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id="toc-Folk_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Folk etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religious_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religious_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In religious traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_religious_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In religious traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_religious_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamian_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamian_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mesopotamian hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamian_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islamic hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmudic_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmudic_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Talmudic hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmudic_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vedic_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vedic hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Buddhist hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Biblical hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Literal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Moral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegorical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegorical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Allegorical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegorical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anagogical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anagogical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Anagogical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anagogical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophical hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_hermeneutics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophical hermeneutics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient and medieval hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dilthey_(1833–1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dilthey_(1833–1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Dilthey (1833–1911)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dilthey_(1833–1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heidegger_(1889–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heidegger_(1889–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Heidegger (1889–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heidegger_(1889–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gadamer_(1900–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gadamer_(1900–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Gadamer (1900–2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gadamer_(1900–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_hermeneutic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_hermeneutic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>New hermeneutic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_hermeneutic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxist_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Marxist hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objective_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objective_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Objective hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objective_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Other recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenomenology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenomenology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Phenomenology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenomenology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Political philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Psychoanalysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology_and_cognitive_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology_and_cognitive_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Psychology and cognitive science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology_and_cognitive_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Religion and theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Safety science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notable precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermeneutics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutiek" title="Hermeneutiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hermeneutiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="علم التأويل (فلسفة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم التأويل (فلسفة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermenevtika" title="Hermenevtika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hermenevtika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Герменеўтыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герменеўтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гермэнэўтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гермэнэўтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Херменевтика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херменевтика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%A8utica" title="Hermenèutica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hermenèutica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esboniadaeth" title="Esboniadaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esboniadaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hermeneutik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hermeneutik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%A9utica" title="Hermenéutica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermenéutica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermene%C5%ADtiko" title="Hermeneŭtiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hermeneŭtiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="هرمنوتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرمنوتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm%C3%A9neutique" title="Herméneutique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Herméneutique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heirm%C3%A9ineotaic" title="Heirméineotaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Heirméineotaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%A9utica" title="Hermenéutica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hermenéutica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9D%ED%95%99_(%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99)" title="해석학 (철학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해석학 (철학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%87%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Հերմենևտիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերմենևտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="व्याख्याशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्याख्याशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutica" title="Hermeneutica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hermeneutica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica" title="Ermeneutica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ermeneutica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הרמנויטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמנויטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჰერმენევტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერმენევტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Герменевтика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герменевтика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufafanuzi" title="Ufafanuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufafanuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Герменевтика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Герменевтика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutica" title="Hermeneutica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hermeneutica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneitika" title="Hermeneitika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hermeneitika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hermeneutik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoz%C3%B3fiai_hermeneutika" title="Filozófiai hermeneutika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Filozófiai hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Херменевтика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Херменевтика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneotika" title="Hermeneotika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hermeneotika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutiek" title="Hermeneutiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hermeneutiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88%E5%AD%A6" title="解釈学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="解釈学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutikk" title="Hermeneutikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hermeneutikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutikk" title="Hermeneutikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hermeneutikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutik_(Philosophie)" title="Hermeneutik (Philosophie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hermeneutik (Philosophie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutyka" title="Hermeneutyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hermeneutyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%AAutica" title="Hermenêutica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hermenêutica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutic%C4%83" title="Hermeneutică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hermeneutică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Герменевтика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герменевтика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hermeneutics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermenevtika" title="Hermenevtika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hermenevtika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ھێرمینۆتیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێرمینۆتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Херменеутика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херменеутика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutiikka" title="Hermeneutiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hermeneutiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hermeneutik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Герменевтика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Герменевтика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อรรถปริวรรตศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อรรถปริวรรตศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ҳерменевтика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳерменевтика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%B6tik" title="Hermenötik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hermenötik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Герменевтика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герменевтика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تفسیریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تفسیریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hermeneutics (disambiguation)">Hermeneutics (disambiguation)</a>. For the history of hermeneutics, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_hermeneutics" title="History of hermeneutics">History of hermeneutics</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Paul_Ricoeur_Balzan.png/142px-Paul_Ricoeur_Balzan.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Paul_Ricoeur_Balzan.png/213px-Paul_Ricoeur_Balzan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Paul_Ricoeur_Balzan.png/284px-Paul_Ricoeur_Balzan.