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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Herodian_Caesarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herodian_Caesarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Herodian Caesarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herodian_Caesarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sebastos_harbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebastos_harbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Sebastos harbor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebastos_harbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Caeserea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Caeserea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Roman Caeserea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Caeserea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Early Christian centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Byzantine period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Early Muslim period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Crusader and Ayyubid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate_of_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate_of_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>British Mandate of Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate_of_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>1947–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeology and reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesarea Maritima</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قيسارية ماريتيما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قيسارية ماريتيما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99l%C9%99stin_Qeys%C9%99riyy%C9%99si" title="Fələstin Qeysəriyyəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fələstin Qeysəriyyəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кейсарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кейсарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кесария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кесария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezarija" title="Cezarija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cezarija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarea_de_Palestina" title="Cesarea de Palestina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cesarea de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%CC%B1orbat_Qesari" title="H̱orbat Qesari – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="H̱orbat Qesari" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Παράλιος Καισάρεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παράλιος Καισάρεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarea_Mar%C3%ADtima" title="Cesarea Marítima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cesarea Marítima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88emara_Cezareo" title="Ĉemara Cezareo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉemara Cezareo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesarea_Maritima" title="Zesarea Maritima – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قیساریه دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیساریه دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarea_Mar%C3%ADtima" title="Cesarea Marítima – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cesarea Marítima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%97%90%EC%82%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84_%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88" title="카에사레아 마리티마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카에사레아 마리티마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC)" title="Կեսարիա (Իսրայել) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեսարիա (Իսրայել)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisarea_Maritima" title="Kaisarea Maritima – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarea_marittima" title="Cesarea marittima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cesarea marittima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="קיסריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיסריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კესარია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კესარია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisarea_Baharini" title="Kaisarea Baharini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaisarea Baharini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea" title="Caesarea – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_(%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89)" title="قيصريه (موقع اثرى فى فلسطين الاولى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قيصريه (موقع اثرى فى فلسطين الاولى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_(Maritima)" title="Caesarea (Maritima) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caesarea (Maritima)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9E" title="カイサリア・マリティマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カイサリア・マリティマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezarea_Nadmorska" title="Cezarea Nadmorska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cezarea Nadmorska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesareia_Mar%C3%ADtima" title="Cesareia Marítima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cesareia Marítima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezareea_Maritima" title="Cezareea Maritima – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cezareea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кесария Палестинска – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кесария Палестинска" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Кесария Палестинская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кесария Палестинская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Приморска Цезареја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Приморска Цезареја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorska_Cezareja" title="Primorska Cezareja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Primorska Cezareja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarea_Palestina" title="Cesarea Palestina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cesarea Palestina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செசாரியா கடற்கரையோரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செசாரியா கடற்கரையோரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кесарія Палестинська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кесарія Палестинська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قیصریہ بحری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قیصریہ بحری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarea_Maritima" title="Cesarea Maritima – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cesarea Maritima" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99" title="קסרי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קסרי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="濱海凱撒里亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="濱海凱撒里亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caesarea_Maritima&params=32_30_0_N_34_53_30_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°53′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.50000°N 34.89167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.50000; 34.89167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Levantine city</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern town, see <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(modern_town)" title="Caesarea (modern town)">Caesarea (modern town)</a>. For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Caesarea (disambiguation)">Caesarea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="PIA-flag" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;">This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.</p> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Caesarea</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Καισάρεια / قيصرية / קיסריה</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caesarea.JPG/220px-Caesarea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caesarea.JPG/330px-Caesarea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caesarea.JPG/440px-Caesarea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The ruins of Caesarea Maritima, with the modern resort town of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(modern_town)" title="Caesarea (modern town)">Caesarea (Keisarya)</a> shown in the top right</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:150px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:150px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:150px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caesarea Maritima is located in Israel"><img alt="Caesarea Maritima is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/150px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/225px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/300px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.81%;left:45.833%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Caesarea Maritima"><img alt="Caesarea Maritima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/National_parks_and_nature_reserves_of_Israel" title="National parks and nature reserves of Israel">Caesarea National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hof_HaCarmel_Regional_Council" title="Hof HaCarmel Regional Council">Hof HaCarmel Regional Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon plain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caesarea_Maritima&params=32_30_0_N_34_53_30_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°53′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.50000°N 34.89167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.50000; 34.89167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdashtart_I" title="Abdashtart I">Abdashtart I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">4th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">1265</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> to <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority" title="Israel Nature and Parks Authority">Israel Nature and Parks Authority</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Caesarea</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>Caesarea Maritima</b>, <b>Caesarea Palaestinae</b> or <b>Caesarea Stratonis</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Raban_Holum_1996_p._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raban_Holum_1996_p.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masalha_2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha_2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an ancient and medieval port city on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern Mediterranean</a>, and later a small fishing village. It was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, successively, for a period of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650 years and a major intellectual hub of the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbān_Holum_1996_p._578_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbān_Holum_1996_p._578-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prawer_Ben-Shammai_1996_p._10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prawer_Ben-Shammai_1996_p._10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the site is part of the Caesarea National Park, on the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon plain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p><p>The site was first settled in the 4th century BCE as a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician colony</a> and trading village known as <a href="/wiki/Abdashtart_I" title="Abdashtart I">Straton's</a> Tower<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>. It was enlarged in the 1st century BCE under <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean rule</a>, becoming a Jewish village;<sup id="cite_ref-Straton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 63 BCE, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> annexed the region, it was declared an autonomous city. It was then significantly enlarged in the Roman period by the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaean</a> client King <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, who established a harbour and dedicated the town and its port to <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> as <i>Caesarea</i>. </p><p>During the early Roman period, Caesarea became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">Roman procurators</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was populated throughout the 1st to 6th centuries CE and became an important <a href="/wiki/Early_center_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early center of Christianity">early centre of Christianity</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a>. Its importance may have waned following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of 640</a> when the city, then known in Arabic as <b>Qisarya</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قيسارية</span></span>), lost its status as provincial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being re-fortified by Muslim rulers in the 11th century, it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Crusaders</a>, who strengthened and made it into an important port, which was finally slighted by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks</a> in 1265. </p><p>Qisarya was a small fishing village in the early modern period. In February 1948, during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>, some of its population fled following an attack on a bus by the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> militant group <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a>, and the remainder were expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a>, who subsequently demolished its houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris129130_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris129130-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins of the ancient city beneath the depopulated village were excavated in the 1950s and 1960s for archaeological purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>Whilst the name <i>Caesarea</i> was frequently used alone for the subject of this article, various <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">markers</a> were used to differentiate the location from these other locations; these include "Palestina" ("of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-nie_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Maritima" ("by the sea"; <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Παράλιος</span></span> <i>Parálios</i>), "Sebaste" and "Stratonis".<sup id="cite_ref-Sharon_2021_p._247_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharon_2021_p._247-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_1992_p._171_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz_1992_p._171-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Palestina" is the most common term used in ancient sources,<sup id="cite_ref-Raban_Holum_1996_p._2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raban_Holum_1996_p.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, since the creation of Israel in 1948, historians in the West have tended to use the term less frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha_2018_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha_2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin name <i>Caesarea</i> also referred to several other cities in the region, notably <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Caesarea near Mount Hermon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(Mazaca)" title="Caesarea (Mazaca)">Caesarea the capital of Cappadocia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div> <p><i>Stratonos pyrgos</i> (Straton's Tower) was founded in the 4th century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Abdashtart_I" title="Abdashtart I">Abdashtart I</a>, or Straton I king of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Straton_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first established as a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> colony and trading village.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 90 BCE, Jewish ruler <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> captured Straton's Tower as part of his policy of developing the shipbuilding industry and enlarging the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Straton_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Straton's Tower remained a Jewish settlement for two more generations, until the area became dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> in 63 BCE, when they declared it an autonomous city.