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id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Help:IPA/English</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مساعدة:أصد للإنجليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساعدة:أصد للإنجليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:IPA_for_English" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:IPA for English – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%85%DA%A9:%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کؤمک:اینگیلیس دیلی‌نین بین‌الخلق فونتیکا الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کؤمک:اینگیلیس دیلی‌نین بین‌الخلق فونتیکا الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:বাংলা ভাষায় ইংরেজি শব্দের প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:বাংলা ভাষায় ইংরেজি শব্দের প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-ch%C4%81n:IPA/Eng-g%C3%AD" title="Pang-chān:IPA/Eng-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pang-chān:IPA/Eng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A6:IPA/English" title="मदद:IPA/English – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदद:IPA/English" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:IPA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Уикипедия:IPA за английски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия:IPA за английски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_fonetik_etrebroadel_evit_ar_saozneg" title="Lizherenneg fonetik etrebroadel evit ar saozneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg fonetik etrebroadel evit ar saozneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuda:AFI/Ingl%C3%A9s" title="Ayuda:AFI/Inglés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayuda:AFI/Inglés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/انگلیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/انگلیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_anglais" title="Aide:Alphabet phonétique anglais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aide:Alphabet phonétique anglais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axuda:AFI_para_o_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Axuda:AFI para o inglés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Axuda:AFI para o inglés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82)" title="Къамашта юкъера фонетикай алапата таблица (ингалсий мотт) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Къамашта юкъера фонетикай алапата таблица (ингалсий мотт)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:IPA/English" title="મદદ:IPA/English – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદદ:IPA/English" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:IPA/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="위키백과:IPA/영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:IPA/영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:IPA_for_English" title="विकिपीडिया:IPA for English – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिपीडिया:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulong:IPA/Ingles" title="Tulong:IPA/Ingles – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tulong:IPA/Ingles" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:IPA_per_l%27inglese" title="Aiuto:IPA per l'inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:IPA per l'inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_Basa_Inggris" title="Wikipédia:IPA Basa Inggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia:IPA Basa Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:AFI/Ngl%C3%ABisc" title="Aiuto:AFI/Nglëisc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aiuto:AFI/Nglëisc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Википедија:МФА за англиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија:МФА за англиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:IPA_for_English" title="സഹായം:IPA for English – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഹായം:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:IPA/English" title="مساعدة:IPA/English – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مساعدة:IPA/English" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:AFA/Inggeris" title="Bantuan:AFA/Inggeris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantuan:AFA/Inggeris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:IPA_for_English" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:IPA for English – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4:IPA/English" title="मद्दत:IPA/English – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मद्दत:IPA/English" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="Help:IPA/英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Help:IPA/英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelp:IPA/engelsk" title="Hjelp:IPA/engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjelp:IPA/engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA/Engelsk" title="Wikipedia:IPA/Engelsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wikipedia:IPA/Engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:IPA_for_English" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:IPA for English – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordam:IPAc-en" title="Yordam:IPAc-en – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yordam:IPAc-en" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے انگریزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے انگریزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:IPA_for_English" title="វិគីភីឌា:IPA for English – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិគីភីឌា:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:AFI_para_ingl%C3%AAs" title="Wikipédia:AFI para inglês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:AFI para inglês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Таблица МФА для английского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таблица МФА для английского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Inglis" title="Help:IPA for Inglis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Help:IPA for Inglis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Help:IPA/English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:IPA_za_angle%C5%A1%C4%8Dino" title="Pomoč:IPA za angleščino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomoč:IPA za angleščino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Help:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C:IPA/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="یارمەتی:IPA/ئینگلیزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یارمەتی:IPA/ئینگلیزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Транскрипција са енглеског језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Транскрипција са енглеског језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:ஆங்கில ஒலிப்புக் குறிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:ஆங்கில ஒலிப்புக் குறிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:IPA_for_English" title="సహాయం:IPA for English – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహాయం:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE:IPA_for_English" title="Роҳнамо:IPA for English – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роҳнамо:IPA for English" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This page is about the pronunciation of words in English. For sounds not found in English, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For a basic introduction to the IPA, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">Help:IPA/Introduction</a>. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></td><td class="mbox-text">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of English on Wikipedia.