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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_1051–52" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_1051–52"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Crisis of 1051–52</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_1051–52-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westminster_Abbey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westminster_Abbey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Westminster Abbey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westminster_Abbey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Appearance and character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward the Confessor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_die_Belyer" title="Eduard die Belyer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eduard die Belyer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92adweard_Andettere" title="Ēadweard Andettere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēadweard Andettere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81" title="إدوارد المعترف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد المعترف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_(Atelredin_o%C4%9Flu)" title="Edvard (Atelredin oğlu) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edvard (Atelredin oğlu)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ادوارد خستو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد خستو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Chh%C3%A0m-h%C3%B3e-chi%C3%A1" title="Edward Chhàm-hóe-chiá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward Chhàm-hóe-chiá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Эдуард Спаведнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Спаведнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Едуард Изповедник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Изповедник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Ispovjednik" title="Edvard Ispovjednik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edvard Ispovjednik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouarzh_ar_C%27hofesour" title="Edouarzh ar C'hofesour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edouarzh ar C'hofesour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_el_Confessor" title="Eduard el Confessor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard el Confessor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Vyznava%C4%8D" title="Eduard Vyznavač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard Vyznavač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_y_Cyffeswr" title="Edward y Cyffeswr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edward y Cyffeswr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Bekenderen" title="Edvard Bekenderen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edvard Bekenderen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_der_Bekenner" title="Eduard der Bekenner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard der Bekenner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Usutunnistaja" title="Edward Usutunnistaja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Usutunnistaja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Εδουάρδος ο Εξομολογητής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδουάρδος ο Εξομολογητής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_el_Confesor" title="Eduardo el Confesor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduardo el Confesor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_la_Konfesanto" title="Eduardo la Konfesanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduardo la Konfesanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Aitorlea" title="Eduardo Aitorlea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo Aitorlea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ادوارد خستو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد خستو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_le_Confesseur" title="Édouard le Confesseur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édouard le Confesseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89adbhard_an_Choinfeas%C3%B3ra" title="Éadbhard an Choinfeasóra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éadbhard an Choinfeasóra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_o_Confesor" title="Eduardo o Confesor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eduardo o Confesor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%B0%B8%ED%9A%8C%EC%99%95" title="에드워드 참회왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 참회왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Էդվարդ Խոստովանող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդվարդ Խոստովանող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_III._Ispovjednik" title="Eduard III. Ispovjednik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard III. Ispovjednik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_sang_Pengaku" title="Edward sang Pengaku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward sang Pengaku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ur_g%C3%B3%C3%B0i" title="Játvarður góði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Játvarður góði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_il_Confessore" title="Edoardo il Confessore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edoardo il Confessore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="אדוארד המודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד המודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ედუარდ აღმსარებელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ აღმსარებელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Muungamaji" title="Edward Muungamaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edward Muungamaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardus_Confessor" title="Edwardus Confessor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edwardus Confessor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_I%C5%A1pa%C5%BEin%C4%97jas" title="Eduardas Išpažinėjas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas Išpažinėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doard_el_Confessor" title="Doard el Confessor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Doard el Confessor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitvall%C3%B3_Edu%C3%A1rd_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Hitvalló Eduárd angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hitvalló Eduárd angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Едвард Исповедникот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвард Исповедникот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81" title="ادوارد المعترف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد المعترف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_si_Pengaku" title="Edward si Pengaku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edward si Pengaku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_de_Belijder" title="Eduard de Belijder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eduard de Belijder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E7%8E%8B" title="エドワード懺悔王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード懺悔王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwid_t%27_Konfesar" title="Edwid t' Konfesar – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Edwid t' Konfesar" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Bekjenneren" title="Edvard Bekjenneren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edvard Bekjenneren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_vedkjennaren" title="Edvard vedkjennaren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edvard vedkjennaren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoard_lo_Confessor" title="Edoard lo Confessor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edoard lo Confessor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wyznawca" title="Edward Wyznawca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Wyznawca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo,_o_Confessor" title="Eduardo, o Confessor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduardo, o Confessor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Confesorul" title="Eduard Confesorul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard Confesorul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Эдуард Исповедник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдуард Исповедник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edward the Confessor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward the Confessor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Vyzn%C3%A1va%C4%8D" title="Eduard Vyznávač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard Vyznávač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Едвард Исповедник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард Исповедник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ispovjednik" title="Edward Ispovjednik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward Ispovjednik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Tunnustaja" title="Edvard Tunnustaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edvard Tunnustaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Bek%C3%A4nnaren" title="Edvard Bekännaren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edvard Bekännaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_ang_Tagapagpaamin" title="Eduardo ang Tagapagpaamin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eduardo ang Tagapagpaamin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5" title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดธรรมสักขี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดธรรมสักขี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_(%C3%86thelred%27in_o%C4%9Flu)" title="Edward (Æthelred'in oğlu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward (Æthelred'in oğlu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Едуард Сповідник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едуард Сповідник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="معترف ایڈورڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معترف ایڈورڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward the Confessor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_nga_Kompesor" title="Edward nga Kompesor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edward nga Kompesor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E" title="忏悔者爱德华 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="忏悔者爱德华" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="懺悔者愛德華" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of England from 1042 to 1066, Christian saint</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Edward the Confessor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene1_EDWARD_REX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene1_EDWARD_REX.jpg/220px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene1_EDWARD_REX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene1_EDWARD_REX.jpg/330px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene1_EDWARD_REX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene1_EDWARD_REX.jpg/440px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene1_EDWARD_REX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="2274" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">EDWARD(US) REX</i></span>: Edward the Confessor, enthroned, opening scene of the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the English">King of the English</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1042 – 5 January 1066</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1043 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1003–1005</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire" title="Islip, Oxfordshire">Islip, Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1066 (aged 60–63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith of Wessex</a> (m. 1045)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward the Confessor</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1003 – 5 January 1066) was an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/English_king" class="mw-redirect" title="English king">English king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. Usually considered the last king of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a>, he ruled from 1042 until his death in 1066. </p><p>Edward was the son of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>. He succeeded <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>'s son – and his own half-brother – <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a>. He restored the rule of the House of Wessex after the period of Danish rule since Cnut conquered England in 1016. When Edward died in 1066, he was succeeded by his wife's brother <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, who was defeated and killed in the same year at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>. Edward's young great-nephew <a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a> of the House of Wessex was proclaimed king after the Battle of Hastings, but was never crowned and was peacefully deposed after about eight weeks. </p><p>Historians disagree about Edward's fairly long 24-year reign. His nickname reflects the traditional image of him as unworldly and pious. <a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessor</a> reflects his reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> who did not suffer <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> as opposed to his uncle, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>. Some portray Edward the Confessor's reign as leading to the disintegration of royal power in England and the advance in power of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Godwin" title="House of Godwin">House of Godwin</a>, because of the infighting that began after his death with no heirs to the throne. Biographers <a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Frank Barlow</a> and Peter Rex, on the other hand, portray Edward as a successful king, one who was energetic, resourceful and sometimes ruthless; they argue that the Norman conquest shortly after his death tarnished his image.