CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Edmund Husserl - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cc47a338-6b0e-4372-8b1e-8049cf3af8e8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Edmund_Husserl","wgTitle":"Edmund Husserl","wgCurRevisionId":1258428383,"wgRevisionId":1258428383,"wgArticleId":9518,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing German-language text","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","Articles with hCards","Pages with German IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles containing French-language text","Edmund Husserl","1859 births", "1938 deaths","19th-century Austrian male writers","19th-century Austrian writers","19th-century German philosophers","19th-century German writers","19th-century German male writers","20th-century Austrian male writers","20th-century Austrian philosophers","20th-century German philosophers","20th-century German writers","19th-century Austrian Jews","Austrian logicians","Austrian Lutherans","Austrian philosophers","Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism","Descartes scholars","Epistemologists","German logicians","German Lutherans","German male non-fiction writers","Humboldt University of Berlin alumni","Leipzig University alumni","Lutheran philosophers","Jewish philosophers","Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni","Metaphysicians","Ontologists","Writers from Prostějov","People from the Margraviate of Moravia","Phenomenologists","Philosophers of culture","German philosophers of education","Philosophers of language","Philosophers of logic","Philosophers of mathematics", "Philosophers of mind","Philosophers of psychology","Platonists","Trope theorists","Academic staff of the University of Freiburg","Academic staff of the University of Göttingen","University of Vienna alumni","Corresponding fellows of the British Academy","Moravian-German people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Edmund_Husserl","wgRelevantArticleId":9518,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q58586","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/1200px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1720"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/800px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1147"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/640px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="917"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Edmund Husserl - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Edmund_Husserl rootpage-Edmund_Husserl skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edmund+Husserl" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edmund+Husserl" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edmund+Husserl" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edmund+Husserl" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life and career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life and career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Youth_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Youth and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professor_of_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professor_of_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Professor of philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professor_of_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heidegger_and_the_Nazi_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heidegger_and_the_Nazi_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Heidegger and the Nazi era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heidegger_and_the_Nazi_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_his_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_his_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development of his thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_his_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of his thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_his_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Several_early_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Several_early_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Several early themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Several_early_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_elaboration_of_phenomenology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_elaboration_of_phenomenology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The elaboration of phenomenology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_elaboration_of_phenomenology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Husserl's_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husserl's_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Husserl's thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Husserl's_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Husserl's thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Husserl's_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meaning_and_object" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_and_object"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Meaning and object</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_and_object-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_and_regional_ontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_and_regional_ontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Formal and regional ontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_and_regional_ontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_logic_and_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_logic_and_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Philosophy of logic and mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_logic_and_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Husserl_and_psychologism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husserl_and_psychologism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Husserl and psychologism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Husserl_and_psychologism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Husserl and psychologism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Husserl_and_psychologism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_arithmetic_and_Frege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_arithmetic_and_Frege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Philosophy of arithmetic and Frege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_arithmetic_and_Frege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Husserl's_criticism_of_psychologism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husserl's_criticism_of_psychologism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Husserl's criticism of psychologism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Husserl's_criticism_of_psychologism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Anthologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Husserl_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husserl_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Husserl archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Husserl_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmund Husserl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%81%E1%88%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8D" title="ኤድመንድ ሁሠርል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤድመንድ ሁሠርል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84" title="إدموند هوسرل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدموند هوسرل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эдмунд Гусерль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдмунд Гусерль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эдмунд Гусэрль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдмунд Гусэрль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Едмунд Хусерл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едмунд Хусерл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB" title="Έντμουντ Χούσερλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντμουντ Χούσερλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84" title="ادموند هوسرل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادموند هوسرل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%84%EC%84%A4" title="에드문트 후설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드문트 후설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC" title="Էդմունդ Հուսերլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդմունդ Հուսերլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="एडमंड हुसर्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडमंड हुसर्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="אדמונד הוסרל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדמונד הוסרל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ედმუნდ ჰუსერლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედმუნდ ჰუსერლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эдмунд Гуссерль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдмунд Гуссерль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эдмунд Гуссерль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдмунд Гуссерль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundus_Husserl" title="Edmundus Husserl – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edmundus Husserl" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmunds_Huserls" title="Edmunds Huserls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edmunds Huserls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Едмунд Хусерл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едмунд Хусерл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ედმუნდ ჰუსერლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედმუნდ ჰუსერლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84" title="ادموند هوسرل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادموند هوسرل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="エトムント・フッサール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エトムント・フッサール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusserl_Edmund" title="Gusserl Edmund – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gusserl Edmund" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐਡਮੰਡ ਹਸਰਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਮੰਡ ਹਸਰਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%85%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%84" title="اډمنډ هسل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اډمنډ هسل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гуссерль, Эдмунд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуссерль, Эдмунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%B5" title="ئێتمونت ھووسرڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێتمونت ھووسرڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Едмунд Хусерл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едмунд Хусерл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5" title="เอ็ทมุนท์ ฮุสเซิร์ล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอ็ทมุนท์ ฮุสเซิร์ล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D2%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Эдмунд Ҳуссерл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эдмунд Ҳуссерл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Едмунд Гуссерль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едмунд Гуссерль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃德蒙德·胡塞尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edmund Husserl" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%B3%BD%E7%88%BE" title="胡賽爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胡賽爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" title="埃德蒙德·胡塞爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃德蒙德·胡塞爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58586#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Edmund_Husserl" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Edmund_Husserl" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Edmund_Husserl" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&oldid=1258428383" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Edmund_Husserl&id=1258428383&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdmund_Husserl"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdmund_Husserl"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Edmund_Husserl&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edmund_Husserl" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58586" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian-German philosopher (1859–1938)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edmund Husserl</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/220px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/330px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg/440px-Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2421" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Husserl <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910s</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl</div><br />8 April 1859<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pro%C3%9Fnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Proßnitz">Proßnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1938<span style="display:none">(1938-04-27)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1883)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Dr._phil._hab." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. phil. hab.">Dr. phil. hab.