<div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of English in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/English" title="Help talk:IPA/English">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-EN&redirect=no">H:IPA-EN</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPAE&redirect=no">H:IPAE</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPAEN&redirect=no">H:IPAEN</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of English</div> Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated using the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Wikipedia, and differ from those used by dictionaries. If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the <a href="#See_also">links below</a>. If you are adding a pronunciation using this key, such pronunciations should generally be formatted using the template {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPAc-en" title="Template:IPAc-en">IPAc-en</a>}}. The template provides tooltips for each symbol in the pronunciation. See the template page for instructions. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1119456059">.mw-parser-output .tocnumber{display:none}.mw-parser-output #toc ul,.mw-parser-output .toc ul{line-height:1.5em;list-style:none;margin:.3em 0 0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist #toc ul ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist .toc ul ul{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097603156">.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center{clear:none}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center .toc{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-right{clear:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-none{clear:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist horizontal-toc"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Key" data-mw-thread-id="h-Key">Key</h2></div> If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>, which is a more complete list. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see <a href="/wiki/English_orthography#Sound-to-spelling_correspondences" title="English orthography">English orthography § Sound-to-spelling correspondences</a>. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see <a href="/wiki/English_orthography#Spelling-to-sound_correspondences" title="English orthography">English orthography § Spelling-to-sound correspondences</a>. The words given as examples for two different symbols may sound the same to you. For example, you may pronounce <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot and caught the same</a>, do and dew, or marry and merry. This often happens because of dialect variation (see our articles <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects</a>). If this is the case, you will pronounce those symbols the same for other words as well.<a href="#cite_note-localterms-1">[1]</a> Whether this is true for all words, or just when the sounds occur in the same context, depends on the merger.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The footnotes explain some of these cases. <table style="background:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em">IPA</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td style="text-align: left">buy, cab </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td style="text-align: left">dye, cad, ladder<a href="#cite_note-flapping-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dj </td> <td style="text-align: left">dew<a href="#cite_note-yod-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dʒ </td> <td style="text-align: left">giant, badge </td></tr> <tr> <td>ð </td> <td style="text-align: left">thy, breathe, father </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td style="text-align: left">find, leaf </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɡ </td> <td style="text-align: left">guy, bag </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td style="text-align: left">high, ahead </td></tr> <tr> <td>hw </td> <td style="text-align: left">whine<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left">yes, hallelujah </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td style="text-align: left">kind, sky, crack </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td style="text-align: left">lie, ply, gal<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lj </td> <td style="text-align: left">lute<a href="#cite_note-yod-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td style="text-align: left">my, smile, cam </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td style="text-align: left">nigh, snide, can </td></tr> <tr> <td>nj </td> <td style="text-align: left">new<a href="#cite_note-yod-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŋ </td> <td style="text-align: left">sang, sink, singer </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align: left">pie, spy, cap </td></tr> <tr> <td>r<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left">rye, try, very </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td style="text-align: left">sigh, mass </td></tr> <tr> <td>sj </td> <td style="text-align: left">consume<a href="#cite_note-yod-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʃ </td> <td style="text-align: left">shy, cash, emotion </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td style="text-align: left">tie, sty, cat, latter<a href="#cite_note-flapping-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tj </td> <td style="text-align: left">tune<a href="#cite_note-yod-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tʃ </td> <td style="text-align: left">China, catch </td></tr> <tr> <td>θ </td> <td style="text-align: left">thigh, path </td></tr> <tr> <td>θj </td> <td style="text-align: left">enthuse<a href="#cite_note-yod-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td style="text-align: left">vie, leave </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td style="text-align: left">wine, swine </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td style="text-align: left">zoo, has </td></tr> <tr> <td>zj </td> <td style="text-align: left">Zeus, resume<a href="#cite_note-yod-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʒ </td> <td style="text-align: left">pleasure, beige<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Strong vowels</th> <th colspan="2">...followed by R<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>ɑː </td> <td style="text-align: left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>PALM, bra, father </td> <td>ɑːr </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">START </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɒ </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT, bother, cot, blockade<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </td> <td>ɒr </td> <td style="text-align: left">moral<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>æ<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">TRAP, bag, sang, tattoo<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </td> <td>ær </td> <td style="text-align: left">marry<a href="#cite_note-marymarrymerry-17">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aɪ </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">PRICE, pie<a href="#cite_note-CanadianRaising-18">[16]</a> </td> <td>aɪər </td> <td style="text-align: left">hire<a href="#cite_note-triphthong-19">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aʊ </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">MOUTH, how<a href="#cite_note-CanadianRaising-18">[16]</a> </td> <td>aʊər </td> <td style="text-align: left">flour<a href="#cite_note-triphthong-19">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɛ<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">DRESS, beg, length, prestige </td> <td>ɛr </td> <td style="text-align: left">merry<a