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex2008224_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex2008224-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Richard Mortimer argues that the return of the Godwins from exile in 1052 "meant the effective end of his exercise of power", citing Edward's reduced activity as implying "a withdrawal from affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About a century after his death, in 1161, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Canonised" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonised">canonised</a> the king. Edward was one of England's national saints until <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> (George of Lydda) as the national patron saint in about 1350. Saint Edward's <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is 13 October and is celebrated by both the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_exile">Early years and exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward was the seventh son of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>, and the first by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>. Edward was born between 1003 and 1005 in <a href="/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire" title="Islip, Oxfordshire">Islip, Oxfordshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is first recorded as a 'witness' to two charters in 1005. He had one full brother, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling" title="Alfred Aetheling">Alfred</a>, and a sister, <a href="/wiki/Godgifu,_daughter_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" class="mw-redirect" title="Godgifu, daughter of Æthelred the Unready">Godgifu</a>. In charters he was always listed behind his older half-brothers, showing that he ranked beneath them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200949_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200949-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his childhood, England was the target of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> raids and invasions under <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a>. Following Sweyn's seizure of the throne in 1013, Emma fled to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, followed by Edward and Alfred, and then by Æthelred. Sweyn died in February 1014, and leading Englishmen invited Æthelred back on the condition that he promised to rule 'more justly' than before. Æthelred agreed, sending Edward back with his ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200813,_19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200813,_19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelred died in April 1016, and he was succeeded by Edward's older half-brother <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>, who carried on the fight against Sweyn's son, Cnut. According to Scandinavian tradition, Edward fought alongside Edmund; as Edward was at most thirteen years old at the time, the story is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage29_29–36]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage29_29–36]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200956_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200956-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edmund died in November 1016, and Cnut became undisputed king. Edward then again went into exile with his brother and sister; in 1017 his mother married Cnut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Cnut had Edward's last surviving elder half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Eadwig_%C3%86theling" title="Eadwig Ætheling">Eadwig</a>, executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanton201121_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanton201121-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward spent a quarter of a century in exile, probably mainly in Normandy, although there is no evidence of his location until the early 1030s. He probably received support from his sister Godgifu, who married <a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Mantes" title="Drogo of Mantes">Drogo of Mantes</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a> in about 1024. In the early 1030s, Edward witnessed four charters in Normandy, signing two of them as king of England. According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="William of Jumièges">William of Jumièges</a>, the Norman chronicler, <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy">Robert I, Duke of Normandy</a> attempted an invasion of England to place Edward on the throne in about 1034 but it was blown off course to <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>. He also received support for his claim to the throne from several continental abbots, particularly <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert of Jumièges">Robert</a>, abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges_Abbey" title="Jumièges Abbey">Norman abbey of Jumièges</a>, who later became Edward's Archbishop of Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200963–75_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200963–75-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was said to have developed an intense personal piety during this period, but modern historians regard this as a product of the later medieval campaign for his canonisation. In Frank Barlow's view "in his lifestyle would seem to have been that of a typical member of the rustic nobility".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1981_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeared to have a slim prospect of acceding to the English throne during this period, and his ambitious mother was more interested in supporting Harthacnut, her son by Cnut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200828_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200828-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cnut died in 1035, and Harthacnut succeeded him as king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. It is unclear whether he intended to keep England as well, but he was defending his position in Denmark and thus was unable to come to England to assert his claim to the throne. It was therefore decided that his elder half-brother <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> should act as regent, while Emma held Wessex on Harthacnut's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1036, Edward and his brother Alfred separately came to England. Emma later claimed that they came in response to a letter forged by Harold inviting them to visit her, but historians believe that she probably did invite them in an effort to counter Harold's growing popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200834–35_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200834–35-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfred was captured by <a href="/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="Godwin, Earl of Wessex">Godwin, Earl of Wessex</a>, who turned him over to Harold Harefoot. He had Alfred blinded by forcing red-hot pokers into his eyes to make him unsuitable for kingship, and Alfred died soon after as a result of his wounds. The murder is thought to be the source of much of Edward's hatred for Godwin and one of the primary reasons for Godwin's banishment in autumn 1051.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1981_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward is said to have fought a successful skirmish near <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, and then retreated back to Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage44_44–45]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage44_44–45]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus showed his prudence, but he had some reputation as a soldier in Normandy and Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200833_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200833-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1037, Harold was accepted as king, and the following year he expelled Emma, who retreated to <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>. She then summoned Edward and demanded his help for Harthacnut, but he refused as he had no resources to launch an invasion, and disclaimed any interest for himself in the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200833_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200833-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harthacnut, his position in Denmark now secure, planned an invasion, but Harold died in 1040, and Harthacnut was able to cross unopposed, with his mother, to take the English throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1041, Harthacnut invited Edward back to England, probably as his heir because he knew he had not long to live.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Quadripartitus" title="Quadripartitus">Quadripartitus</a></i> states that he was recalled by the intervention of Bishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_of_Winchester" title="Ælfwine of Winchester">Ælfwine of Winchester</a> and Earl Godwin. Edward met "the <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> of all England" at Hursteshever, likely near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hurst_Spit" title="Hurst Spit">Hurst Spit</a> opposite the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. There, Edward was received as king in return for his oath that he would continue the laws of Cnut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004650–666_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004650–666-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, Edward was sworn in as king alongside Harthacnut, but a diploma issued by Harthacnut in 1042 describes him as the king's brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer20097_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer20097-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009101_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009101-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg/220px-Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg/330px-Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg/440px-Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>A sealed writ of Edward the Confessor</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Government in Anglo-Saxon England</a></div> <p>Following Harthacnut's death on 8 June 1042, Godwin, the most powerful of the English earls, supported Edward, who succeeded to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> describes the popularity he enjoyed at his accession – "before he [Harthacnut] was buried, all the people chose Edward as king in London."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1914114_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1914114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was crowned at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">the cathedral of Winchester</a>, the royal seat of the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">West Saxons</a>, on Easter Sunday, 3 April 1043.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage61_61]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage61_61]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward complained that his mother had "done less for him than he wanted before he became king, and also afterwards". In November 1043, he rode to Winchester with his three leading earls, <a href="/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Leofric, Earl of Mercia">Leofric of Mercia</a>, Godwin, and <a href="/wiki/Siward,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Siward, Earl of Northumbria">Siward of Northumbria</a>, to deprive her of her property, possibly because she was holding on to treasure which belonged to the king. Her adviser, <a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a>, was deprived of his bishopric of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich" title="Bishop of Norwich">Elmham</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>. However, both were soon restored to favour. Emma died in 1052.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200848–49_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200848–49-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward's position when he came to the throne was weak. Effective rule required keeping on terms with the three leading earls, but loyalty to the ancient house of Wessex had been eroded by the period of Danish rule, and only Leofric was descended from a family which had served Æthelred. Siward was probably Danish, and although Godwin was English, he was one of Cnut's new men, married to Cnut's former sister-in-law. However, in his early years, Edward restored the traditional strong monarchy, showing himself, in Frank Barlow's view, "a vigorous and ambitious man, a true son of the impetuous Æthelred and the formidable Emma."