</a>, 1887)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_constitutive_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental constitutive phenomenology">Transcendental constitutive phenomenology</a> <span class="nowrap">(1910s)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic phenomenology">Genetic phenomenology</a> <span class="nowrap">(1920s–30s)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Logical_objectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical objectivism">Logical objectivism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–31">: 13–31 </span></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian realism">Austrian realism</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Logical_Investigations_(Husserl)" title="Logical Investigations (Husserl)">early</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect realism">Indirect realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">Correspondence theory of truth</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle</a> <span class="nowrap">(1887–1901)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> <span class="nowrap">(1901–1916)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> <span class="nowrap">(1916–1928)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Theses</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:58535/bdef:Book/view"><i><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung</span></span> (Contributions to the Calculus of Variations)</i></a> (1883)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/5870"><i><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Über den Begriff der Zahl</span></span> (On the Concept of Number)</i></a> (1887)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_K%C3%B6nigsberger" title="Leo Königsberger">Leo Königsberger</a> <span class="nowrap">(PhD advisor)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a> <span class="nowrap">(Dr. phil. hab. advisor)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">philosophy of mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological reduction">Phenomenological reduction</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vs. <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_reduction" title="Eidetic reduction">eidetic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noesis_(phenomenology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noesis (phenomenology)">Noesis</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">noema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_ontology" title="Formal ontology">Formal ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_moments" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of moments">Theory of moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyle">Hyletic</a> data<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebenswelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebenswelt">Lebenswelt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-reflective_self-consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-reflective self-consciousness">Pre-reflective self-consciousness</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental subjectivism</a></li> <li>Criticism of the natural attitude ("<a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">objectivism</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_and_protention" title="Retention and protention">Retention and protention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nachgewahren" title="Nachgewahren">Nachgewahren</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urdoxa" title="Urdoxa">Urdoxa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_description" title="Phenomenological description">Phenomenological description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HUUSS</span>-url</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HUUSS</span>-ər-əl</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɛtmʊnt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhʊsɐl]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who established the school of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>. </p><p>In his early work, he elaborated critiques of <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> based on analyses of <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>. In his mature work, he sought to develop a systematic foundational science based on the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bracketing_(phenomenology)" title="Bracketing (phenomenology)">phenomenological reduction</a>. Arguing that <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendental</a> consciousness sets the limits of all possible knowledge, Husserl redefined phenomenology as a <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental-idealist</a> philosophy. Husserl's thought profoundly influenced <a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a>, and he remains a notable figure in contemporary philosophy and beyond. </p><p>Husserl studied mathematics, taught by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_K%C3%B6nigsberger" title="Leo Königsberger">Leo Königsberger</a>, and philosophy taught by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught philosophy as a <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">Halle</a> from 1887, then as professor, first at <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a> from 1901, then at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a> from 1916 until he retired in 1928, after which he remained highly productive. In 1933, under <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">racial laws</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, Husserl was expelled from the library of the University of Freiburg due to his Jewish family background and months later resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Akademie" title="Deutsche Akademie">Deutsche Akademie</a>. Following an illness, he died in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Husserl was born in 1859 in Proßnitz in the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Margraviate of Moravia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Prost%C4%9Bjov" title="Prostějov">Prostějov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>). He was born into a Jewish family, the second of four children. His father was a <a href="/wiki/Milliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliner">milliner</a>. His childhood was spent in Prostějov, where he attended the secular primary school. Then Husserl traveled to Vienna to study at the <i><a href="/wiki/Realgymnasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Realgymnasium">Realgymnasium</a></i> there, followed next by the Staatsgymnasium in <a href="/wiki/Olm%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmütz">Olmütz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KockelmansBiographical_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KockelmansBiographical-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HusserlPage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a> from 1876 to 1878, Husserl studied mathematics, physics, and astronomy. At Leipzig, he was inspired by philosophy lectures given by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a>, one of the founders of modern psychology. Then he moved to the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Frederick William University</a> of Berlin (the present-day <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>) in 1878 where he continued his study of mathematics under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Kronecker" title="Leopold Kronecker">Leopold Kronecker</a> and the renowned <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a>. In Berlin he found a mentor in <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a>, then a former philosophy student of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a> and later the first president of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. There Husserl also attended <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulsen" title="Friedrich Paulsen">Friedrich Paulsen</a>'s philosophy lectures. In 1881 he left for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> to complete his mathematics studies under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Leo_K%C3%B6nigsberger" title="Leo Königsberger">Leo Königsberger</a> (a former student of Weierstrass). At Vienna in 1883 he obtained his PhD with the work <i>Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung</i> (<i>Contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_variations" title="Calculus of variations">Calculus of variations</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-KockelmansBiographical_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KockelmansBiographical-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidently as a result of his becoming familiar with the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> during his twenties, Husserl asked to be baptized into the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a> in 1886. Husserl's father Adolf had died in 1884. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spiegelberg" title="Herbert Spiegelberg">Herbert Spiegelberg</a> writes, "While outward religious practice never entered his life any more than it did that of most academic scholars of the time, his mind remained open for the religious phenomenon as for any other genuine experience." At times Husserl saw his goal as one of moral "renewal". Although a steadfast proponent of a radical and rational <i>autonomy</i> in all things, Husserl could also speak "about his vocation and even about his mission under God's will to find new ways for philosophy and science," observes Spiegelberg.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his PhD in mathematics, Husserl returned to Berlin to work as the assistant to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a>. Yet already Husserl had felt the desire to pursue philosophy. Then professor Weierstrass became very ill. Husserl became free to return to Vienna where, after serving a short military duty, he devoted his attention to philosophy. In 1884 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> he attended the lectures of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a> on philosophy and philosophical psychology. Brentano introduced him to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Hermann Lotze</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">J. Stuart Mill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy; indeed, Franz Brentano is often credited as being his most important influence, e.g., with regard to <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following academic advice, two years later in 1886 Husserl followed <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a>, a former student of Brentano, to the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle</a>, seeking to obtain his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> which would qualify him to teach at the university level. There, under Stumpf's supervision, he wrote <i>Über den Begriff der Zahl</i> (<i>On the Concept of Number</i>) in 1887, which would serve later as the basis for his first important work, <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic">Philosophie der Arithmetik</a></i> (1891).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887 Husserl married Malvine Steinschneider, a union that would last over fifty years. In 1892 their daughter Elizabeth was born, in 1893 their son <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Husserl" title="Gerhart Husserl">Gerhart</a>, and in 1894 their son Wolfgang. Elizabeth would marry in 1922, and Gerhart in 1923; Wolfgang, however, became a casualty of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HusserlPage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerhart would become a philosopher of law, contributing to the subject of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">comparative law</a>, teaching in the United States and after the war in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professor_of_philosophy">Professor of philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Professor of philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg/220px-Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg/330px-Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Edmund Husserl <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Following his marriage Husserl began his long teaching career in philosophy. He started in 1887 as a <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle</a>. In 1891 he published his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic">Philosophie der Arithmetik. Psychologische und logische Untersuchungen</a></i> which, drawing on his prior studies in mathematics and philosophy, proposed a psychological context as the basis of mathematics. It drew the adverse notice of <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>, who criticized its <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901 Husserl with his family moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, where he taught as <i>extraordinarius professor</i>. Just prior to this a major work of his, <i>Logische Untersuchungen</i> (Halle, 1900–1901), was published. Volume One contains seasoned reflections on "pure logic" in which he carefully refutes "psychologism".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work was well received and became the subject of a seminar given by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a>; Husserl in 1905 traveled to Berlin to visit Dilthey. Two years later in Italy he paid a visit to Franz Brentano his inspiring old teacher and to <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Constantin Carathéodory</a> the mathematician. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> were also now influencing his thought. In 1910 he became joint editor of the journal <i>Logos</i>. During this period Husserl had delivered lectures on <i>internal time consciousness</i>, which several decades later his former students <a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> edited for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912 at Freiburg the journal <i>Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung</i> ("Yearbook for Philosophy and Phenomenological Research") was founded by Husserl and his school, and which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930. His important work <i>Ideen</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published in its first issue (Vol. 1, Issue 1, 1913). Before beginning <i>Ideen</i>, Husserl's thought had reached the stage where "each subject is 'presented' to itself, and to each all others are 'presentiated' (<i>Vergegenwärtigung</i>), not as parts of nature but as pure consciousness".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ideen</i> advanced his transition to a "transcendental interpretation" of phenomenology, a view later criticized by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Ideen</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> sees the development of Husserl's thought as leading "from the psychological cogito to the transcendental cogito". As phenomenology further evolves, it leads (when viewed from another vantage point in Husserl's 'labyrinth') to "<a href="/wiki/Transcendental_subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental subjectivity">transcendental subjectivity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in <i>Ideen</i> Husserl explicitly elaborates the phenomenological and <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_reduction" title="Eidetic reduction">eidetic reductions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> visited Husserl at Göttingen. </p><p>In October 1914 both his sons were sent to fight on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front of World War I</a>, and the following year one of them, Wolfgang Husserl, was badly injured. On 8 March 1916, on the battlefield of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>, Wolfgang was killed in action. The next year his other son <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Husserl" title="Gerhart Husserl">Gerhart Husserl</a> was wounded in the war but survived. His own mother Julia died. In November 1917 one of his outstanding students and later a noted philosophy professor in his own right, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Adolf Reinach</a>, was killed in the war while serving in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HusserlPage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Husserl had transferred in 1916 to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>) where he continued bringing his work in philosophy to fruition, now as a full professor.