<sup id="cite_ref-Straton_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herodian_Caesarea">Herodian Caesarea</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_and_Medieval_ruins_in_Kaisarieh_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roman_and_Medieval_ruins_in_Kaisarieh_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/220px-Roman_and_Medieval_ruins_in_Kaisarieh_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roman_and_Medieval_ruins_in_Kaisarieh_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/330px-Roman_and_Medieval_ruins_in_Kaisarieh_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roman_and_Medieval_ruins_in_Kaisarieh_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/440px-Roman_and_Medieval_ruins_in_Kaisarieh_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption>Roman and medieval ruins in "Kaisarieh", drawn for the 1871-77 <a href="/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">PEF Survey of Palestine</a></figcaption></figure><p> Caesarea was built in <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a> under the Jewish client King <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> during <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 22-10/9 BCE near the ruins of the small naval station of Straton's Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Straton_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site, along with all of Judea, was awarded by Rome to Herod in 30 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pagan city underwent vast changes under Herod, who renamed it Caesarea in honour of the Roman emperor, <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Straton_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nie_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesarea was known as the administrative, economic, and cultural capital of the Judean province from this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_Maritima_aqueduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caesarea_Maritima_aqueduct.jpg/220px-Caesarea_Maritima_aqueduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caesarea_Maritima_aqueduct.jpg/330px-Caesarea_Maritima_aqueduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caesarea_Maritima_aqueduct.jpg/440px-Caesarea_Maritima_aqueduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Roman aqueduct</figcaption></figure><p>In 22 BCE, Herod began construction of a deep-sea harbour named Sebastos and built storerooms, markets, wide roads, baths, a temple to the <a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">goddess Roma</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and imposing public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod built his palace on a promontory jutting out into the sea, with a decorative pool surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa">stoas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nie_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every five years, the city hosted major sports competitions, gladiator games, and theatrical productions in its theatre overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_and_mosaics_in_Caesarea_Maritima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ruins_and_mosaics_in_Caesarea_Maritima.jpg/220px-Ruins_and_mosaics_in_Caesarea_Maritima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ruins_and_mosaics_in_Caesarea_Maritima.jpg/330px-Ruins_and_mosaics_in_Caesarea_Maritima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ruins_and_mosaics_in_Caesarea_Maritima.jpg/440px-Ruins_and_mosaics_in_Caesarea_Maritima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Mosaics</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-26-26_stitch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-26-26_stitch.jpg/220px-Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-26-26_stitch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-26-26_stitch.jpg/330px-Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-26-26_stitch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-26-26_stitch.jpg/440px-Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-26-26_stitch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7065" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption>The Herodian hippodrome</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sebastos_harbor">Sebastos harbor</h5></div> <p>Herod built the two <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetties</a> of the harbour between 22 and 15 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Votruba2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Votruba2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 10/9 BCE he dedicated the city and harbour to Emperor Augustus (<i><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">sebastos</a></i> is Greek for <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pace of construction was impressive considering the project's size and complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height, Sebastos was one of the most impressive harbours of its time. It had been constructed on a coast that had no natural harbours and served as an important commercial harbour in antiquity, rivaling <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra's</a> harbour at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> writes: "Although the location was generally unfavorable, [Herod] contended with the difficulties so well that the solidity of the construction could not be overcome by the sea, and its beauty seemed finished off without impediment."<sup id="cite_ref-Holum1988_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holum1988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> When it was built in the 1st century BCE, the harbour of Sebastos ranked as the largest artificial harbour built in the open sea, enclosing around 100,000 m<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menachery87_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menachery87-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea_Maritima-Columns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea_Maritima-Columns.jpg/220px-ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea_Maritima-Columns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea_Maritima-Columns.jpg/330px-ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea_Maritima-Columns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea_Maritima-Columns.jpg/440px-ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea_Maritima-Columns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="6299" /></a><figcaption>Columns</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a> were made of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozzolana" title="Pozzolana">pozzolana</a>, a type of volcanic ash, set into an underwater concrete. Herod imported over 24,000 m<sup>3</sup> of pozzolana from the name-giving town of <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli, today Pozzuoli</a> in Italy, to construct the two breakwaters: the southern one 500 meter, and the northern one 275 meter long.<sup id="cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shipment of this size would have required at least 44 shiploads of 400 tons each.<sup id="cite_ref-Votruba2007_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Votruba2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod also had 12,000 m<sup>3</sup> of local <a href="/wiki/Kurkar" title="Kurkar">kurkar</a> stone quarried to make rubble and 12,000 m<sup>3</sup> of slaked lime mixed with the pozzolana.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/220px-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/330px-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/440px-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>The theatre</figcaption></figure><p>Architects had to devise a way to lay the wooden forms for the placement of concrete underwater. One technique was to drive stakes into the ground to make a box and then fill it with pozzolana concrete bit by bit.<sup id="cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this method required many divers to hammer the planks to the stakes underwater and large quantities of pozzolana were necessary. </p><p>Another technique was a double planking method used in the northern breakwater. On land, carpenters would construct a box with beams and frames on the inside and a watertight, double-planked wall on the outside. This double wall was built with a 23 cm (9 in) gap between the inner and outer layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon1996_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the box had no bottom, it was buoyant enough to float out to sea because of the watertight space between the inner and outer walls. Once it was floated into position, pozzolana was poured into the gap between the walls and the box would sink into place on the seafloor and be staked down in the corners. The flooded inside area was then filled by divers bit by bit with pozzolana-lime mortar and kurkar rubble until it rose <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon1996_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the southern breakwater, <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> construction was used. The southern side of Sebastos was much more exposed than the northern side, requiring sturdier breakwaters. Instead of using the double planked method filled with rubble, the architects sank barges filled with layers of pozzolana concrete and lime sand mortar. The barges were similar to boxes without lids, and were constructed using <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joints, the same technique used in ancient boats, to ensure they remained watertight. The barges were ballasted with 0.5 meters of pozzolana concrete and floated out to their position. With alternating layers, pozzolana-based and lime-based concretes were hand-placed inside the barge to sink it and fill it up to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon1996_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there were underlying problems that led to its demise. Studies of the concrete cores of the moles have shown that the concrete was much weaker than similar pozzolana hydraulic concrete used in ancient Italian ports. For unknown reasons, the pozzolana mortar did not adhere as well to the <a href="/wiki/Kurkar" title="Kurkar">kurkar</a> rubble as it did to other rubble types used in Italian harbours.<sup id="cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small but numerous holes in some of the cores also indicate that the lime was of poor quality and stripped out of the mixture by strong waves before it could set.<sup id="cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, large lumps of lime were found in all five of the cores studied at Caesarea, which shows that the mixture was not mixed thoroughly.<sup id="cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, stability would not have been seriously affected if the harbour had not been constructed over a <a href="/wiki/Geological_fault_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological fault line">geological fault line</a> that runs along the coast. Seismic action gradually took its toll on the breakwaters, causing them to tilt down and settle into the seabed.<sup id="cite_ref-Holum1988_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holum1988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of seabed deposits at Caesarea have shown that a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> struck the area sometime during the 1st or 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is unknown if this tsunami simply damaged or completely destroyed the harbour, it is known that by the 6th century the harbour was unusable and today the jetties lie more than 5 meters underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Caeserea">Roman Caeserea</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/250px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/375px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/500px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>The Roman double aqueduct that brought water from the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel range</a> to Caesarea</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a> became a Roman province in 6 CE, Caesarea replaced <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as its civilian and military capital and became the official residence of its governors, such as procurator <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Antonius Felix</a> and prefect <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontius Pilatus">Pontius Pilatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was chiefly a commercial centre relying on trade. </p><p>Caeserea is described in detail by the 1st-century Roman Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus describes the harbour as being as large as the one at <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, the major harbour of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menachery87_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menachery87-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains of the principal buildings erected by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> as well as the medieval town are still visible today, including the Crusader city, the city walls, the ruined citadel surrounded by the sea, and remains of the cathedral and a second church. Herod's Caesarea grew rapidly, in time becoming the largest city in Judaea with an estimated population of 125,000 over an urban area of 3.7 square kilometres (1.4 sq mi).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Josephus, Caesarea was the scene in 26 CE of a major act of civil disobedience to protest against Pilate's order to plant eagle standards on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> raised its status to that of a <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonia</a></i>, with the name <i>Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Caesarea</i>. According to Josephus, the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Jewish revolt</a> of 66 CE was provoked by Greeks of a certain merchant house in Caesarea sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 70 CE, after the Jewish revolt was suppressed, games were held there to celebrate the victory of <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>. Many Jewish captives were brought to Caesarea; Kasher claims that 2,500 captives were "slaughtered in <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> games".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> Caesarea was changed to <i><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></i> in 135.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesarea was one of four Roman colonies for veteran Roman soldiers in the Syria-Phoenicia region.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesarea is mentioned in the 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_of_Rehob" title="Mosaic of Rehob">Mosaic of Rehob</a>, with respect to its non-Jewish population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_Christian_centre">Early Christian centre</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theological_Library_of_Caesarea_Maritima" title="Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima">Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity § Caesarea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Palaestina_(diocese)" title="Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)">Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_maritima_(DerHexer)_2011-08-02_098.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Caesarea_maritima_%28DerHexer%29_2011-08-02_098.jpg/220px-Caesarea_maritima_%28DerHexer%29_2011-08-02_098.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Caesarea_maritima_%28DerHexer%29_2011-08-02_098.jpg/330px-Caesarea_maritima_%28DerHexer%29_2011-08-02_098.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Caesarea_maritima_%28DerHexer%29_2011-08-02_098.jpg/440px-Caesarea_maritima_%28DerHexer%29_2011-08-02_098.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4195" data-file-height="2785" /></a><figcaption>The ancient city looking south</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, Caesarea was first introduced to Christianity by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip the Deacon">Philip the Deacon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later had a house there in which he gave hospitality to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was there that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter the Apostle</a> baptized <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius the Centurion</a> and his household, the first time Christian <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> was conferred on <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When newly converted Paul was in danger in Jerusalem, the Christians there accompanied him to Caesarea and sent him off to his native <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin#Rome" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited Caesarea between his second and third missionary journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul was a prisoner in Caesarea for two years before being sent to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 3rd century">3rd century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a></i> and other exegetical and theological works while living in Caesarea. The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> may have originated in Caesarea. The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> says that the first <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Palaestina_(diocese)" title="Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)">Bishop of Caesarea</a> was <a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a> the Publican, followed by Cornelius (possibly Cornelius the Centurion) and Theophilus (possibly the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first bishops considered historically attested are those mentioned by the early church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> of Caesarea, who was the bishop of the see in the 4th century. He speaks of <a href="/wiki/Theophilus,_bishop_of_Caesarea" title="Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea">Theophilus</a> who was bishop in the 10th year of <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (c. 189),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Theoctistus (216–258), Domnus, and Theotecnus,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Caesarea" title="Agapius of Caesarea">Agapius</a>. Among the participants in the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Ancyra" title="Synod of Ancyra">Synod of Ancyra</a> in 314 was the bishop of Caesarea named Agricolaus, who may have been the immediate predecessor of Eusebius, who does not mention him, or who may have been bishop of a different Caesarea. The immediate successors of Eusebius were <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea" title="Acacius of Caesarea">Acacius</a> (340–366) and <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_of_Caesarea" title="Gelasius of Caesarea"> Gelasius</a> (367–372, 380–395). The latter was ousted by the semi-<a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Euzoius between 373 and 379. French historian <a href="/wiki/Michel_Le_Quien" title="Michel Le Quien">Michel Le Quien</a> gives much information about all of these and about later bishops of Caesarea.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a> has a metropolitan see in Caesarea. The Latin <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Palaestina_(diocese)" title="Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)">archbishopric of Caesarea in Palestina</a> was made a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> in 1432.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Catholic Church">Melkite Catholic Church</a> considers Caesarea a titular see.