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1043, Godwin's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Godwinson" title="Sweyn Godwinson">Sweyn</a> was appointed to an earldom in the south-west midlands, and on 23 January 1045 Edward married Godwin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith</a>. Soon afterwards, her brother <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold</a> and her Danish cousin <a href="/wiki/Beorn_Estrithson" title="Beorn Estrithson">Beorn Estrithson</a> were also given earldoms in southern England. Godwin and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Godwin" title="House of Godwin">his family</a> now ruled subordinately all of <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>. However, in 1047 Sweyn was banished for abducting the abbess of <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a>. In 1049, he returned to try to regain his earldom, but this was said to have been opposed by Harold and Beorn, probably because they had been given Sweyn's land in his absence. Sweyn murdered his cousin Beorn and went again into exile. Edward's nephew <a href="/wiki/Ralph_the_Timid" title="Ralph the Timid">Ralph</a> was given Beorn's earldom, but the following year Sweyn's father was able to secure his reinstatement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2009maps_between_pp._116_&_117_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2009maps_between_pp._116_&_117-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wealth of Edward's lands exceeded that of the greatest earls, but they were scattered among the southern earldoms. He had no personal power base, and it seems he did not attempt to build one. In 1050–51 he even paid off the fourteen foreign ships which constituted his standing navy and abolished the tax raised to pay for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200926–28_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200926–28-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in ecclesiastical and foreign affairs he was able to follow his own policy. King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus I of Norway</a> aspired to the English throne, and in 1045 and 1046, fearing an invasion, Edward took command of the fleet at <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a>. Beorn's elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II of Denmark</a> "submitted himself to Edward as a son", hoping for his help in his battle with Magnus for control of Denmark, but in 1047 Edward rejected Godwin's demand that he send aid to Sweyn, and it was only Magnus's death in October that saved England from attack and allowed Sweyn to take the Danish throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern historians reject the traditional view that Edward mainly employed Norman favourites, but he did have foreigners in his household, including a few Normans, who became unpopular. Chief among them was Robert, abbot of the Norman abbey of Jumièges, who had known Edward from the 1030s and came to England with him in 1041, becoming bishop of London in 1043. According to the <i>Vita Edwardi</i>, he became "always the most powerful confidential adviser to the king".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200969_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200969-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGem2009171_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGem2009171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_of_1051–52"><span id="Crisis_of_1051.E2.80.9352"></span>Crisis of 1051–52</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crisis of 1051–52"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardConfesor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EdwardConfesor.jpg/220px-EdwardConfesor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EdwardConfesor.jpg/330px-EdwardConfesor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/EdwardConfesor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Edward's seal: SIGILLVM EADWARDI ANGLORVM BASILEI (Seal of Edward crowned/King of the English).</figcaption></figure> <p>In ecclesiastical appointments, Edward and his advisers showed a bias against candidates with local connections, and when the clergy and monks of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> elected a relative of Godwin as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> in 1051, Edward rejected him and appointed Robert of Jumièges, who claimed that Godwin was in illegal possession of some archiepiscopal estates. In September 1051, Edward was visited by his brother-in-law, Godgifu's second husband, <a href="/wiki/Eustace_II_of_Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustace II of Boulogne">Eustace II of Boulogne</a>. His men caused an affray in <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, and Edward ordered Godwin as earl of Kent to punish the town's burgesses, but he took their side and refused. Edward seized the chance to bring his over-mighty earl to heel. Archbishop Robert accused Godwin of plotting to kill the king, just as he had killed his brother Alfred in 1036, while Leofric and Siward supported the king and called up their vassals. Sweyn and Harold called up their own vassals, but neither side wanted a fight, and Godwin and Sweyn appear to have each given a son as hostage, who were sent to Normandy. The Godwins' position disintegrated as their men were not willing to fight the king. When Stigand, who was acting as an intermediary, conveyed the king's jest that Godwin could have his peace if he could restore Alfred and his companions alive and well, Godwin and his sons fled, going to Flanders and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward repudiated Edith and sent her to a nunnery, perhaps because she was childless,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004a_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Archbishop Robert urged her divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweyn went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem (dying on his way back), but Godwin and his other sons returned, with an army following a year later, and received considerable support, while Leofric and Siward failed to support the king. Both sides were concerned that a civil war would leave the country open to foreign invasion. The king was furious, but he was forced to give way and restore Godwin and Harold to their earldoms, while Robert of Jumièges and other Frenchmen fled, fearing Godwin's vengeance. Edith was restored as queen, and <a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a>, who had again acted as an intermediary between the two sides in the crisis, was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in Robert's place. Stigand retained his existing bishopric of Winchester, and his pluralism was a continuing source of dispute with the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex2008107_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex2008107-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_reign">Later reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Confessor_Penny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Edward_the_Confessor_Penny.jpg/220px-Edward_the_Confessor_Penny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Edward_the_Confessor_Penny.jpg/330px-Edward_the_Confessor_Penny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Edward_the_Confessor_Penny.jpg/440px-Edward_the_Confessor_Penny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">Penny</a> of Edward the Confessor</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the mid-1050s Edward was able to structure his earldoms to prevent the Godwins from becoming dominant. Godwin died in 1053, and although Harold succeeded to his earldom of Wessex, none of his other brothers were earls at this date. His house was then weaker than it had been since Edward's succession, but a succession of deaths from 1055 to 1057 completely changed the control of earldoms. In 1055, Siward died, but his son was considered too young to command <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and Harold's brother, <a href="/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" title="Tostig Godwinson">Tostig</a>, was appointed. In 1057, Leofric and Ralph died, and Leofric's son <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia">Ælfgar</a> succeeded as Earl of Mercia, while Harold's brother <a href="/wiki/Gyrth_Godwinson" title="Gyrth Godwinson">Gyrth</a> succeeded Ælfgar as Earl of East Anglia. The fourth surviving Godwin brother, <a href="/wiki/Leofwine_Godwinson" title="Leofwine Godwinson">Leofwine</a>, was given an earldom in the south-east carved out of Harold's territory, and Harold received Ralph's territory in compensation. Thus by 1057, the Godwin brothers controlled all of England subordinately apart from <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. It is not known whether Edward approved of this transformation or whether he had to accept it, but from this time he seems to have begun to withdraw from active politics, devoting himself to hunting, which he pursued each day after attending church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009103–104_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009103–104-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1050s, Edward pursued an aggressive and generally successful policy in dealing with <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm Canmore</a> was an exile at Edward's court after his father, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a>, was killed in battle in 1040, against men led by <a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a> who seized the Scottish throne. In 1054, Edward sent Siward to invade Scotland. He defeated Macbeth, and Malcolm, who had accompanied the expedition, gained control of southern Scotland. By 1058, Malcolm had killed Macbeth in battle and had taken the Scottish throne. In 1059, he visited Edward, but in 1061, he started raiding Northumbria with the aim of adding it to his territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1053, Edward ordered the assassination of the south Welsh prince <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Rhydderch" title="Rhys ap Rhydderch">Rhys ap Rhydderch</a> in reprisal for a raid on England, and Rhys's head was delivered to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1055, <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Gruffydd ap Llywelyn">Gruffydd ap Llywelyn</a> established himself as the ruler of Wales, and allied himself with Ælfgar of Mercia, who had been outlawed for treason. They defeated Earl Ralph at Hereford, and Harold had to collect forces from nearly all of England to drive the invaders back into Wales. Peace was concluded with the reinstatement of Ælfgar, who was able to succeed as Earl of Mercia on his father's death in 1057. Gruffydd swore an oath to be a faithful under-king of Edward. Ælfgar likely died in 1062, and his young son <a href="/wiki/Edwin,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Edwin, Earl of Mercia">Edwin</a> was allowed to succeed as Earl of Mercia, but Harold then launched a surprise attack on Gruffydd. He escaped, but when Harold and Tostig attacked again the following year, he retreated and was killed by Welsh enemies. Edward and Harold were then able to impose <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a> on some Welsh princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004c_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004c-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BayeuxTapestryScene25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/BayeuxTapestryScene25.jpg/390px-BayeuxTapestryScene25.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/BayeuxTapestryScene25.jpg/585px-BayeuxTapestryScene25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/BayeuxTapestryScene25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> meeting Edward shortly before Edward's death, as depicted in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry_tituli#25" title="Bayeux Tapestry tituli">scene 25 of the Bayeux Tapestry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1065, Harold's brother, Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, was hunting with the king when his <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Revolt_of_1065" title="Northumbrian Revolt of 1065">Northumbria rebelled against his rule</a>, which they claimed was oppressive, and killed some 200 of his followers. They nominated <a href="/wiki/Morcar" title="Morcar">Morcar</a>, the brother of Edwin of Mercia, as earl and invited the brothers to join them in marching south. They met Harold at Northampton, and Tostig accused Harold before the king of conspiring with the rebels. Tostig seems to have been a favourite with the king and queen, who demanded that the revolt be suppressed, but neither Harold nor anyone else would fight to support Tostig. Edward was forced to submit to his banishment, and the humiliation may have caused a series of strokes which led to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAird2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAird2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was too weak to attend the consecration of his new church at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, which had been substantially completed in 1065, on 28 December.<sup id="cite_ref-HA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernie2009139–143_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernie2009139–143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward probably entrusted the kingdom to Harold and Edith shortly before he died at Westminster on 5 January 1066. On 6 January he was buried in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, and Harold was crowned on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting as early as <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> in the early 12th century, historians have puzzled over Edward's intentions for the succession. One school of thought supports the Norman case that Edward always intended <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> to be his heir, accepting the medieval claim that Edward had already decided to be celibate before he married, but most historians believe that he hoped to have an heir by Edith at least until his quarrel with Godwin in 1051. William the Conqueror's grandfather, Duke <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a>, was the brother of Edward the Confessor's mother, <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>, so the two men were first cousins once removed, and there was a blood tie between them. William may have visited Edward during Godwin's exile, and he is thought to have promised William the succession at this time, but historians disagree on how seriously he meant the promise, and whether he later changed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edmund Ironside's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Exile" title="Edward the Exile">Edward the Exile</a>, had the best claim to be considered Edward's heir. He had been taken as a young child to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, and in 1054 <a href="/wiki/Ealdred_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdred (archbishop of York)">Bishop Ealdred of Worcester</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> to secure his return, probably with a view to becoming Edward's heir. The exile returned to England in 1057 with his family but died almost immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter200996–98_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter200996–98-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar</a>, who was then about six years old, was brought up at the English court. He was given the designation <a href="/wiki/%C3%86theling" title="Ætheling">Ætheling</a>, meaning throne-worthy, which may mean that Edward considered making him his heir, and he was briefly declared king after Harold's death in 1066.