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a> served as his personal assistant during his first few years in Freiburg, followed later by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> from 1920 to 1923. The mathematician <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a> began corresponding with him in 1918. Husserl gave four lectures on Phenomenological method at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> in 1922. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> in 1923 called on him to relocate there, but he declined the offer. In 1926 Heidegger dedicated his book <i>Sein und Zeit</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i>) to him "in grateful respect and friendship."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husserl remained in his professorship at Freiburg until he requested retirement, teaching his last class on 25 July 1928. A <i><a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">Festschrift</a></i> to celebrate his seventieth birthday was presented to him on 8 April 1929. </p><p>Despite retirement, Husserl gave several notable lectures. The first, at Paris in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to <i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Méditations cartésiennes</a></i> (Paris 1931).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husserl here reviews the phenomenological epoché (or phenomenological reduction), presented earlier in his pivotal <i>Ideen</i> (1913), in terms of a further reduction of experience to what he calls a 'sphere of ownness.' From within this sphere, which Husserl enacts to show the impossibility of solipsism, the transcendental <a href="/wiki/Human_ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ego">ego</a> finds itself always already paired with the lived body of another ego, another monad. This '<a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a>' interconnection of bodies, given in perception, is what founds the interconnection of consciousnesses known as transcendental <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a>, which Husserl would go on to describe at length in volumes of unpublished writings. There has been a debate over whether or not Husserl's description of ownness and its movement into intersubjectivity is sufficient to reject the charge of solipsism, to which Descartes, for example, was subject. One argument against Husserl's description works this way: instead of infinity and the Deity being the ego's gateway to the Other, as in Descartes, Husserl's ego in the <i>Cartesian Meditations</i> itself becomes transcendent. It remains, however, alone (unconnected). Only the ego's grasp "by analogy" of the Other (e.g., by conjectural reciprocity) allows the possibility for an 'objective' intersubjectivity, and hence for community.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_prewar_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany">racial laws</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers Party">National Socialist German Workers Party</a> were enacted. On 6 April Husserl was banned from using the library at the University of Freiburg, or any other academic library; the following week, after a public outcry, he was reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet his colleague Heidegger was elected <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector (academic)">Rector</a> of the university on 21–22 April, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. By contrast, in July Husserl resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Akademie" title="Deutsche Akademie">Deutsche Akademie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HusserlPage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiepenheuer_Institut_Freiburg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kiepenheuer_Institut_Freiburg.JPG/250px-Kiepenheuer_Institut_Freiburg.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kiepenheuer_Institut_Freiburg.JPG/375px-Kiepenheuer_Institut_Freiburg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kiepenheuer_Institut_Freiburg.JPG/500px-Kiepenheuer_Institut_Freiburg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kiepenheuer_Institute_for_Solar_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics">Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics</a> in Freiburg, Husserl's home 1937–1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Later Husserl lectured at Prague in 1935 and Vienna in 1936, which resulted in a very differently styled work that, while innovative, is no less problematic: <i>Die Krisis</i> (Belgrade 1936).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husserl describes here the cultural crisis gripping Europe, then approaches a philosophy of history, discussing <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, Descartes, several British philosophers, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>. The apolitical Husserl before had specifically avoided such historical discussions, pointedly preferring to go directly to an investigation of consciousness. <a href="/wiki/Merleau-Ponty" class="mw-redirect" title="Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a> and others question whether Husserl here does not undercut his own position, in that Husserl had attacked in principle <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a>, while specifically designing his phenomenology to be rigorous enough to transcend the limits of history. On the contrary, Husserl may be indicating here that historical traditions are merely features given to the pure ego's intuition, like any other.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A longer section follows on the "<a href="/wiki/Lifeworld" title="Lifeworld">lifeworld</a>" [<i>Lebenswelt</i>], one not observed by the objective logic of science, but a world seen through subjective experience.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet a problem arises similar to that dealing with 'history' above, a chicken-and-egg problem. Does the lifeworld contextualize and thus compromise the gaze of the pure ego, or does the phenomenological method nonetheless raise the ego up transcendent?<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These last writings presented the fruits of his professional life. Since his university retirement Husserl had "worked at a tremendous pace, producing several major works."<sup id="cite_ref-KockelmansBiographical_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KockelmansBiographical-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After suffering a fall in the autumn of 1937, the philosopher became ill with <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>. Edmund Husserl died in Freiburg on 27 April 1938, having just turned 79. His wife Malvine survived him. <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fink" title="Eugen Fink">Eugen Fink</a>, his research assistant, delivered his <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Gerhard Ritter</a> was the only Freiburg faculty member to attend the funeral, as an anti-Nazi protest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heidegger_and_the_Nazi_era">Heidegger and the Nazi era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heidegger and the Nazi era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Husserl was rumoured to have been denied the use of the library at Freiburg as a result of the anti-Jewish legislation of April 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, among other disabilities Husserl was unable to publish his works in Nazi Germany [see above footnote to <i>Die Krisis</i> (1936)]. It was also rumoured that his former pupil <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> informed Husserl that he was discharged, but it was actually the previous rector.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently Husserl and Heidegger had moved apart during the 1920s, which became clearer after 1928 when Husserl retired and Heidegger succeeded to his university chair. In the summer of 1929 Husserl had studied carefully selected writings of Heidegger, coming to the conclusion that on several of their key positions they differed: e.g., Heidegger substituted <i>Dasein</i> ["Being-there"] for the pure ego, thus transforming phenomenology into an anthropology, a type of psychologism strongly disfavored by Husserl. Such observations of Heidegger, along with a critique of <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a>, were put into a lecture Husserl gave to various <i>Kant Societies</i> in Frankfurt, Berlin, and Halle during 1931 entitled <i>Phänomenologie und Anthropologie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the war-time 1941 edition of Heidegger's primary work, <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sein und Zeit</i></span></i>, first published in 1927), the original dedication to Husserl was removed. This was not due to a negation of the relationship between the two philosophers, however, but rather was the result of a suggested censorship by Heidegger's publisher who feared that the book might otherwise be banned by the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-mohzpp_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohzpp-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dedication can still be found in a footnote on page 38, thanking Husserl for his guidance and generosity. Husserl had died three years earlier. In post-war editions of <i>Sein und Zeit</i> the dedication to Husserl is restored. The complex, troubled, and sundered philosophical relationship between Husserl and Heidegger has been widely discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 4 May 1933, Professor Edmund Husserl addressed the recent regime change in Germany and its consequences:</p><blockquote><p>The future alone will judge which was the true Germany in 1933, and who were the true Germans—those who subscribe to the more or less materialistic-mythical racial prejudices of the day, or those Germans pure in heart and mind, heirs to the great Germans of the past whose tradition they revere and perpetuate.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>After his death, Husserl's manuscripts, amounting to approximately 40,000 pages of "<i><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger</a></i>" <a href="/wiki/Stenography" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenography">stenography</a> and his complete research library, were in 1939 smuggled to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> by the Franciscan priest <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Breda" title="Herman Van Breda">Herman Van Breda</a>. There they were deposited at Leuven to form the <i>Husserl-Archives</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Philosophy" title="Higher Institute of Philosophy">Higher Institute of Philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the material in his research manuscripts has since been published in the <a href="/wiki/Husserliana" title="Husserliana">Husserliana</a> critical edition series.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_his_thought">Development of his thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of his thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Several_early_themes">Several early themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Several early themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his first works, Husserl combined mathematics, psychology, and philosophy with the goal of providing a sound foundation for mathematics. He analyzed the psychological process needed to obtain the concept of number and then built up a theory on this analysis. He used methods and concepts taken from his teachers. From Weierstrass he derived the idea of generating the concept of number by counting a certain collection of objects. From Brentano and Stumpf he took the distinction between <i>proper</i> and <i>improper</i> presenting.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 159">: 159 </span></sup> In an example, Husserl explained this in the following way: if someone is standing in front of a house, they have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if they are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions (e.g. the house on the corner of this and that street) are an indirect, improper presentation. In other words, the person can have a proper presentation of an object if it is actually present, and an improper (or symbolic, as Husserl also calls it) one if they only can indicate that object through signs, symbols, etc. Husserl's <i><a href="/wiki/Logical_Investigations_(Husserl)" title="Logical Investigations (Husserl)">Logical Investigations</a></i> (1900–1901) is considered the starting point for the formal theory of wholes and their parts known as <a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">mereology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important element that Husserl took over from Brentano was <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>, the notion that the main characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is that it is always intentional. While often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" or the relationship between mental acts and the external world, Brentano defined it as the main characteristic of <i>mental phenomena</i>, by which they could be distinguished from <i>physical phenomena</i>. Every mental phenomenon, every psychological act, has a content, is directed at an object (the <i><a href="/wiki/Intentional_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional object">intentional object</a></i>). Every belief, desire, etc. has an object that it is about: the believed, the wanted. Brentano used the expression "intentional inexistence" to indicate the status of the objects of thought in the mind. The property of being intentional, of having an intentional object, was the key feature to distinguish mental phenomena and physical phenomena, because physical phenomena lack intentionality altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_elaboration_of_phenomenology">The elaboration of phenomenology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The elaboration of phenomenology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some years after the 1900–1901 publication of his main work, the <i>Logische Untersuchungen</i> (<i>Logical Investigations</i>), Husserl made some key conceptual elaborations which led him to assert that to study the structure of consciousness, one would have to distinguish between the act of consciousness<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the phenomena at which it is directed (the objects as intended). Knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essences</a> would only be possible by "<a href="/wiki/Bracketing_(phenomenology)" title="Bracketing (phenomenology)">bracketing</a>" all assumptions about the existence of an external world. This procedure he called "<a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_epoch%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological epoché">epoché</a>". These new concepts prompted the publication of the <i>Ideen</i> (<i>Ideas</i>) in 1913, in which they were at first incorporated, and a plan for a second edition of the <i>Logische Untersuchungen</i>. </p><p>From the <i>Ideen</i> onward, Husserl concentrated on the ideal, essential structures of consciousness. The metaphysical problem of establishing the reality of what people perceive, as distinct from the perceiving subject, was of little interest to Husserl in spite of his being a <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealist</a>. Husserl proposed that the world of objects—and of ways in which people direct themselves toward and perceive those objects—is normally conceived of in what he called the "natural attitude", which is characterized by a belief that objects exist distinct from the perceiving subject and exhibit properties that people see as emanating from them (this attitude is also called <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">objectivism</a>). Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how people, in their many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually "constitute" them (to be distinguished from materially creating objects or objects merely being figments of the imagination); in the Phenomenological standpoint, the object ceases to be something simply "external" and ceases to be seen as providing indicators about what it is, and becomes a grouping of perceptual and functional aspects that imply one another under the idea of a particular object or "type". The notion of objects as real is not expelled by phenomenology, but "bracketed" as a way in which people regard objects—instead of a feature that inheres in an object's essence founded in the relation between the object and the perceiver. To better understand the world of appearances and objects, phenomenology attempts to identify the invariant features of how objects are perceived and pushes attributions of reality into their role as an attribution about the things people perceive (or an assumption underlying how people perceive objects). The major dividing line in Husserl's thought is the turn to transcendental idealism.<sup id="cite_ref-Boer1978_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boer1978-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a later period, Husserl began to wrestle with the complicated issues of <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a>, specifically, how communication about an object can be assumed to refer to the same ideal entity (<i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Cartesian Meditations</a></i>, Meditation V). Husserl tries new methods of bringing his readers to understand the importance of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> to scientific inquiry (and specifically to <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>) and what it means to "bracket" the natural attitude. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_European_Sciences_and_Transcendental_Phenomenology" title="The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology">The Crisis of the European Sciences</a></i> is Husserl's unfinished work that deals most directly with these issues. In it, Husserl for the first time attempts a historical overview of the development of Western philosophy and science, emphasizing the challenges presented by their increasingly one-sidedly <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a> orientation. Husserl declares that mental and spiritual reality possess their own reality independent of any physical basis,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that a science of the mind ('<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a>') must be established on as scientific a foundation as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> have managed: "It is my conviction that intentional phenomenology has for the first time made spirit as spirit the field of systematic scientific experience, thus effecting a total transformation of the task of knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Husserl's_thought"><span id="Husserl.27s_thought"></span>Husserl's thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Husserl's thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology (philosophy)</a></div> <p>Husserl's thought is revolutionary in several ways, most notably in the distinction between "natural" and "phenomenological" modes of understanding. In the former, sense-perception in correspondence with the material realm constitutes the known reality, and understanding is premised on the accuracy of the perception and the objective knowability of what is called the "real world".<sup id="cite_ref-Keen2009_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen2009-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenomenological understanding strives to be rigorously "presuppositionless" by means of what Husserl calls "<a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological reduction">phenomenological reduction</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduction is not conditioned but rather transcendental: in Husserl's terms, pure consciousness of absolute Being.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Husserl's work, consciousness of any given thing calls for discerning its meaning as an "intentional object".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an object does not simply strike the senses, to be interpreted or misinterpreted by mental reason; it has already been selected and grasped, grasping being an etymological connotation, of <i>percipere</i>, the root of "perceive".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_and_object">Meaning and object</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meaning and object"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <i>Logical Investigations</i> (1900/1901) to <i>Experience and Judgment</i> (published in 1939), Husserl expressed clearly the difference between <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">object</a>. He identified several different kinds of names. For example, there are names that have the role of properties that uniquely identify an object. Each of these names expresses a meaning and designates the same object.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this are "the victor in Jena" and "the loser in Waterloo", or "the equilateral triangle" and "the equiangular triangle"; in both cases, both names express different meanings, but designate the same object. There are names which have no meaning, but have the role of designating an object: "Aristotle", "Socrates", and so on. Finally, there are names which designate a variety of objects. These are called "universal names"; their meaning is a "<a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a>" and refers to a series of objects (the extension of the concept). The way people know sensible objects is called "<a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">sensible intuition</a>". </p><p>Husserl also identifies a series of "formal words" which are necessary to form <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a> and have no sensible <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/correlate#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:correlate">correlates</a>. Examples of formal words are "a", "the", "more than", "over", "under", "two", "group", and so on. Every sentence must contain formal words to designate what Husserl calls "formal categories". There are two kinds of categories: meaning categories and formal-<a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> categories. Meaning categories relate judgments; they include forms of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">disjunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">forms of plural</a>, among others. Formal-ontological categories relate objects and include notions such as set, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal number (linguistics)">ordinal number</a>, part and whole, relation, and so on. The way people know these categories is through a faculty of understanding called "categorial intuition". </p><p>Through sensible intuition, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> constitutes what Husserl calls a "situation of affairs" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sachlage</i></span>). It is a passive constitution where objects themselves are presented. To this situation of affairs, through categorial intuition, people are able to constitute a "<a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(philosophy)" title="State of affairs (philosophy)">state of affairs</a>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sachverhalt</i></span>). One situation of affairs through objective acts of consciousness (acts of constituting categorially) can serve as the basis for constituting multiple states of affairs. For example, suppose <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> are two sensible objects in a certain situation of affairs. It can be used as the basis to say, "<i>a</i><<i>b</i>" and "<i>b</i>><i>a</i>", two judgments which designate the same state of affairs. For Husserl a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">proposition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">judgment</a> as its meaning, and refers to a state of affairs which has a situation of affairs as a reference base.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_and_regional_ontology">Formal and regional ontology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Formal and regional ontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Husserl sees <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> as a <i>science of essences</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlstrom_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlstrom-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sciences of essences</i> are contrasted with <i>factual sciences</i>: the former are knowable <a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a> and provide the foundation for the later, which are knowable <a href="/wiki/A_posteriori" class="mw-redirect" title="A posteriori">a posteriori</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gander_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gander-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontology as a science of essences is not interested in <i>actual facts</i>, but in the essences themselves, whether they <i>have instances or not</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husserl distinguishes between <i>formal ontology</i>, which investigates the essence of <i>objectivity in general</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>regional ontologies</i>, which study <i>regional essences</i> that are shared by all entities belonging to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlstrom_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlstrom-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regions correspond to the highest <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">concrete entities</a>: material nature, personal consciousness and interpersonal spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husserl's method for studying ontology and sciences of essence in general is called <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidetic variation">eidetic variation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gander_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gander-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves imagining an object of the kind under investigation and varying its features.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changed feature is <i>inessential</i> to this kind if the object can survive its change, otherwise it belongs to the <i>kind's essence</i>. For example, a triangle remains a triangle if one of its sides is extended but it ceases to be a triangle if a fourth side is added. Regional ontology involves applying this method to the essences corresponding to the highest genera.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_logic_and_mathematics">Philosophy of logic and mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophy of logic and mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Husserl believed that <i>truth-in-itself</i> has as <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> correlate <i>being-in-itself</i>, just as meaning categories have formal-ontological categories as correlates. <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a> is a formal theory of <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">judgment</a>, that studies the formal <i>a priori</i> relations among judgments using meaning categories. Mathematics, on the other hand, is <a href="/wiki/Formal_ontology" title="Formal ontology">formal ontology</a>; it studies all the possible forms of being (of objects). Hence for both logic and mathematics, the different formal categories are the objects of study, not the sensible objects themselves. The problem with the psychological approach to mathematics and logic is that it fails to account for the fact that this approach is about formal categories, and not simply about abstractions from sensibility alone. The reason why sensible objects are not dealt with in mathematics is because of another faculty of understanding called "categorial abstraction." Through this faculty people are able to get rid of sensible components of judgments, and just focus on formal categories themselves. </p><p>Thanks to "<a href="/wiki/Eidetic_reduction" title="Eidetic reduction">eidetic reduction</a>" (or "essential intuition"), people are able to grasp the possibility, impossibility, necessity and contingency among concepts and among formal categories. Categorial intuition, along with categorial abstraction and eidetic reduction, are the basis for logical and mathematical knowledge. </p><p>Husserl criticized the logicians of his day for not focusing on the relation between subjective processes that offer objective knowledge of pure logic. All subjective activities of consciousness need an ideal correlate, and objective logic (constituted <a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">noematically</a>) as it is constituted by consciousness needs a noetic correlate (the subjective activities of consciousness). </p><p>Husserl stated that logic has three strata, each further away from consciousness and psychology than those that precede it. </p> <ul><li>The first stratum is what Husserl called a "morphology of meanings" concerning <i>a priori</i> ways to relate judgments to make them meaningful. In this stratum people elaborate a "pure grammar" or a logical syntax, and he would call its rules "laws to prevent non-sense", which would be similar to what logic calls today "<a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formation rules</a>". Mathematics, as logic's ontological correlate, also has a similar stratum, a "morphology of formal-ontological categories".