II+Chapter+15%3A2&rft.pub=hypotyposeis.org+%26+newadvent.org&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Brown, Raymond E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ">Introduction to the New Testament</a>, Anchor Bible, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a>. p. 767 "the pseudonymity of II Pet is more certain than that of any other NT work." </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> *<a href="/wiki/L._Michael_White" title="L. Michael White">L. Michael White</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/revelation/white.html">Understanding the Book of Revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228151125/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/revelation/white.html">Archived</a> 28 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_K%C3%B6ster" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmut Köster">Helmut Köster</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWflda5Erq4C&pg=PA260">Introduction to the New Testament, Volume 2</a>, 260</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Pheme Perkins</a>, First and Second Peter, James, and Jude, 16</li> <li>Watson E. Mills, Mercer Commentary on the New Testament, 1340</li> <li>Nancy McDarby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i962jBEOJVYC&pg=PA349">The Collegeville Bible Handbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162623/https://books.google.com/books?id=i962jBEOJVYC&pg=PA349">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 349</li> <li>Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer [Women in scripture: a dictionary of named and unnamed women in the Hebrew Bible] p. 528</li> <li>David M. Carr, Colleen M. Conway, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJerjvlxCHsC&pg=PA353AN">Introduction to the Bible: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162619/https://books.google.com/books?id=dJerjvlxCHsC&pg=PA353An">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 353</li> <li>Larry Joseph Kreitzer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNQlTGRm-bEC&pg=PA61">Gospel images in fiction and film: on reversing the hermeneutical flow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162610/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNQlTGRm-bEC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 61</li> <li>By Mary Beard, John A. North, S. R. F. Price <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA283">Religions of Rome: A history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162613/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA283">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</li> <li>David M. Rhoads, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4rGPq4fKncIC&pg=PA174">From every people and nation: the book of Revelation in intercultural perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162614/https://books.google.com/books?id=4rGPq4fKncIC&pg=PA174">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 174</li> <li>Charles T. Chapman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPAiFCpfNUEC&pg=PA114">The message of the book of Revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162615/https://books.google.com/books?id=qPAiFCpfNUEC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 114</li> <li>Norman Cheadle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0Pxziu43BUC&pg=PA36">The ironic apocalypse in the novels of Leopoldo Marechal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222162620/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0Pxziu43BUC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 36</li> <li>Peter M. J. Stravinskas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihHMmu2_NFkC&pg=PA18">The Catholic answer book, Volume 1</a>, 18</li> <li>Catherine Keller, God and power: counter-apocalyptic journeys, 59</li> <li>Brian K. Blount, Revelation: A Commentary, 346</li> <li>Frances Carey, The Apocalypse and the shape of things to come, 138</li> <li>Richard Dellamora, Postmodern apocalypse: theory and cultural practice at the end, 117</li> <li>A. N. Wilson, Paul: The Mind of the Apostle, 11</li> <li>Gerd Theissen, John Bowden, Fortress introduction to the New Testament, 166</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Craig R. Koester, Revelation, Anchor Yale Bible 38A (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 684. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Craig R. Koester, Revelation, Anchor Yale Bible 38A (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 506. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Strabo. Geography 16.1.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Manley, Gerald T. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/eq/1944-2_138.pdf">Babylon on the Nile</a>. In: The Evangelical Quarterly 16.2 pp. 138-146; </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/01/16/100202-veneration-of-the-precious-chains-of-the-holy-and-all-glorious-a">"Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116125206/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/01/16/100202-veneration-of-the-precious-chains-of-the-holy-and-all-glorious-a">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Veneration+of+the+Precious+Chains+of+the+Holy+and+All-Glorious+Apostle+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2023%2F01%2F16%2F100202-veneration-of-the-precious-chains-of-the-holy-and-all-glorious-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/06/29/101840-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-leaders-of-the-apostles-peter">"The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429182314/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/06/29/101840-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-leaders-of-the-apostles-peter">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Glorious+and+All-Praised+Leaders+of+the+Apostles%2C+Peter+and+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2023%2F06%2F29%2F101840-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-leaders-of-the-apostles-peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2021/06/30/101711-synaxis-of-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-twelve-apostles">"Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406005122/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2021/06/30/101711-synaxis-of-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-twelve-apostles">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Synaxis+of+the+Holy%2C+Glorious+and+All-Praised+Twelve+Apostles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2021%2F06%2F30%2F101711-synaxis-of-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-twelve-apostles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEPope-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEPope_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEPope_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce,_G._H.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, G. H. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope">"Pope" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Joyce%2C+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchcockTutuEsposito2004">Hitchcock, Tutu & Esposito 2004</a>, p. 281 note "Some (Christian communities) had been founded by Peter, the disciple Jesus designated as the founder of his church. ... Once the position was institutionalized, historians looked back and recognized Peter as the first pope of the Christian church in Rome" </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:15–17&version=nrsv">John 21:15–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tr.biblos.com/john/21.htm">"Greek New Testament"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705054846/http://tr.biblos.com/john/21.htm">Archived</a> 5 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Greek New Testament. John xxi 11 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2023" class="citation journal cs1">Horn, Trent (May–June 2023). Ryland, Tim (ed.). "Quick Questions". Catholic Answers: The Magazine of Apologetics and Evangelization. 