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through Origen and especially the scholarly presbyter <a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea" title="Pamphilus of Caesarea">Pamphilus of Caesarea</a>, the theological school of Caesarea gained a reputation for having the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Theological_Library_of_Caesarea_Maritima" title="Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima">ecclesiastical library</a> of the time, containing more than 30,000 manuscripts: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory Nazianzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and others came to study there. The <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_text-type" title="Caesarean text-type">Caesarean text-type</a> is recognized by scholars as one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> types. The collections of the library suffered during <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">the persecutions</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> but were repaired subsequently by bishops of Caesarea.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library is mentioned as late as 6th-century manuscripts, but it may not have survived the capture of Caesarea by the Muslim armies in 640.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h4></div> <p>During the Byzantine period, Caesarea became the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> in 390. Caesarea was also the metropolitan see, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Jerusalem, when rebuilt after its destruction in 70. In 451, however, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> established Jerusalem as a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchate</a>, with Caesarea as the first of its three subordinate metropolitan sees. Caesarea remained the provincial capital throughout the 5th and 6th centuries. It fell to <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> Persia in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Maritima_(614)" title="Siege of Caesarea Maritima (614)">in 614</a>, and was re-conquered by Byzantium in 625. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Muslim_period">Early Muslim period</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Caesarea_2788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Caesarea_2788.jpg/220px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Caesarea_2788.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Caesarea_2788.jpg/330px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Caesarea_2788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Caesarea_2788.jpg/440px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Caesarea_2788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="4158" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Caesarea in the <a href="/wiki/Umm_ar-Rasas_mosaics" title="Umm ar-Rasas mosaics">Umm ar-Rasas mosaics</a>, circa 8th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_Century_(Fatimid_Period)_jewelry_from_Caesarea_in_the_Muslims_and_Crusaders_Exhibit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/11th_Century_%28Fatimid_Period%29_jewelry_from_Caesarea_in_the_Muslims_and_Crusaders_Exhibit.jpg/200px-11th_Century_%28Fatimid_Period%29_jewelry_from_Caesarea_in_the_Muslims_and_Crusaders_Exhibit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/11th_Century_%28Fatimid_Period%29_jewelry_from_Caesarea_in_the_Muslims_and_Crusaders_Exhibit.jpg/300px-11th_Century_%28Fatimid_Period%29_jewelry_from_Caesarea_in_the_Muslims_and_Crusaders_Exhibit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/11th_Century_%28Fatimid_Period%29_jewelry_from_Caesarea_in_the_Muslims_and_Crusaders_Exhibit.jpg/400px-11th_Century_%28Fatimid_Period%29_jewelry_from_Caesarea_in_the_Muslims_and_Crusaders_Exhibit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>11th century (<a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> period) jewelry from Caesarea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg/200px-Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg/300px-Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg/400px-Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Sacro Catino</i>, a hexagonal bowl made from green Egyptian glass, c. 9 cm high and 33 cm across, possibly brought from Caesarea to Genoa by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Embriaco" title="Guglielmo Embriaco">Guglielmo Embriaco</a> in 1101. Described as an object with miraculous properties in 12th-century literature, including the <i>Historia</i> of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, it was only identified as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail#Relics" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> in the 13th century by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>. Seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816, which served to prove that it was made of glass, not emerald.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mariti_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariti-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marica_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marica-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Caesarea was lost for good by the Byzantines to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> in 640. Archaeological excavations discovered a <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layer</a> connected to the Muslim conquest of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some newer research posits that there was no destruction caused by the Persians in 614 and Muslim Arabs in 640, but rather a gradual economic decline accompanied by the Christian aristocracy fleeing from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Holum1992_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holum1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 9th-century Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a>, the fall of the city was the result of the betrayal of a certain Yusef, who conducted a party of troops of <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah</a> into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers380_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers380-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city appears to have been partially destroyed upon its conquest. The 7th-century Coptic bishop <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a>, claims there were "horrors committed in the city of Caesarea in Palestine", while al-Baladhuri merely states that Kaisariyyah/Cæsarea was "reduced",<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentioning it as one of ten towns in <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a> (military district of Palestine) conquered by the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a> under <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a>'s leadership during the 630s.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of Caesarea, 4,000 "heads" (captives), men, women and children, were sent to Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> in Medina, where they were gathered and inspected on the Jurd Plain, a plain commonly used to assemble the troops of Medina before battle, with room for thousands of people, before they were distributed as war booty to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former Palaestina Prima became <i>Jund Filastin</i>, with the capital first at <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Ludd</a> and then at <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>. The city likely remained inhabited for some time under Arab rule, during the 7th and 8th centuries, albeit with much reduced population. Archaeological evidence shows a clear destruction layer identified with the conquest of 640, followed by some evidence of renewed settlement in the early <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was farmed from the Rashidun Caliphate through to the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSERP_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSERP-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th century, it appears that the town had once again been developed into a fortified city. Writing in 1047, <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> describes it as "a fine city, with running waters, and palm-gardens, and orange and citron trees. Its walls are strong, and it has an iron gate. There are fountains that gush out within the city".<sup id="cite_ref-leStrange474_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leStrange474-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle93_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle93-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in agreement with <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>'s description of the Crusaders' siege in 1101, mentioning catapults and siege engines used against the city fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasir Khusraw notes a "beautiful <a href="/wiki/Friday_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday mosque">Friday mosque</a>" in Caesarea, "so situated that in its court you may sit and enjoy the view of all that is passing on the sea."<sup id="cite_ref-leStrange474_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leStrange474-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was converted into the church of St. Peter in Crusader times. A wall which may belong to this building has been identified in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle93_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle93-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersen129ff_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen129ff-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period">Crusader and Ayyubid period</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusader_Walls_and_Moat_in_Caesarea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crusader_Walls_and_Moat_in_Caesarea.jpg/250px-Crusader_Walls_and_Moat_in_Caesarea.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crusader_Walls_and_Moat_in_Caesarea.jpg/375px-Crusader_Walls_and_Moat_in_Caesarea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crusader_Walls_and_Moat_in_Caesarea.jpg/500px-Crusader_Walls_and_Moat_in_Caesarea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of the walls and moat built by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> in 1251</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG/220px-Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG/330px-Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG/440px-Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of a side apse and the main apse of St. Peter's Cathedral in Caesarea</figcaption></figure> <p>Caesarea was taken by <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, in 1101. Baldwin sent a message to <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> of Caesarea, demanding him to surrender the city or face a siege, but the Muslims refused. On May 2, 1101, Baldwin began sieging the city with <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a>. After 15 days of resistance, the Crusader army broke through the defenses. Like in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem in 1099</a>, the Crusaders proceeded to slaughter a portion of the male populace, enslave the women and children, and loot the city. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> describes the use of catapults and siege towers, and states that the city was taken in an assault after 15 days of siege and given over to looting and pillaging. <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Patriarchs_of_Antioch_from_512_to_1783" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783">patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a> (born ca. 1126) records that the city was "devastated upon its capture".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baldwin spared the emir and <a href="/wiki/Judge_(Islamic_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge (Islamic law)">qadi</a> for a hefty ransom. Baldwin appointed a cleric veteran of the First Crusade, also named Baldwin, as the Latin archbishop of Caesarea.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was under <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader control</a> between 1101 and 1187 and again between 1191 and 1265.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William of Tyre mentions the discovery of a "vessel of the most green colour, in the shape of a serving dish" (<i>vas coloris viridissimi, in modum parapsidis formatum</i>) which the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genuese</a> thought to be made of <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, and accepted as their share of the spoils. This refers to the hexagonal bowl known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Catino" title="Sacro Catino">Sacro Catino</a></i> in Italian, which was brought to Genoa by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Embriaco" title="Guglielmo Embriaco">Guglielmo Embriaco</a> and was later identified as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">Holy Chalice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesarea was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of Caesarea">lordship (dominion)</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, and the Latin <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Palaestina_(diocese)" title="Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)">See of Caesarea</a> was established, with ten archbishops listed for the period 1101–1266 (treated as <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> from 1432–1967). Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Heraclius_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem">Heraclius</a> attended the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Lateran Council</a> in 1179. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> recaptured the city in 1187, but it was once again captured by the Crusaders during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> in 1191. In 1251 during the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1265 the city was reconquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> armies of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, who ordered his troops to scale the walls in several places simultaneously, enabling them to penetrate the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Holum2014_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holum2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baibars destroyed the fortified city completely to prevent its re-emergence as a Crusader stronghold, in line with the Mamluk practice in other former Crusader coastal cities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Mamluk period, the ruins of ancient Caesarea and of the Crusader fortified town lay uninhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-Holum2014_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holum2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a>, writing around 1300, notes that Kaisariyyah belonged to the Kingdom of Ghazza (Gaza). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4></div> <p>Caesarea became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1516, along with the rest of the Levant, and remained under Ottoman rule for four centuries. In 1664, a settlement is mentioned consisting of 100 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan</a> families and 7 to 8 Jewish ones.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century it again declined.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1806, the German explorer <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Jasper_Seetzen" title="Ulrich Jasper Seetzen">Ulrich Jasper Seetzen</a> saw "Káisserérie" as a ruin occupied by some poor fishermen and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1870, French explorer <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Victor Guérin">Victor Guérin</a> visited the site.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village of Qisarya (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قيسارية</span>) was allocated in 1880 to <a href="/wiki/Bushnak" title="Bushnak">Bushnak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosniak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosniak">Bosniak</a>) immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_vilayet" title="Bosnia vilayet">Bosnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bosniaks had emigrated to the area after <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Bosnia">Ottoman Bosnia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1878. According to <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Marom" title="Roy Marom">Roy Marom</a>,</p><blockquote><p>Fifty families of Bosnian refugees, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, the main urban center of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, settled among the ruins of Caesarea, renaming it with the Arabic name of Qisarya. Using the ancient masonry found on site, the settlers constructed a modern town with spacious accommodations and broad intersecting streets, according to traditional Bosnian town-plans. The town had two mosques, a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplace</a>, a residence for the <i>mudir</i>, a harbor and <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">custom</a> offices. Qisarya attracted high-ranking Bosnian functionaries who established estates near Qisarya. The town was declared the seat of a <i>mudirieh</i> (a minor administrative division).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>A population list from about 1887 showed that Caesarea had 670 inhabitants, in addition to 265 Muslim inhabitants, who were noted as "Bosniaks".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petersen, visiting the place in 1992, noted that the 19th-century houses were built in blocks, generally one story high, with the exception of the house of the governor. Some houses on the western side of the village, near the sea, had survived. There were several mosques in the village in the 19th century, but only one ("The Bosnian mosque") has survived. This mosque, located at the southern end of the city, next to the harbour, is described as a simple stone building with a red-tiled roof and a cylindrical minaret.