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Research" title="Category:Research">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A laptop computer next to archival materials" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/220px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/330px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/440px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_proposal" title="Research proposal">Proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_question" title="Research question">Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">Writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Referencing</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Research strategy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimethodology" title="Multimethodology">Multimethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art-based_research" title="Art-based research">Art-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of science)"> Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_realism" title="Subtle realism">Subtle realism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_research" title="Action research">Action research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_methodology" title="Art methodology">Art methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounded_theory" title="Grounded theory">Grounded theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_inquiry" title="Narrative inquiry">Narrative inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(sociology)" title="Phenomenology (sociology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_experiment" title="Field experiment">Field experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">Quasi-experiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">Field research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Inferential statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Mapping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenography" title="Phenomenography">Phenomenography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_research" title="Secondary research">Secondary research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoping_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoping review">Scoping review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">Systematic review</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Tools and software</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Argument_technology" title="Category:Argument technology">Argument technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:GIS_software" title="Category:GIS software">Geographic information system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_information_science_software" title="Category:Library and information science software">Library and information science software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliometrics_software" title="Category:Bibliometrics software">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reference_management_software" title="Category:Reference management software">Reference management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_software" title="Category:Science software">Science software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:QDA_software" title="Category:QDA software">Qualitative data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_simulation_software" title="Category:Scientific simulation software">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Research_sidebar" title="Template:Research sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Research_sidebar" title="Template talk:Research sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Research_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Research sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hermeneutics</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/nj/: 'n' in 'new'">nj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the theory and <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> of interpretation,<sup id="cite_ref-ahd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">biblical texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical texts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As necessary, hermeneutics may include the art of understanding and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#Modern_hermeneutics">Modern hermeneutics</a> includes both verbal and non-verbal communication,<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JMN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">presuppositions</a>, and pre-understandings. Hermeneutics has been broadly applied in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, especially in law, history and theology. </p><p>Hermeneutics was initially applied to the interpretation, or <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Religious_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious texts">scripture</a>, and has been later broadened to questions of general interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>hermeneutics</i> and <i>exegesis</i> are sometimes used interchangeably. Hermeneutics is a wider discipline which includes written, verbal, and nonverbal<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JMN_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> communication. Exegesis focuses primarily upon the word and grammar of <a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">texts</a>. </p><p>Hermeneutic, as a <a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">count noun</a> in the singular, refers to some particular method of interpretation (see, in contrast, <a href="/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" title="Double hermeneutic">double hermeneutic</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hermeneutics</i> is derived from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑρμηνεύω</span></span> (<i>hermēneuō</i>, "translate, interpret"),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑρμηνεύς</span></span> (<i>hermeneus</i>, "translator, interpreter"), of uncertain etymology (<a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a> (2009) suggests a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a> origin).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technical term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑρμηνεία</span></span> (<i>hermeneia</i>, "interpretation, explanation") was introduced into philosophy mainly through the title of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s work <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας</span></span> ("Peri Hermeneias"), commonly referred to by its Latin title <i><a href="/wiki/De_Interpretatione" class="mw-redirect" title="De Interpretatione">De Interpretatione</a></i> and translated in English as <i>On Interpretation</i>. It is one of the earliest (c. 360 <small>BCE</small>) extant philosophical works in the <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western tradition</a> to deal with the relationship between language and logic in a comprehensive, explicit and formal way. </p><p>The early usage of "hermeneutics" places it within the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grondin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grondin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> message must be received with implicit uncertainty regarding its truth. This ambiguity is an irrationality; it is a sort of madness that is inflicted upon the receiver of the message. Only one who possesses a rational method of interpretation (i.e., a hermeneutic) could determine the truth or falsity of the message.<sup id="cite_ref-Grondin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grondin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–22">: 21–22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_etymology">Folk etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folk etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermes_Musei_Capitolini_MC60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hermes_Musei_Capitolini_MC60.jpg/170px-Hermes_Musei_Capitolini_MC60.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hermes_Musei_Capitolini_MC60.jpg/255px-Hermes_Musei_Capitolini_MC60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hermes_Musei_Capitolini_MC60.jpg/340px-Hermes_Musei_Capitolini_MC60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></i>, messenger of the gods</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a> places its origin with <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, the mythological Greek <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> who was the 'messenger of the gods'.<sup id="cite_ref-Couzen-Hoy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couzen-Hoy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides being a mediator among the gods and between the gods and men, he led souls to the <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">underworld</a> upon death. </p><p>Hermes was also considered to be the inventor of language and speech, an interpreter, a liar, a thief and a trickster.<sup id="cite_ref-Couzen-Hoy_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couzen-Hoy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These multiple roles made Hermes an ideal representative figure for hermeneutics. As Socrates noted, words have the power to reveal or conceal and can deliver messages in an ambiguous way.<sup id="cite_ref-Couzen-Hoy_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couzen-Hoy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek view of language as consisting of <a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">signs</a> that could lead to truth or to falsehood was the essence of Hermes, who was said to relish the uneasiness of those who received the messages he delivered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religious_traditions">In religious traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In religious traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamian_hermeneutics">Mesopotamian hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mesopotamian hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exegesis#Mesopotamian_Commentaries" title="Exegesis">Exegesis § Mesopotamian Commentaries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_hermeneutics">Islamic hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Quranic hermeneutics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmudic_hermeneutics">Talmudic hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Talmudic hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic hermeneutics">Talmudic hermeneutics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judaism#Rabbinic_hermeneutics" title="Judaism">Judaism § Rabbinic hermeneutics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; font-size:115%;">Rabbinical eras</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Template:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Template talk:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Summaries of the principles by which Torah can be interpreted date back to, at least, <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a>, although the thirteen principles set forth in the <a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael">Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael</a> are perhaps the best known. These principles ranged from standard rules of logic (e.g., <a href="/wiki/A_fortiori_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="A fortiori argument"><i>a fortiori</i> argument</a> [known in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as קל וחומר –  <i>kal v'chomer</i>]) to more expansive ones, such as the rule that a passage could be interpreted by reference to another passage in which the same word appears (<a href="/wiki/Talmudical_Hermeneutics#Gezerah_Shavah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudical Hermeneutics">Gezerah Shavah</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> did not ascribe equal persuasive power to the various principles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Jewish hermeneutics differed from the Greek method in that the rabbis considered the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (the Jewish Biblical canon) to be without error. Any apparent inconsistencies had to be understood by means of careful examination of a given text within the context of other texts. There were different levels of interpretation: some were used to arrive at the plain meaning of the text, some expounded the law given in the text, and others found <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">secret</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> levels of understanding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_hermeneutics">Vedic hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vedic hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></div> <p>Vedic hermeneutics involves the exegesis of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the earliest holy texts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mimamsa</a> was the leading hermeneutic school and their primary purpose was understanding what <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (righteous living) involved by a detailed hermeneutic study of the Vedas. They also derived the rules for the various rituals that had to be performed precisely. </p><p>The foundational text is the <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a> (ca. 3rd to 1st century BCE) with a major commentary by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aabara" title="Śabara">Śabara</a> (ca. the 5th or 6th century CE). The Mimamsa sutra summed up the basic rules for Vedic interpretation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_hermeneutics">Buddhist hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buddhist hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_hermeneutics" title="Buddhist hermeneutics">Buddhist hermeneutics</a></div> <p>Buddhist hermeneutics deals with the interpretation of the vast <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist literature</a>, particularly those texts which are said to be spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a>) and other enlightened beings. Buddhist hermeneutics is deeply tied to Buddhist spiritual practice and its ultimate aim is to extract <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> of reaching spiritual enlightenment or <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>. A central question in Buddhist hermeneutics is which Buddhist teachings are explicit, representing ultimate truth, and which teachings are merely conventional or relative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biblical hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a></div> <p>Biblical hermeneutics is the study of the principles of interpretation of the Bible. While Jewish and Christian biblical hermeneutics have some overlap, they have very different interpretive traditions. </p><p>The early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">patristic</a> traditions of biblical <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> had few unifying characteristics in the beginning but tended toward unification in later schools of biblical hermeneutics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> offers hermeneutics and <a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">homiletics</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_doctrina_christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="De doctrina christiana">De doctrina christiana</a></i>. He stresses the importance of humility in the study of Scripture. He also regards the duplex commandment of love in Matthew 22 as the heart of Christian faith. In Augustine's hermeneutics, signs have an important role. God can communicate with the believer through the signs of the Scriptures. Thus, humility, love, and the knowledge of signs are an essential hermeneutical presupposition for a sound interpretation of the Scriptures. Although Augustine endorses some teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> of his time, he recasts it according to a theocentric doctrine of the Bible. Similarly, in a practical discipline, he modifies the classical theory of oratory in a Christian way. He underscores the meaning of diligent study of the Bible and prayer as more than mere human knowledge and oratory skills. As a concluding remark, Augustine encourages the interpreter and preacher of the Bible to seek a good manner of life and, most of all, to love God and neighbor.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is traditionally a fourfold sense of biblical hermeneutics: literal, moral, allegorical (spiritual), and anagogical.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literal">Literal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></div> <p>Encyclopædia Britannica states that literal analysis means “a biblical text is to be deciphered according to the ‘plain meaning’ expressed by its linguistic construction and historical context.” The intention of the authors is believed to correspond to the literal meaning. Literal hermeneutics is often associated with the verbal inspiration of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermeneutics_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moral">Moral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Moral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moral interpretation searches for moral lessons which can be understood from writings within the Bible. Allegories are often placed in this category.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermeneutics_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegorical">Allegorical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Allegorical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allegorical interpretation states that biblical narratives have a second level of reference that is more than the people, events and things that are explicitly mentioned. One type of allegorical interpretation is known as <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typological</a>, where the key figures, events, and establishments of the Old Testament are viewed as “types” (patterns). In the New Testament this can also include foreshadowing of people, objects, and events. According to this theory, readings like Noah's Ark could be understood by using the Ark as a “type” of the Christian church that God designed from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermeneutics_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anagogical">Anagogical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anagogical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of interpretation is more often known as mystical interpretation. It claims to explain the events of the Bible and how they relate to or predict what the future holds. This is evident in the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Jewish Kabbalah</a>, which attempts to reveal the mystical significance of the numerical values of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> words and letters. </p><p>In Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Anagoge" title="Anagoge">anagogical interpretation</a> is also evident in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>. In Christianity, it can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermeneutics_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_hermeneutics">Philosophical hermeneutics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Philosophical hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_hermeneutics">Ancient and medieval hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_hermeneutics" title="History of hermeneutics">History of hermeneutics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_hermeneutics">Modern hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discipline of hermeneutics emerged with the new <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> education of the 15th century as a historical and critical <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> for analyzing texts. In a triumph of early modern hermeneutics, the Italian humanist <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a> proved in 1440 that the <i><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></i> was a forgery. This was done through intrinsic evidence of the text itself. Thus hermeneutics expanded from its medieval role of explaining the true meaning of the Bible. </p><p>However, biblical hermeneutics did not die off. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> brought about a renewed interest in the interpretation of the Bible, which took a step away from the interpretive tradition developed during the Middle Ages back to the texts themselves. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> emphasized <i>scriptura sui ipsius interpres</i> (scripture interprets itself). Calvin used <i><a href="/wiki/Brevitas_et_facilitas" title="Brevitas et facilitas">brevitas et facilitas</a></i> as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">theological hermeneutics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rationalist <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> led hermeneutists, especially <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> exegetists, to view Scriptural texts as secular classical texts. They interpreted Scripture as responses to historical or social forces so that, for example, apparent contradictions and difficult passages in the New Testament might be clarified by comparing their possible meanings with contemporary Christian practices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> (1768–1834) explored the nature of understanding in relation not just to the problem of deciphering sacred texts but to all human texts and modes of communication. </p><p>The interpretation of a text must proceed by framing its content in terms of the overall organization of the work. Schleiermacher distinguished between grammatical interpretation and psychological interpretation. The former studies how a work is composed from general ideas; the latter studies the peculiar combinations that characterize the work as a whole. He said that every problem of interpretation is a problem of understanding and even defined hermeneutics as the art of avoiding misunderstanding. Misunderstanding was to be avoided by means of knowledge of grammatical and psychological laws. </p><p>During Schleiermacher's time, a fundamental shift occurred from understanding not merely the exact words and their objective meaning, to an understanding of the writer's distinctive character and point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-ramberg_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nineteenth- and twentieth-century hermeneutics emerged as a theory of understanding (<i><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></i>) through the work of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Romantic</a> hermeneutics</b><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">methodological</a> hermeneutics</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/August_B%C3%B6ckh" title="August Böckh">August Böckh</a> (methodological hermeneutics),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> hermeneutics</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> hermeneutics</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic phenomenology">hermeneutic phenomenology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_hermeneutic_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology">transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-stanford3.1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford3.1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> (ontological hermeneutics),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> (<b>Straussian hermeneutics</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> (hermeneutic