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooper2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Edgar was absent from witness lists of Edward's diplomas, and there is no evidence in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> that he was a substantial landowner, which suggests that he was marginalised at the end of Edward's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter200998–103_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter200998–103-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the mid-1050s, Edward seems to have withdrawn from affairs as he became increasingly dependent on the Godwins, and he may have become reconciled to the idea that one of them would succeed him. The Normans claimed that Edward sent Harold to Normandy in about 1064 to confirm the promise of the succession to William. The strongest evidence comes from a Norman apologist, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Poitiers" title="William of Poitiers">William of Poitiers</a>. According to his account, shortly before the Battle of Hastings, Harold sent William an envoy who admitted that Edward had promised the throne to William but argued that this was overridden by his deathbed promise to Harold. In reply, William did not dispute the deathbed promise but argued that Edward's prior promise to him took precedence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009103–114_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009103–114-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(historian)" title="Stephen Baxter (historian)">Stephen Baxter</a>'s view, Edward's "handling of the succession issue was dangerously indecisive, and contributed to one of the greatest catastrophes to which the English have ever succumbed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009118_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter2009118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Westminster_Abbey">Westminster Abbey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Westminster Abbey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg/390px-BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg/585px-BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Edward's funeral in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (left), where he is buried, as depicted in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry_tituli#26" title="Bayeux Tapestry tituli">scene 26 of the Bayeux Tapestry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Edward's Norman sympathies are most clearly seen in the major building project of his reign, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, the first Norman <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> church in England. This was commenced between 1042 and 1052 as a royal burial church, consecrated on 28 December 1065, completed after his death in about 1090, and demolished in 1245 to make way for Henry III's new building, which still stands. It was very similar to <a href="/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges_Abbey" title="Jumièges Abbey">Jumièges Abbey</a>, which was built at the same time. Robert of Jumièges must have been closely involved in both buildings, although it is not clear which is the original and which is the copy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernie2009139–143_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernie2009139–143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward does not appear to have been interested in books and associated arts, but his abbey played a vital role in the development of English Romanesque architecture, showing that he was an innovative and generous patron of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200923_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200923-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Edward the Confessor</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilton_diptych;_left-hand_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wilton_diptych%3B_left-hand_panel.jpg/200px-Wilton_diptych%3B_left-hand_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wilton_diptych%3B_left-hand_panel.jpg/300px-Wilton_diptych%3B_left-hand_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wilton_diptych%3B_left-hand_panel.jpg/400px-Wilton_diptych%3B_left-hand_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The left panel of the <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Diptych" title="Wilton Diptych">Wilton Diptych</a>, where Edward (centre), with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, are depicted presenting <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> to the Virgin Mary and Christ Child.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessor of the Faith</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 February 1161 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 October, 5 January</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</a>, difficult marriages</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Edward the <a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessor</a> was the only king of England to be canonized by the pope, but he was part of a tradition of (uncanonised) Anglo-Saxon royal saints, such as <a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh of Winchester</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Edith of Wilton</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar the Peaceful</a>, and the boy-king <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009178–179_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009178–179-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his proneness to fits of rage and his love of hunting, Edward the Confessor is regarded by most historians as an unlikely saint, and his canonisation as political, although some argue that his cult started so early that it must have had something credible to build on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200929–32_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200929–32-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward displayed a worldly attitude in his church appointments. When he appointed Robert of Jumièges as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1051, he chose the leading craftsman <a href="/wiki/Spearhafoc" title="Spearhafoc">Spearhafoc</a> to replace Robert as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>. Robert refused to consecrate him, saying that the pope had forbidden it, but Spearhafoc occupied the bishopric for several months with Edward's support. After the Godwins fled the country, Edward expelled Spearhafoc, who fled with a large store of gold and gems which he had been given to make Edward a crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stigand was the first archbishop of Canterbury not to be a monk in almost a hundred years, and he was said to have been excommunicated by several popes because he held Canterbury and Winchester in plurality. Several bishops sought consecration abroad because of the irregularity of Stigand's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowdrey2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowdrey2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward usually preferred clerks to monks for the most important and richest bishoprics, and he probably accepted gifts from candidates for bishoprics and abbacies. However, his appointments were generally respectable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Odda_of_Deerhurst" title="Odda of Deerhurst">Odda of Deerhurst</a> died without heirs in 1056, Edward seized lands which Odda had granted to <a href="/wiki/Pershore_Abbey" title="Pershore Abbey">Pershore Abbey</a> and gave them to his Westminster foundation; historian <a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Ann Williams</a> observes that "the Confessor did not in the 11th century have the saintly reputation which he later enjoyed, largely through the efforts of the Westminster monks themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199711_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199711-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1066, there was a subdued cult of Edward as a saint, possibly discouraged by the early Norman abbots of Westminster,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2004_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2004-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gradually increased in the early 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex2008214–217_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex2008214–217-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Osbert_of_Clare" title="Osbert of Clare">Osbert of Clare</a>, the prior of Westminster Abbey, then started to campaign for Edward's canonisation, aiming to increase the wealth and power of the Abbey. By 1138, he had converted the <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_%C3%86dwardi_Regis" title="Vita Ædwardi Regis">Vita Ædwardi Regis</a></i>, the life of Edward commissioned by his widow, into a conventional saint's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2004_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2004-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seized on an ambiguous passage which might have meant that their marriage was chaste, perhaps to give the idea that Edith's childlessness was not her fault, to claim that Edward had been celibate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter200984–85_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter200984–85-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1139, Osbert went to Rome to petition for Edward's canonisation with the support of <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">King Stephen</a>, but he lacked the full support of the English hierarchy and Stephen had quarrelled with the church, so <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> postponed a decision, declaring that Osbert lacked sufficient testimonials of Edward's holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009180–181_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009180–181-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1159, there was a <a href="/wiki/1159_papal_election" title="1159 papal election">disputed election to the papacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>'s support helped to secure the recognition of Pope Alexander III. In 1160, a new abbot of Westminster, Laurence, seized the opportunity to renew Edward's claim. This time, it had the full support of the king and the English hierarchy, and a grateful pope issued the bull of canonisation on 7 February 1161,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the result of a conjunction of the interests of Westminster Abbey, King Henry II and Pope Alexander III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009173_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009173-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was called 'Confessor' as the name for someone who was believed to have lived a saintly life but was not a martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex2008226_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex2008226-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1230s, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> became attached to the cult of Saint Edward, and he commissioned a new life, by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2007865–891_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2007865–891-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry also constructed a grand new tomb for Edward in a rebuilt Westminster Abbey in 1269.<sup id="cite_ref-HA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry III also named his <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">eldest son</a> after Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014241–242_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014241–242-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until about 1350, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a>, and Edward the Confessor were regarded as English national saints, but Edward III preferred the more war-like figure of Saint George, and in 1348 he established the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> with Saint George as its patron. At <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, its chapel of Saint Edward the Confessor was re-dedicated to Saint George, who was acclaimed in 1351 as patron of the English race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was a less popular saint for many, but he was important to the Norman dynasty, which claimed to be the successor of Edward as the last legitimate Anglo-Saxon king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009180–182_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozoky2009180–182-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="414" data-mwtitle="Dr_John_Hall,_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dr_John_Hall,_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Dr_John_Hall%2C_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Dr_John_Hall%2C_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg/Dr_John_Hall%2C_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Audio description of the shrine of Edward the Confessor by <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(priest)" title="John Hall (priest)">John Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Peter_Westminster_Abbey_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Saint_Peter_Westminster_Abbey_Flag.svg/220px-Saint_Peter_Westminster_Abbey_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Saint_Peter_Westminster_Abbey_Flag.svg/330px-Saint_Peter_Westminster_Abbey_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Saint_Peter_Westminster_Abbey_Flag.svg/440px-Saint_Peter_Westminster_Abbey_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Saint Peter, Westminster Abbey, flown atop the Abbey on most church festivals. The gold ring represents the ring of Saint Edward, acknowledging him as the Abbey's founder.