33 (3): 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers%3A+The+Magazine+of+Apologetics+and+Evangelization&rft.atitle=Quick+Questions&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44-45&rft.date=2023-05%2F2023-06&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Trent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_226-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:18&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/greek/2786.htm">"Strong's Greek: 2786. Κηφᾶς (Képhas) – "a rock," Cephas, a name given to the apostle Peter"</a>. biblehub.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek%3A+2786.+%CE%9A%CE%B7%CF%86%E1%BE%B6%CF%82+%28K%C3%A9phas%29+%E2%80%93+%22a+rock%2C%22+Cephas%2C+a+name+given+to+the+apostle+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F2786.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/john/1-42.htm">"John 1:42 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. biblehub.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=John+1%3A42+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fjohn%2F1-42.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/greek/2786.htm">"Cephas (Aramaic for rock)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331130125/https://biblehub.com/greek/2786.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cephas+%28Aramaic+for+rock%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F2786.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cephas-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Cephas_230-0">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: כֵּיפׇא \ כֵּיף) is an indirect transliteration of the Syriac (ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܳܐ), (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Κηφᾶς) is a direct transliteration of the Syriac (ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܳܐ), and (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: כֵּיפׇא \ כֵּיף) is a direct transliteration of the Greek. The Hebrew word (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: כאפא) is also a direct transliteration of the Syriac. (cƒ. Interlinear Peshitta Aramaic New Testament Bible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peshitta.info/gospel/matthew_16.htm">Matthew xvi. 18</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824080209/http://peshitta.info/gospel/matthew_16.htm">Archived</a> 24 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119034546/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/peter-the-rock">"Peter the Rock"</a>. Catholic Answers. 10 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/tracts/peter-the-rock">the original</a> on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2010. <q>And what does Kepha mean? It means a rock, the same as petra (It doesn't mean a little stone or a pebble) What Jesus said to Simon in Matthew 16:18 was this: 'You are Kepha, and on this kepha I will build my Church.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Peter+the+Rock&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftracts%2Fpeter-the-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew1618greek-233"><a href="#cite_ref-matthew1618greek_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="matthew1618greek" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/matthew/16-18.htm">"Matthew 16:18"</a>. BibleHub. Online Parallel Bible Project. Retrieved 9 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleHub&rft.atitle=Matthew+16%3A18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fmatthew%2F16-18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aramaic-234"><a href="#cite_ref-aramaic_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_C._Myers1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allen C. Myers, ed. (1987). "Aramaic". The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2402-8</bdi></a>. <q>It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Palestine in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2402-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peshitta.org/pdf/Mattich16.pdf">"Peshitta Matthew 16"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peshitta+Matthew+16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peshitta.org%2Fpdf%2FMattich16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/greek/strongs_2786.htm">"Strong's Greek: 2786. Κηφᾶς (Képhas) -- 9 Occurrences"</a>. biblehub.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek%3A+2786.+%CE%9A%CE%B7%CF%86%E1%BE%B6%CF%82+%28K%C3%A9phas%29+--+9+Occurrences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2Fstrongs_2786.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basil-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Basil_237-0">^</a> Basil li. De poenit. cƒ. Matth. v. 14; Luke xxii. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:18–19&version=nrsv">Matt. 16:18–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2022:15–23&version=nrsv">Isaiah 22:15–23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-keating-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keating_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keating_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119034546/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/peter-the-rock">"Peter the Rock"</a>. Catholic.com. 10 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/tracts/peter-the-rock">the original</a> on 19 November 2011. 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Seaton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512144343/http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApolloniusRhodius3.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0227%3Abook%3D3%3Acard%3D1245">3:1365–1367</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518190325/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0227:book%3D3:card%3D1245">Archived</a> 18 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <dl><dd>λάζετο δ᾽ ἐκ πεδίοιο μέγαν περιηγέα πέτρον,</dd> <dd>δεινὸν Ἐνυαλίου σόλον Ἄρεος: οὔ κέ μιν ἄνδρες</dd> <dd>αἰζηοὶ πίσυρες γαίης ἄπο τυτθὸν ἄειραν.</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2010:4&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 10:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Chadwick, The Early Christian Church. p.237 p.238 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Mathison, Keith A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_PHAGr2TfgC">The Shape of Sola Scriptura</a>, pp. 184–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018060632/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/peters-primacy">"Peter's Primacy"</a>. 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LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=Upon+This+Rock&rft.date=1981-05&rft.aulast=McConkie&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1981%2F05%2Fupon-this-rock%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConkie1973" class="citation magazine cs1">McConkie, Bruce R. (July 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1973/07/the-rock-of-revelation?lang=eng">"The Rock of Revelation"</a>. Ensign. LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+Rock+of+Revelation&rft.date=1973-07&rft.aulast=McConkie&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1973%2F07%2Fthe-rock-of-revelation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/1991-03-30/christ-built-church-on-rock-of-revelation-3640">"Christ built Church on rock of revelation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_News" title="Church News">Church News</a>. 