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen129ff_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen129ff-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Mandate_of_Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</h4></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Village in Haifa, Mandatory Palestine</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Qisarya</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">قيسارية</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Qisarya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Village</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-54-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bosnian Mosque at Qisarya"><img alt="The Bosnian Mosque at Qisarya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-54-00.JPG/200px-Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-54-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-54-00.JPG/300px-Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-54-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-54-00.JPG/400px-Caesarea_Maritima_BW_2010-09-23_09-54-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="3354" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The Bosnian Mosque at Qisarya</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_bb1933e9822a856b4a4b98a0f5fb9a96cc97cd6d"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Caesarea_Maritima&revid=1273123782&groups=_bb1933e9822a856b4a4b98a0f5fb9a96cc97cd6d" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Caesarea_Maritima&revid=1273123782&groups=_bb1933e9822a856b4a4b98a0f5fb9a96cc97cd6d 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_grid" title="Palestine grid">Palestine grid</a></th><td class="infobox-data">140/212</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitical_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical entity">Geopolitical entity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Districts of Mandatory Palestine">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Haifa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of depopulation</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1948<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-p.49_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.49-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">31,786 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> (31.786 km<sup>2</sup> or 12.273 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1945)<sup id="cite_ref-p.49_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.49-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1945p14_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1945p14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">960</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause(s) of depopulation</th><td class="infobox-data">Expulsion by <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> forces</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current Localities</th><td class="infobox-data">Caesarea</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922 census of Palestine</a>, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate</a> authorities, Caesarea had a population of 346; 288 Muslims, 32 Christians and 26 Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Christians were 6 Orthodox, 3 Syrian Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholics, 4 <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>, 2 Syrian Catholics and 14 <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population had increased in the <a href="/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine" title="1931 census of Palestine">1931 census</a> to 706; 19 Christians, 4 Druse and 683 Muslims, in 143 houses.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Jewish settlement, <b>Kibbutz Sdot Yam</b>, was established 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of the Muslim town in 1940. The Muslim village declined in economic importance and many of Qisarya's Muslim inhabitants left in the mid-1940s, when the British extended the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Railways" title="Palestine Railways">Palestine Railways</a> which bypassed the shallow-draft port. Qisarya had a population of 960 in <a href="/wiki/Village_Statistics,_1945" title="Village Statistics, 1945">1945 statistics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1945p14_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1945p14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Qisarya's population composition 930 Muslims and 30 Christians in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-p.49_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.49-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1945p14_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1945p14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944/45 a total of 18 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunums</a> of Muslim village land was used for citrus and bananas, 1,020 dunums were used for cereals, while 108 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 111 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF025733.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caesarea 1947"><img alt="Caesarea 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF025733.jpeg/120px-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF025733.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF025733.jpeg/180px-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF025733.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF025733.jpeg/240px-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF025733.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caesarea 1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA.-JNF038592.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caesarea 1947"><img alt="Caesarea 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA.-JNF038592.jpeg/80px-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA.-JNF038592.jpeg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA.-JNF038592.jpeg/120px-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA.-JNF038592.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA.-JNF038592.jpeg/159px-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA.-JNF038592.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caesarea 1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caesarea 1942 1:20,000"><img alt="Caesarea 1942 1:20,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caesarea_1942.jpg/120px-Caesarea_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caesarea_1942.jpg/180px-Caesarea_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caesarea_1942.jpg/240px-Caesarea_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6251" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caesarea 1942 1:20,000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caesarea 1945 1:250,000"><img alt="Caesarea 1945 1:250,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caesarea_1945.jpg/120px-Caesarea_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caesarea_1945.jpg/180px-Caesarea_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caesarea_1945.jpg/240px-Caesarea_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caesarea 1945 1:250,000</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1947–present"><span id="1947.E2.80.93present"></span>1947–present</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a> began on 30 November 1947. In December 1947 a village notable, Tawfiq Kadkuda, approached local Jews in an effort to establish a non-belligerency agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 31 January 1948 <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a> attack on a bus leaving Qisarya, which killed two and injured six people, precipitated an evacuation of most of the population, who fled to nearby <a href="/wiki/Al-Tantura" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tantura">al-Tantura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> then occupied the village because the land was owned by the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association" title="Palestine Jewish Colonization Association">Palestine Jewish Colonization Association</a> and, fearing that the British would force them to leave, decided to demolish the houses.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris129130_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris129130-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done on 19–20 February, after the remaining residents were expelled and the houses were looted.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, the expulsion of the population had more to do with illegal Jewish immigration than the ongoing civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month the 'Arab al Sufsafi and Saidun <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>, who inhabited the dunes between Qisarya and <a href="/wiki/Pardes_Hanna-Karkur" title="Pardes Hanna-Karkur">Pardes</a> left the area.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, the Jewish town of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(modern_town)" title="Caesarea (modern town)">Caesarea</a> was established 1–2 kilometres (0.62–1.24 mi) to the north of the ruins of the old city, which in 2011 were incorporated into the newly created Caesarea <a href="/wiki/National_parks_and_nature_reserves_of_Israel" title="National parks and nature reserves of Israel">National Park</a>. </p><p>In 1992, Palestinian historian <a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a> described the village remains: "Most of the houses have been demolished. The site has been excavated in recent years, largely by Italian, American, and Israeli teams, and turned into a tourist area. Most of the few remaining houses are now restaurants, and the village mosque has been converted into a bar."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2000, the site of Caesarea is included in the "Tentative List of World Heritage Places" of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology_and_reconstruction">Archaeology and reconstruction</h2></div> <p>Large-scale archaeological excavations began in the 1950s and 1960s and continue to this day, conducted by volunteers working under the supervision of archaeologists. The majority of the archaeological excavations are done by the United States and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains from many periods have been uncovered, in particular from the large city of the Roman and Byzantine periods and from the fortified town of the Crusaders. Major Classical-era findings are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatre</a>; a temple dedicated to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Roma</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodrome</a> rebuilt in the 2nd century as a more conventional theatre;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Caesarea_Maritima#Not_amphitheatre?" title="Talk:Caesarea Maritima">discuss</a></i>]</sup> the Tiberieum, where archaeologists found a reused limestone block with a <a href="/wiki/Pilate_stone" title="Pilate stone">dedicatory inscription</a> mentioning Pilate<sup id="cite_ref-Reed18_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed18-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only archaeological find bearing his name and title; a double <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueduct</a> that brought water from springs at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Carmel, Israel">Mount Carmel</a>; a boundary wall; and a 200 ft (60 m) wide moat protecting the harbour to the south and west. </p><p>In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a> published the archaeological findings of L.I. Levine and E. Netzer, during three seasons of excavations (1975, 1976 and 1979) at Caesarea.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, archaeological surveys-excavations of the site were conducted by Dani Vaynberger and Carmit Gur on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA),<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others by Peter Gendelman and Jacob Sharvit on behalf of the IAA, Yosef Porath, Beverly Goodman, and Michal Artzy on behalf of University of Haifa.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site continued to be excavated as late as 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new phase of exploration began in 2018 under the direction of Joseph L. Rife, Phillip Lieberman, and Peter Gendelman on behalf of Vanderbilt University and the IAA. </p><p>In February 2015, marine archaeologists and diving club members from the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> announced that about 2,000 gold coins dating back more than 1,000 years had been discovered. According to the researchers, the coins may have been part of a large merchant ship trading with the coastal cities and ports in the Mediterranean, and the coins may have been used to pay the salaries of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> military garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2021, researchers re-examined the coins discovered in 2015, and they retrieved hundreds more. The coins with Arabic text on both sides were 24 carat gold and 95 percent purity.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large compound, located in the archaeologists' Area CC, in the first <a href="/wiki/Insula_(Roman_city)" title="Insula (Roman city)"><i>insula</i></a> of the Roman and Byzantine city south of the Crusader wall and close to the sea, along the <i><a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus"> decumanus</a></i>, was in use as the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Praetorium" title="Praetorium">praetorium</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order"> equestrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Ancient_Rome)#Fiscal_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Ancient Rome)">fiscal procurator</a>, and then became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Governor#Byzantium" title="Governor">Byzantine governor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contained a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> with an apse, where magistrates would have sat, for the structure was used as a hall of justice, as fragments of inscriptions detailing the fees that court clerks might claim attest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A rare, colorful <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> dating from the 2nd-3rd century CE was uncovered in 2018, in the Caesarea National Park near a Crusader bridge. It contains the image of three male figures wearing <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">togas</a>, geometric patterns, as well as a largely damaged inscription in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. It is one of the few extant examples of mosaics from that specific time period in Israel. The mosaic measures 3.5 × 8 <a href="/wiki/Meters" class="mw-redirect" title="Meters">meters</a> and is, according to its excavators, "of a rare high quality" comparable to that of Israel's finest examples.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, a team of Israeli and American archaeologists discovered in the sand of Caesarea three small fragments of one Hebrew stone inscription bearing the partial names of places associated with the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_courses" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly courses">priestly courses</a> (the rest of which had been reconstructed), dated to the third-fourth centuries. The uniqueness of this discovery is that it shows the places of residence in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> of the priestly courses, places presumably resettled by Jews after the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main Byzantine church, an octagonal <a href="/wiki/Martyrium_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrium (architecture)">martyrion</a>, was built in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th century</a> and sited directly upon the podium that had supported Herod's <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temple</a>, as was a widespread Christian practice. The <i>martyrion</i> was richly paved and surrounded by small radiating enclosures. Archaeologists have recovered some foliate <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> that included representations of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Cross</a>. The site would in time be re-occupied, this time by a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. </p><p>In 2005 excavators found a well-preserved 6th-century panel covered in an exquisite mosaic made of glass gold and coloured opaque glass <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>, used as a table, patterned with crosses and rosettes.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a significant hoard of 24 gold coins and a gold earring was unearthed and tentatively dated to 1101.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SE(E)Z</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">REE</span>-ə, <span style="font-size:90%">SESS</span>-</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Καισάρεια</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kaisáreia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קֵיסָרְיָה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Qēsāryā</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَيْصَرِيَّة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qayṣariyyah</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قيسارية</span> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قيساريا</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the name Caesarea was frequently used alone, various suffixes were also used to disambiguate it from the other cities in the Roman Empire that were also known as Caesarea. Caesarea-Palaestinae was the most common of these in the ancient texts, but fell out of use in contemporary academic literature in favor of Caesarea Maritima.<sup id="cite_ref-Raban_Holum_1996_p._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raban_Holum_1996_p.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masalha_2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha_2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Raban_Holum_1996_p.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raban_Holum_1996_p._2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raban_Holum_1996_p._2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raban_Holum_1996_p._2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRabanHolum1996" class="citation book cs1">Raban, Avner; Holum, Kenneth G. (1996). <i>Caesarea Maritima : a retrospective after two millennia</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10378-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10378-3"><bdi>90-04-10378-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34557572">34557572</a>. <q>Caesarea Maritima, more commonly Caesarea Palestine in the ancient texts, was a foundation of Herod the Great. [Footnote: Also Caesarea Stratonis, etc.; see I. Benzinger, RE 4 (1894), s.v. Caesarea (10), 1291-92.