</figcaption></figure> <p>The shrine of Saint Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey remains where it was after the final translation of his body to a chapel east of the sanctuary on 13 October 1269 by Henry III.<sup id="cite_ref-TA_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day of his translation, 13 October (his first translation had also been on that date in 1163), is an optional memorial in the Catholic dioceses of England only.<sup id="cite_ref-LO_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LO-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Edward may also be commemorated on the anniversary of his death, 5 January, the date he is inscribed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrologium_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrologium Romanum">Martyrologium Romanum</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">calendar of saints</a> designates 13 October as a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">Lesser Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CE_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each October the abbey holds a week of festivities and prayer in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward is also regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of difficult marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-CS_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_character">Appearance and character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appearance and character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_%C3%86dwardi_Regis" title="Vita Ædwardi Regis">Vita Ædwardi Regis</a></i> states "[H]e was a very proper figure of a man – of outstanding height, and distinguished by his milky white hair and beard, full face and rosy cheeks, thin white hands, and long translucent fingers; in all the rest of his body he was an unblemished royal person. Pleasant, but always dignified, he walked with eyes downcast, most graciously affable to one and all. If some cause aroused his temper, he seemed as terrible as a lion, but he never revealed his anger by railing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199219_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199219-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, as the historian Richard Mortimer notes, 'contains obvious elements of the ideal king, expressed in flattering terms – tall and distinguished, affable, dignified and just.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200915_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200915-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward was allegedly not above accepting bribes. According to the Ramsey <i>Liber Benefactorum</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Abbey" title="Ramsey Abbey">monastery's</a> abbot decided that it would be dangerous to publicly contest a claim brought by "a certain powerful man", but he claimed he was able to procure a favourable judgment by giving Edward twenty marks in gold and his wife five marks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux2015218_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux2015218-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_the_Confessor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ar_Saga" title="Játvarðar Saga">Játvarðar Saga</a></i>, Icelandic saga about the king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Sapphire" title="St Edward's Sapphire">St Edward's Sapphire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">regnal numbering</a> of English monarchs starts after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a>, which is why Edward the Confessor, who was the third King Edward, is not referred to as Edward III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Ēadƿeard Andettere</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈæːɑdwæɑrˠd<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɑndettere]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Eduardus Confessor</i>, <span class="IPA-label">Ecclesiastical Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[eduˈardus<span class="wrap"> </span>konˈfessor]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Pauline Stafford</a> believes that Edward joined his mother at Winchester and returned to the continent after his brother's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2001239–240_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2001239–240-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert of Jumièges is usually described as Norman, but his origin is unknown, possibly Frankish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200970_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200970-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_the_Timid" title="Ralph the Timid">Earl Ralph</a>, who had been one of his chief supporters in the crisis of 1051–52, may have received Sweyn's marcher earldom of Hereford at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004b_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004b-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="#CITEREFBarlow2006">Barlow 2006</a>, states that Ralph received Hereford on Sweyn's first expulsion in 1047.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians' views are discussed in <a href="#CITEREFBaxter2009">Baxter 2009</a>, pp. 77–118, which this section is based on.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2006_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2006">Barlow 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERex2008224-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex2008224_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRex2008">Rex 2008</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2009">Mortimer 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200949-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200949_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2009">Keynes 2009</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200813,_19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200813,_19_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRex2008">Rex 2008</a>, pp. 13, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage29_29–36]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage29_29–36]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1970">Barlow 1970</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardconfessor00barl/page/29">29–36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200956-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200956_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2009">Keynes 2009</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanton201121-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanton201121_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanton2011">Panton 2011</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200963–75-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Houts200963–75_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Houts2009">van Houts 2009</a>, pp. 63–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1981-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1981_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1981_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowarth1981">Howarth 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200828-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200828_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRex2008">Rex 2008</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200834–35-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200834–35_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRex2008">Rex 2008</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage44_44–45]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsedwardconfessor00barlpage44_44–45]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1970">Barlow 1970</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardconfessor00barl/page/44">44–45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2001239–240-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2001239–240_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford2001">Stafford 2001</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERex200833-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200833_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERex200833_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRex2008">Rex 2008</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004650–666-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004650–666_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2004">Maddicott 2004</a>, pp. 650–666.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer20097-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer20097_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2009">Mortimer 2009</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214004400/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/abbey-history">"History of Westminster Abbey"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx">the original</a> on 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+England&rft.atitle=Holy+Days&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-worship%2Fworship%2Ftexts%2Fthe-calendar%2Fholydays.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ET-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ET_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/worship-music/services-times/edwardtide">"Edwardtide"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CatholicSaints.Info&rft.atitle=Saint+Edward+the+Confessor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsaints.info%2Fsaint-edward-the-confessor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199219-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199219_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1992">Barlow 1992</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200915-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200915_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2009">Mortimer 2009</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux2015218-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux2015218_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolyneaux2015">Molyneaux 2015</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAird2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aird, William M. (23 September 2004). "Tostig". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27571">10.1093/ref:odnb/27571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tostig&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27571&rft.aulast=Aird&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yN5HR4Njc8C&pg=PA98"><i>Edward the Confessor</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01671-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01671-2"><bdi>978-0-520-01671-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01671-2&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yN5HR4Njc8C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Vita_%C3%86dwardi_Regis" title="Vita Ædwardi Regis"><i>The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820203-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820203-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820203-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLDoMHk4AZ8C">https://books.google.com/books?id=BLDoMHk4AZ8C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+King+Edward+who+Rests+at+Westminster&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820203-5&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (23 September 2004). "Osbert of Clare". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5442">10.1093/ref:odnb/5442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osbert+of+Clare&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5442&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (25 May 2006). "Edward (St Edward; known as Edward the Confessor)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8516">10.1093/ref:odnb/8516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+%28St+Edward%3B+known+as+Edward+the+Confessor%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8516&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barrow, G. W. S. (3 January 2008). "Malcolm III". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F17859">10.1093/ref:odnb/17859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malcolm+III&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F17859&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2009" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, Stephen (2009). "Edward the Confessor and the Succession Question". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJIrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor: the man and the legend</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-436-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23632597M">23632597M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor+and+the+Succession+Question&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+the+man+and+the+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23632597M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-436-6&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blair, John (23 September 2004). "Spearhafoc". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49416">10.1093/ref:odnb/49416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spearhafoc&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49416&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozoky2009" class="citation book cs1">Bozoky, Edina (2009). "The Sanctity and Canonisation of Edward the Confessor". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJIrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor: the man and the legend</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-436-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23632597M">23632597M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sanctity+and+Canonisation+of+Edward+the+Confessor&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+the+man+and+the+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23632597M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-436-6&rft.aulast=Bozoky&rft.aufirst=Edina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2007" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, D. A. (1 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/CXXII/498/865/457223">"King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: The Origins of the Cult"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>CXXII</b> (498): <span class="nowrap">865–</span>891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcem214">10.1093/ehr/cem214</a> – via academic.oup.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=King+Henry+III+and+Saint+Edward+the+Confessor%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Cult&rft.volume=CXXII&rft.issue=498&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E865-%3C%2Fspan%3E891&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcem214&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fehr%2Farticle%2FCXXII%2F498%2F865%2F457223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowdrey2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._E._J._Cowdrey" title="H. E. J. Cowdrey">Cowdrey, H. E. J.</a> (23 September 2004). "Stigand". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26523">10.1093/ref:odnb/26523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stigand&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26523&rft.aulast=Cowdrey&rft.aufirst=H.+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernie2009" class="citation book cs1">Fernie, Eric (2009). "Edward the Confessor's Westminster Abbey". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJIrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor: the man and the legend</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-436-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23632597M">23632597M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor%27s+Westminster+Abbey&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+the+man+and+the+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23632597M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-436-6&rft.aulast=Fernie&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGem2009" class="citation book cs1">Gem, Richard (2009). "Craftsmen and administrators in the building of the Confessor's Abbey". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJIrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor: the man and the legend</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-436-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23632597M">23632597M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Craftsmen+and+administrators+in+the+building+of+the+Confessor%27s+Abbey&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+the+man+and+the+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23632597M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-436-6&rft.aulast=Gem&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1914" class="citation cs1">Giles, J.A. (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Giles)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_(Giles)"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> </a></span>. London: G. Bell and Sonson. p. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Giles)#114"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_(Giles)#114">114 </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=G.+Bell+and+Sonson&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hooper, Nicholas (23 September 2004). "Edgar Ætheling". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8465">10.1093/ref:odnb/8465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edgar+%C3%86theling&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8465&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2008" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Ian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CBgpNAAACAAJ"><i>Harthacnut: The Last Danish King of England</i></a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4674-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-4674-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harthacnut%3A+The+Last+Danish+King+of+England&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4674-5&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCBgpNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">Howarth, David</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1066yearofco00howa"><i>1066: The Year of the Conquest</i></a>. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-005850-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-005850-8"><bdi>0-14-005850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1066%3A+The+Year+of+the+Conquest&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-14-005850-8&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1066yearofco00howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Jones_(writer)" title="Dan Jones (writer)">Jones, Dan</a> (2014). <i>The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143124924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143124924"><bdi>978-0143124924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantagenets%3A+The+Warrior+Kings+and+Queens+Who+Made+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0143124924&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2009" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2009). "Edward the Ætheling". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJIrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor: the man and the legend</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-436-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23632597M">23632597M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+%C3%86theling&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+the+man+and+the+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23632597M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-436-6&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). "Harthcnut". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12252">10.1093/ref:odnb/12252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harthcnut&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12252&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maddicott" title="John Maddicott">Maddicott, J. R.</a> (2004). "Edward the Confessor's Return to England in 1041". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>CXIX</b> (482). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">650–</span>666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F119.482.650">10.1093/ehr/119.482.650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor%27s+Return+to+England+in+1041&rft.volume=CXIX&rft.issue=482&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E650-%3C%2Fspan%3E666&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2F119.482.650&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolyneaux2015" class="citation book cs1">Molyneaux, George (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbW6BwAAQBAJ"><i>The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871791-1"><bdi>978-0-19-871791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+English+Kingdom+in+the+Tenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871791-1&rft.aulast=Molyneaux&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbW6BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Richard, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJIrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor: the man and the legend</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-436-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23632597M">23632597M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+the+man+and+the+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23632597M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-436-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanton2011" class="citation book cs1">Panton, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiyyueBTpaMC&pg=PA21"><i>Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7497-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-7497-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7497-8&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiyyueBTpaMC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex2008" class="citation book cs1">Rex, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDEOLQAACAAJ"><i>King & Saint: The Life of Edward the Confessor</i></a>. Stroud: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4602-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4602-8"><bdi>978-0-7524-4602-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+%26+Saint%3A+The+Life+of+Edward+the+Confessor&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4602-8&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDEOLQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2001" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Pauline (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3Eww0z_Fj0C"><i>Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-Century England</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22738-0"><bdi>978-0-631-22738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Emma+and+Queen+Edith%3A+Queenship+and+Women%27s+Power+in+Eleventh-Century+England&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22738-0&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3Eww0z_Fj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Summerson, Henry (23 September 2004). "Saint George". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F60304">10.1093/ref:odnb/60304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+George&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F60304&rft.aulast=Summerson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Houts2009" class="citation book cs1">van Houts, Elisabeth (2009). "Edward and Normandy". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJIrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor: the man and the legend</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-436-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-436-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23632597M">23632597M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+and+Normandy&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+the+man+and+the+legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23632597M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-436-6&rft.aulast=van+Houts&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, David (23 September 2004). "Gruffydd ap Llywelyn". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F11695">10.1093/ref:odnb/11695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gruffydd+ap+Llywelyn&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F11695&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Williams, Ann</a> (1997). <i>Land, power and politics: the family and career of Odda of Deerhurst (Deerhurst Lecture 1996)</i>. Deerhurst: Friends of Deerhurst Church. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9521199-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9521199-2-7"><bdi>0-9521199-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land%2C+power+and+politics%3A+the+family+and+career+of+Odda+of+Deerhurst+%28Deerhurst+Lecture+1996%29&rft.place=Deerhurst&rft.pub=Friends+of+Deerhurst+Church&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-9521199-2-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (23 September 2004a). "Edith (d. 1075)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8483">10.1093/ref:odnb/8483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edith+%28d.+1075%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8483&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (23 September 2004b). "Ralph the Timid". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23045">10.1093/ref:odnb/23045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ralph+the+Timid&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23045&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (23 September 2004c). "Ælfgar". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F178">10.1093/ref:odnb/178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lfgar&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F178&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, tr. Michael Swanton, <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>. 