30 March 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+News&rft.atitle=Christ+built+Church+on+rock+of+revelation&rft.date=1991-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechurchnews.com%2Farchive%2F1991-03-30%2Fchrist-built-church-on-rock-of-revelation-3640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Eisenstein1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Eisenstein" title="Julius Eisenstein">Julius Eisenstein</a> (1915). Otzar HaMidrashim. Mishor. p. 557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otzar+HaMidrashim&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=Mishor&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Julius+Eisenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Qur'an 3:49–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-275"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoegelWheeler2003" class="citation book cs1">Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aTXAAAAMAAJ">Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism</a>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield). p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4305-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-4305-9</bdi></a>. <q>Muslim exegesis identifies the disciples of Jesus as Peter, Andrew, Matthew, Thomas, Philip, John, James, Bartholomew, and Simon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Prophets+in+Islam+and+Judaism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press+%28Rowman+%26+Littlefield%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4305-9&rft.aulast=Noegel&rft.aufirst=Scott+B.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Brandon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aTXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Hughes Dictionary of Islam, Habib the Carpenter </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <a href="/wiki/No_god_but_God:_The_Origins,_Evolution,_and_Future_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam">No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>, Dictionary: Simon Peter </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/promised-day-come/5#058329751">"The Promised Day Is Come | Bahá'í Reference Library"</a>. www.bahai.org. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bahai.org&rft.atitle=The+Promised+Day+Is+Come+%7C+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Reference+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Flibrary%2Fauthoritative-texts%2Fshoghi-effendi%2Fpromised-day-come%2F5%23058329751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bahai.org-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bahai.org_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahai.org_279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/summons-lord-hosts/5#662049814">"The Summons of the Lord of Hosts | Bahá'í Reference Library"</a>. www.bahai.org. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bahai.org&rft.atitle=The+Summons+of+the+Lord+of+Hosts+%7C+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Reference+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Flibrary%2Fauthoritative-texts%2Fbahaullah%2Fsummons-lord-hosts%2F5%23662049814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foltz-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Foltz_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2021" class="citation book cs1">Foltz, Richard (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuhJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-1846-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-1846-0"><bdi>978-0-7556-1846-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 August 2022. <q>"bettyr", a corruption of (St) Peter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ossetes%3A+Modern-Day+Scythians+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-1846-0&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPuhJEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSochaSykuteraOrefici2022" class="citation journal cs1">Socha, Dagmara M.; Sykutera, Marzena; Orefici, Giuseppe (1 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2022.105688">"Use of psychoactive and stimulant plants on the south coast of Peru from the Early Intermediate to Late Intermediate Period"</a>. Journal of Archaeological Science. 148: 105688. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JArSc.148j5688S">2022JArSc.148j5688S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2022.105688">10.1016/j.jas.2022.105688</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403">0305-4403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252954052">252954052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Use+of+psychoactive+and+stimulant+plants+on+the+south+coast+of+Peru+from+the+Early+Intermediate+to+Late+Intermediate+Period&rft.volume=148&rft.pages=105688&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2022.105688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252954052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-4403&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JArSc.148j5688S&rft.aulast=Socha&rft.aufirst=Dagmara+M.&rft.au=Sykutera%2C+Marzena&rft.au=Orefici%2C+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jas.2022.105688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elperuano.pe/noticia/197142-declaran-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-nacion-a-los-conocimientos-saberes-y-usos-del-cactus-san-pedro">"Declaran Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación a los conocimientos, saberes y usos del cactus San Pedro"</a>. elperuano.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elperuano.pe&rft.atitle=Declaran+Patrimonio+Cultural+de+la+Naci%C3%B3n+a+los+conocimientos%2C+saberes+y+usos+del+cactus+San+Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felperuano.pe%2Fnoticia%2F197142-declaran-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-nacion-a-los-conocimientos-saberes-y-usos-del-cactus-san-pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031209164253/http://www.bible.org/docs/soapbox/2petotl.htm">Second Peter: Introduction, Argument, and Outline</a>. Archive date: 9 December 2003. Access date: 19 August 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-epistles-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ce-epistles_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce-epistles_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce-epistles_284-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce-epistles_284-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce-epistles_284-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce-epistles_284-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce-epistles_284-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVander_Heeren,_Achille1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vander Heeren, Achille (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Epistles_of_St._Peter">"Epistles of St. Peter" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epistles+of+St.+Peter&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Vander+Heeren%2C+Achille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsaint" class="citation web cs1">saint, Jerome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_hedibia_2_trans.htm">"Epistle 120 – To Hedibia Question 11"</a>. tertullian.org. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epistle+120+%E2%80%93+To+Hedibia+Question+11&rft.pub=tertullian.org&rft.aulast=saint&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fjerome_hedibia_2_trans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Peter+5:12">1 Pet. 5:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgedwritinginn00ehrm">Forged</a>. HarperOne, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgedwritinginn00ehrm/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201262-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201262-3"><bdi>978-0-06-201262-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=HarperOne%2C+HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-201262-3&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgedwritinginn00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:1–2&version=nrsv">1Pet 1:1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250106.htm">"Church History Book VI, Chapter 25"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+VI%2C+Chapter+25&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 3.39.14–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Irenaeus, Against Heresies, III. 1.2.; quoted by Eusebius in Ecclesiastical History, book 5, 7.6 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.bibleodyssey.net/passages/main-articles/preaching-of-peter/">"Preaching of Peter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preaching+of+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.bibleodyssey.net%2Fpassages%2Fmain-articles%2Fpreaching-of-peter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813204310/http://www.misericordia.edu/users/davies/thomas/Trans.htm">"Gospel of Thomas 13"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.misericordia.edu/users/davies/thomas/Trans.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Thomas+13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.misericordia.edu%2Fusers%2Fdavies%2Fthomas%2FTrans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813204310/http://www.misericordia.edu/users/davies/thomas/Trans.htm">"Gospel of Thomas 114"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.misericordia.edu/users/davies/thomas/Trans.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Thomas+114&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.misericordia.edu%2Fusers%2Fdavies%2Fthomas%2FTrans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/apocalypsepeter-mrjames.html">"The Apocalypse of Peter (translation by M. R. James)"</a>. www.earlychristianwritings.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.atitle=The+Apocalypse+of+Peter+%28translation+by+M.+R.+James%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fapocalypsepeter-mrjames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_296-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/marygosp.htm">"The Gospel According to Mary Magdalene"</a>. www.gnosis.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnosis.org&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Mary+Magdalene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Flibrary%2Fmarygosp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Das Evangelium nach Petrus. Text, Kontexte, Intertexte. Edited by Thomas J. Kraus and Tobias Nicklas. (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur. Archiv für die Ausgabe der Griechischen Christlichen Schiftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte (TU), 158.) viii–384 pp. Berlin–New York: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019313-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019313-8">978-3-11-019313-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917093938/http://www.cygnus-study.com/pagepet.html">"Gospel of Peter 14:3"</a>. Cygnus-study.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cygnus-study.com/pagepet.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Peter+14%3A3&rft.pub=Cygnus-study.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cygnus-study.com%2Fpagepet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/06/22/italy.apostles.images/">"Oldest known images of apostles found"</a>. CNN.com. Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Oldest+known+images+of+apostles+found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F06%2F22%2Fitaly.apostles.images%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Higgitt, John, "The Iconography of Saint Peter in Anglo-Saxon England, and Saint Cuthbert's Coffin", pp. 267–272, 270 quoted, in: Bonner, Gerald, Rollason, David & Stancliffe, Clare, eds., St. Cuthbert, his Cult and his Community to AD 1200. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-610-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-610-X">0-85115-610-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851156101" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851156101">978-0851156101</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jPRV2hUGE8C&q=%22levis+theca%22&pg=PA268">google books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Higgitt, p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> White, L. Michael (2004). From Jesus to Christianity. Harper San Francisco. p. 170. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-052655-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-052655-6">0-06-052655-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egodeath.com/arthurdrewslegendstpeter.htm">"Arthur Drews – The Legend of St. Peter"</a>. Egodeath.com. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arthur+Drews+%E2%80%93+The+Legend+of+St.+Peter&rft.pub=Egodeath.com&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egodeath.com%2Farthurdrewslegendstpeter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="George Albert Wells">George Albert Wells</a>, "St. Peter as Bishop of Rome" </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2010" class="citation book cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (2010). The Remembered Peter: In Ancient Reception and Modern Debate. Mohr Siebeck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remembered+Peter%3A+In+Ancient+Reception+and+Modern+Debate&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus+N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2001" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G (2001). "Has the Canon a Continuing Function". In Lee Martin McDonald; James A. Sanders (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxW-AgAAQBAJ">The Canon Debate</a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4163-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Has+the+Canon+a+Continuing+Function&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4163-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxW-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcockTutuEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; <a href="/wiki/Mpho_Tutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpho Tutu">Tutu, Mpho</a>; Esposito, John L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elbuAAAAMAAJ">Geography of Religion: Where God Lives, where Pilgrims Walk</a>. National Geographic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-7317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-7317-2"><bdi>978-0-7922-7317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Religion%3A+Where+God+Lives%2C+where+Pilgrims+Walk&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-7317-2&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Susan+Tyler&rft.au=Tutu%2C+Mpho&rft.au=Esposito%2C+John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DelbuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobes2005" class="citation book cs1">Jobes, Karen (2005). Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: 1 Peter. Baker Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baker+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament%3A+1+Peter&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jobes&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kruger, Michael J. (1999). "The Authenticity of 2 Peter". Journal of Evangelical Society. 42 (4): 645–671.