</li> <li>The second stratum would be called by Husserl "logic of consequence" or the "logic of non-contradiction" which explores all possible forms of true judgments. He includes here syllogistic classic logic, propositional logic and that of predicates. This is a semantic stratum, and the rules of this stratum would be the "laws to avoid counter-sense" or "laws to prevent contradiction". They are very similar to today's logic "<a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">transformation rules</a>". Mathematics also has a similar stratum which is based among others on pure theory of pluralities, and a pure theory of numbers. They provide a science of the conditions of possibility of any theory whatsoever. Husserl also talked about what he called "logic of truth" which consists of the formal laws of possible truth and its modalities, and precedes the third logical third stratum.</li> <li>The third stratum is <a href="/wiki/Metalogic" title="Metalogic">metalogical</a>, what he called a "theory of all possible forms of theories." It explores all possible theories in an <i>a priori</i> fashion, rather than the possibility of theory in general. Theories of possible relations between pure forms of theories could be established; these logical relations could in turn be investigated using deduction. The logician is free to see the extension of this deductive, theoretical sphere of pure logic.</li></ul> <p>The ontological correlate to the third stratum is the "<a href="/wiki/Manifolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolds">theory of manifolds</a>". In formal ontology, it is a free investigation where a mathematician can assign several meanings to several symbols, and all their possible valid deductions in a general and indeterminate manner. It is, properly speaking, the most universal mathematics of all. Through the posit of certain indeterminate objects (formal-ontological categories) as well as any combination of mathematical axioms, mathematicians can explore the <a href="/wiki/Apodicticity" title="Apodicticity">apodeictic</a> connections between them, as long as consistency is preserved. </p><p>According to Husserl, this view of logic and mathematics accounted for the objectivity of a series of mathematical developments of his time, such as <i>n</i>-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Manifold" title="Manifold">manifolds</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Grassmann" title="Hermann Grassmann">Hermann Grassmann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Exterior_algebra" title="Exterior algebra">theory of extensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Rowan Hamilton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Lie" title="Sophus Lie">Sophus Lie</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Transformation_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation groups">transformation groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Cantor's</a> <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Klein_(philosopher)" title="Jacob Klein (philosopher)">Jacob Klein</a> was one student of Husserl who pursued this line of inquiry, seeking to "desedimentize" mathematics and the mathematical sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Husserl_and_psychologism">Husserl and psychologism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Husserl and psychologism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_arithmetic_and_Frege">Philosophy of arithmetic and Frege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philosophy of arithmetic and Frege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After obtaining his PhD in mathematics, Husserl began analyzing the <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics">foundations of mathematics</a> from a psychological point of view. In his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habilitation thesis">habilitation thesis</a>, <i>On the Concept of Number</i> (1886) and in his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic (book)">Philosophy of Arithmetic</a></i> (1891), Husserl sought, by employing <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_psychology_(Brentano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive psychology (Brentano)">Brentano's descriptive psychology</a>, to define the <a href="/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number">natural numbers</a> in a way that advanced the methods and techniques of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>, and other contemporary mathematicians. Later, in the first volume of his <i>Logical Investigations</i>, the <i>Prolegomena of Pure Logic</i>, Husserl, while attacking the psychologistic point of view in logic and mathematics, also appears to reject much of his early work, although the forms of psychologism analysed and refuted in the <i>Prolegomena</i> did not apply directly to his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic">Philosophy of Arithmetic</a></i>. Some scholars question whether Frege's negative review of the <i>Philosophy of Arithmetic</i> helped turn Husserl towards <a href="/wiki/Modern_Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Platonism">modern Platonism</a>, but he had already discovered the work of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a> independently around 1890/91.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Logical Investigations</i>, Husserl explicitly mentioned Bolzano, <a href="/wiki/G._W._Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. Leibniz">G. W. Leibniz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Hermann Lotze</a> as inspirations for his newer position. </p><p>Husserl's review of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Schr%C3%B6der_(mathematician)" title="Ernst Schröder (mathematician)">Ernst Schröder</a>, published before Frege's landmark 1892 article, clearly distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sense</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a>; thus Husserl's notions of <a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">noema</a> and object also arose independently.<sup id="cite_ref-r_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, in his criticism of Frege in the <i>Philosophy of Arithmetic</i>, Husserl remarks on the distinction between the content and the extension of a concept. Moreover, the distinction between the subjective mental act, namely the content of a concept, and the (external) object, was developed independently by <a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">Brentano and his school</a>, and may have surfaced as early as Brentano's 1870s lectures on logic. </p><p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Nath_Mohanty" title="Jitendra Nath Mohanty">J. N. Mohanty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Ortiz_Hill" title="Claire Ortiz Hill">Claire Ortiz Hill</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_E._Rosado_Haddock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillermo E. Rosado Haddock (page does not exist)">Guillermo E. Rosado Haddock</a>, among others, have argued that Husserl's so-called change from <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> came about independently of Frege's review.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 253–262">: 253–262 </span></sup> For example, the review falsely accuses Husserl of subjectivizing everything, so that no objectivity is possible, and falsely attributes to him a notion of <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a> whereby objects disappear until all that remains are numbers as mere ghosts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Contrary to what Frege states, in Husserl's <i>Philosophy of Arithmetic</i> there are already two different kinds of representations: subjective and objective. Moreover, objectivity is clearly defined in that work. Frege's attack seems to be directed at certain foundational doctrines then current in Weierstrass's Berlin School, of which Husserl and Cantor cannot be said to be orthodox representatives. </p><p>Furthermore, various sources indicate that Husserl changed his mind about psychologism as early as 1890, a year before he published the <i>Philosophy of Arithmetic</i>. Husserl stated that by the time he published that book, he had already changed his mind—that he had doubts about psychologism from the very outset. He attributed this change of mind to his reading of Leibniz, Bolzano, Lotze, and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husserl makes no mention of Frege as a decisive factor in this change. In his <i>Logical Investigations</i>, Husserl mentions Frege only twice, once in a footnote to point out that he had retracted three pages of his criticism of Frege's <i>The Foundations of Arithmetic</i>, and again to question Frege's use of the word <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bedeutung</i></span></i> to designate "reference" rather than "meaning" (sense). </p><p>In a letter dated 24 May 1891, Frege thanked Husserl for sending him a copy of the <i>Philosophy of Arithmetic</i> and Husserl's review of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Schr%C3%B6der_(mathematician)" title="Ernst Schröder (mathematician)">Ernst Schröder</a>'s <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik</i></span></i>. In the same letter, Frege used the review of Schröder's book to analyze Husserl's notion of the sense of reference of concept words. Hence Frege recognized, as early as 1891, that Husserl distinguished between sense and reference. Consequently, Frege and Husserl independently elaborated a theory of sense and reference before 1891. </p><p>Commentators argue that Husserl's notion of noema has nothing to do with Frege's notion of sense, because <i>noemata</i> are necessarily fused with <a href="/wiki/Noesis_(phenomenology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noesis (phenomenology)">noeses</a> which are the conscious activities of consciousness. <i>Noemata</i> have three different levels: </p> <ul><li>The substratum, which is never presented to the consciousness, and is the support of all the properties of the object;</li> <li>The <i>noematic</i> senses, which are the different ways the objects are presented to us;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Modal_logic" title="Modal logic">modalities</a> of being (possible, doubtful, existent, non-existent, absurd, and so on).</li></ul> <p>Consequently, in intentional activities, even <a href="/wiki/Non-existent_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-existent object">non-existent objects</a> can be constituted, and form part of the whole noema. Frege, however, did not conceive of objects as forming parts of senses: If a proper name denotes a non-existent object, it does not have a reference, hence concepts with no objects have no <a href="/wiki/Truth_value" title="Truth value">truth value</a> in arguments. Moreover, Husserl did not maintain that predicates of sentences designate concepts. According to Frege the reference of a sentence is a truth value; for Husserl it is a "state of affairs." Frege's notion of "sense" is unrelated to Husserl's noema, while the latter's notions of "meaning" and "object" differ from those of Frege. </p><p>In detail, Husserl's conception of logic and mathematics differs from that of Frege, who held that arithmetic could be derived from logic. For Husserl this is not the case: mathematics (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>) is the ontological correlate of logic, and while both fields are related, neither one is strictly reducible to the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Husserl's_criticism_of_psychologism"><span id="Husserl.27s_criticism_of_psychologism"></span>Husserl's criticism of psychologism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Husserl's criticism of psychologism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reacting against authors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_Sigwart" title="Christoph von Sigwart">Christoph von Sigwart</a> and his own former teacher Brentano, Husserl criticised their psychologism in mathematics and logic, i.e. their conception of these abstract and <i>a priori</i> sciences as having an essentially empirical foundation and a prescriptive or descriptive nature.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a>, logic would not be an autonomous discipline, but a branch of psychology, either proposing a prescriptive and practical "art" of correct judgement (as Brentano and some of his more orthodox students did)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a description of the factual processes of human thought. Husserl pointed out that the failure of <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychologism" title="Anti-psychologism">anti-psychologists</a> to defeat psychologism was a result of being unable to distinguish between the foundational, theoretical side of logic, and the applied, practical side. Pure logic does not deal at all with "thoughts" or "judgings" as mental episodes but about <i>a priori</i> laws and conditions for any theory and any judgments whatsoever, conceived as propositions in themselves. </p> <dl><dd>"Here 'Judgement' has the same meaning as 'proposition', understood, not as a grammatical, but as an ideal unity of meaning. This is the case with all the distinctions of acts or forms of judgement, which provide the foundations for the laws of pure logic. Categorial, hypothetical, disjunctive, existential judgements, and however else we may call them, in pure logic are not names for classes of judgements, but for ideal forms of propositions."