href="#cite_note-marymarrymerry-17">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eɪ </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FACE, vague </td> <td>ɛər </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">SQUARE, Mary<a href="#cite_note-marymarrymerry-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-centering-21">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɪ </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">KIT, big, sing, historic<a href="#cite_note-strong-weak-24">[20]</a> </td> <td>ɪr </td> <td style="text-align: left">mirror, Sirius </td></tr> <tr> <td>iː </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FLEECE, league, pedigree, idea<a href="#cite_note-smoothing-26">[21]</a> </td> <td>ɪər </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NEAR, serious<a href="#cite_note-centering-21">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oʊ<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">GOAT<a href="#cite_note-strong-weak-24">[20]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔːr </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FORCE, hoarse<a href="#cite_note-horse-28">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɔː </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">THOUGHT, caught, audacious<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NORTH, horse<a href="#cite_note-horse-28">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɔɪ </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CHOICE </td> <td>ɔɪər </td> <td style="text-align: left">coir<a href="#cite_note-triphthong-19">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʊ </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FOOT </td> <td>ʊr </td> <td style="text-align: left">courier </td></tr> <tr> <td>uː </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">GOOSE, cruel<a href="#cite_note-smoothing-26">[21]</a> </td> <td>ʊər </td> <td style="text-align: left">tour, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CURE (/ˈkjʊər/)<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-centering-21">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ʌ<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">STRUT, sung, untidy, trustee<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> </td> <td>ɜːr </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NURSE, blurry, urbane, foreword<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʌr </td> <td style="text-align: left">hurry<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">Weak vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>ə </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">COMMA, abbot, bazaar </td> <td>ər </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LETTER, forward, history<a href="#cite_note-syllabic-35">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɪ </td> <td style="text-align: left">rabbit, bizarre, Latin<a href="#cite_note-strong-weak-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> </td> <td>oʊ </td> <td style="text-align: left">motto, retroactive, follower<a href="#cite_note-strong-weak-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-schwa-w-40">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td style="text-align: left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">HAPPY, mediocre<a href="#cite_note-i-u-41">[33]</a> </td> <td>iə </td> <td style="text-align: left">California<a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td style="text-align: left">fruition<a href="#cite_note-schwa-w-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-i-u-41">[33]</a> </td> <td>uə </td> <td style="text-align: left">influence<a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic consonants</a><a href="#cite_note-syllabic-35">[30]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">əl </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: left">bottle, doubling ([əl], [l̩], or [l]) </td> <td>ən </td> <td style="text-align: left">button, fastener ([ən], [n̩], or [n]) </td></tr> <tr> <td>əm </td> <td style="text-align: left">rhythm, blossoming ([əm], [m̩], or [m]) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_phoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal phoneme">Marginal segments</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td style="text-align: left">loch, Chanukah<a href="#cite_note-45">[36]</a> </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td style="text-align: left">uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɒ̃ </td> <td style="text-align: left">bon vivant<a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-47">[37]</a> </td> <td>æ̃ </td> <td style="text-align: left">fin de siècle<a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-47">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɜː </td> <td style="text-align: left">Möbius (non-rhotic only)<a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background:#fff"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">Syllabification</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples </th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>ˈ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: left">intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/<a href="#cite_note-secondary_stress-50">[40]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">. </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: left">/ˈhaɪər/ hire, /ˈhaɪ.ər/ higher<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> /ˈtæks.peɪər/ taxpayer </td></tr> <tr> <td>ˌ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes <ul><li>Words in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">SMALL CAPITALS are the standard <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical sets</a>. Not all of the sets are used here. In particular, we excluded words in the lexical sets <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">BATH and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CLOTH, which may be given two transcriptions, the former either with /ɑː/ or /æ/, the latter with /ɒ/ or /ɔː/.</li> <li>The length mark ⟨ː⟩ does not mean that the vowels transcribed with it are always longer than those without it. When unstressed, followed by a voiceless consonant, or in a <a href="/wiki/Polysyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysyllabic">polysyllabic</a> word, a vowel in the former group is frequently shorter than the latter in other environments (see <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)#English" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping (phonetics) § English</a>). /i, u/ likewise do not mean shorter versions of /iː, uː/ but represent a situation in which some speakers have /iː, uː/ and others /ɪ, ʊ/ (see <a href="/wiki/Happy_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy tensing">Happy tensing</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Dialect_variation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dialect_variation">Dialect variation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects</a></div> This key represents <a href="/wiki/Diaphoneme" title="Diaphoneme">diaphonemes</a>, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP) and to a large extent also <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a> pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect. <ul><li>⟨i⟩ does not represent a phoneme but a variation between /iː/ and /ɪ/ in unstressed positions. Speakers of dialects with <a href="/wiki/Happy_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy tensing">happy tensing</a> (Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed /iː/, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as /ɪ/. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of /eɪ/, as in take. Before /ə/ within the same word, another possible pronunciation is /j/ as in yet.