phenomenology),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marxist_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist hermeneutics">Marxist hermeneutics</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Erasmus_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erasmus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a> (Marxist hermeneutics),<sup id="cite_ref-AL_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erasmus_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erasmus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> (<b>radical hermeneutics</b>, namely <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IIH_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIH-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kearney" title="Richard Kearney">Richard Kearney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diacritical_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical hermeneutics">diacritical hermeneutics</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> (Marxist hermeneutics),<sup id="cite_ref-Mohanty_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanty-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(sociologist)" title="John Thompson (sociologist)">John Thompson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Critical_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical hermeneutics">critical hermeneutics</a>). </p><p>Regarding the relation of hermeneutics with problems of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, there has been, particularly among analytic Heideggerians and those working on Heidegger's <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, an attempt to try and situate Heidegger's hermeneutic project in debates concerning <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">anti-realism</a>: arguments have been presented both for Heidegger's <b>hermeneutic idealism</b> (the thesis that meaning determines <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a> or, equivalently, that our understanding of the being of entities is what determines entities as entities)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for Heidegger's <b>hermeneutic realism</b><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the thesis that (a) there is a nature in itself and science can give us an explanation of how that nature works, and (b) that (a) is compatible with the ontological implications of our everyday practices).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophers that worked to combine analytic philosophy with hermeneutics include <a href="/wiki/Georg_Henrik_von_Wright" title="Georg Henrik von Wright">Georg Henrik von Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Winch" title="Peter Winch">Peter Winch</a>. Roy J. Howard termed this approach <b>analytic hermeneutics</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other contemporary philosophers influenced by the hermeneutic tradition include <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a><sup id="cite_ref-ramberg_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b><a href="/wiki/Social_engagement" title="Social engagement">engaged</a> hermeneutics</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dagfinn_F%C3%B8llesdal" title="Dagfinn Føllesdal">Dagfinn Føllesdal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramberg_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dilthey_(1833–1911)"><span id="Dilthey_.281833.E2.80.931911.29"></span>Dilthey (1833–1911)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dilthey (1833–1911)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a> broadened hermeneutics even more by relating interpretation to historical objectification. Understanding moves from the outer manifestations of human action and productivity to the exploration of their inner meaning. In his last important essay, "The Understanding of Other Persons and Their Manifestations of Life" (1910), Dilthey made clear that this move from outer to inner, from expression to what is expressed, is not based on <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, understood as a direct identification with the <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>. Interpretation, on a hermeneutical conception of empathy<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involves an indirect or mediated understanding that can only be attained by placing human expressions in their historical context. Thus, understanding is not a process of reconstructing the state of mind of the author, but one of articulating what is expressed in his work. </p><p>Dilthey divided sciences of the mind (<a href="/wiki/Human_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sciences">human sciences</a>) into three structural levels: experience, expression, and comprehension. </p> <ul><li>Experience means to feel a situation or thing personally. Dilthey suggested that we can always grasp the meaning of unknown thought when we try to experience it. His understanding of experience is very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>.</li> <li>Expression converts experience into meaning because the discourse has an appeal to someone outside of oneself. Every saying is an expression. Dilthey suggested that one can always return to an expression, especially to its written form, and this practice has the same objective value as an experiment in science. The possibility of returning makes scientific analysis possible, and therefore the humanities may be labeled as science. Moreover, he assumed that an expression may be "saying" more than the speaker intends because the expression brings forward meanings which the individual consciousness may not fully understand.</li> <li>The last structural level of the science of the mind, according to Dilthey, is comprehension, which is a level that contains both comprehension and incomprehension. Incomprehension means, more or less, <i>wrong understanding</i>. He assumed that comprehension produces coexistence: "he who understands, understands others; he who does not understand stays alone."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heidegger_(1889–1976)"><span id="Heidegger_.281889.E2.80.931976.29"></span>Heidegger (1889–1976)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heidegger (1889–1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s philosophical hermeneutics shifted the focus from interpretation to <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existential</a> understanding as rooted in fundamental ontology, which was treated more as a direct—and thus more authentic—way of being-in-the-world (<i>In-der-Welt-sein</i>) than merely as "a way of knowing."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, he called for a "special hermeneutic of empathy" to dissolve the classic philosophic issue of "other minds" by putting the issue in the context of the being-with of human relatedness. (Heidegger himself did not complete this inquiry.)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advocates of this approach claim that some texts, and the people who produce them, cannot be studied by means of using the same <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methods</a> that are used in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, thus drawing upon arguments similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">antipositivism</a>. Moreover, they claim that such texts are conventionalized expressions of the experience of the author. Thus, the interpretation of such texts will reveal something about the <a href="/wiki/Social_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Social context">social context</a> in which they were formed, and, more significantly, will provide the reader with a means of sharing the experiences of the author. </p><p>The reciprocity between text and context is part of what Heidegger called the <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_circle" title="Hermeneutic circle">hermeneutic circle</a>. Among the key thinkers who elaborated this idea was the <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gadamer_(1900–2002)"><span id="Gadamer_.281900.E2.80.932002.29"></span>Gadamer (1900–2002)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gadamer (1900–2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a>'s hermeneutics is a development of the hermeneutics of his teacher, Heidegger. Gadamer asserted that methodical contemplation is opposite to experience and reflection. We can reach the truth only by understanding or mastering our experience. According to Gadamer, our understanding is not fixed but rather is changing and always indicating new perspectives. The most important thing is to unfold the nature of individual understanding. </p><p>Gadamer pointed out that prejudice is an element of our understanding and is not <i>per se</i> without value. Indeed, prejudices, in the sense of pre-judgements of the thing we want to understand, are unavoidable. Being alien to a particular tradition is a condition of our understanding. He said that we can never step outside of our tradition—all we can do is try to understand it. This further elaborates the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_circle" title="Hermeneutic circle">hermeneutic circle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_hermeneutic">New hermeneutic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New hermeneutic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_hermeneutic" title="New hermeneutic">New hermeneutic</a> is the theory and methodology of interpretation to understand Biblical texts through <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>. The essence of new hermeneutic emphasizes not only the existence of language but also the fact that language is eventualized in the history of individual life.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called the event of language. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fuchs_(theologian)" title="Ernst Fuchs (theologian)">Ernst Fuchs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ebeling" title="Gerhard Ebeling">Gerhard Ebeling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_M._Robinson" title="James M. Robinson">James M. Robinson</a> are the scholars who represent the new hermeneutics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marxist_hermeneutics">Marxist hermeneutics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marxist hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The method of <b>Marxist hermeneutics</b> has been developed by the work of, primarily, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>. Benjamin outlines his theory of the allegory in his study <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Erasmus_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erasmus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Trauerspiel" literally means "mourning play" but is often translated as "tragic drama").<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> draws on Biblical hermeneutics, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a>, to advance his theory of Marxist hermeneutics in his influential <i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Unconscious" title="The Political Unconscious">The Political Unconscious</a></i>. Jameson's Marxist hermeneutics is outlined in the first chapter of the book, titled "On Interpretation"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jameson re-interprets (and secularizes) the fourfold system (or four levels) of Biblical exegesis (literal; moral; allegorical; anagogical) to relate interpretation to the <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, and eventually, history.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Objective_hermeneutics">Objective hermeneutics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Objective hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> first used the term "<b>objective hermeneutics</b>" in his <i>Objective Knowledge</i> (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the Association for Objective Hermeneutics (AGOH) was founded in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> by scholars of various disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Its goal is to provide all scholars who use the methodology of objective hermeneutics with a means of exchanging information.