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Since "truth-in-itself" has "being-in-itself" as ontological correlate, and since psychologists reduce truth (and hence logic) to empirical psychology, the inevitable consequence is scepticism. Psychologists have not been successful either in showing how <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">induction</a> or psychological processes can justify the absolute certainty of logical principles, such as the principles of identity and non-contradiction. It is therefore futile to base certain logical laws and principles on uncertain processes of the mind. </p><p>This confusion made by psychologism (and related disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">biologism</a> and anthropologism) can be due to three specific prejudices: </p><p>1. The first prejudice is the supposition that logic is somehow normative in nature. Husserl argues that logic is theoretical, i.e., that logic itself proposes <i>a priori</i> laws which are themselves the basis of the normative side of logic. Since mathematics is related to logic, he cites an example from mathematics: a formula like "(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²" does not offer any insight into how to think mathematically. It just expresses a truth. A proposition that says: "The product of the sum and the difference of a and b <i>should</i> give the difference of the squares of a and b" does express a normative proposition, but this normative statement <i>is based on</i> the theoretical statement "(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²". </p><p>2. For psychologists, the acts of judging, reasoning, deriving, and so on, are all psychological processes. Therefore, it is the role of psychology to provide the foundation of these processes. Husserl states that this effort made by psychologists is a "metábasis eis állo génos" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Gr.</a> μετάβασις εἰς ἄλλο γένος, "a transgression to another field").<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 344">: 344 </span></sup> It is a metábasis because psychology cannot provide any foundations for <i>a priori</i> laws which themselves are the basis for all correct thought. Psychologists have the problem of confusing intentional activities with the object of these activities. It is important to distinguish between the act of judging and the judgment itself, the act of counting and the number itself, and so on. Counting five objects is undeniably a psychological process, but the number 5 is not. </p><p>3. Judgments can be true or not true. Psychologists argue that judgments are true because they become "evidently" true to us.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 261">: 261 </span></sup> This evidence, a psychological process that "guarantees" truth, is indeed a psychological process. Husserl responds by saying that truth itself, as well as logical laws, always remain valid regardless of psychological "evidence" that they are true. No psychological process can explain the <i>a priori</i> objectivity of these <a href="/wiki/Logical_truth" title="Logical truth">logical truths</a>. </p><p>From this criticism to psychologism, the distinction between psychological acts and their intentional objects, and the difference between the normative side of logic and the theoretical side, derives from a Platonist conception of logic. This means that logical and mathematical laws should be regarded as being independent of the human mind, and also as an autonomy of meanings. It is essentially the difference between the real (everything subject to time) and the ideal or irreal (everything that is atemporal), such as logical truths, mathematical entities, mathematical truths and meanings in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabmal_Edmund_Husserl_Freiburg_G%C3%BCnterstal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grabmal_Edmund_Husserl_Freiburg_G%C3%BCnterstal.jpg/250px-Grabmal_Edmund_Husserl_Freiburg_G%C3%BCnterstal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grabmal_Edmund_Husserl_Freiburg_G%C3%BCnterstal.jpg/375px-Grabmal_Edmund_Husserl_Freiburg_G%C3%BCnterstal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grabmal_Edmund_Husserl_Freiburg_G%C3%BCnterstal.jpg/500px-Grabmal_Edmund_Husserl_Freiburg_G%C3%BCnterstal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Husserl's gravestone at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnterstal" title="Günterstal">Günterstal</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Carr_(phenomenology_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Carr (phenomenology scholar)">David Carr</a> commented on Husserl's following in his 1970 dissertation at Yale: "It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task" as originally intended by the radical new science.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding, he did attract philosophers to phenomenology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> is the best known of Husserl's students, the one whom Husserl chose as his successor at Freiburg. Heidegger's magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> was dedicated to Husserl. They shared their thoughts and worked alongside each other for over a decade at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>, Heidegger being Husserl's assistant during 1920–1923.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidegger's early work followed his teacher, but with time he began to develop new insights distinctively variant. Husserl became increasingly critical of Heidegger's work, especially in 1929, and included pointed criticism of Heidegger in lectures he gave during 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidegger, while acknowledging his debt to Husserl, followed a political position offensive and harmful to Husserl after the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> came to power in 1933, Husserl being of Jewish origin and Heidegger infamously being then a Nazi proponent.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic discussion of Husserl and Heidegger is extensive. </p><p>At Göttingen in 1913 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Adolf Reinach</a> (1884–1917) "was now Husserl's right hand. He was above all the mediator between Husserl and the students, for he understood extremely well how to deal with other persons, whereas Husserl was pretty much helpless in this respect."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an original editor of Husserl's new journal, <i>Jahrbuch</i>; one of his works (giving a phenomenological analysis of the law of obligations) appeared in its first issue.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinach was widely admired and a remarkable teacher. Husserl, in his 1917 obituary, wrote, "He wanted to draw only from the deepest sources, he wanted to produce only work of enduring value. And through his wise restraint he succeeded in this."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a> was Husserl's student at Göttingen and Freiburg while she wrote her doctoral thesis <i>The Empathy Problem as it Developed Historically and Considered Phenomenologically</i> (1916). She then became his assistant at Freiburg in 1916–18. She later adapted her phenomenology to the modern school of modern <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Landgrebe" title="Ludwig Landgrebe">Ludwig Landgrebe</a> became assistant to Husserl in 1923. From 1939 he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fink" title="Eugen Fink">Eugen Fink</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Philosophy" title="Higher Institute of Philosophy">Husserl-Archives</a> in Leuven. In 1954 he became leader of the Husserl-Archives. Landgrebe is known as one of Husserl's closest associates, but also for his independent views relating to history, religion and politics as seen from the viewpoints of existentialist philosophy and metaphysics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fink" title="Eugen Fink">Eugen Fink</a> was a close associate of Husserl during the 1920s and 1930s. He wrote the <i>Sixth Cartesian Meditation</i> which Husserl said was the truest expression and continuation of his own work. Fink delivered the eulogy for Husserl in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HusserlPage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a>, an early student of Husserl at Freiburg, corresponded with Husserl into the mid-1930s. Ingarden did not accept, however, the later transcendental idealism of Husserl which he thought would lead to <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>. Ingarden has written his work in German and Polish. In his <i>Spór o istnienie świata</i> (Ger.: "Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt", Eng.: "Dispute about existence of the world") he created his own realistic position, which also helped to spread phenomenology in Poland. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a> met Husserl in Halle in 1901 and found in his phenomenology a methodological breakthrough for his own philosophy. Scheler, who was at Göttingen when Husserl taught there, was one of the original few editors of the journal <i>Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung</i> (1913). Scheler's work <i>Formalism in Ethics and Nonformal Ethics of Value</i> appeared in the new journal (1913 and 1916) and drew acclaim. The personal relationship between the two men, however, became strained, due to Scheler's legal troubles, and Scheler returned to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Scheler later criticised Husserl's idealistic logical approach and proposed instead a "phenomenology of love", he states that he remained "deeply indebted" to Husserl throughout his work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann" title="Nicolai Hartmann">Nicolai Hartmann</a> was once thought to be at the center of phenomenology, but perhaps no longer. In 1921 the prestige of Hartmann the Neo-Kantian, who was Professor of Philosophy at Marburg, was added to the Movement; he "publicly declared his solidarity with the actual work of <i>die Phänomenologie</i>." Yet Hartmann's connections were with Max Scheler and the Munich circle; Husserl himself evidently did not consider him as a phenomenologist. His philosophy, however, is said to include an innovative use of the method.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a> in 1929 gave a presentation at one of Husserl's last seminars in Freiburg. Also that year he wrote on Husserl's <i>Ideen</i> (1913) a long review published by a French journal. With Gabrielle Peiffer, Levinas translated into French Husserl's <i>Méditations cartésiennes</i> (1931). He was at first impressed with Heidegger and began a book on him, but broke off the project when Heidegger became involved with the Nazis. After the war he wrote on Jewish spirituality; most of his family had been murdered by the Nazis in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. Levinas then began to write works that would become widely known and admired.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Schutz">Alfred Schutz</a>'s <i>Phenomenology of the Social World</i> seeks to rigorously ground <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s interpretive sociology in Husserl's phenomenology. Husserl was impressed by this work and asked Schutz to be his assistant.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> was also largely influenced by Husserl, although he later came to disagree with key points in his analyses. Sartre rejected Husserl's transcendental interpretations begun in his <i>Ideen</i> (1913) and instead followed Heidegger's ontology.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_of_Perception" title="Phenomenology of Perception">Phenomenology of Perception</a></i> is influenced by Edmund Husserl's work on perception, intersubjectivity, intentionality, space,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and temporality, including Husserl's theory of <a href="/wiki/Retention_and_protention" title="Retention and protention">retention and protention</a>. Merleau-Ponty's description of 'motor intentionality' and sexuality, for example, retain the important structure of the noetic/noematic correlation of <i>Ideen I</i>, yet further concretize what it means for Husserl when consciousness particularizes itself into modes of intuition. Merleau-Ponty's most clearly Husserlian work is, perhaps, "the Philosopher and His Shadow." Depending on the interpretation of Husserl's accounts of eidetic intuition, given in Husserl's <i>Phenomenological Psychology</i><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Experience and Judgment</i>, it may be that Merleau-Ponty did not accept the "eidetic reduction" nor the "pure essence" said to result.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merleau-Ponty was the first student to study at the Husserl-archives in <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a> explicitly rejected existentialism, due to Sartre, but not phenomenology, which has enjoyed a wide following among French <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a>. He appreciated Husserl, Scheler, and (but with apprehension) Heidegger.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His expressions like "ontology of sensability" when referring to the body, indicate influence by phenomenological thought.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> is known to have read <i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Cartesian Meditations</a></i>. He expressed very strong appreciation for Husserl's work, especially with regard to "bracketing" or "epoché". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a>'s interest in <a href="/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic" title="Intuitionistic logic">intuitionistic logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impredicativity" title="Impredicativity">impredicativity</a> appears to have resulted from his reading of Husserl. He was introduced to Husserl's work through his wife, Helene Joseph, herself a student of Husserl at Göttingen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a> has used Husserl's ideas extensively in developing his "New Existentialism," particularly in regards to his "intentionality of consciousness," which he mentions in a number of his books.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a> was also influenced by Husserl,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his <i>Der Raum</i>, but also his notion of "formation rules" and "transformation rules" is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic. </p><p>Karol Wojtyla, who would later become Pope <a href="/wiki/John-Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John-Paul II">John Paul II</a>, was influenced by Husserl. Phenomenology appears in his major work, <i>The Acting Person</i> (1969). Originally published in Polish, it was translated by Andrzej Potocki and edited by <a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a> in the <i>Analecta Husserliana</i>. <i>The Acting Person</i> combines phenomenological work with <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Husserl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edmund_Husserl.jpg/220px-Edmund_Husserl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edmund_Husserl.jpg/330px-Edmund_Husserl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edmund_Husserl.jpg/440px-Edmund_Husserl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating Husserl in his home town of <a href="/wiki/Prost%C4%9Bjov" title="Prostějov">Prostějov</a>, Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> has translated many works of Husserl into French and has also written many of his own studies of the philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other works, Ricœur employed phenomenology in his <i><a href="/wiki/Freud_and_Philosophy" title="Freud and Philosophy">Freud and Philosophy</a></i> (1965).