</li> <li>Many speakers of American, Canadian, Scottish and Irish English pronounce cot /ˈkɒt/ and caught /ˈkɔːt/ the same.<a href="#cite_note-52">[k]</a> You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels o and au when pronouncing them.</li> <li>Most speakers of North American English (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England</a>) do not distinguish between the vowels in father /'fɑːðər/ and bother /'bɒðər/, pronouncing the two words as rhymes. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɑː/ and /ɒ/.</li> <li>Speakers of some rhotic dialects, for instance in Ireland and Scotland, may not distinguish between the vowels of near /ˈnɪər/, cure /ˈkjʊər/ and square /ˈskwɛər/ on the one hand and freerunning /ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/, Q-rating /ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/ and dayroom /ˈdeɪruːm/ on the other. If you speak such a dialect, read /ɪər, ʊər, ɛər/ as /iːr, uːr, eɪr/.</li> <li>In Northern Ireland, Scotland and many North American dialects the distinction between /ʊr/ as in courier and the aforementioned /ʊər/ and /uːr/ does not exist. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ʊr/, /ʊər/ and /uːr/. <ul><li>In Northern Ireland and Scotland this merger occurs in all environments, which means that foot /ˈfʊt/ and goose /ˈɡuːs/ also have the same vowel.<a href="#cite_note-53">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[m]</a> If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ʊ/ and /uː/ in all contexts.</li> <li>In North America, the /ʊr/ of courier and the /ʊər/ of cure may instead merge with /ɔːr/ as in north or /ɜːr/ as in nurse. No such merger is possible in the case of the sequence which we transcribe as /uːr/ as there is an implied morpheme boundary after the length mark.</li> <li>In North American dialects that do not distinguish between /ʊr/, /ʊər/ and /uːr/ there is also no distinction between the /ɪr/ of mirror and the aforementioned /ɪər/ and /iːr/. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ɪr/, /ɪər/ and /iːr/.</li> <li>In many North American dialects there is also no distinction between the vowels in merry /ˈmɛri/, Mary /ˈmɛəri/ and marry /ˈmæri/. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ɛr/, /ɛər/ and /ær/. Some speakers keep marry and/or merry separate from the rest, but in the General American accent all three vowels are the same and may not be distinct from /eɪr/ as in dayroom /ˈdeɪruːm/.</li> <li>In rhotic North American English there is no distinction between the vowels in nurse /ˈnɜːrs/ and letter /ˈlɛtər/. If you speak such a dialect, read /ɜːr/ as /ər/. The /ʌr/ of hurry often joins this neutralization; if you have it in your speech, read /ɜːr/, /ər/ and /ʌr/ as /ər/.</li></ul></li> <li>Some speakers from Northern England do not distinguish the vowel of square /ˈskwɛər/ and nurse /ˈnɜːrs/.<a href="#cite_note-55">[n]</a> If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɛər/ and /ɜːr/.</li> <li>In New Zealand English, the vowels of kit /ˈkɪt/ and focus /ˈfoʊkəs/ have the same <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>-like quality.<a href="#cite_note-56">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[p]</a> If you are from New Zealand, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɪ/ and /ə/.</li> <li>In contemporary New Zealand English and some other dialects, the vowels of near /ˈnɪər/ and square /ˈskwɛər/ are not distinguished.<a href="#cite_note-58">[q]</a> If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɪər/ and /ɛər/.</li> <li>In Northern England English and some varieties of Irish and Welsh English, the vowels of foot /ˈfʊt/ and strut /ˈstrʌt/ are not distinguished.<a href="#cite_note-59">[r]</a> If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ʊ/ and /ʌ/.</li> <li>In some varieties of Scottish English and in Northern Irish English, the vowels of trap /ˈtræp/ and palm /ˈpɑːm/ are not distinguished.<a href="#cite_note-60">[s]</a> If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /æ/ and /ɑː/.</li> <li>In Welsh English and some other dialects, the vowels of unorthodoxy /ʌnˈɔːrθədɒksi/ and an orthodoxy /ən ˈɔːrθədɒksi/ are not distinguished.<a href="#cite_note-61">[t]</a> If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ʌ/ and /ə/.</li> <li>Depending on the dialect, vowels can be subject to various mergers before /l/, so that e.g. fill /ˈfɪl/ and feel /ˈfiːl/ or pull /ˈpʊl/ and pool /ˈpuːl/ may not be distinguished. <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a> may trigger even more mergers, so that e.g. cord /ˈkɔːrd/ and called /ˈkɔːld/ may be homophonous as /ˈkɔːd/ in non-rhotic dialects of South East England. See <a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /l/">English-language vowel changes before historic /l/</a> for more information.</li> <li>In many dialects, /r/ occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore /r/ in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in cart /kɑːrt/.</li> <li>In other dialects, /j/ (yes) cannot occur after /t, d, n/, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the /j/ in transcriptions such as new /njuː/. For example, New York is transcribed /njuː ˈjɔːrk/. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the /r/ in /jɔːrk/ is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the /j/ in /njuː/ is not pronounced and may be ignored. (See <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a>.)</li></ul> On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles: <ul><li>The vowels of kit and bit, distinguished in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-62">[u]</a> Both of them are transcribed as /ɪ/ in stressed syllables and as /ɪ/ or /ə/ in unstressed syllables.</li> <li>The difference between the vowels of fir, fur and fern, maintained in some <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a> but lost elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-scottishprer-63">[v]</a> All of them are transcribed as /ɜːr/.</li> <li>The vowels of north and force, distinguished in Scottish English, Irish English and by a minority of American speakers.<a href="#cite_note-scottishprer-63">[v]</a> Both of them are transcribed as /ɔːr/.</li> <li>The vowels of pause and paws, distinguished in Cockney and by some Estuary English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-64">[w]</a> Both of them are transcribed as /ɔː/ when the spelling does not contain ⟨r⟩ and /ɔːr/ or /ʊər/ (depending on the word) when it does.</li> <li>The vowels of manning and Manning, distinguished in some parts of the United States (see <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising" title="/æ/ raising">/æ/ raising</a>). Both of them are transcribed as /æ/.</li> <li>The difference between the vowels of pain and pane found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as /eɪ/.</li> <li>The difference between the vowels of toe and tow found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as /oʊ/.</li> <li>The difference between the vowels of holy and wholly found in Cockney and many Estuary English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[x]</a> Both of them are transcribed as /oʊ/.</li> <li>Any <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a> distinctions, such as: <ul><li>The vowels of bad and lad, distinguished in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">Southern England</a>. Both of them are transcribed as /æ/.</li> <li>The vowels of spider and spied her, distinguished in many parts of Scotland,<a href="#cite_note-66">[y]</a> plus many parts of North America. Both of them are transcribed as /aɪ/.</li> <li>The vowels of rider and writer, distinguished in most parts of Canada and many parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as /aɪ/.