2nd ed. London, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelred_of_Rievaulx" title="Aelred of Rievaulx">Aelred of Rievaulx</a>, <i>Life of St. Edward the Confessor</i>, translated Fr. Jerome Bertram (first English translation) St. Austin Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901157-75-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-901157-75-X">1-901157-75-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1991" class="citation journal cs1">Keynes, Simon (1991). "The Æthelings in Normandy". <i>Anglo-Norman Studies</i>. <b>XIII</b>. The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-286-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-286-4"><bdi>0-85115-286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Norman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%C3%86thelings+in+Normandy&rft.volume=XIII&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-85115-286-4&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicence2016" class="citation journal cs1">Licence, Tom (2016). "Edward the Confessor and the Succession Question: A Fresh Look at the Sources". <i>Anglo-Norman Studies</i>. <b>39</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783272211" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783272211"><bdi>978-1783272211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Norman+Studies&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor+and+the+Succession+Question%3A+A+Fresh+Look+at+the+Sources&rft.volume=39&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1783272211&rft.aulast=Licence&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicence2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Licence" title="Tom Licence">Licence, Tom</a> (2020). <i>Edward the Confessor: Last of the Royal Blood</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21154-2"><bdi>978-0-300-21154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+Last+of+the+Royal+Blood&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21154-2&rft.aulast=Licence&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Confessor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Brien, Bruce R.: <i>God's Peace and King's Peace: The Laws of Edward the Confessor,</i> Philadelphia, Pa. : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3461-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3461-8">0-8122-3461-8</a></li> <li><i>The Waltham Chronicle</i> ed. and trans. Leslie Watkiss and Marjorie Chibnall, Oxford Medieval Texts, OUP, 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, <i>The History of the English Kings</i>, i, ed.and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, Oxford Medieval Texts, OUP 1998</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Confessor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/edward-iii-confessor-r-1042-1066">Edward the Confessor</a> at the official website of the British monarchy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=8849">Edward 15</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211052317/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/burials/edward-the-confessor-and-edith">Westminster Abbey: Edward the Confessor and Edith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/muhlberger/edward_conf.html">Steven Muhlberger's 'Edward the Confessor and his earls'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/edward_confessor.shtml">BBC History: Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4489842.stm">BBC News: Ancient royal tomb is uncovered</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-EE-00003-00059/">Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Edward the Confessor </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 1003</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 4 or 5 January 1066</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the English">King of the English</a> </b><br />1042–1066 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British / Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aldate" title="Saint Aldate">Aldate of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Barloc">Barloc of Norbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brannoc_of_Braunton" title="Brannoc of Braunton">Brannoc of Braunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwalator" title="Branwalator">Branwalator of Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credan" title="Credan">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congar_of_Congresbury" title="Congar of Congresbury">Congar of Congresbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachuna">Dachuna of Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decuman" title="Decuman">Decuman of Watchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_of_Warrington" title="Elfin of Warrington">Elfin of Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Ramsey" title="Ivo of Ramsey">Ivo of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judoc" title="Judoc">Judoc of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melor" title="Melor">Melorius of Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectan_of_Hartland" title="Nectan of Hartland">Nectan of Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Neot_(monk)" title="Saint Neot (monk)">Neot of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumon">Rumon of Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sativola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sativola">Sativola of Exeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Anglian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_II_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelberht II of East Anglia">Æthelberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Faremoutiers" title="Æthelburh of Faremoutiers">Æthelburh of Faremoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Ramsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelflæd of Ramsey (page does not exist)">Æthelflæd of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Lindsey" title="Æthelwine of Lindsey">Æthelwine of Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulf" title="Adulf">Athwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blida" title="Saint Blida">Blida of Martham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwulf_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Botwulf of Thorney">Botwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissa_of_Crowland" title="Cissa of Crowland">Cissa of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuthbald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuthbald (page does not exist)">Cuthbald of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Eadmund of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadnoth_the_Younger" title="Eadnoth the Younger">Eadnoth of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthlac_of_Crowland" title="Guthlac of Crowland">Guthlac of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefrith_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Herefrith of Thorney">Herefrith of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiurmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiurmine (page does not exist)">Hiurmine of Blythburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_of_Thorney" title="Huna of Thorney">Huna of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pega" title="Pega">Pega of Peakirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Ely" title="Seaxburh of Ely">Seaxburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia" title="Sigeberht of East Anglia">Sigeberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tancred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Torthred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tova of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Walstan" title="Saint Walstan">Walstan of Bawburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendreda" title="Wendreda">Wendreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtburh" title="Wihtburh">Wihtburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfric_of_Holme" title="Wulfric of Holme">Wulfric of Holme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Barking" title="Æthelburh of Barking">Æthelburh of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildelith" title="Hildelith">Hildelith of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgyth" title="Osgyth">Osgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6bbi_of_Essex" title="Sæbbi of Essex">Sæbbi of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frisian, <br />Frankish<br /> and Old Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balthild_of_Romsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balthild of Romsey (page does not exist)">Balthild of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Kent" title="Bertha of Kent">Bertha of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Burgundy" title="Felix of Burgundy">Felix of Dommoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimbald" title="Grimbald">Grimbald of St Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monegunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monegunda (page does not exist)">Monegunda of Watton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odwulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odwulf (page does not exist)">Odwulf of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfram_of_Sens" title="Wulfram of Sens">Wulfram of Grantham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish and Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boisil" title="Boisil">Boisil of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echa_of_Crayke" class="mw-redirect" title="Echa of Crayke">Echa of Crayke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultan_the_Scribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultan the Scribe">Ultan the Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indract_of_Glastonbury" title="Indract of Glastonbury">Indract of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Dub" title="Máel Dub">Maildub of Malmesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kentish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domne_Eafe" title="Domne Eafe">Æbbe of Thanet (Domne Eafe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Kent" title="Æthelburh of Kent">Æthelburh of Kent </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_and_%C3%86thelberht" title="Æthelred and Æthelberht">Æthelred of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(abbot)" title="Albinus (abbot)">Albinus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edburga_of_Minster-in-Thanet" title="Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet">Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanswith" title="Eanswith">Eanswith of Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eormengyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eormengyth (page does not exist)">Eormengyth of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigeburh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigeburh (page does not exist)">Sigeburh of Thanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfnoth_of_Stowe" title="Ælfnoth of Stowe">Ælfnoth of Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_of_Crowland" title="Ælfthryth of Crowland">Ælfthryth of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelberht_of_Bedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelberht of Bedford (page does not exist)">Æthelberht of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelmod_of_Leominster" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelmod of Leominster">Æthelmod of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwynn_of_Sodbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelwynn of Sodbury (page does not exist)">Æthelwynn of Sodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwyn_of_Coln" title="Aldwyn of Coln">Aldwyn of Coln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beonna_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beonna of Breedon (page does not exist)">Beonna of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhthelm_of_Stafford" title="Beorhthelm of Stafford">Beorhthelm of Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotta_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotta of Breedon (page does not exist)">Cotta of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Credan_of_Evesham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Credan of Evesham (page does not exist)">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Cyneburh of Castor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyneburh_of_Gloucester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyneburh of Gloucester (page does not exist)">Cyneburh of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kenelm" title="Saint Kenelm">Cynehelm of Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyneswith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyneswith">Cyneswith of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">Eadburh of Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Pershore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadburh of Pershore">Eadburh of Pershore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadburh_of_Southwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadburh of Southwell (page does not exist)">Eadburh of Southwell </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgyth_of_Aylesbury" title="Eadgyth of Aylesbury">Eadgyth of Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadweard_of_Maugersbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadweard of Maugersbury (page does not exist)">Eadweard of Maugersbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_of_Stortford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdgyth of Stortford">Ealdgyth of Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earconwald" title="Earconwald">Earconwald of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egwin_of_Evesham" title="Egwin of Evesham">Egwin of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freomund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freomund (page does not exist)">Freomund of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuric" class="mw-redirect" title="Frithuric">Frithuric of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuswith" title="Frithuswith">Frithuswith of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuwold_of_Chertsey" title="Frithuwold of Chertsey">Frithuwold of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A6mma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hæmma (page does not exist)">Hæmma of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merefin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merefin (page does not exist)">Merefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildburh" title="Mildburh">Mildburh of Wenlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildgyth" title="Mildgyth">Mildgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milred" title="Milred">Milred of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osburh_of_Coventry" title="Osburh of Coventry">Osburh of Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regenhere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regenhere (page does not exist)">Regenhere of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Buckingham" title="Rumbold of Buckingham">Rumbold of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Tibba of Ryhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburgh" title="Werburgh">Werburgh of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rstan" title="Wærstan">Wærstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigstan" title="Wigstan">Wigstan of Repton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfhild_of_Barking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulfhild of Barking (page does not exist)">Wulfhild of Barking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northumbrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acca_of_Hexham" title="Acca of Hexham">Acca of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Coldingham" title="Æbbe