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> wrote several critical studies of Husserl early in his academic career. These included his dissertation, <i>The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy,</i> and also his introduction to <i>The Origin of Geometry</i>. Derrida continued to make reference to Husserl in works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Le%C5%9Bniewski" title="Stanisław Leśniewski">Stanisław Leśniewski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Ajdukiewicz" title="Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz">Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz</a> were inspired by Husserl's formal analysis of language. Accordingly, they employed phenomenology in the development of <a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">categorial grammar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a> visited Husserl at Freiburg in 1934. He credited phenomenology for having 'liberated him' from a narrow neo-Kantian thought. While perhaps not a phenomenologist himself, he introduced the philosophy to <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a>, an influential figure in the so-called "Pittsburgh School" (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Brandom" title="Robert Brandom">Robert Brandom</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a>) had been a student of <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Farber" title="Marvin Farber">Marvin Farber</a>, a pupil of Husserl, and was influenced by phenomenology through him: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Marvin Farber led me through my first careful reading of the <i>Critique of Pure Reason</i> and introduced me to Husserl. His combination of utter respect for the structure of Husserl's thought with the equally firm conviction that this structure could be given a naturalistic interpretation was undoubtedly a key influence on my own subsequent philosophical strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his 1942 essay <i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Sisyphus" title="The Myth of Sisyphus">The Myth of Sisyphus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurdist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> acknowledges Husserl as a previous philosopher who described and attempted to deal with the feeling of the absurd, but claims he committed "philosophical suicide" by elevating reason and ultimately arriving at ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Platonic forms</a> and an abstract god. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Blumenberg" title="Hans Blumenberg">Hans Blumenberg</a> received his habilitation in 1950, with a dissertation on ontological distance, an inquiry into the crisis of Husserl's phenomenology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, despite some disagreements with Husserl, drew upon his work in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_Desire_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexual Desire (book) (page does not exist)">Sexual Desire</a></i> (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup> </p><p>The influence of the Husserlian phenomenological tradition in the 21st century extends beyond the confines of the European and North American legacies. It has already started to impact (indirectly) scholarship in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern and Oriental thought</a>, including research on the impetus of philosophical thinking in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a> in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1887. <i>Über den Begriff der Zahl. Psychologische Analysen</i> (<i>On the Concept of Number</i>; <a href="/wiki/Habilitation_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habilitation thesis">habilitation thesis</a>)</li> <li>1891. <i>Philosophie der Arithmetik. Psychologische und logische Untersuchungen</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic">Philosophy of Arithmetic</a></i>)</li> <li>1900. <i>Logische Untersuchungen. Erster Teil: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik</i> (<i>Logical Investigations</i>, Vol. 1: <i>Prolegomena to Pure Logic</i>)</li> <li>1901. <i>Logische Untersuchungen. Zweiter Teil: Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie und Theorie der Erkenntnis</i> (<i>Logical Investigations</i>, Vol. 2)</li> <li>1911. <i>Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft</i> (included in <i>Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy: Philosophy as Rigorous Science and Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man</i>)</li> <li>1913. <i>Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch: Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie</i> (<i>Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology</i>)</li> <li>1923–24. <i>Erste Philosophie. Zweiter Teil: Theorie der phänomenologischen Reduktion</i> (<i>First Philosophy</i>, Vol. 2: <i>Phenomenological Reductions</i>)</li> <li>1925. <i>Erste Philosophie. Erster Teil: Kritische Ideengeschichte</i> (<i>First Philosophy</i>, Vol. 1: <i>Critical History of Ideas</i>)</li> <li>1928. <i>Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins</i> (<i>Lectures on the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time</i>)</li> <li>1929. <i>Formale und transzendentale Logik. Versuch einer Kritik der logischen Vernunft</i> (<i>Formal and Transcendental Logic</i>)</li> <li>1930. <i>Nachwort zu meinen "Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie"</i> (<i>Postscript to my "Ideas"</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>1936. <i>Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_European_Sciences_and_Transcendental_Phenomenology:_An_Introduction_to_Phenomenological_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy">The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy</a></i>)</li> <li>1939. <i>Erfahrung und Urteil. Untersuchungen zur Genealogie der Logik.</i> (<i>Experience and Judgment</i>)</li> <li>1950. <i>Cartesianische Meditationen</i> (translation of <i>Méditations cartésiennes</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Cartesian Meditations</a></i>, 1931))</li> <li>1952. <i>Ideen II: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Konstitution</i> (<i>Ideas II: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution</i>)</li> <li>1952. <i>Ideen III: Die Phänomenologie und die Fundamente der Wissenschaften</i> (<i>Ideas III: Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Sciences</i>)</li> <li>1973. <i>Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität</i> (<i>On the Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic">Philosophy of Arithmetic</a></i>, Willard, Dallas, trans., 2003 [1891]. Dordrecht: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer">Kluwer</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logical_Investigations_(Husserl)" title="Logical Investigations (Husserl)">Logical Investigations</a></i>, 1973 [1900, 2nd revised edition 1913], Findlay, J. N., trans. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</li> <li>"Philosophy as Rigorous Science", translated in <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Lauer,_S.J." class="mw-redirect" title="Quentin Lauer, S.J.">Quentin Lauer, S.J.</a>, editor, 1965 [1910] <i>Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>.</li> <li><i>Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology</i>, 1982 [1913]. Kersten, F., trans. The Hague: <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Nijhoff</a>.</li> <li><i>Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – Second Book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution</i>, 1989. R. Rojcewicz and A. Schuwer, translators. Dordrecht: Kluwer.</li> <li><i>Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – Third Book: Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Sciences</i>, 1980, Klein, T. E., and Pohl, W. E., translators. Dordrecht: Kluwer.</li> <li><i>On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1917)</i>, 1990 [1928]. Brough, J.B., trans. Dordrecht: Kluwer.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Cartesian Meditations</a></i>, 1960 [1931]. Cairns, D., trans. Dordrecht: Kluwer.</li> <li><i>Formal and Transcendental Logic</i>, 1969 [1929], Cairns, D., trans. The Hague: Nijhoff.</li> <li><i>Experience and Judgement</i>, 1973 [1939], Churchill, J. S., and Ameriks, K., translators. London: Routledge.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_European_Sciences_and_Transcendental_Phenomenology" title="The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology">The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</a></i>, 1970 [1936/54], Carr, D., trans. Evanston: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>.</li> <li>"Universal Teleology". <i>Telos</i> 4 (Fall 1969). New York: <a href="/wiki/Telos_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos Press">Telos Press</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthologies">Anthologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anthologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Willard" title="Dallas Willard">Willard, Dallas</a>, trans., 1994. <i>Early Writings in the Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics</i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer.</li> <li>Welton, Donn, ed., 1999. <i>The Essential Husserl</i>. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_phenomenology" title="Early phenomenology">Early phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_phenomenology" title="Experimental phenomenology">Experimental phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phenomenologists" title="List of phenomenologists">List of phenomenologists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also 'phenomenological epoché' or 'phenomenological bracketing' or transcendental reduction'.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmbree" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Embree, Lester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/phenomenological-movement/constitutive-phenomenology">"Phenomenological movement"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-DD075-1">10.4324/9780415249126-DD075-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phenomenological+movement&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-DD075-1&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fphenomenological-movement%2Fconstitutive-phenomenology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEPHusserl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEPHusserl_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IEPHusserl" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sawicki, Marianne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/husserl/">"Edmund Husserl (1859–1938)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmund+Husserl+%281859%E2%80%931938%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Sawicki&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fhusserl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl insisted that he was and always had meant to be a transcendental idealist.<sup id="cite_ref-IEPHusserl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEPHusserl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelope Rush, "Logical Realism", in: Penelope Rush (ed.), <i>The Metaphysics of Logic</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEilBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">pp. 13–31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gestalt Theory: Official Journal of the Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA)</i>, <b>22</b>, Steinkopff, 2000, p. 94: "Attention has varied between Continental Phenomenology (late Husserl, Merleau-Ponty) and Austrian Realism (Brentano, Meinong, Benussi, early Husserl)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Textor, <i>The Austrian Contribution to Analytic Philosophy</i>, Routledge, 2006, pp. 170–171:<br />"[Husserl argues in the <i>Logical Investigations</i> that the rightness of a judgement or proposition] shows itself in our experience of self-evidence (<i>Evidenz</i>), which term Husserl takes from Brentano, but makes criterial not of truth per se but of our most secure awareness that things are as we take them to be, when the object of judgement, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(philosophy)" title="State of affairs (philosophy)">state of affairs</a>, is given most fully or adequately. ... In his struggle to overcome relativism, especially psychologism, Husserl stressed the objectivity of truth and its independence of the nature of those who judge it ... A proposition is true not because of some fact about a thinker but because of an objectively existing abstract proposition's relation to something that is not a proposition, namely a state of affairs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Smith_(ontologist)" title="Barry Smith (ontologist)">Barry Smith</a> and David Woodruff Smith, eds., <i>The Cambridge Companion to Husserl</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahar2001" class="citation book cs1">Zahar, Elie (2001). <i>Poincaré's Philosophy: From Conventionalism to Phenomenology</i>. Chicago: Open Court. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9435-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9435-X"><bdi>0-8126-9435-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poincar%C3%A9%27s+Philosophy%3A+From+Conventionalism+to+Phenomenology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8126-9435-X&rft.aulast=Zahar&rft.aufirst=Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin D. Rollinger, <i>Husserl's Position in the School of Brentano</i>, <i>Phaenomenologica</i> 150, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999, p. 224 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. N. Mohanty (ed.), <i>Readings on Edmund Husserl's Logical Investigations</i>, Springer, 1977, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moran, D. and Cohen, J., 2012, <i>The Husserl Dictionary</i>. London, Continuum Press: p. 151 ("Hyletic data (<i>hyletischen Daten</i>)"): "In <i>Ideas I</i> § 85, Husserl uses the term 'hyletic data' to refer to the sensuous constituents of our intentional experiences."