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Maritima+%3A+a+retrospective+after+two+millennia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=xxviii&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34557572&rft.isbn=90-04-10378-3&rft.aulast=Raban&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft.au=Holum%2C+Kenneth+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masalha_2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masalha_2018_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masalha_2018_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masalha_2018_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2018" class="citation book cs1">Masalha, N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97"><i>Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History</i></a>. Zed Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-275-8"><bdi>978-1-78699-275-8</bdi></a>. <q>The capital of Byzantine Palestine and of Palaestina Prima was Caesarea-Palaestina, 'Caesarea of Palestine' (von Suchem 1971: 7, 111; 2013; Gilman et al. 1905). This city was also called 'Caesarea by the Sea', or Caesarea Maritima. Since the creation of Israel in 1948 historians in the West have tended to avoid referring to the historic name of the Palestinian city, Caesarea-Palaestina, and use only the name Caesarea Maritima.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Four+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78699-275-8&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCb2rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabbān_Holum_1996_p._578-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabbān_Holum_1996_p._578_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbānHolum1996" class="citation book cs1">Rabbān, A.; Holum, K.G. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pckUkJIHjiQC&pg=PA578"><i>Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective After Two Millennia</i></a>. Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui / Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui. E.J.Brill. p. 578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10378-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10378-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10378-8</bdi></a>. <q>As the city was the capital first of all Palestine , then of Palaestina Prima , the άpxov and his officium resided there</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Maritima%3A+A+Retrospective+After+Two+Millennia&rft.series=Documenta+et+monumenta+orientis+antiqui+%2F+Documenta+et+monumenta+orientis+antiqui&rft.pages=578&rft.pub=E.J.Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10378-8&rft.aulast=Rabb%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Holum%2C+K.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpckUkJIHjiQC%26pg%3DPA578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prawer_Ben-Shammai_1996_p._10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prawer_Ben-Shammai_1996_p._10_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrawerBen-Shammai1996" class="citation book cs1">Prawer, J.; Ben-Shammai, H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099)</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6639-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6639-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-6639-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>…Caesarea, not Jerusalem, was the provincial administrative capital. Denying any further administrative status to Caesarea, the Muslims transferred the center of provincial administration first to Lod and then to Ramla…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Jerusalem%3A+The+Early+Muslim+Period+%28638-1099%29&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6639-2&rft.aulast=Prawer&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Ben-Shammai%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qQUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2014" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87"><i>The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317722243" title="Special:BookSources/9781317722243"><bdi>9781317722243</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.isbn=9781317722243&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStasAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Straton_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straton_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straton_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straton_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straton_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straton_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuane_W._RollerRobert_L._Hohlfelder1983" class="citation journal cs1">Duane W. Roller; Robert L. Hohlfelder (1983). "The Problem of the Location of Straton's Tower". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> (252): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356838">10.2307/1356838</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356838">1356838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163628792">163628792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+the+Location+of+Straton%27s+Tower&rft.issue=252&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163628792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356838&rft.au=Duane+W.+Roller&rft.au=Robert+L.+Hohlfelder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician naval station</a> named Strato's Tower (<i>Stratonos Pyrgos</i>, <i>Turns Stratonis</i>), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (<i>limen Sebastos</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>. During the Early Roman period, Caesarea was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">Roman procurators</a> of the province of Judea. <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of <i>Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta</i>, and later <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a> raised it to the rank of <i>Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae</i>." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i> (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac, B.H., <i>The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers</i> (Brill, 1997), p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeological literature in the 1970s seemed to favour complete abandonment in the 7th century, but this view has been corrected with further excavations in the 1980s. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInge_Lyse_HansenChris_Wickham2000" class="citation book cs1">Inge Lyse Hansen; Chris Wickham, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6FbuKU3ZAYC&pg=PA292"><i>The Long Eighth Century</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 292–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11723-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11723-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11723-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1013307862">1013307862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Eighth+Century&rft.pages=292-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1013307862&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11723-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6FbuKU3ZAYC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span>, footnote 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris129130-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris129130_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris129130_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2004">Morris 2004</a>, p. 129-130: "As we have seen, Haganah policy until the end of March was non-expulsive. But there were one or two local, unauthorised initiatives… And there was one authorised expulsion. The inhabitants of Qisarya, south of Haifa, lived and cultivated Jewish (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association" title="Palestine Jewish Colonization Association">PICA</a>) and Greek Orthodox church lands. One leading family evacuated the village on 10 January. Most of the population left – apparently for neighbouring Tantura – immediately after the 31 January <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">LHI</a> ambush of a bus that had just pulled out of Qisarya in which two Arabs died and eight were injured (one of the dead and several injured were from the village). The Haganah decided to occupy the site because the land was <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association" title="Palestine Jewish Colonization Association">PICA</a>-owned. But after moving in, the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> feared that the British might eject them. The commanders asked headquarters for permission to level the village. <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmah</a>’s head of operations, opposed the destruction – but he was overruled. On 19–20 February, the Palmah’s Fourth Battalion demolished the houses. The 20-odd inhabitants who were found at the site were moved to safety and some of the troops looted the abandoned homes. A month later, the Arabs were still complaining to local Jewish mukhtars that their stolen money and valuables had not been returned. The Qisarya Arabs, according to Aharon Cohen, had ‘done all in their power to keep the peace . . . The villagers had supplied agricultural produce to Jewish Haifa and Hadera . . . The attack was perceived in Qisarya – and not only there – as an attempt by the Jews to force them (the Arabs) living in the Jewish area, to leave . . .’”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raban and Holum, 1996, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pckUkJIHjiQC&pg=PA54">54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nie-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nie_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Cæsarea Palestinæ"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/C%C3%A6sarea_Palestin%C3%A6">"Cæsarea Palestinæ" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C%C3%A6sarea+Palestin%C3%A6&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharon_2021_p._247-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharon_2021_p._247_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sharon, M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Two: -B-C-</i></a>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East (in Latin). Brill. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47004-0"><bdi>978-90-04-47004-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Arabicarum+Palaestinae%2C+Volume+Two%3A+-B-C-&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+1+The+Near+and+Middle+East&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47004-0&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSk7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz_1992_p._171-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_1992_p._171_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1992" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, D.R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA171"><i>Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity</i></a>. WissUNT Neuen Testament Series. J.C.B. Mohr. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145798-2"><bdi>978-3-16-145798-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>i) Josephus, in his most formal reference to Caesarea Maritima, calls in "Caesarea Sebaste" (Ant. 16.136); i) Philo, in his only reference to Caesarea Maritima, calls it "Caesarea . . . surnamed Sebaste" (Leg. 305); and iii) both Josephus and the New Testament, as noted above (n. 9), frequently call Caesarea Maritima plain "Caesarea," which shows it is comparable to "Frankfurt" and not to "York."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Jewish+Background+of+Christianity&rft.series=WissUNT+Neuen+Testament+Series&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=J.C.B.+Mohr&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145798-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drd5OB4PtlCUC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the year 30 BCE the (Phoenician) village was awarded to Herod, who built a large port city at the site, and called it "Caesarea" in honor of his patron Octavian Augustus Caesar....The city transformed rapidly into a great commercial centre, and by the year 6 BCE became the headquarters of the Roman government in Palestine. Since Caesarea had no rivers or springs, drinking water for the prospering Roman and Byzantine city was brought via a unique high-level aqueduct, originating at the nearby Shuni springs, some 7.5 km northeast of Caesarea. [...] Caesarea served as a base for the Roman legions who quelled the Great Revolt that erupted in 66 BCE [sic], and it was here that their commanding general Vespasian was declared Caesar. After the destruction of Jerusalem, Caesarea became the most important city in the country: Pagans, Samaritans, Jews and Christians lived here in the third and fourth centuries CE.<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1480/">UNESCO tentative list:Caesarea</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2018" class="citation book cs1">Masalha, Nur (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1046449706"><i>Palestine : a four thousand year history</i></a>. London. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-272-7"><bdi>978-1-78699-272-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1046449706">1046449706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+%3A+a+four+thousand+year+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1046449706&rft.isbn=978-1-78699-272-7&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1046449706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crossan, 1999, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYKGrqXCwEC&pg=PA232">232</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohlfelder" class="citation journal cs1">Hohlfelder, Robert L. "Caesarea". <i>Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary</i>. <b>1</b>: 800.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anchor+Yale+Bible+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Caesarea&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=800&rft.aulast=Hohlfelder&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Votruba2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Votruba2007_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Votruba2007_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Votruba, G., 2007, Imported building materials of Sebastos Harbour, Israel, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36: 325-335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raban, A., 1992. Sebastos: the royal harbour at Caesarea Maritima - a short-lived giant, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 111-124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hohlfelder2007-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hohlfelder2007_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hohlfelder, R. 2007. "Constructing the Harbour of Caesarea Palaestina, Israel: New Evidence from ROMACONS Field Campaign of October 2005". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36:409-415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holum1988-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holum1988_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holum1988_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holum, K. 1988. King Herod's Dream: Caesarea on the Sea. New York: Norton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menachery87-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menachery87_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menachery87_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Menachery, 1987 in Kodungallur, City of St. Thomas, Azhikode, 1987, Chapter II note 19 quotes the National Geographic article: Robert L. Hohlfelder, "Caesarea Maritima, Herod the Great's City on the Sea". <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Geographic" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Geographic">The National Geographic</a></i>, 171/2, February 1987, pp. 260-79.<br />2000 years ago, Caesarea Maritima welcomed ships to its harbour called Sebastos. Featuring innovative design and hydraulic concrete, this building feat set a standard for harbours to come. A monumental work, city and harbour were constructed on an unstable storm-battered shore, at a site lacking a protective cape or bay. The project challenged Rome's most skilled engineers. Hydraulic concrete blocks, some weighing 50 short tons (45 t) anchored the north breakwater of the artificial harbour ... Caesarea Maritima, rival to Alexandria in the Eastern trade, a city worthy to be named for Herod's patron, Caesar Augustus, master of the Roman world, in view of its opulence and magnificence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Votruba, G. 2007. "Imported Building Materials of Sebastos Harbour, Israel." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36:325-335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorathEpsteinFriedmanMichaeli2013" class="citation book cs1">Porath, Yosef; Epstein, Mindi; Friedman, Zaraza; Michaeli, Talila (2013). Hurowitz, Ann Roshwalb (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1fzhdc0"><i>Caesarea Maritima I: Herod's circus and related buildings Part 1: Architecture and stratigraphy</i></a>. Vol. 53. Israel Antiquities Authority. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-406-379-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-406-379-1"><bdi>978-965-406-379-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1fzhdc0">j.ctt1fzhdc0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Maritima+I%3A+Herod%27s+circus+and+related+buildings+Part+1%3A+Architecture+and+stratigraphy&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1fzhdc0%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-965-406-379-1&rft.aulast=Porath&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Mindi&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Zaraza&rft.au=Michaeli%2C+Talila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1fzhdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandon1996-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon1996_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon1996_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon1996_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon, C., 1996, Cements, Concrete, and Settling Barges at Sebastos: Comparisons with Other Roman Harbor Examples and the Descriptions of Vitruvius, Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective after Two Millennia, 25-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhardt, E., Goodman, B., Boyce, J., Lopez, G., Hengstum, P., Rink, W., Mart, Y., Raban, A. 2006. "The Tsunami of 13 December A.D. 115 and the Destruction of Herod the Great's Harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel." Geology 34:1061-1064.