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evangelical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Authenticity+of+2+Peter&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=645-671&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kruger&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüdemannÖzen1996" class="citation book cs1">Lüdemann, Gerd; Özen, Alf (1996). De opstanding van Jezus. Een historische benadering (Was mit Jesus wirklich geschah. Die Auferstehung historisch betrachtet / The Resurrection of Christ: A Historical Inquiry). The Have/Averbode. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-02594-665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-02594-665-4"><bdi>978-9-02594-665-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+opstanding+van+Jezus.+Een+historische+benadering+%28Was+mit+Jesus+wirklich+geschah.+Die+Auferstehung+historisch+betrachtet+%2F+The+Resurrection+of+Christ%3A+A+Historical+Inquiry%29&rft.pub=The+Have%2FAverbode&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9-02594-665-4&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCdemann&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=%C3%96zen%2C+Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels2005" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (2005). De Gnostische Evangelien (The Gnostic Gospels). Servire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Gnostische+Evangelien+%28The+Gnostic+Gospels%29&rft.pub=Servire&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 15 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4508" data-mwtitle="Saint_Peter_Spoken_Version.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Saint_Peter_Spoken_Version.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Saint_Peter_Spoken_Version.ogg/Saint_Peter_Spoken_Version.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Peter_Spoken_Version.ogg" title="File:Saint Peter Spoken Version.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 10 November 2013 (2013-11-10), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchfathers.org/category/the-church-and-the-papacy/peters-primacy/">Church Fathers on the Peter's Primacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711044612/http://www.churchfathers.org/category/the-church-and-the-papacy/peters-primacy/">Archived</a> 11 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchfathers.org/category/the-church-and-the-papacy/peters-successors/">Church Fathers on Peter's Successors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626211430/http://www.churchfathers.org/category/the-church-and-the-papacy/peters-successors/">Archived</a> 26 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-peter-the-apostle-saint-pope-apostle-of-the-catholic-church.html">The Life & Miracles of St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050617085800/http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/Cephas.htm">Etymology of Peter</a> (archived 17 June 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110704/http://wikinoah.org/index.php/Simon_Kefa_(Peter)_bar_Jonah">The Jewish St Peter</a> (archived 28 September 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=790&letter=S&search=Simon%20Peter">Jewish Encyclopedia: Simon Cephas</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lake, Kirsopp (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peter,_St">"Peter, St" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 285–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter%2C+St&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=285-288&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Kirsopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100202">Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter</a> Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synaxarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaxarion">synaxarion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101841">The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Peter</a> icon and synaxarion</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101840">The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Peter & Paul</a> sermon of Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013083832/http://catholic.com/library/Was_Peter_in_Rome.asp">Catholic response to Protestant claims that Peter never visited Rome</a> (archived 13 October 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.org/tours.htm">stpetersbasilica.org</a> Books on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New creation </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a> before 64 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New creation </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Patriarchs of Antioch">Bishop of Antioch</a> 37–53 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Evodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Evodius">Evodius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New 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href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man (Bethsaida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief ("Dismas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief ("Gestas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judaea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_articles_relating_to_Saint_Peter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Other_articles_relating_to_Saint_Peter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles relating to Saint Peter</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="Template:Patriarchs of Antioch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="Template talk:Patriarchs of Antioch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs of Antioch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Patriarchs of Antioch">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarchs of Antioch</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a> before 518</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter I</a> (c. 37 – c. 53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodius" title="Evodius">Evodius</a> (c. 53 – c. 69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a> (c. 70 – c. 107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Antioch" title="Herodion of Antioch">Herodion</a> (107–127)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_of_Antioch" title="Cornelius of Antioch">Cornelius</a> (127–154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_of_Antioch" title="Eros of Antioch">Eros</a> (154–169)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus</a> (c. 169 – c. 182)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Antioch" title="Maximus of Antioch">Maximus I</a> (182–191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Antioch" title="Serapion of Antioch">Serapion</a> (191–211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Antioch" title="Asclepiades of Antioch">Ascelpiades</a> (211–220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_of_Antioch" title="Philetus of Antioch">Philetus</a> (220–231)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebinnus_of_Antioch" title="Zebinnus of Antioch">Zebinnus</a> (231–237)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylas_of_Antioch" title="Babylas of Antioch">Babylas</a> (237–ca. 250)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Fabius</a> (253–256)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Antioch" title="Demetrius of Antioch">Demetrius</a> (c. 256–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a> (260–268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnus I">Domnus I</a> (268–273)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timaeus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timaeus of Antioch (page does not exist)">Timaeus</a> (273–282)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyril of Antioch (page does not exist)">Cyril I</a> (283–303)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrannus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrannus of Antioch (page does not exist)">Tyrannus</a> (304–314)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitalis_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitalis of Antioch (page does not exist)">Vitalis</a> (314–320)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philogonus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philogonus (page does not exist)">Philogonus</a> (320–323)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathius</a> (324–330)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulinus_I_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulinus I of Antioch (page does not exist)">Paulinus I</a> (330)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eulalius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eulalius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Eulalius</a> (331–332)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphronius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphronius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Euphronius</a> (332–333)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flacillus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flacillus of Antioch (page does not exist)">Flacillus</a> (333–342)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Antioch" title="Stephen I of Antioch">Stephen I</a> (342–344)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leontius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leontius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Leontius</a> (344–358)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius</a> (358–359)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annanios_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annanios of Antioch (page does not exist)">Annanios</a> (359)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch" title="Meletius of Antioch">Meletius</a> (360–361)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Homoian group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Euzoius (361–378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorotheus_of_Antioch" title="Dorotheus of Antioch">Dorotheus</a> (378–381)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meletian group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch" title="Meletius of Antioch">Meletius</a> (362–381)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_I_of_Antioch" title="Flavian I of Antioch">Flavian I</a> (381–404)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyrus_of_Antioch" title="Porphyrus of Antioch">Porphyrus</a> (404–412)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander of Antioch (page does not exist)">Alexander</a> (412–417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathian group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Antioch" title="Paulinus II of Antioch">Paulinus II</a> (362–388)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_of_Antioch" title="Evagrius of Antioch">Evagrius</a> (388–393)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_of_Laodicea" title="Apollinaris of Laodicea">Apollonarist group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vitalis (376–?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Antioch" title="Theodotus of Antioch">Theodotus</a> (417–428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Antioch" title="John I of Antioch">John I</a> (428–442)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnus_II_of_Antioch" title="Domnus II of Antioch">Domnus II</a> (442–449)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_II_of_Antioch" title="Maximus II of Antioch">Maximus II</a> (449–455)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil of Antioch (page does not exist)">Basil</a> (456–458)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acacius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acacius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Acacius</a> (458–461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrius_of_Antioch" title="Martyrius of Antioch">Martyrius</a> (461–469)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller" title="Peter the Fuller">Peter II</a> (469–471)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(Chalcedonian_patriarch_of_Antioch)" title="Julian (Chalcedonian patriarch of Antioch)">Julian</a> (471–476)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller" title="Peter the Fuller">Peter II</a> (476)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Codonatus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John II Codonatus of Antioch (page does not exist)">John II Codonatus</a> (476–477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Antioch" title="Stephen II of Antioch">Stephen II</a> (477–479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendion" title="Calendion">Callandion</a> (479–485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller" title="Peter the Fuller">Peter II</a> (485–488)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Palladius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarch Palladius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Palladius</a> (488–498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_II_of_Antioch" title="Flavian II of Antioch">Flavian II</a> (498–512)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus I</a> (512–518)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Epistle_of_Peter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Template:First Epistle of Peter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Template talk:First Epistle of Peter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Epistle of Peter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Epistle_of_Peter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms/Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirits_in_prison" title="Spirits in prison">Spirits in prison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Textual variants in the First Epistle of Peter">Textual variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Πέτρου Α'">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Petri_I" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Petri I">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/1_Petre" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/1 Petre">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/1 Peter">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Peter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Peter">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/1_Peter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/1 Peter">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_in_the_Coptic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coptic_saints" title="Template talk:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_in_the_Coptic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Saints in the Coptic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coptic cross"><img alt="Coptic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/100px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/200px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, Our Lady of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Assiut" title="Our Lady of Assiut">Assiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Warraq" title="Our Lady of Warraq">Warraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Zeitoun" title="Our Lady of Zeitoun">Zeitoun</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Suriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zedekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananiel" title="Ananiel">Ananiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe the Deaconess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tarn%C5%ABt" title="Abāmūn of Tarnūt">Abāmūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tukh" title="Abāmūn of Tukh">Abāmūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanoub" title="Abanoub">Abanoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaskhiron_the_Soldier" title="Abaskhiron the Soldier">Abaskhiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandrian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Arianus" title="Saint Arianus">Arianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Apollonia" title="Saint Apollonia">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilides_and_Potamiana" title="Basilides and Potamiana">Basilides and Potamiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_and_Daria" title="Chrysanthus and Daria">Chrysanthus and Daria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaffredo" title="Chiaffredo">Chiaffredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Colluthus" title="Saint Colluthus">Colluthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_and_Damian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmas and Damian">Cosmas and Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina" title="Cyprian and Justina">Cyprian and Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_and_John" title="Cyrus and John">Cyrus and John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasya" title="Dasya">Dasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiana" title="Demiana">Demiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Alexandria" title="Dorothea of Alexandria">Dorothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_and_companions" title="Elias and companions">Elias and companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimachus_of_Pelusium" title="Epimachus of Pelusium">Epimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus,_Abibus_and_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius of Alexandria">Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Felix and Regula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Abdel_El-Metgaly" title="Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly">Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gallicanus" title="Saint Gallicanus">Gallicanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anba_George" title="Anba George">George Bishop of Assiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_El_Mozahem" title="George El Mozahem">George El Mozahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereon" title="Gereon">Gereon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor,_Besoy,_and_Daydara" title="Hor, Besoy, and Daydara">Hor, Besoy, and Daydara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_church_attacks" title="2011 Imbaba church attacks">Imbaba Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Dafra" title="Isaac of Dafra">Isaac of Dafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Senhout" title="John of Senhout">John of Senhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Malati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Marina the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice" title="Saint Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Memnon" title="Saint Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Menas">Menas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohrael" title="Mohrael">Mohrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Moura" title="Saint Moura">Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otimus" title="Otimus">Otimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philotheos" title="Saint Philotheos">Philotheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rais" title="Saint Rais">Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_the_Martyr" title="Sarah the Martyr">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Legion" title="Theban Legion">Theban Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecla" title="Thecla">Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Theoclia" title="Saint Theoclia">Theoclia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_and_Didymus" title="Theodora and Didymus">Theodora and Didymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stratelates" title="Theodore Stratelates">Theodore Stratelates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Varus" title="Saint Varus">Varus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronia_of_Syria" title="Febronia of Syria">Veronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadamoun" title="Wadamoun">Wadamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanas" title="Wanas">Wanas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anianus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anianus of Alexandria">Anianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Avilius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Avilius of Alexandria">Avilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Kedron_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Kedron of Alexandria">Kedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Justus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Justus of Alexandria">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eumenes_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Eumenes of Alexandria">Eumenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Markianos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Markianos of Alexandria">Markianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celadion_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Celadion of Alexandria">Celadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agrippinus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria">Agrippinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Julian of Alexandria">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy I of Alexandria">Timothy I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anastasius of Alexandria">Anastasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Andronicus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Andronicus of Alexandria">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agatho of Alexandria">Agathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon I of Alexandria">Simeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodoros_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodoros I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark II of Alexandria">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Jacob of Alexandria">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon II of Alexandria">Simeon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph I of Alexandria">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael III of Alexandria">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel I of Alexandria">Gabriel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Abraham of Alexandria">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Zacharias of Alexandria">Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius II of Alexandria">Macarius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew I of Alexandria">Matthew I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria">Gabriel VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIV of Alexandria">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril V of Alexandria">Cyril V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius III of Alexandria">Macarius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadiu_of_Antinoe" title="Abadiu of Antinoe">Abadiu of Antinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraam,_Bishop_of_Faiyum" title="Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum">Abraam of Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory of Neocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Jacob of Nisibis">Jacob of Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Bishop_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="John II, Bishop of Jerusalem"> John of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Karas" title="Bishop Karas">Karas of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Mikhail_of_Asyut" title="Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut">Mikhaeil of Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_of_Jerusalem" title="Narcissus of Jerusalem">Narcissus of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas of Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Bishop" title="Paphnutius the Bishop">Paphnutius of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Porphyrius" title="Saint Porphyrius">Porphyrius of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psote" title="Psote">Psote of Ebsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary_of_Serapion_of_Thmuis" title="Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis">Serapion of Thmuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severian_of_Gabala" title="Severian of Gabala">Severian of Gabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousab_El_Abah" title="Yousab El Abah">Yousab el-Abah of Girga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Messih_El-Makari" title="Abdel Messih El-Makari">Abdel Messih El-Makari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abib_and_Apollo" title="Abib and Apollo">Abib and Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Farshut" title="Abraham of Farshut">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Scetis" title="Abraham of Scetis">Abraham of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Awgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Awgin">Awgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsiesius" title="Horsiesius">Horsiesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitius" title="Hospitius">Hospitius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Irini" title="Mother Irini">Mother Irini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">Isaac of Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Pelusium" title="Isidore of Pelusium">Isidore of Pelusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Dwarf" title="John the Dwarf">John the Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria" title="Macarius of Alexandria">Macarius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marina the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambo" title="Pambo">Pambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsoma" title="Parsoma">Parsoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patapios_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Patapios of Thebes">Patapios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tammah" title="Paul of Tammah">Paul of Tammah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Simple" title="Paul the Simple">Paul the Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_of_Egypt" title="Petronius of Egypt">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishoy" title="Pishoy">Pishoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Confessor" title="Samuel the Confessor">Samuel the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisoes_the_Great" title="Sisoes the Great">Sisoes the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Tabennese" title="Theodorus of Tabennese">Theodorus of Tabennese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Alexandria" title="Theodora of Alexandria">Theodora of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Karas" title="Saint Karas">Karas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misael_the_Anchorite" title="Misael the Anchorite">Misael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onuphrius" title="Onuphrius">Onuphrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Ascetic" title="Paphnutius the Ascetic">Paphnutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pijimi" title="Pijimi">Pijimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Hermit" title="Thomas the Hermit">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimas_of_Palestine" title="Zosimas of Palestine">Zosimas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Other saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Alexandria" title="Ambrose of Alexandria">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Alexandria" title="Euphrosyne of Alexandria">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Girgis" title="Habib Girgis">Habib Girgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Candidus" title="Saint Candidus">Candidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Three Holy Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Maximus_and_Domatius" title="Saints Maximus and Domatius">Maximus and Domatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verena" class="mw-redirect" title="Verena">Verena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Saint Peter at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Petrus" class="extiw" title="c:Petrus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saint_Peter" class="extiw" title="q:Saint Peter">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Peter" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Peter">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33923" class="extiw" title="d:Q33923">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33923#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33923#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33923#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000119847373">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13581141">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31923/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf49HtKJXRqJ8g8Rx4rMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118593323">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022118">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120020645">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120020645">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621705">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701397&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000126369&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1063615">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=005586956&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037688">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=44570">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000015534">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810678574405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007303089105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614553406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118593323.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118593323">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028123395">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6147268">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64b3rxv">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&oldid=1258767927">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter&oldid=1258767927</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Christian_martyrs" title="Category:1st-century Christian martyrs">1st-century Christian martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Jews" title="Category:1st-century Jews">1st-century Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:60s_deaths" title="Category:60s deaths">60s deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Jewish_fishers" 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