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of the few translated texts of this German school of hermeneutics, its founders declared: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our approach has grown out of the empirical study of family interactions as well as reflection upon the procedures of interpretation employed in our research. For the time being we shall refer to it as objective hermeneutics in order to distinguish it clearly from traditional hermeneutic techniques and orientations. The general significance for sociological analysis of objective hermeneutics issues from the fact that, in the social sciences, interpretive methods constitute the fundamental procedures of measurement and of the generation of research data relevant to theory. From our perspective, the standard, nonhermeneutic methods of quantitative social research can only be justified because they permit a shortcut in generating data (and research "economy" comes about under specific conditions). Whereas the conventional methodological attitude in the social sciences justifies qualitative approaches as exploratory or preparatory activities, to be succeeded by standardized approaches and techniques as the actual scientific procedures (assuring precision, validity, and objectivity), we regard hermeneutic procedures as the basic method for gaining precise and valid knowledge in the social sciences. However, we do not simply reject alternative approaches dogmatically. They are in fact useful wherever the loss in precision and objectivity necessitated by the requirement of research economy can be condoned and tolerated in the light of prior hermeneutically elucidated research experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_recent_developments">Other recent developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a>'s (1904–1984) hermeneutics is less well known, but a case for considering his work as the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodern</a> hermeneutical revolution that began with Heidegger was made in several articles by Lonergan specialist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Lawrence" title="Frederick G. Lawrence">Frederick G. Lawrence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> (1913–2005) developed a hermeneutics that is based upon Heidegger's concepts. His work differs in many ways from that of Gadamer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Apel" title="Karl-Otto Apel">Karl-Otto Apel</a> (b. 1922) elaborated a hermeneutics based on American <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>. He applied his model to <a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">discourse ethics</a> with political motivations akin to those of <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (b. 1929) criticized the conservatism of previous hermeneutists, especially Gadamer, because their focus on tradition seemed to undermine possibilities for social criticism and transformation. He also criticized <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and previous members of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> for missing the hermeneutical dimension of <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. </p><p>Habermas incorporated the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Lifeworld" title="Lifeworld">lifeworld</a> and emphasized the importance for social theory of interaction, communication, labor, and production. He viewed hermeneutics as a dimension of critical social theory. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Makkreel" title="Rudolf Makkreel">Rudolf Makkreel</a> (b. 1939) has proposed an orientational hermeneutics that brings out the contextualizing function of reflective judgment. It extends ideas of <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilthey" title="Dilthey">Dilthey</a> to supplement the dialogical approach of <a href="/wiki/Gadamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadamer">Gadamer</a> with a diagnostic approach that can deal with an ever-changing and multicultural world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ortiz-Os%C3%A9s" title="Andrés Ortiz-Osés">Andrés Ortiz-Osés</a> (1943–2021) developed his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_hermeneutics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic hermeneutics (page does not exist)">symbolic hermeneutics</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Mediterranean</a> response to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> hermeneutics. His main statement regarding symbolic understanding of the world is that <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(non-linguistic)" title="Meaning (non-linguistic)">meaning</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> healing of injury. </p><p>Two other important hermeneutic scholars are <a href="/wiki/Jean_Grondin" title="Jean Grondin">Jean Grondin</a> (b. 1955) and <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Ferraris" title="Maurizio Ferraris">Maurizio Ferraris</a> (b. 1956). </p><p>Mauricio Beuchot coined the term and discipline of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analogic_hermeneutics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analogic hermeneutics (page does not exist)">analogic hermeneutics</a>, which is a type of hermeneutics that is based upon interpretation and takes into account the plurality of aspects of meaning. He drew categories both from analytic and continental philosophy, as well as from the <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">history of thought</a>. </p><p>Two scholars who have published criticism of Gadamer's hermeneutics are the Italian jurist <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Betti" title="Emilio Betti">Emilio Betti</a> and the American literary theorist <a href="/wiki/E._D._Hirsch" title="E. D. Hirsch">E. D. Hirsch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hermeneutics##" title="Talk:Hermeneutics">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, hermeneutics means the interpretation and understanding of material through analysis of possible meanings and social uses. </p><p>Proponents argue that interpretation of artifacts is unavoidably hermeneutic because we cannot know for certain the meaning behind them. We can only apply modern values when interpreting. This is most commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>, where descriptions such as "scraper" can be highly subjective and actually unproven until the development of <a href="/wiki/Microwear_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwear analysis">microwear analysis</a> some thirty years ago. </p><p>Opponents argue that a hermeneutic approach is too <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativist</a> and that their own interpretations are based on <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common-sense</a> evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several traditions of architectural scholarship that draw upon the hermeneutics of <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadamer">Gadamer</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Norberg-Schulz" title="Christian Norberg-Schulz">Christian Norberg-Schulz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a> in the circles of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(architecture)" title="Phenomenology (architecture)">phenomenology</a>. Lindsay Jones examines the way architecture is received and how that reception changes with time and context (e.g., how a building is interpreted by critics, users, and historians).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Vesely" title="Dalibor Vesely">Dalibor Vesely</a> situates hermeneutics within a critique of the application of overly scientific thinking to architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition fits within a critique of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has also informed design-studio teaching. <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Snodgrass" title="Adrian Snodgrass">Adrian Snodgrass</a> sees the study of history and Asian cultures by architects as a hermeneutical encounter with otherness.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also deploys arguments from hermeneutics to explain design as a process of interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coyne" title="Richard Coyne">Richard Coyne</a>, he extends the argument to the nature of architectural education and design.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hermeneutics motivates a broad range of applications in educational theory. The connection between hermeneutics and education has deep historical roots. The ancient Greeks gave the interpretation of poetry a central place in educational practice, as indicated by Dilthey: "systematic exegesis (<i>hermeneia</i>) of the poets developed out of the demands of the educational system."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gadamer more recently wrote on the topic of education,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recent treatments of educational issues across various hermeneutical approaches are to be found in Fairfield<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gallagher.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_hermeneutics" title="Environmental hermeneutics">Environmental hermeneutics</a> applies hermeneutics to environmental issues conceived broadly to subjects including "<a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>" (both terms are matters of hermeneutical contention), landscapes, ecosystems, built environments (where it overlaps architectural hermeneutics<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ), inter-species relationships, the relationship of the body to the world, and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insofar as hermeneutics is a basis of both <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutive_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutive theory">constitutive theory</a> (both of which have made important inroads into the <a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">postpositivist</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>), it has been applied to international relations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steve_Smith_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Smith (academic)">Steve Smith</a> refers to hermeneutics as the principal way of grounding foundationalist yet postpositivist theory of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. </p><p>Radical <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> is an example of a postpositivistanti-foundationalist <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> of international relations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div> <p>Some scholars argue that law and theology are particular forms of hermeneutics because of their need to interpret legal tradition or scriptural texts. Moreover, the problem of interpretation has been central to <a href="/wiki/Law#Legal_theory" title="Law">legal theory</a> since at least the 11th century. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, the schools of <i><a href="/wiki/Glossator" title="Glossator">glossatores</a></i>, <i>commentatores</i>, and <i>usus modernus</i> distinguished themselves by their approach to the interpretation of "laws" (mainly <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a>). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> gave birth to a "legal Renaissance" in the 11th century, when the Corpus Juris Civilis was rediscovered and systematically studied by men such as <a href="/wiki/Irnerius" title="Irnerius">Irnerius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani#Author" title="Decretum Gratiani">Johannes Gratian</a>. It was an interpretative Renaissance. Subsequently, these were fully developed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberico_Gentili" title="Alberico Gentili">Alberico Gentili</a>. </p><p>Since then, interpretation has always been at the center of legal thought. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich Carl von Savigny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Betti" title="Emilio Betti">Emilio Betti</a>, among others, made significant contributions to general hermeneutics. <a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Legal interpretivism</a>, most famously <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a>'s, may be seen as a branch of philosophical hermeneutics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Phenomenology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology (philosophy)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic phenomenology">Hermeneutic phenomenology</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative research</a>, the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> stem from German philosopher and researcher <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his early days, Husserl studied mathematics, but over time his disinterest with empirical methods led him to philosophy and eventually phenomenology. Husserl's phenomenology inquires on the specifics of a certain experience or experiences and attempts to unfold the meaning of experience in everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenomenology started as philosophy and then developed into methodology over time. American researcher <a href="/wiki/Don_Ihde" title="Don Ihde">Don Ihde</a> contributed to phenomenological research methodology through what he described as experimental phenomenology: “Phenomenology, in the first instance, is like an investigative science, an essential component of which is an experiment.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work contributed heavily to the implementation of phenomenology as a methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginnings of hermeneutic phenomenology stem from a German researcher and student of Husserl, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both researchers attempted to pull out the lived experiences of others through philosophical concepts, but Heidegger's main difference from Husserl was his belief that consciousness was not separate from the world but a formation of who we are as living individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hermeneutic phenomenology stresses that every event or encounter involves some type of interpretation from an individual's background, and that we cannot separate this from an individual's development through life.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ihde also focuses on hermeneutic phenomenology within his early work, and draws connections between Husserl and French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricoeur</a>'s work in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricoeur focuses on the importance of symbols and linguistics within hermeneutic phenomenology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, hermeneutic phenomenological research focuses on historical meanings and experiences, and their developmental and social effects on individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Political philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a> and Spanish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Zabala" title="Santiago Zabala">Santiago Zabala</a> in their book <i><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_Communism" title="Hermeneutic Communism">Hermeneutic Communism</a></i>, when discussing contemporary capitalist regimes, stated that, "A politics of descriptions does not impose power in order to dominate as a philosophy; rather, it is functional for the continued existence of a society of dominion, which pursues truth in the form of imposition (violence), conservation (realism), and triumph (history)."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vattimo and Zabala also stated that they view <a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">interpretation as anarchy</a> and affirmed that "existence is interpretation" and that "hermeneutics is weak thought." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Psychoanalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freud_and_Philosophy" title="Freud and Philosophy">Freud and Philosophy</a></div> <p>Psychoanalysts have made ample use of hermeneutics since <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> first gave birth to their discipline. In 1900 Freud wrote that the title he chose for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> 'makes plain which of the traditional approaches to the problem of dreams I am inclined to follow...[<i>i.e.</i>] "interpreting" a dream implies assigning a "meaning" to it.'<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> later extended Freudian hermeneutics into other psychical realms. His early work from the 1930s–50s is particularly influenced by Heidegger, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>'s hermeneutical phenomenology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology_and_cognitive_science">Psychology and cognitive science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Psychology and cognitive science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Postcognitivism" title="Postcognitivism">Postcognitivism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a> have recently become interested in hermeneutics, especially as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">cognitivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a>'s critique of conventional <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> has been influential among psychologists who are interested in hermeneutic approaches to meaning and interpretation, as discussed by philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Discursive_psychology" title="Discursive psychology">Discursive psychology</a>). </p><p>Hermeneutics is also influential in <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rennie_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennie-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_theology">Religion and theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Religion and theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">Talmudical hermeneutics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Quranic hermeneutics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_illumination" title="Progressive illumination">Progressive illumination</a></div> <p>The understanding of a <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">text</a> depends upon the reader's particular hermeneutical viewpoint. Some theorists, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a>, have applied modern philosophical hermeneutics to theological texts (in Ricœur's case, the Bible). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, as a hermeneutist, understands religion as 'experience of the sacred', and interprets the sacred in relation to the profane.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian scholar underlines that the relation between the sacred and the profane is not of opposition, but of complementarity, having interpreted the profane as a <a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">hierophany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hermeneutics of the myth is a part of the hermeneutics of religion. Myth should not be interpreted as an illusion or a lie, because there is truth in myth to be rediscovered.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myth is interpreted by Mircea Eliade as 'sacred history'. He introduces the concept of 'total hermeneutics'.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_science">Safety science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Safety science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of safety science, and especially in the study of <a href="/wiki/Human_reliability" title="Human reliability">human reliability</a>, scientists have become increasingly interested in hermeneutic approaches. </p><p>It has been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">ergonomist</a> Donald Taylor that <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">mechanist</a> models of human behaviour will only take us so far in terms of accident reduction, and that safety science must look at the meaning of accidents for human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars in the field have attempted to create safety <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomies</a> that make use of hermeneutic concepts in terms of their categorisation of <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative data">qualitative data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, hermeneutics is the interpretation and understanding of social events through analysis of their meanings for the human participants in the events. It enjoyed prominence during the 1960s and 1970s, and differs from other interpretive schools of sociology in that it emphasizes both context<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and form within any given social behaviour. </p><p>The central principle of sociological hermeneutics is that it is only possible to know the meaning of an act or statement within the context of the discourse or <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a> from which it originates. Context is critical to comprehension; an action or event that carries substantial weight to one person or culture may be viewed as meaningless or entirely different to another. For example, giving the "thumbs-up" gesture is widely accepted as a sign of a job well done in the United States, while other cultures view it as an insult.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, marking a piece of paper and putting it into a box might be considered a meaningless act unless it is put into the context of an election (the act of putting a <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballot paper</a> into a box). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>, widely regarded as the father of sociological hermeneutics believed that, in order for an interpreter to understand the work of another author, they must familiarize themselves with the historical context in which the author published their thoughts. His work led to the inspiration of Heidegger's "<a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_circle" title="Hermeneutic circle">hermeneutic circle</a>" a frequently referenced model that claims one's understanding of individual parts of a text is based on their understanding of the whole text, while the understanding of the whole text is dependent on the understanding of each individual part.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hermeneutics in sociology was also heavily influenced by German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> criticizes <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer's</a> hermeneutics as being unsuitable for understanding society because it is unable to account for questions of social reality, like labor and domination.