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raban, A., 1992, Sebastos: the royal harbour at Caesarea Maritima - a short-lived giant, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 111-124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, H. H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, page 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province [in 6 CE, page 246], Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities (<a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a>, Caesarea and others)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Jewish Antiquities</a></i> XV.331ff; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>, I.408ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antiquities of the Jews XVII:III:1,2,3. The Jewish War II:IX:3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=5&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.5&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D5%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=1J.+BJ+2.14.5">BJ2.14.5</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasher, Aryeh (1990) <i>Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic Cities During the Second Temple Period (332 BCE-70CE)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-145241-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-145241-0">3-16-145241-0</a>, pg. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimon Applebaum (1989) <i>Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times: Historical and Archaeological Essays</i>, Brill Archive; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08821-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08821-0">90-04-08821-0</a>, pg. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2003" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Kevin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C"><i>Roman Syria and the Near East</i></a>. Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-92-36715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-92-36715-3"><bdi>978-08-92-36715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Syria+and+the+Near+East&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-08-92-36715-3&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJPn3-rRjC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C&pg=PA230">230</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+8:40">Acts 8:40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+21:8">Acts 21:8–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+10:1">Acts 10:1–11:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+9:30">Acts 9:30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+18:22">18:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acts 23:23, 25:1-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/07157.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Apostolic Constitutions, Book VII"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Apostolic+Constitutions%2C+Book+VII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F07157.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i> V,22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church History</i> VII,14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Quien1740" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Le_Quien" title="Michel Le Quien">Le Quien, Michel</a> (1740). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAJhAAAAcAAJ"><i>Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus & in Oriente universo, complectens</i></a> (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. coll. 529-574, 1285-1290. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/955922748">955922748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriens+Christianus%2C+in+quatuor+Patriarchatus+digestus%3A+quo+exhibentur+ecclesi%C3%A6%2C+patriarch%C3%A6%2C+c%C3%A6terique+pr%C3%A6sules+totius+Orientis.+Tomus+tertius%2C+Ecclesiam+Maronitarum%2C+Patriarchatum+Hierosolymitanum%2C+%26+quotquot+fuerunt+Rit%C3%BBs+Latini+tam+Patriarch%C3%A6+qu%C3%A0m+inferiores+Pr%C3%A6sules+in+quatuor+Patriarchatibus+%26+in+Oriente+universo%2C+complectens&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=coll.+529-574%2C+1285-1290&rft.pub=Ex+Typographia+Regia&rft.date=1740&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F955922748&rft.aulast=Le+Quien&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAJhAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013, p. 867. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, "Epistles" xxxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwete" class="citation book cs1">Swete, Henry Barclay. <i>Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, pp 74-75</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+in+Greek%2C+pp+74-75&rft.aulast=Swete&rft.aufirst=Henry+Barclay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barber_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barber" title="Richard Barber">Barber, Richard</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lLbiZCNhlAC&pg=PA168"><i>The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01390-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01390-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Grail%3A+Imagination+and+Belief&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01390-2&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lLbiZCNhlAC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mariti-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mariti_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbé_Mariti1792" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Mariti" class="extiw" title="it:Giovanni Mariti">Abbé Mariti</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span> (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsthroughc00marigoog#page/n429/mode/1up"><i>Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine: with a General History of the Levant</i></a>. Vol. I. Dublin: Printed for P. Byrne. pp. <span class="nowrap">399–</span>400<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+through+Cyprus%2C+Syria%2C+and+Palestine%3A+with+a+General+History+of+the+Levant&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.pub=Printed+for+P.+Byrne&rft.date=1792&rft.au=Abb%C3%A9+Mariti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftravelsthroughc00marigoog%23page%2Fn429%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marica-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marica_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarica2000" class="citation book cs1">Marica, Patrizia (2000). <i>Museo del Tesoro, San Lorenzo</i>. Genoa, Italy: sagep. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788870589795" title="Special:BookSources/9788870589795"><bdi>9788870589795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museo+del+Tesoro%2C+San+Lorenzo&rft.place=Genoa%2C+Italy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=sagep&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788870589795&rft.aulast=Marica&rft.aufirst=Patrizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2012" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Juliette (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVquBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85"><i>The Holy Grail: History and Legend</i></a> (2 ed.). University of Wales Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780708326268" title="Special:BookSources/9780708326268"><bdi>9780708326268</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Grail%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=85&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780708326268&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVquBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holum1992-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holum1992_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolum1992" class="citation journal cs1">Holum, Kenneth G. (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1357119?journalCode=basor">"Archaeological Evidence for the Fall of Byzantine Caesarea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BASOR" class="mw-redirect" title="BASOR">BASOR</a></i>. <b>286</b> (286). The University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">73–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357119">10.2307/1357119</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357119">1357119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163306127">163306127</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BASOR&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Evidence+for+the+Fall+of+Byzantine+Caesarea&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=286&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163306127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357119&rft.aulast=Holum&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2307%2F1357119%3FjournalCode%3Dbasor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers380-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers380_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_M._Meyers" title="Eric M. Meyers">Meyers, Eric M.</a> (1999). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Fall of Caesarea Maritima"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC"><i>Galilee Through the Centuries</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060408" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060408"><bdi>9781575060408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+Fall+of+Caesarea+Maritima%22&rft.btitle=Galilee+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781575060408&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznYoChYVIrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC&pg=PA380">380ff.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, 1999, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC&pg=PA381">381</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofislamic00balarich">The origins of the Islamic state</a> trans. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Khuri Hitti">Philip Khuri Hitti</a>, 1916). The archaeological stratum representing the destruction is analyzed in Cherie Joyce Lentzen, <i>The Byzantine/Islamic Occupation of Caesarea Maritima as Evidenced Through the Pottery</i> (Drew University 1983), noted by Meyer 1999:381 note 23. See also: Al-Baladhuri, 1916, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/originsofislamic00balarich#page/216/mode/1up">216</a>-219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The conquered towns included "<a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Ghazzah</a> (Gaza), <a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sabastiyah</a> (Samaria), <a href="/wiki/Nabulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabulus">Nabulus</a> (Shechem), Cæsarea, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Ludd</a> (Lydda), <a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Amwas</a> (Emmaus), <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Yafa</a> (Joppa), <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a>. (Bil. 138), quoted in Le Strange, 1890, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/28/mode/1up">p.28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Baladhuri, 1916, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/originsofislamic00balarich#page/216/mode/1up">216</a>-219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, 1999, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC&pg=PA380">380</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynamics in the History of Religions Between Asia and Europe: Encounters, Notions, and Comparative Perspectives. (2012). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 180-181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZSERP-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZSERP_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safrai, 1994, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dmKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA374">374</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leStrange474-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leStrange474_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leStrange474_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, Guy, 1890, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/474/mode/1up">474</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle93-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle93_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle93_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenys_PringleProfessor_Denys_Pringle1993" class="citation book cs1">Denys Pringle; Professor Denys Pringle (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 1, A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39036-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39036-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008255454">1008255454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+A+Corpus%3A+Volume+1%2C+A-K+%28excluding+Acre+and+Jerusalem%29&rft.pages=170-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008255454&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39036-1&rft.au=Denys+Pringle&rft.au=Professor+Denys+Pringle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgQ6AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William of Tyre, <i>Historia</i> 10.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen129ff-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen129ff_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen129ff_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, 2001, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C">129</a>-130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers (1999:381).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Crusades</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Asbridge" title="Thomas Asbridge">Thomas Asbridge</a>, pg. 123-124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, 1997, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA43">43</a>-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marica, Patrizia, <i>Museo del Tesoro</i> Genoa, Italy (2007), 7–12. The <i>Sacro Catino</i> is a hexagonal bowl made from Roma-era green glass, some 9 cm high and 33 cm across. It was seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, and it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816. The object was not immediately identified as the Holy Grail. William of Tyre states that was still claimed to be made of emerald by the Genoese in his day, some 70 years later, the implication being that emerald was thought to have miraculous properties of their own in <a href="/wiki/Lapidary_(text)" title="Lapidary (text)">medieval lore</a> (<i>Unde et usque hodie transeuntibus per eos magnatibus, vas idem quasi pro miraculo solent ostendere, persuadentes quod vere sit, id quod color esse indicat, smaragdus.</i>) The first explicit claim identifying the bowl with the Holy Grail (the vessel used in the Last Supper) is found in the <i>Chronicon</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>, written in the 1290s. Juliette Wood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVquBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85">The Holy Grail: History and Legend</a> (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/caesarea_maritima">"Caesarea Maritima - Madain Project (en)"</a>. <i>madainproject.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madainproject.com&rft.atitle=Caesarea+Maritima+-+Madain+Project+%28en%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fcaesarea_maritima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holum2014-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holum2014_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holum2014_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth G. Holum, "The Archaeology of Caesarea Maritima", in Bart Wagemakers, ed., <i>Archaeology in the 'Land of Tells and Ruins': A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer</i> (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014), 182-201. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782972457" title="Special:BookSources/9781782972457">9781782972457</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Sivan2004" class="citation journal cs1">D. Sivan; et al. (11 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapi.gov.il/research/presentations/documents/sealevel/sivan_et_al_2004_epsl.pdf">"Ancient coastal wells of Caesarea Maritima, Israel, an indicator for relative sea level changes during the last 2000 years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>222</b> (1). Elsevier: 318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004E&PSL.222..315S">2004E&PSL.222..315S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2004.02.007">10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Ancient+coastal+wells+of+Caesarea+Maritima%2C+Israel%2C+an+indicator+for+relative+sea+level+changes+during+the+last+2000+years&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=318&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2004.02.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004E%26PSL.222..315S&rft.au=D.+Sivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapi.gov.il%2Fresearch%2Fpresentations%2Fdocuments%2Fsealevel%2Fsivan_et_al_2004_epsl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/caesarea-%20from%20roman%20city%20to%20crusader%20fortress.aspx">"Caesarea- from Roman City to Crusader Fortress"</a>. <i>Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Caesarea-+from+Roman+City+to+Crusader+Fortress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2Fmfa%2Fisraelexperience%2Fhistory%2Fpages%2Fcaesarea-%2520from%2520roman%2520city%2520to%2520crusader%2520fortress.