</li> <li>The vowels of powder and pouter distinguished in most parts of Canada and some parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as /aʊ/.</li> <li>Allophonic vowel length (including the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_vowel_length_rule" title="Scottish vowel length rule">Scottish vowel length rule</a>), as in knife /ˈnaɪf/ vs. knives /ˈnaɪvz/. Phonemic vowel length, which exists in some dialects and involves pairs such as /ɛ/ vs. /ɛər/ and /ə/ vs. /ɜːr/ is also not marked explicitly. /i/ and /u/ do not represent phonemes; see above.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a> in words such as better, which we write /ˈbɛtər/, rather than /ˈbɛdər/.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a> in words such as jetlag and, in some accents, daughter, which we write /ˈdʒɛtlæɡ/ and /ˈdɔːtər/, rather than /ˈdʒɛʔlæɡ/ and /ˈdɔːʔər/. In this system, /ʔ/ is used only for <a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">paralanguage</a> or in loanwords where it occurs phonemically in the original language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a> in words such as bottle and Alps, which we write /ˈbɒtəl/ and /ˈælps/, rather than /ˈbɒtʊ/ and /ˈæwps/.</li> <li>The difference between allophones of /ə/ in balance ([<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]) vs. the ones in about and Russia (and, in non-rhotic dialects, better), both of which may be closer to /ʌ/ in dialects with the foot–strut split (that is, [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]) vs. the one in button (the <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabicity</a> of the following consonant). All are transcribed as /ə/ in our system.</li> <li>The difference between the phonetic realization of English sounds (mostly vowels) in various dialects. Let's pick some grapes for Betty should be transcribed /lɛts ˈpɪk səm ˈɡreɪps fər ˈbɛti/ regardless of the variety of English and everyone should interpret that transcription according to their own dialect. Thus, a person from South East England will read it as something like [lɛʔs ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɹɛɪps fə ˈbɛtˢɪi], a Scot as [ɫɛts ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɾeps fɚ ˈbɛte], whereas someone from New Zealand will interpret that transcription as [ɫɪts ˈpʰək səm ˈɡɹæɪps fə ˈbɪɾi]. Because we are transcribing <a href="/wiki/Diaphoneme" title="Diaphoneme">diaphonemes</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">phones</a> (actual sounds), it is irrelevant that, for example, the vowel in let's as pronounced by someone from New Zealand overlaps with how people with England and Scotland typically pronounce the first vowel in pick, or that the Scottish realization of /r/ after /ɡ/ overlaps with the New Zealand realization of /t/ between vowels. In other words, the symbol ⟨ɛ⟩ does not stand specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">open-mid front unrounded vowel</a> in our system but any vowel that can be identified as the vowel in let's, depending on the accent. This is also why we use the simple symbol ⟨r⟩ for the second sound in grapes.</li></ul></li></ul> Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker. For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a>. Note that place names are not generally exempted from being transcribed in this abstracted system, so rules such as the above must be applied in order to recover the local pronunciation. Examples include place names in much of England ending -‍ford, which although locally pronounced [-fəd] are transcribed /-fərd/. This is best practice for editors. However, readers should be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if /-fəd/ is encountered for such a place name, it should not be interpreted as a claim that the /r/ would be absent even in a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic</a> dialect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Other_transcriptions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_transcriptions">Other transcriptions</h2></div> If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key</a>. <ul><li>To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Pronunciation respelling for English</a>, which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.</li> <li>To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">Help:IPA/Conventions for English</a>, which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li>If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA (for good, free IPA fonts, see the download links in the articles for <a href="/wiki/Gentium" title="Gentium">Gentium</a> and the more complete <a href="/wiki/Charis_SIL" title="Charis SIL">Charis SIL</a>; for a monospaced font, see the complete <a href="/wiki/Everson_Mono" title="Everson Mono">Everson Mono</a>)</li> <li>For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">Help:IPA/Conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Help:Pronunciation respelling key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Pronunciation respelling for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_English_IPA" title="Category:Pages with English IPA">Category:Pages with English IPA</a> (49)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-localterms-1"><a href="#cite_ref-localterms_1-0">^</a> This rule is generally employed in the pronunciation guide of our articles, even for local terms such as place names. However, be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if a pronunciation of an English town ending in ‑ford reads /‑fəd/, it doesn't mean that the /r/ would be absent in a rhotic dialect. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> For example, if you have the marry–merry merger, you probably only merge /æ/ and /ɛ/ before /r/. You would still distinguish man and men. </li> <li id="cite_note-flapping-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flapping_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flapping_3-1">b</a> In varieties with <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">flapping</a>, /t/ and sometimes also /d/ between a vowel and a weak or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a voiced tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>], making latter sound similar or identical to ladder. Some dictionaries transcribe /t/ subject to this process as ⟨d⟩ or ⟨t̬⟩, but they are not distinguished in this transcription system. In those varieties, the sequence /nt/ in the same environment may also be realized as a <a href="/wiki/Nasalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalized">nasalized</a> tap [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal tap">ɾ̃</a>], making winter sound similar or identical to winner. This is also not distinguished in this system. </li> <li id="cite_note-yod-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yod_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yod_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yod_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yod_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yod_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yod_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yod_4-6">g</a> In dialects with <a href="/wiki/Yod_dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod dropping">yod dropping</a>, /j/ in /juː/, /ju/, or /jʊər/ is not pronounced after <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal consonants</a> (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with <a href="/wiki/Yod_coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod coalescence">yod coalescence</a>, /tj/ and /dj/ mostly merge with /tʃ/ and /dʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose. In some dialects /sj/ and /zj/ are also affected and frequently merge with /ʃ/ and /ʒ/. Where /j/ in /juː/, /ju/, or /jʊər/ following a coronal is still pronounced in yod-dropping accents, place a syllable break before it: menu /ˈmɛn.juː/. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The phoneme /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in the many dialects with the <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a>, such as RP and most varieties of General American. For more information on this sound, see <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labialized_velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labialized velar approximant">voiceless labialized velar approximant</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The IPA value of the letter ⟨j⟩ may be counterintuitive to English speakers, but the spelling is found even in some common English words like <a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">hallelujah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>. Some dictionaries use ⟨y⟩ instead, although it represents a <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> in official IPA. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> /l/ in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a>, as in the words all, cold, or bottle, is pronounced as [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] or a similar sound in many dialects through <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> In most varieties of English, /r/ is pronounced as an approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]. Although the IPA symbol ⟨r⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a>, ⟨r⟩ is widely used instead of ⟨ɹ⟩ in broad transcriptions of English. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> A number of English words, such as genre and garage, may be pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">non-rhotic accents</a> like RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> In dialects with the <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger">father–bother merger</a> such as General American, /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> In most of the United States, /ɒr/ is merged with /ɔːr/, except for a handful of words such as borrow, tomorrow and sorry, which instead have /ɑːr/. In some parts of the Southern and Northeastern US, it is always merged with /ɑːr/. In Canada, it is always merged with /ɔːr/. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Some British sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, use ⟨a⟩ instead of /æ/ to transcribe this vowel. This more closely reflects the actual vowel quality in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> In North America, /æ/ is often pronounced like a diphthong [eə~ɛə] before nasal consonants and, in some particular regional dialects, other environments. See <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising" title="/æ/ raising">/æ/ raising</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-marymarrymerry-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marymarrymerry_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marymarrymerry_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marymarrymerry_17-2">c</a> Many North American accents have the <a href="/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary–marry–merry merger">Mary–marry–merry merger</a> and therefore don't distinguish between the corresponding sounds /ɛər/, /ær/, and /ɛr/. Some speakers merge only two of the sounds (most typically /ɛər/ with one of the short vowels), and less than a fifth of speakers of American English make a full three-way distinction like in RP and similar accents.<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadianRaising-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianRaising_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianRaising_18-1">b</a> In much of North America, /aɪ/ or /aʊ/ may have a slightly different quality when it precedes a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> consonant, as in price or mouth, from that in ride/pie or loud/how, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">Canadian raising</a>. Since this occurs in a predictable fashion, it is not distinguished in this transcription system. </li> <li id="cite_note-triphthong-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-triphthong_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-triphthong_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-triphthong_19-2">c</a> Some speakers pronounce higher, flower and coyer ("more coy") with two syllables, and hire, flour and coir with one. Most pronounce them the same. For the former group of words, make use of syllable breaks, as in /ˈhaɪ.ər/, /ˈflaʊ.ər/, /ˈkɔɪ.ər/, to differentiate from the latter. Before vowels, the distinction between /aɪər, aʊər, ɔɪər/ and /aɪr, aʊr, ɔɪr/ is not always clear; choose the former if the second element may be omitted (as in [ˈdaəri] diary). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> /ɛ/ is transcribed with ⟨e⟩ in many dictionaries. However, /eɪ/ is also sometimes transcribed with ⟨e⟩, especially in North American literature, so ⟨ɛ⟩ is chosen here. </li> <li id="cite_note-centering-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-centering_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-centering_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-centering_21-2">c</a> /ɛə/, /ɪə/, or /ʊə/ may be separated from /r/ only when a stress follows it. The <a href="/wiki/Template:IPAc-en" title="Template:IPAc-en">IPAc-en</a> template supports /ɛəˈr/, /ɪəˈr/, /ʊəˈr/, /ɛəˌr/, /ɪəˌr/, and /ʊəˌr/ as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions. </li> <li id="cite_note-strong-weak-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strong-weak_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong-weak_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong-weak_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong-weak_24-3">d</a> ⟨ɪ⟩ and ⟨oʊ⟩ represent strong vowels in some words and weak vowels in others. It will not always be clear which they are.<a href="#cite_note-22">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[d]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-smoothing-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smoothing_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smoothing_26-1">b</a> Words like idea, real, and theatre may be pronounced with /ɪə/ and cruel with /ʊə/ in non-rhotic accents such as Received Pronunciation, and some dictionaries transcribe them with /ɪə, ʊə/,<a href="#cite_note-wells-smoothing-25">[e]</a> but since they are not pronounced with /r/ in rhotic accents, they are transcribed with /iːə, uːə/, not with /ɪə, ʊə/, in this transcription system. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> /oʊ/ is often transcribed with ⟨əʊ⟩, particularly in British literature, based on its modern realization in Received Pronunciation. It is also transcribed with ⟨o⟩, particularly in North American literature. </li> <li id="cite_note-horse-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horse_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horse_28-1">b</a> Some accents, such as <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, many forms of <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a> and some conservative <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> accents, make a distinction between the vowels in horse and hoarse (i.e. they lack the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a>). Since most modern dictionaries do not differentiate between them, neither does this key. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɒ/ in dialects with the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a> such as Scottish English, Canadian English and many varieties of General American. In North America, the two vowels most often fall together with /ɑː/. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔːr/ in dialects with the <a href="/wiki/Cure%E2%80%93force_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cure–force merger">cure–force merger</a>, including many younger speakers. In England, the merger may not be fully consistent and may only apply to more common words. In conservative RP and Northern England English /ʊər/ is much more commonly preserved than in modern RP and Southern England English. In Australia and New Zealand, /ʊər/ does not exist as a separate phoneme and is replaced either by the sequence /uːər/ (/uːr/ before vowels within the same word, save for some compounds) or the monophthong /ɔːr/. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate /ʌ/ with the same symbol as /ə/, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from /ə/ by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although ⟨ʌ⟩, the IPA symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">open-mid back vowel</a>, is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the <a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-open central unrounded vowel">near-open central vowel</a> [ɐ] in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> /ʌ/ is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the /ʊ/ vowel: there is no <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–strut split">foot–strut split</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> In Received Pronunciation, /ɜːr/ is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, [əː]. In General American, it is phonetically identical to /ər/. Some dictionaries therefore use ⟨əː, ər⟩ instead of the conventional notations ⟨ɜː, ɜr⟩. When ⟨ər⟩ is used for /ɜːr/, it is distinguished from /ər/ by marking the syllable as stressed. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> /ʌr/ is not distinguished from /ɜːr/ in dialects with the <a href="/wiki/Hurry%E2%80%93furry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurry–furry merger">hurry–furry merger</a> such as General American. </li> <li id="cite_note-syllabic-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syllabic_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syllabic_35-1">b</a> In a number of contexts, /ə/ in /ər/, /əl/, /ən/, or /əm/ is often omitted, resulting in a syllable with no vowel. Some dictionaries show /ə/ in those contexts in parentheses, superscript, or italics to indicate this possibility, or simply omit /ə/. When followed by a weak vowel, the syllable may be lost altogether, with the consonant moving to the next syllable, so that doubling /ˈdʌb.əl.ɪŋ/ may alternatively be pronounced as [ˈdʌb.lɪŋ], and Edinburgh /ˈɛd.ɪn.bər.ə/ as [ˈɛd.ɪn.brə].<a href="#cite_note-44">[i]</a> When not followed by a vowel, /ər/ merges with /ə/ in non-rhotic accents. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> ⟨ɪ⟩ represents a strong vowel in some contexts and a weak vowel in others. In accents with the <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a> such as most Australian and American accents, weak /ɪ/ is not distinguished from schwa /ə/, making rabbit and abbot rhyme and Lenin and Lennon homophonous. (Pairs like roses and Rosa's are kept distinct in American accents because of the difference in morphological structure,<a href="#cite_note-36">[f]</a> but may be homophonous in Australian.<a href="#cite_note-37">[g]</a>) In these accents, weak /ɪl, ɪn, ɪm/ merge with /əl, ən, əm/, so that the second vowel in Latin may be lost and cabinet may be disyllabic (see the previous note). </li> <li id="cite_note-schwa-w-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwa-w_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa-w_40-1">b</a> /oʊ/ and /u/ in unstressed, prevocalic positions are transcribed as /əw/ by Merriam-Webster, but no other dictionary uniformly follows this practice.<a href="#cite_note-39">[h]</a> Hence the difference between /əw/ in Merriam-Webster and /oʊ/ or /u/ in another source is most likely one in notation, not in pronunciation, so /əw/ in such cases may be better replaced with /oʊ/ or /u/ accordingly, to minimize confusion: /ˌsɪtʃəˈweɪʃən/ → /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/, /ˈfɒləwər/ → /ˈfɒloʊər/. </li> <li id="cite_note-i-u-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i-u_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-u_41-1">b</a> ⟨i⟩ represents variation between /iː/ and /ɪ/ in unstressed prevocalic or morpheme-final positions. It is realized with a quality closer to /iː/ in accents with <a href="/wiki/Happy_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy tensing">happy tensing</a>, such as Australian English, General American, and modern RP, and to /ɪ/ in others. ⟨u⟩ likewise represents variation between /uː/ and /ʊ/ in unstressed prevocalic positions. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The sequence ⟨iə⟩ may be pronounced as two syllables, [i.ə] or [ɪ.ə], or as one, [jə] or [ɪə̯]. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NEAR vowel (/ɪər/).<a href="#cite_note-wells-smoothing-25">[e]</a> This transcription system uses ⟨iə⟩, not ⟨i.ə⟩, ⟨ɪə⟩, etc., to cover all these possibilities. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The sequence ⟨uə⟩ may be pronounced as two syllables, [u.ə] or [ʊ.ə], or as one, [wə] or [ʊə̯]. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CURE vowel (/ʊər/).<a href="#cite_note-wells-smoothing-25">[e]</a> This transcription system uses ⟨uə⟩, not ⟨u.ə⟩, ⟨ʊə⟩, etc., to cover all these possibilities. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> In most dialects, /x/ can also be replaced by /k/ in most words, including loch. It is also replaced with /h/ in some words, particularly of Yiddish origin, such as Chanukah. </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalvowel-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_47-1">b</a> /ɒ̃, æ̃/ are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant: bon vivant /ˌbɒn viːˈvɒnt/, ensemble /ɒnˈsɒmbəl/, etc.<a href="#cite_note-46">[j]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> /ɜː/ is only found in loanwords and represents a situation where such an r-less vowel is used only in British or Southern Hemisphere accents, and therefore a transcription that includes it must always be prefaced with a label indicating the variety of English. If r-ful <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NURSE is used in GA too, even if spelled without ⟨r⟩, as in Goethe and hors d'oeuvre, use /ɜːr/. /ɜː/ is also not the same as ⟨œ⟩ seen in some American dictionaries. ⟨œ⟩ in those dictionaries is merely a notational convention and does not correspond to any vowel in any accent of English, so a transcription containing ⟨œ⟩ cannot be converted to one that uses this key. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> The IPA stress marks, ⟨ˈ⟩ and ⟨ˌ⟩, come before the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-secondary_stress-50"><a href="#cite_ref-secondary_stress_50-0">^</a> Scholars disagree on how to analyze <a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English#Degrees_of_lexical_stress" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">degrees of stress</a> in English. A particular unstressed syllable with phonetic prominence or a <a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English#Unstressed_full_vowels" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">full (unreduced) vowel</a> is analyzed by some scholars as having secondary stress. For simplicity, we follow British rather than American English conventions, only marking secondary stress when it occurs before, not after, the primary stress. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Syllable divisions are not usually marked, but the IPA dot ⟨.⟩ may be used when it is wished to make explicit where a division between syllables is (or may be) made. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/british-english-pronunciations/">"British English Pronunciations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+English+Pronunciations&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Finformation%2Funderstanding-entries%2Fpronunciation%2Fbritish-english-pronunciations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVauxGolder2003" class="citation web cs1">Vaux, Bert; Golder, Scott (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_15.html">"How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?"</a>. Harvard Dialect Survey. Harvard University Linguistics Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Dialect+Survey&rft.atitle=How+do+you+pronounce+Mary%2Fmerry%2Fmarry%3F&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Vaux&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft.au=Golder%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialect.redlog.net%2Fstaticmaps%2Fq_15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlemmingJohnson2007">Flemming & Johnson (2007)</a>, pp. 91–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2011" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (25 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/03/strong-and-weak.html">"strong and weak"</a>. John Wells's phonetic blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog&rft.atitle=strong+and+weak&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F03%2Fstrong-and-weak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wells-smoothing-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wells-smoothing_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wells-smoothing_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wells-smoothing_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlemmingJohnson2007">Flemming & Johnson (2007)</a>, pp. 94–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 601. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindsor_Lewis2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Windsor_Lewis" title="Jack Windsor Lewis">Windsor Lewis, Jack</a> (10 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/archive18.html#blog174">"The Elephant in the Room"</a>. PhonetiBlog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhonetiBlog&rft.atitle=The+Elephant+in+the+Room&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft.aulast=Windsor+Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Farchive18.html%23blog174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008)</a>, pp. 173, 799. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 473–6, 493, 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuart-Smith2004">Stuart-Smith (2004)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorrigan2010">Corrigan (2010)</a>, pp. 33–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 361, 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 605–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007">Bauer et al. (2007)</a>, pp. 98–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007">Bauer et al. (2007)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 351–3, 363–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 400, 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 380–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 612–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-scottishprer-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scottishprer_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scottishprer_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuart-Smith2004">Stuart-Smith (2004)</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 304, 310–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 304, 312–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuart-Smith2004">Stuart-Smith (2004)</a>, p. 57. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliography" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007). 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Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 47–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110175325.1.47">10.1515/9783110175325.1.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scottish+English%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.pages=47-67&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110175325.1.47&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Stuart-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611766">10.1017/CBO9780511611766</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2">0-52129719-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=1%3A+An+Introduction&rft.isbn=0-52129719-2"> , <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"> , <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0">0-52128541-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128541-0&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"> .</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FEnglish" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html">Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] – for help on getting the <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a> <a href="/wiki/JAWS_(screen_reader)" title="JAWS (screen reader)">JAWS</a> to read IPA symbols</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipa-reader.xyz/">IPA Reader</a> – web-based IPA synthesizer using <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Polly" title="Amazon Polly">Amazon Polly</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itinerarium.github.io/phoneme-synthesis/">Phoneme Synthesis</a> – web-based IPA synthesizer using <a href="/wiki/ESpeak" title="ESpeak">eSpeak</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_keys" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li>Visit the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a> <abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a> <abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a> <abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a> <abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> <abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC (live chat) tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Image deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">link color</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Passwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Simple vandalism cleanup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Elevation" title="Help:Elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-8v8sw","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgDiscussionToolsPageThreads":[{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Key","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Dialect_variation","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Other_transcriptions","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Notes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-References","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Bibliography","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-External_links","replies":[]}],"wgPageParseReport":{"discussiontools":{"limitreport-timeusage":"0.091"},"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.408","walltime":"1.570","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10288,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":274513,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":70536,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":130018,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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