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorial_intentionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorial intentionalism">Authorial intentionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_old_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on the old covenant">Biblical law in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">Close reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnobiblism" title="Gymnobiblism">Gymnobiblism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_poetics" title="Historical poetics">Historical poetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_inquiry" title="Narrative inquiry">Narrative inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelomania" title="Parallelomania">Parallelomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_charity" title="Principle of charity">Principle of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Quranic hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader-response_criticism" title="Reader-response criticism">Reader-response criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuration_theory" title="Structuration theory">Structuration theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Symbolic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">Talmudical hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Text criticism">Text criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth#Major_theories" title="Truth">Truth theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_precursors">Notable precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Ernesti" title="Johann August Ernesti">Johann August Ernesti</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Wolf" title="Friedrich August Wolf">Friedrich August Wolf</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gadamer_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadamer-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Anton_Friedrich_Ast" title="Georg Anton Friedrich Ast">Georg Anton Friedrich Ast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gadamer_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadamer-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hermeneutics">"hermeneutics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ahd_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=hermeneutics">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: hermeneutics"</a>. <i>www.ahdictionary.com</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+hermeneutics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dhermeneutics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hermeneutics">"Definition of HERMENEUTICS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">www.merriam-webster.com</a></i>. December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+HERMENEUTICS&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhermeneutics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudi1999" class="citation book cs1">Audi, Robert (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00audi"><i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00audi/page/n409">377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521637220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521637220"><bdi>978-0521637220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=377&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521637220&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgediction00audi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1980" class="citation book cs1">Reese, William L. (1980). <i>Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion</i>. Sussex: Harvester Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0855271473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0855271473"><bdi>978-0855271473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.place=Sussex&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0855271473&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2015" class="citation book cs1">Zimmermann, Jens (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4xmCgAAQBAJ&q=hermeneutics"><i>Hermeneutics: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199685356" title="Special:BookSources/9780199685356"><bdi>9780199685356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199685356&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4xmCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhermeneutics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Routledge Companion to Philosophy in Organization Studies</i>, Routledge, 2015, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMN-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMN_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMN_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joann McNamara, <i>From Dance to Text and Back to Dance: A Hermeneutics of Dance Interpretive Discourse</i>, PhD thesis, Texas Woman's University, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrondin1994" class="citation book cs1">Grondin, Jean (1994). <i>Introduction to Philosophical Hermeneutics</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05969-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05969-4"><bdi>978-0-300-05969-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Philosophical+Hermeneutics&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05969-4&rft.aulast=Grondin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span> p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Ernest, <i>A complete etymological dictionary of the English language: dealing with the origin of words and their sense development, thus illustrating the history of civilization and culture</i>, Elsevier, Oxford, 2000, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a>, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, 2009, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grondin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grondin_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grondin_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grondin, Jean (1994). Introduction to Philosophical Hermeneutics. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05969-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05969-8">0-300-05969-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Couzen-Hoy-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Couzen-Hoy_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couzen-Hoy_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couzen-Hoy_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoy, David Couzens (1981). <i>The Critical Circle</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520046399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520046399">978-0520046399</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Rambam Hilkhot Talmud Torah 4:8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, B. Hoon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5228314">"Augustine's Hermeneutics and Homiletics in De doctrina christianae"</a>. <i>Journal of Christian Philosophy</i>. <b>17</b>: 97–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Christian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Augustine%27s+Hermeneutics+and+Homiletics+in+De+doctrina+christianae&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=97-117&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=B.+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5228314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/hermeneutics-principles-of-biblical-interpretation">"hermeneutics | Definition & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=hermeneutics+%26%23124%3B+Definition+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhermeneutics-principles-of-biblical-interpretation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hermeneutics_2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermeneutics_2014_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Hermeneutics' 2014, Encyclopædia Britannica, Research Starters, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 March 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myung Jun Ahn, "Brevitas et facilitas : a study of a vital aspect in the theological hermeneutics of John Calvin" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26944?show=full">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramberg-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramberg_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramberg_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramberg_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorn_RambergKristin_Gjesdal" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bjorn Ramberg; Kristin Gjesdal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hermeneutics/">"Hermeneutics"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermeneutics&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Bjorn+Ramberg&rft.au=Kristin+Gjesdal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhermeneutics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Mueller-Vollmer" title="Kurt Mueller-Vollmer">Kurt Mueller-Vollmer</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXY_h9rkUSUC&dq="><i>The Hermeneutics Reader</i></a>, Continuum, 1988, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Joseph Echeverria, <i>Criticism and Commitment: Major Themes in Contemporary "Post-Critical" Philosophy</i>, Rodopi, 1981, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas M. Seebohm, <i>Hermeneutics: Method and Methodology</i>, Springer, 2007, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Martin, Jeff Sugarman, Kathleen L. Slaney (eds.), <i>The Wiley Handbook of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology: Methods, Approaches, and New Directions for Social Sciences</i>, Wiley Blackwell, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Heidegger, <i>Ontology: The Hermeneutics of Facticity</i>, Indiana University Press, 2008, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a>, <i>Phenomenology World-Wide: Foundations – Expanding Dynamics – Life-Engagements A Guide for Research and Study</i>, Springer, 2014, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Interpretative_phenomenological_analysis" title="Interpretative phenomenological analysis">interpretative phenomenological analysis</a> in psychological <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative research</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty2003" class="citation journal cs1">Laverty, Susann M. (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F160940690300200303">"Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A Comparison of Historical and Methodological Considerations"</a>. <i>International Journal of Qualitative Methods</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 21–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F160940690300200303">10.1177/160940690300200303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-4069">1609-4069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Qualitative+Methods&rft.atitle=Hermeneutic+Phenomenology+and+Phenomenology%3A+A+Comparison+of+Historical+and+Methodological+Considerations&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=21-35&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F160940690300200303&rft.issn=1609-4069&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Susann+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F160940690300200303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford3.1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford3.1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wheeler, Michael (12 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/#TurCon">"Martin Heidegger – 3.1 The Turn and the <i>Contributions to Philosophy</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Heidegger+%E2%80%93+3.1+The+Turn+and+the+Contributions+to+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fheidegger%2F%23TurCon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Malpas, Hans-Helmuth Gande (eds.), <i>The Routledge Companion to Hermeneutics</i>, Routledge, 2014, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winfried Schröder (ed.), <i>Reading between the lines – Leo Strauss and the history of early modern philosophy</i>, Walter de Gruyter, 2015, p. 39, "According to Robert Hunt, '[t]he Straussian hermeneutic ... sees the course of intellectual history as an ongoing conversation about important philosophical questions'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Don_Ihde" title="Don Ihde">Don Ihde</a>, <i>Hermeneutic Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur</i>, Northwestern University Press, 1971, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erasmus-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erasmus_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erasmus_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erasmus_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Erasmus: Speculum Scientarium</i>, <b>25</b>, p. 162: "the different versions of Marxist hermeneutics by the examples of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">Origins of the German Tragedy</a></i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], ... and also by Ernst Bloch's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Principle_of_Hope" title="The Principle of Hope">Hope the Principle</a></i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AL-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AL_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard E. Amacher, Victor Lange, <i>New Perspectives in German Literary Criticism: A Collection of Essays</i>, Princeton University Press, 2015, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Caputo" title="John D. Caputo">John D. Caputo</a>, <i>Radical Hermeneutics: Repetition, Deconstruction, and the Hermeneutic Project</i>, Indiana University Press, 1988, p. 5: "Derrida is the turning point for radical hermeneutics, the point where hermeneutics is pushed to the brink. Radical hermeneutics situates itself in the space which is opened up by the exchange between Heidegger and Derrida..