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMöhring2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Möhring, Hannes (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2FBUS.2009.4.48565">"Die muslimische Strategie der Schleifung fränkischer Festungen und Städte in der Levante"</a>. <i>Burgen und Schlösser - Zeitschrift für Burgenforschung und Denkmalpflege</i> (in German). <b>50</b> (4): 216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2FBUS.2009.4.48565">10.11588/BUS.2009.4.48565</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burgen+und+Schl%C3%B6sser+-+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Burgenforschung+und+Denkmalpflege&rft.atitle=Die+muslimische+Strategie+der+Schleifung+fr%C3%A4nkischer+Festungen+und+St%C3%A4dte+in+der+Levante&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=216&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2FBUS.2009.4.48565&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6hring&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11588%252FBUS.2009.4.48565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger, 1664; cited in Ringel 1975, 174; cited in Petersen, 2001, p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, 2001, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C">129</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seetzen, 1854, vol 2, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ulrichjaspersee00seetgoog#page/n601/mode/1up">72</a>–73. Alt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10468158?page=80">Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper: Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien. p. 80</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guérin, 1875, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n346/mode/1up">321</a>–339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliphant, 1887, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft#page/182/mode/1up"> 182</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarom2023" class="citation journal cs1">Marom, Roy (9 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499">"Hadera: transnational migrations from Eastern Europe to Ottoman Palestine and the glocal origins of the Zionist-Arab conflict"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>60</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">250–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2183499">10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257443159">257443159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Hadera%3A+transnational+migrations+from+Eastern+Europe+to+Ottoman+Palestine+and+the+glocal+origins+of+the+Zionist-Arab+conflict&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257443159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2183499&rft.aulast=Marom&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2183499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher, 1888, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n206/mode/1up">181</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2004, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18">xviii</a>, village #177. Also gives the cause for depopulation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.49-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.49_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.49_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.49_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. <i>Village Statistics, April, 1945.</i> Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Haifa/Page-049.jpg">49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1945p14-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1945p14_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1945p14_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1945p14_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Statistics, 1945, p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p14.jpg">14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n36/mode/1up">34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n51/mode/1up">49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, 1932, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas">95</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, 1992, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. <i>Village Statistics, April, 1945.</i> Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Haifa/Page-091.jpg">91</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. <i>Village Statistics, April, 1945.</i> Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Haifa/Page-141.jpg">141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2004, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA92">92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_Fellow_Truman_Institute_Benny_MorrisBenny_MorrisMorris_Benny2004" class="citation book cs1">Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris; Benny Morris; Morris Benny (2004). Charles Tripp (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA130"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1025810122">1025810122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1025810122&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.au=Research+Fellow+Truman+Institute+Benny+Morris&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft.au=Morris+Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2008, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_Fellow_Truman_Institute_Benny_MorrisBenny_MorrisMorris_Benny2004" class="citation book cs1">Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris; Benny Morris; Morris Benny (2004). Charles Tripp (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA129"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1025810122">1025810122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pages=129-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1025810122&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.au=Research+Fellow+Truman+Institute+Benny+Morris&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft.au=Morris+Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, 1992, p.184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-04-vw-1925-story.html">"A Museum Renders Unto Caesarea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County">L.A.'s Natural History Museum</a></i>. 4 September 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L.A.%27s+Natural+History+Museum&rft.atitle=A+Museum+Renders+Unto+Caesarea&rft.date=1988-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-09-04-vw-1925-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed18-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reed18_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2002" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Jonathan L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC"><i>Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-394-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-394-6"><bdi>978-1-56338-394-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+the+Galilean+Jesus%3A+a+re-examination+of+the+evidence&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-394-6&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrav1ge-A_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC&pg=PA18">p. 18</a>. <i>Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research</i> by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5">90-04-11142-5</a>, pg. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelexplorationsociety.com/">"Society Biblical Archaeology | Israel Exploration Society | החברה לחקירות ארץ ישראל"</a>. <i>Israel Exploration Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.atitle=Society+Biblical+Archaeology+%26%23124%3B+Israel+Exploration+Society+%26%23124%3B+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelexplorationsociety.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010">Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010</a>, Survey Permit # A-5817</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010">Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010</a>, Survey Permit # A-5949, Survey Permit # G-10, and Survey Permit # G-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2013">Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013</a>, Survey Permit # A-6743</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31517433">"Israeli divers chance upon 'priceless' treasure on seabed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Islamic+State%3A+Being+a+Translation+from+the+Arabic%2C+Accompanied+with+Annotations%2C+Geographic+and+Historic+Notes+of+the+Kit%C3%A2b+Fit%C3%BBh+al-Buld%C3%A2n+of+al-Im%C3%A2m+abu-l+Abb%C3%A2s+Ahmad+ibn-J%C3%A2bir+al-Bal%C3%A2dhuri&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+Kh%C3%BBri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofislamic00balarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Khalidi, W.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ"><i>All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies" title="Institute for Palestine Studies">Institute for Palestine Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5"><bdi>0-88728-224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+That+Remains%3A+The+Palestinian+Villages+Occupied+and+Depopulated+by+Israel+in+1948&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88728-224-5&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_By7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lestuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1975" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lee I. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pscUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Caesarea Under Roman Rule</i></a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04013-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04013-7"><bdi>978-90-04-04013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Under+Roman+Rule&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04013-7&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpscUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariti1792" class="citation book cs1">Mariti, Giovanni (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughc00marigoog"><i>Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine: With a General History of the Levant</i></a>. Vol. 1. Dublin: P. Byrne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+Through+Cyprus%2C+Syria%2C+and+Palestine%3A+With+a+General+History+of+the+Levant&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=P.+Byrne&rft.date=1792&rft.aulast=Mariti&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsthroughc00marigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span> (p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsthroughc00marigoog#page/n426/mode/2up">396</a> ff)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_M._Meyers" title="Eric M. Meyers">Meyers, E. M.</a> (1999). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Fall of Caesarea Maritima"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC"><i>Galilee Through the Centuries</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157506040X" title="Special:BookSources/157506040X"><bdi>157506040X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+Fall+of+Caesarea+Maritima%22&rft.btitle=Galilee+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=157506040X&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznYoChYVIrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills,_E.1932" class="citation book cs1">Mills, E., ed. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas"><i>Census of Palestine 1931: Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas</i></a>. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Palestine+1931%3A+Population+of+Villages%2C+Towns+and+Administrative+Areas&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, B.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refMorris08" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, B.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1948historyoffir00morr"><i>1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9"><bdi>978-0-300-12696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Arab-Israeli+War&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12696-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1948historyoffir00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_(author)" title="Laurence Oliphant (author)">Oliphant, L.</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft"><i>Haifa; or, Life in Modern Palestine</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haifa%3B+or%2C+Life+in+Modern+Palestine&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oren, Eliran (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1408&mag_id=117">"Caesarea"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i> (122). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.1624">10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.1624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot+%E2%80%93+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Caesarea&rft.issue=122&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.1624&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Eliran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D1408%26mag_id%3D117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Palmer, E. H.</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R.E.</i></a> Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Arabic+and+English+Name+Lists+Collected+During+the+Survey+by+Lieutenants+Conder+and+Kitchener%2C+R.E.&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyofwesternp00conduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2001" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21619490"><i>A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine</i></a>. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-727011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-727011-0"><bdi>978-0-19-727011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gazetteer+of+Buildings+in+Muslim+Palestine&rft.series=British+Academy+Monographs+in+Archaeology%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-727011-0&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F21619490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorat2004" class="citation journal cs1">Porat, Yosef (31 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=13&mag_id=108">"Caesarea"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i> (116). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.13">10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot+%E2%80%93+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Caesarea&rft.issue=116&rft.date=2004-05-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.13&rft.aulast=Porat&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D13%26mag_id%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A–K (Excluding Acre and Jerusalem)</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39036-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39036-2"><bdi>0-521-39036-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+A%E2%80%93K+%28Excluding+Acre+and+Jerusalem%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-39036-2&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgQ6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC"><i>Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521-46010-7" title="Special:BookSources/0521-46010-7"><bdi>0521-46010-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secular+Buildings+in+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+An+Archaeological+Gazetteer&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0521-46010-7&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_NbE5obqRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingel1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ringel, Joseph (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D00KAQAAIAAJ"><i>Césarée de Palestine: étude historique et archéologique</i></a> (in French). Éditions Ophrys, University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782708004146" title="Special:BookSources/9782708004146"><bdi>9782708004146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9sar%C3%A9e+de+Palestine%3A+%C3%A9tude+historique+et+arch%C3%A9ologique&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ophrys%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9782708004146&rft.aulast=Ringel&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD00KAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, E.</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft"><i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838</i></a>. Vol. 3. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster" title="Crocker & Brewster">Crocker & Brewster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai+and+Arabia+Petraea%3A+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+Year+1838&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalresearch03robiuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span> (p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n61/mode/1up">44</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafrai1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Safrai" title="Ze'ev Safrai">Safrai, Z.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dmKAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Economy of Roman Palestine</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10243-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10243-X"><bdi>0-415-10243-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Roman+Palestine&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-415-10243-X&rft.aulast=Safrai&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dmKAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSa‘id2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sa‘id, Kareem (22 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=344&mag_id=111">"Caesarea"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i> (116). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.344">10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot+%E2%80%93+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Caesarea&rft.issue=116&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.344&rft.aulast=Sa%E2%80%98id&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D344%26mag_id%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSa‘id2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sa‘id, Kareem (10 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=551&mag_id=112">"Caesarea"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i> (119). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.551">10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot+%E2%80%93+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Caesarea&rft.issue=119&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.69704%2Fjhaesi.116.2004.551&rft.aulast=Sa%E2%80%98id&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D551%26mag_id%3D112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1888" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Schumacher" title="Gottlieb Schumacher">Schumacher, G.</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale">"Population List of the Liwa of Akka"</a>. <i>Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">169–</span>191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+-+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=Population+List+of+the+Liwa+of+Akka&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarterlystateme19pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeetzen1854" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Jasper_Seetzen" title="Ulrich Jasper Seetzen">Seetzen, U. J.</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ulrichjaspersee00seetgoog#page/n524/mode/1up"><i>Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten</i></a> (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: G. Reimer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulrich+Jasper+Seetzen%27s+Reisen+durch+Syrien%2C+Pal%C3%A4stina%2C+Ph%C3%B6nicien%2C+die+Transjordan-l%C3%A4nder%2C+Arabia+Petraea+und+Unter-Aegypten&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=G.+Reimer&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Seetzen&rft.aufirst=U.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fulrichjaspersee00seetgoog%23page%2Fn524%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, M.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B–C</i></a>. Vol. 2. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11083-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11083-6"><bdi>90-04-11083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Arabicarum+Palaestinae%2C+B%E2%80%93C&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11083-6&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPFDU8POrXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span> (Sharon, 1999, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA252">252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din_al-%27Ulaymi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi">al-'Ulaymi</a> (1876). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft">Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C.: Fragments de la </a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft">Chronique<i> de Moudjir-ed-dyn</i></a>. Trans. Henry Sauvaire. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft#page/80/mode/2up">80–81</a></li> <li>Joseph Patrich, "Caesarea in the Time of Eusebius" in S. Inowlocki, C. Zemagni (eds.), <i>Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues</i> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkhHst91hQIC&pg=PA1">1–24</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannHolum2002" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles; Holum, Kenneth G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzpmAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Caesarea Maritima</i></a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897570282" title="Special:BookSources/9780897570282"><bdi>9780897570282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+and+Latin+Inscriptions+of+Caesarea+Maritima&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780897570282&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft.au=Holum%2C+Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzpmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabanHolum1996" class="citation book cs1">Raban, Avner; Holum, Kenneth G. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pckUkJIHjiQC"><i>Caesarea Maritima: a retrospective after two millennia</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10378-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10378-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10378-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Maritima%3A+a+retrospective+after+two+millennia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10378-8&rft.aulast=Raban&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft.au=Holum%2C+Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpckUkJIHjiQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVailhé1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vailhé, S. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Caesarea_Palaestinae" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caesarea Palaestinae">Caesarea Palaestinae</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caesarea+Palaestinae&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Vailh%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalister1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._A._Stewart_Macalister" title="R. A. Stewart Macalister">Macalister, R. A. Stewart</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caesarea_Palaestina" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caesarea Palaestina">Caesarea Palaestina</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). p. 943.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caesarea+Palaestina&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=943&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/C%C3%A6sarea_Palestin%C3%A6" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Cæsarea Palestinæ">Cæsarea Palestinæ</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C%C3%A6sarea+Palestin%C3%A6&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesarea+Maritima" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Palestine" title="Martyrs of Palestine">Martyrs of Palestine</a></i>, book by Eusebius recounting the story of Christian martyrs executed in Caesarea</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caesarea_Maritima" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=10&letter=C#0"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a>: Cæsarea by the Sea</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/arch/caesarea.html">PBS Frontline – Caesarea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/Caesarea.html">Archaeology of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianandwendy.com/Israel/Caesarea/slideshow.htm">Photo gallery of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotogalerien.ch/index.php?gallery=154&lang=2">Photo gallery of Caesarea</a></li> <li>Gavriel Solomon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=10&site_id=16&id=141">Caesarea National Park: Conservation Maintenance</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp">Israel Antiquities Authority Site</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626044723/http://iaa-conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp">Conservation Department</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=6316">Photos of Caesarea</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Manar_al-Athar" title="Manar al-Athar">Manar al-Athar</a> photo archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template talk:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Journeys of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>3a. <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a></li> <li>3b. <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Iconium</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalea</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (returns to beginning of journey)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a>)</li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Neapolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mygdonia)" title="Apollonia (Mygdonia)">Apollonia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Beroea</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li>18. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caesarea</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> (again)</li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a></li> <li>19. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caesarea</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonies_of_ancient_Rome284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonies_of_ancient_Rome284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>With correspondence to modern geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Emerita" title="Augusta Emerita">Augusta Emerita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aelia Augusta Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Castra Taurinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/200px-Romancoloniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/300px-Romancoloniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/400px-Romancoloniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of legion veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caesarea Maritima</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of late Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Neronias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations with<br />modern names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the<br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Aelia Capitolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>: Ptolemais</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Imwas</a>: Emmaus Nicopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>: Neronias</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>: Gadara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>: Gerasa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a>: Arca Caesarea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: Berytus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>: Heliopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida, Lebanon">Saida</a>: Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>: Tyrus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>: Bostra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>: Emesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>: Laodicea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a>: Philippopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a>: Palmyra</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>: Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>: Seleucia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>; <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed; <sup><small>3</small></sup> in Danger</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusader_sites811" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crusader_sites" title="Template talk:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusader_sites811" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles" title="List of Crusader castles">sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Sorted_by_modern_states,_with_crusader_names_in_parentheses_()145">Sorted by modern states, with crusader <i>names in parentheses</i> ()</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Cyprus" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Egypt" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Greece" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a> (<i>Fontenoid</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achziv</a> (<i>Casal Imbertia</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel#Knights'_Halls" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (<i>Saint Jean d'Acre</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Apollonia–Arsuf</a> (<i>Arsur</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastelet" title="Chastelet">Ateret Fortress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">siege</a>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a> (<i>Bethaatap</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> (<i>Beth Gibelin</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> (<i>Bethsan</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)" title="Belvoir Castle (Israel)">Belvoir Fortress</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgata" title="Burgata">Burgata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caesarea Maritima</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafarlet" title="Cafarlet">Cafarlet</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Château Pèlerin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Destroit" title="Le Destroit">Destroit</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_Ramle" title="Al-Burj, Ramle">Castle Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Crusader_period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period">Jerusalem</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> (<i>Caypha</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> (<i>Toron</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunin" title="Hunin">Hunin</a> (<i>Château Neuf</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> (<i>Castellum Regis</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Afek" title="Migdal Afek">Migdal Afek</a> (<i>Mirabel</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> (<i>Calanson</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a> (<i>Caco</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">Qastal</a> (<i>Beauverium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qula" title="Qula">Qula</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> (<i>Saphet</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Taibe</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afek" title="Tel Afek">Tel Afek</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hanaton" title="Tel Hanaton">Tel Hanaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a> (<i>Blanche Garde</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Tanninim" title="Tel Tanninim">Tel Tanninim (<i>Torin Selin</i>)</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Suba</a> (<i>Belmont</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yokneam" title="Tel Yokneam">Tel Yokneam</a> (<i>Caymont</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yavne</a> (<i>Ibelin</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> (<i>La Sephorie</i>) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Khalid" title="Umm Khalid">Umm Khalid</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Jiddin" title="Khirbat Jiddin">Khirbat Jiddin</a> (<i>Judin</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Montreal</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafilah" title="Tafilah">Tafilah</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27ayra_Castle" title="Wu'ayra Castle">Vaux Moise</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Castle" title="Beirut Castle">Beirut Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belhacem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belhacem (page does not exist)">Belhacem</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_Castle" title="Byblos Castle">Byblos Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqra,_Lebanon#Doubay_or_'Qal'at_ad-Dubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaqra, Lebanon">Dubay Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Kifa#Castle" title="Deir Kifa">Deir Kifa Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbaya#The_Citadel" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moinetre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moinetre (page does not exist)">Moinetre</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Puy du Connétable, Castrum Constabularii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Nephin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">Saint Louis Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandelion_Castle" title="Scandelion Castle">Scandelion Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Syria" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Turkey" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Associations</dt> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;background-color:#EEE8AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="Template:New Testament places associated with 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Aenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Karraza" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbat Karraza">Chorazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Gennesaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Transfiguration" title="Mount of Transfiguration">Mount of Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda" title="Pool of Bethesda">Bethesda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethphage" title="Bethphage">Bethphage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbatha" title="Gabbatha">Gabbatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jerusalem Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Caesarea Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Road to Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319242#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172493628">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4088936-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122020546">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122020546">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Caesaera (Izrael)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge643720&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/01745584-27ed-4cd7-b74a-420d5bd037cf">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678401">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFHolum1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInge_Lyse_HansenChris_Wickham2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Strange1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmannHolum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacalister1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarica2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariti1792\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarom2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMills,_E.1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMöhring2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphant1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOren2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorathEpsteinFriedmanMichaeli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrawerBen-Shammai1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPringle1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPringle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabanHolum1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRabbānHolum1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2002\"] = 1,\n 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