of Coldingham">Æbbe "the Elder" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_the_Younger" title="Æbbe the Younger">Æbbe "the Younger" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d_of_Whitby" title="Ælfflæd of Whitby">Ælfflæd of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwald_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ælfwald I of Northumbria">Ælfwald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelburh_of_Hackness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelburh of Hackness (page does not exist)">Æthelburh of Hackness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelgyth_of_Coldingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelgyth of Coldingham (page does not exist)">Æthelgyth of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelsige_of_Ripon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelsige of Ripon (page does not exist)">Æthelsige of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(hermit)" title="Æthelwold (hermit)">Æthelwold of Farne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lindisfarne)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Lindisfarne)">Æthelwold of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchhild_of_Middleham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchhild of Middleham">Alchhild of Middleham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchmund_of_Hexham" title="Alchmund of Hexham">Alchmund of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmund_of_Derby" title="Alkmund of Derby">Alkmund of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Tyninghame" title="Baldred of Tyninghame">Balthere of Tyningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Beda of Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Bega" title="Saint Bega">Bega of Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bercthun" title="Bercthun">Bercthun of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfrith" title="Billfrith">Billfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwine" title="Botwine">Botwine of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Ceadda of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Ceolwulf of Northumbria">Ceolwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert of Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryhthelm" title="Dryhthelm">Dryhthelm of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadberht of Lindisfarne">Eadberht of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Leominster" title="Eadfrith of Leominster">Eadfrith of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadfrith of Lindisfarne">Eadfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Eadwine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdberht_of_Ripon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdberht of Ripon">Ealdberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Eanmund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Eanmund (page does not exist)">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Eardwulf of Northumbria">Eardwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Ripon" title="Ecgberht of Ripon">Ecgberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoda (page does not exist)">Eoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosterwine" title="Eosterwine">Eosterwine of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyglac" title="Hyglac">Hyglac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwig" title="Iwig">Iwig of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osana" title="Osana">Osana of Howden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthryth" title="Osthryth">Osthryth of Bardney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Deira" title="Oswine of Deira">Oswine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicgred">Sicgred of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigfrith" title="Sigfrith">Sigfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatberht" title="Tatberht">Tatberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtberht" title="Wihtberht">Wihtberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrith of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrith II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilgils" title="Wilgils">Wilgils of Ripon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmin_of_North_Crawley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmin of North Crawley (page does not exist)">Firmin of North Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">Birinus of Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentius_of_Peterborough" title="Florentius of Peterborough">Florentius of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Canterbury" title="Adrian of Canterbury">Hadrian of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Deacon" title="James the Deacon">James the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Canterbury" title="Peter of Canterbury">Peter of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Canterbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuthfl%C3%A6d" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthflæd">Cuthflæd of Lyminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthmann_of_Steyning" title="Cuthmann of Steyning">Cuthmann of Steyning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewina" title="Lewina">Lewina of Bishopstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar_of_Selwood" title="Ælfgar of Selwood">Ælfgar of Selwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Exeter" title="Ælfgifu of Exeter">Ælfgifu of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_the_Bald" title="Ælfheah the Bald">Ælfheah of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Romsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelflæd of Romsey">Æthelflæd of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Athelney" title="Æthelwine of Athelney">Æthelwine of Athelney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benignus_of_Glastonbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benignus of Glastonbury (page does not exist)">Benignus of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beocca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beocca (page does not exist)">Beocca of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beorhthelm_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury (page does not exist)">Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornstan_of_Winchester" title="Beornstan of Winchester">Beornstan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Beornwald">Beornwald of Bampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthburh" title="Cuthburh">Cuthburh of Wimborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwenburh" title="Cwenburh">Cwenburh of Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Eadgar of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Polesworth" title="Edith of Polesworth">Eadgyth of Polesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Eadgyth of Wilton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eadweard the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Eadweard the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwold_of_Cerne" title="Eadwold of Cerne">Eadwold of Cerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Earmund">Earmund of Stoke Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edor">Edor of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everilda" title="Everilda">Evorhilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithestan" title="Frithestan">Frithestan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6dde" title="Hædde">Hædde of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humbert_of_Stokenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humbert of Stokenham (page does not exist)">Humbert of Stokenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hwita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hwita (page does not exist)">Hwita of Whitchurch Canonicorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6rwynn" title="Mærwynn">Mærwynn of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithhun of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_Sherborne" title="Wulfsige of Sherborne">Wulfsige of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfthryth_of_Wilton" title="Wulfthryth of Wilton">Wulfthryth of Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclear origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arilda_of_Oldbury" title="Arilda of Oldbury">Arilda of Oldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthwara" title="Juthwara">Juthwara of Sherbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Mechlin" title="Rumbold of Mechlin">Rumbold of Mechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urith" title="Urith">Urith of Chittlehampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church1045" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church1045" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominguito_del_Val" title="Dominguito del Val">Dominguito del Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_couples" title="List of venerated couples">Venerated couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norman_Conquest98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norman_Conquest" title="Template:Norman Conquest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norman_Conquest" title="Template talk:Norman Conquest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norman_Conquest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norman Conquest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norman_Conquest98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Southwark" title="Burning of Southwark">Burning of Southwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(1068)" title="Siege of Exeter (1068)">Siege of Exeter (1068)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrth_Godwinson" title="Gyrth Godwinson">Gyrth Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Bayeux" title="Odo of Bayeux">Odo of Bayeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofwine_Godwinson" title="Leofwine Godwinson">Leofwine Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereward_the_Wake" title="Hereward the Wake">Hereward the Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Edwin, Earl of Mercia">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morcar" title="Morcar">Morcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" title="Tostig Godwinson">Tostig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltheof,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria">Waltheof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_II,_Count_of_Boulogne" title="Eustace II, Count of Boulogne">Eustace of Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadric_the_Wild" title="Eadric the Wild">Eadric the Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Mortain" title="Robert, Count of Mortain">Robert of Mortain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Gael" title="Ralph de Gael">Ralph de Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Breteuil,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford">Roger de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_William_the_Conqueror" title="Companions of William the Conqueror">Companions of William the Conqueror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_the_Fair" title="Edith the Fair">Edith the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdred (archbishop of York)">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Abbey" title="Battle Abbey">Battle Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex" title="Battle, East Sussex">Battle, East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pevensey" title="Pevensey">Pevensey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Revolt_of_1065" title="Northumbrian Revolt of 1065">Northumbrian Revolt of 1065</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Lillebonne" title="Council of Lillebonne">Council of Lillebonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_of_William_the_Conqueror_and_Matilda" title="Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda">Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Revolt_of_1067" title="Kentish Revolt of 1067">Kentish Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_attacks_on_Norman_England" title="Danish attacks on Norman England">Danish attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Winchester_(1070)" title="Council of Winchester (1070)">Council of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Earls" title="Revolt of the Earls">Revolt of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_London_in_1075" title="Council of London in 1075">Council of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Penenden_Heath" title="Trial of Penenden Heath">Trial of Penenden Heath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_de_Hastingae_Proelio" title="Carmen de Hastingae Proelio">Carmen de Hastingae Proelio</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_yoke" title="Norman yoke">Norman yoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Poitiers" title="William of Poitiers">William of Poitiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/1066_The_Battle_for_Middle_Earth" title="1066 The Battle for Middle Earth">1066 The Battle for Middle Earth</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Edward the Confessor</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000381673057">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/261559366">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1817029/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52826/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11907978X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80040161">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034111z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034111z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an52673220">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36524127">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eduard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20241234999&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070216975">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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