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIH-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIH_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Institute for Hermeneutics – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihermeneutics.org/about-hermeneutics">About Hermeneutics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706000526/http://www.iihermeneutics.org/about-hermeneutics">Archived</a> 2016-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved: 2015-11-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohanty-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mohanty_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohanty, Satya P. "Jameson's Marxist Hermeneutics and the need for an Adequate Epistemology." In <i>Literary Theory and the Claims of History: Postmodernism, Objectivity, Multicultural Politics</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. pp. 93–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Galt Crowell, Jeff Malpas (eds.), <i>Transcendental Heidegger</i>, Stanford University Press, 2007, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_L._Dreyfus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert L. Dreyfus">Hubert L. Dreyfus</a>, Mark A. Wrathall (eds.), <i>Heidegger Reexamined: Truth, realism, and the history of being</i>, Routledge, 2002, pp. 245, 274, 280; Hubert L. Dreyfus, "Heidegger's Hermeneutic Realism," in: David R. Hiley, James Bohman, Richard Shusterman (eds.), <i>The Interpretive Turn: Philosophy, Science, Culture</i>, Cornell University Press, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubert L. Dreyfus, Mark A. Wrathall (eds.), <i>Heidegger Reexamined: Truth, realism, and the history of being</i>, Routledge, 2002, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy J. Howard, <i>Three Faces of Hermeneutics: An Introduction to Current Theories of Understanding</i>, University of California Press, 1982, ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarde2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aarde, Andries G. Van (7 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/166">"Postsecular spirituality, engaged hermeneutics, and Charles Taylor's notion of hypergoods"</a>. <i>HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 210. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-8050">2072-8050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Teologiese+Studies+%2F+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Postsecular+spirituality%2C+engaged+hermeneutics%2C+and+Charles+Taylor%27s+notion+of+hypergoods&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft.issn=2072-8050&rft.aulast=Aarde&rft.aufirst=Andries+G.+Van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hts.org.za%2Findex.php%2FHTS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2019" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Shaun (2019). <i>Dilthey and empathy. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F160940690300200303">"Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A Comparison of Historical and Methodological Considerations"</a>. <i>International Journal of Qualitative Methods</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 21–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F160940690300200303">10.1177/160940690300200303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-4069">1609-4069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Qualitative+Methods&rft.atitle=Hermeneutic+Phenomenology+and+Phenomenology%3A+A+Comparison+of+Historical+and+Methodological+Considerations&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=21-35&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F160940690300200303&rft.issn=1609-4069&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Susann+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F160940690300200303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhde,_Don.1986" class="citation book cs1">Ihde, Don. (1986). <i>Experimental phenomenology : an introduction</i>. 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"The Habermas-Gadamer Debate". <i>New German Critique</i> (18): 44–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F487850">10.2307/487850</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/487850">487850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=The+Habermas-Gadamer+Debate&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=44-73&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F487850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F487850%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster 2010, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster 2010, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gadamer-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gadamer_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gadamer_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i>, Bloomsbury, 2013, p. 185.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <i>On Interpretation</i>, Harold P. Cooke (trans.), in <i>Aristotle</i>, vol. 1 (<a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>), pp. 111–179. London: <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(book_publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinemann (book publisher)">William Heinemann</a>, 1938.</li> <li>Clingerman, F. and B. Treanor, M. Drenthen, D. Ustler (2013), <i>Interpreting Nature: The Emerging Field of Environmental Hermeneutics</i>, New York: Fordham University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._De_La_Torre" title="Miguel A. De La Torre">De La Torre, Miguel A.</a>, "Reading the Bible from the Margins," Orbis Books, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Fellmann" title="Ferdinand Fellmann">Fellmann, Ferdinand</a>, "Symbolischer Pragmatismus. Hermeneutik nach Dilthey", <i>Rowohlts deutsche Enzyklopädie</i>, 1991.</li> <li>Forster, Michael N., <i>After Herder: Philosophy of Language in the German Tradition</i>, Oxford University Press, 2010.</li> <li>Ginev, Dimitri, <i>Essays in the Hermeneutics of Science</i>, Routledge, 2018.</li> <li>Khan, Ali, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=979394">"The Hermeneutics of Sexual Order"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a>, "Zum Gegenstandsbereich der Hermeneutik", in <i>Perspektiven der Philosophie</i>, vol. 9 (1983), pp. 331–341.</li> <li>Köchler, Hans, "Philosophical Foundations of Civilizational Dialogue: The Hermeneutics of Cultural Self-comprehension versus the Paradigm of Civilizational Conflict." <i>International Seminar on Civilizational Dialogue (3rd: 15–17 September 1997: Kuala Lumpur)</i>, BP171.5 ISCD. Kertas kerja persidangan / conference papers. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Library, 1997.</li> <li>Mantzavinos, C. <i>Naturalistic Hermeneutics</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84812-1">978-0-521-84812-1</a>.</li> <li>Oevermann, U. et al. (1987): "Structures of meaning and objective Hermeneutics." In: Meha, V. et al. (eds.). <i>Modern German Sociology</i>. European Perspectives: a Series in Social Thought and Cultural Ctiticism. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 436–447.</li> <li>Olesen, Henning Salling, ed. (2013): "Cultural Analysis and In-Depth Hermeneutics." <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Social_Research" title="Historical Social Research">Historical Social Research</a></i>, Focus, 38, no. 2, pp. 7–157.</li> <li>Przyłębski, Andrzej. <i>Ethics in the Light of Hermeneutical Philosophy</i>, LIT Verlag, Zurich 2017.</li> <li>Przyłębski, Andrzej. <i>The Value of Motherland: An Introduction to a Hermeneutic Philosophy of Politics</i>, LIT Verlag, Zurich 2022.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wierci%C5%84ski" title="Andrzej Wierciński">Wierciński, Andrzej</a>. <i>Hermeneutics between Philosophy and Theology: The Imperative to Think the Incommensurable</i>, Germany, Münster: LIT Verlag, 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hermeneutics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hermeneutics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalpeirce.fee.unicamp.br/p-infwir.htm">Abductive Inference and Literary theory – Pragmatism, Hermeneutics and Semiotics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604131506/http://www.digitalpeirce.fee.unicamp.br/p-infwir.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> written by Uwe Wirth.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metajournal.org/display_page.php?title=home">Meta: Research in Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Practical Philosophy</a> – International peer-reviewed journal.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411141156/http://www.objective-hermeneutics.com/bibliography/bibliographic-database.html">Objective Hermeneutics Bibliographic Database</a> provided by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.objective-hermeneutics.com">Association for Objective Hermeneutics</a>.</li> <li>de Berg, Henk: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTtiTgStBYE">Gadamer's Hermeneutics: An Introduction</a> (2015)</li> <li>de Berg, Henk: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMEFAAEm0IE">Ricoeur's Hermeneutics: An Introduction</a> (2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mac.edu/faculty/richardpalmer/">Palmer, Richard E.</a>, "The Liminality of Hermes and the Meaning of Hermeneutics"</li> <li>Palmer, Richard E., "The Relevance of Gadamer's Philosophical Hermeneutics to Thirty-Six Topics or Fields of Human Activity", Lecture Delivered at the Department of Philosophy, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 1 April 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141532/http://www.mac.edu/faculty/richardpalmer/relevance.html">Eprint</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i>, Paul Woodruff (trans.) in Plato, <i>Complete Works</i>, ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997, pp. 937–949.</li> <li>Quintana Paz, Miguel Ángel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uned.es/dpto_fil/revista/polemos/articulos/MA_Quintana_On%20Hermeneutical%20Ethics%20&%20Education%20(Internet)2.doc">"On Hermeneutical Ethics and Education"</a>, a paper on the relevance of Gadamer's Hermeneutics for our understanding of Music, Ethics and our Education in both.</li> <li>Szesnat, Holger, "Philosophical Hermeneutics", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalhermeneutics.wordpress.com/hermeneutics-links/philosophical-hermeneutics/">Webpage</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_topics" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Branches" title="Outline of philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese 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class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a 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Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102686#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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