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pre-reflective self-consciousness" is <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Gallagher" title="Shaun Gallagher">Shaun Gallagher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Zahavi" title="Dan Zahavi">Dan Zahavi</a>'s term for Husserl's idea that consciousness always involves a self-appearance or self-manifestation (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Für-sich-selbst-erscheinens</i>; E. Husserl (1959), <i>Erste Philosophie II 1923–24</i>, Husserliana VIII, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 189, 412) and his idea that the fact that "an appropriate train of sensations or images is experienced, and is in this sense conscious, does not and cannot mean that this is the object of an act of consciousness, in the sense that a perception, a presentation or a judgment is directed upon it" (E. Husserl (1984), *<i>Logische Untersuchungen II</i>, Husserliana XIX/1–2, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, p. 165; English translation: <i>Logical Investigations I</i>, translated by J. N. Findlay, London: Routledge, 2001, p. 273). See <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Gallagher" title="Shaun Gallagher">Shaun Gallagher</a>, *<i>Phenomenology</i>, Springer, 2016, p. 130 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/self-consciousness-phenomenological/">"Phenomenological Approaches to Self-Consciousness"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSmith1995" class="citation cs2">Smith, B.; Smith, D. W., eds. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PIhzc6ZBlIC&q=%22cambridge+companion+to+husserl%22"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Husserl</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–302, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43616-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43616-8"><bdi>0-521-43616-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Husserl&rft.pages=301-302&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-43616-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PIhzc6ZBlIC%26q%3D%2522cambridge%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bhusserl%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/husserl">"Husserl"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Husserl&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhusserl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/definition/Husserl">"Husserl"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Husserl&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fdefinition%2FHusserl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Husserl" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Husserl">"Husserl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Husserl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DHusserl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Husserl">"Husserl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Husserl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHusserl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrechStockHirschfeldAnders2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec"><i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i></a></span> [<i>German Pronunciation Dictionary</i>] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec/page/n476">465</a>, 598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=465%2C+598&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva-Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeutschesausspra00krec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, D. W. (2007). <i>Husserl</i>. p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper-Wiele, J. K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHKhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>The Totalizing Act: Key to Husserl's Early Philosophy</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>, 1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kockelmans, J. K., <i>Phenomenology and the Natural Sciences: Essays and Translations</i> (<a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>, 1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rX9QFsqTKv4C&pg=PA3">p. 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KockelmansBiographical-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KockelmansBiographical_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KockelmansBiographical_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KockelmansBiographical_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph J. Kockelmans, "Biographical Note" per Edmund Husserl, at 17–20, in his edited <i>Phenomenology. The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl and Its Interpretation</i> (Garden City NY: Doubleday Anchor 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HusserlPage-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HusserlPage_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.husserlpage.com/hus_bio.html">"Husserl Page: Husserl's Biography in Brief"</a>. <i>Husserlpage.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Husserlpage.com&rft.atitle=Husserl+Page%3A+Husserl%27s+Biography+in+Brief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.husserlpage.com%2Fhus_bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiegelberg, H. <i>The Phenomenological Movement. A historical introduction</i>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2d ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024702399" title="Special:BookSources/9024702399">9024702399</a>. Vol. I, pp. 85–87. It was reported "from witnesses of Husserl's last days – that Husserl had something like a deathbed conversion." Spiegelberg (1971) at I:85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiegelberg, H., <i>The Context of the Phenomenological Movement</i> (Berlin/Heidelberg: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>, 1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVVFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134">p. 134</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kockelmans, "Biographical Note" per Edmund Husserl, 17–20, at 17–18, in his edited <i>Phenomenology</i> (Doubleday Anchor 1967). <i>Husserl's 'Philosophie der Arithmetik</i> is further discussed here below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050207205639/http://www.mta.ca/~rhudson/papers/husserl.htm">"Gerhart Husserl; by H. Pallard and R. Hudson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mta.ca/~rhudson/papers/husserl.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerhart+Husserl%3B+by+H.+Pallard+and+R.+Hudson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mta.ca%2F~rhudson%2Fpapers%2Fhusserl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., "Illustrative extracts from Frege's Review of Husserl's <i>Philosophie der Arithmetik</i>", translated by P.T.Geach, at 79–85, in Peter Geach and Max Black, editors, <i>Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege</i> (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/">Edmund Husserl</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: What the exact impact this criticism by Frege may have had on Husserl's subsequent positions is the subject of debate. See below herein the section "Husserl and the Critique of Psychologism" and the subsection "Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl's <i>Logische</i>, in its disentangling of psychology from logic, also served as preparation for the later development of his work in <a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological reduction">phenomenological reduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Farber" title="Marvin Farber">Marvin Farber</a>, "Husserl and Philosophical Radicalism. The ideas of a presuppositionless philosophy" 37–57 at 47–48, in Kockelmans, ed., <i>Phenomenology</i> (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MacEVF4s-QC"><i>Husserl. An Analysis of His Phenomenology</i></a> (Northwestern University 1967) at 29–30. Ricœur traces Husserl's development from the <i>Logische Untersuchungen</i> to his later <i>Ideen</i> (<i>Ideas</i>, 1913), as leading from the psychological to the transcendental, regarding the intuition of essences (which the methodology of the phenomenological reduction allows). The book <i>Husserl</i> contains translations of Ricœur's essays of 1949–1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins</i> (1928), translated as <i>The Phenomenology of Internal Time Consciousness</i> (Indiana University 1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>Ideen au einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie</i> (1913), translated as <i>Ideas. General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology</i> (New York: Macmillan 1931; reprint Collier), with "Author's Preface to the English Edition" at 5–22. Therein, Husserl in 1931 refers to "Transcendental Subjectivity" being "a new field of experience" opened as a result of practicing phenomenological reduction, and giving rise to an <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> science not empirically based but somewhat similar to mathematics. By such practice the individual becomes the "transcendental Ego", although Husserl acknowledges the problem of <a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a>. Later he emphasizes "the necessary stressing of the difference between transcendental and psychological subjectivity, the repeated declaration that transcendental phenomenology is not in any sense psychology" but rather (in contrast to naturalistic psychology) by the phenomenological reduction "the life of the soul is made intelligible in its most intimate and originally intuitional essence" and whereby "objects of the most varied grades right up to the level of the objective world are there for the Ego" (<i>Ibid.</i> at 5–7, 11–12, 18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricoeur, Paul (1967). <i>Husserl. An Analysis of His Phenomenology</i>. p. 33. In his "<i>Ideen</i> period" (1911–1925) Husserl also produced two unpublished manuscripts later referred to as <i>Ideen II</i> and <i>Ideen III</i>. Ricœur (1967) at 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Paul Sartre, "La Transcendance de L'Ego. Esquisse d'une description phénoménologique" in <i>Recherches Philosophiques</i>, VI (1937), translated as <i>The Transcendence of the Ego. An existentialist theory of consciousness</i> (New York: The Noonday Press 1957). Sartre's "disagreement with Husserl seems to have facilitated the transition from phenomenology to the existentialist doctrines of <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">L'Être et le Néant</a></i> [1943]." F. Williams and R. Kirkpatrick, "Translator's introduction" 11–27, at 12, to <i>Transcendence of the Ego</i> (1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricoeur, Paul (1967). <i>Husserl. An Analysis of His Phenomenology</i>. Northwestern University. pp. 29, 30; cf., 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>Ideen</i> (1913), translated as <i>Ideas</i> (1931), e.g., at 161–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricoeur, <i>Husserl</i> (1967) at 25–27. <i>Ideen</i> does not address the problem of solipsism. Ricœur (1967) at 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Koestenbaum, "Introductory Essay" ix–lxxvii, at lxxv, in Husserl, <i>The Paris Lectures</i> (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2d ed. 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 1962 translation <i>Being and Time</i> by Macquarrie and Robinson, Heidegger states: "Dedicated to <i>Edmund Husserl</i> in friendship and admiration. Todnauberg in Baden, Black Forest, 8 April 1926".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Husserl, <i>Pariser Vorträge</i> [1929], translated as <i>The Paris Lectures</i> (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2d ed. 1967), by Peter Koestenbaum, with an "Introductory Essay" at ix–lxxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This work was published first in French. Husserl, <i>Méditations cartésiennes</i> (Paris: Armand Colin 1931), translated by Gabrielle Peiffer and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a>. A German edition <i>Cartesianische Meditationen</i> (which Husserl had reworked) came out in 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricoeur, Paul (1967). <i>Husserl. An Analysis of His Phenomenology</i>. Northwestern University. pp. 82–85, 115–116, 123–142. Ricoeur wonders whether here Husserl does not "square the circle" regarding the issue of <a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZack2009" class="citation book cs1">Zack, Naomi (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XKDBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273"><i>The Handy Philosophy Answer Book</i></a>. Visible Ink Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-277-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-277-7"><bdi>978-1-57859-277-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handy+Philosophy+Answer+Book&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=978-1-57859-277-7&rft.aulast=Zack&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XKDBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie</i> (Belgrade 1936). "As a Jew who was denied any public platform in Germany, Husserl had to publish, as he had lectured, outside his own country." <i>Philosophia</i> in Belgrade began its publication. David Carr, "Translator's Introduction" xv–xliii, at xvii, to Edmund Husserl, <i>The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</i> (Northwestern University 1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quentin Lauer, "Introduction", pp. 1–68, at pp. 6–7, in Edmund Husserl, <i>Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy</i> (New York: Harper & Row/Torchbook 1965); translated are two works by Husserl: the 1935 Prague lecture "Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man" [Philosophie und die Krisis des europäischen Menschentums], and the 1911 essay "Philosophy as Rigorous Science" [Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, David (1970) "Translator's Introduction" xv–xliii, at xxx–xxxi, xxxiv–xxxv, xxxvii–xxxviii (historicism), xxxvi–xxxvii (as given), to Husserl, <i>The Crises of European Sciences</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricœur, Paul (1949) "Husserl et le sens de l'histoire", as translated in his <i>Husserl. An Analysis of His Phenomenology</i> (1967) at pp. 143–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>The Crises of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</i> (Northwestern University 1970), e.g., at 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, David (1970) "Translator's Introduction" xv–xliii, at xxxviii–xlii, to Husserl, <i>The Crises of European Sciences</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/">Edmund Husserl</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo Ott, <i>Martin Heidegger, Unterwegs zu seiner Biographie</i>. Campus Verlag p.168, Walter Biemel "Erinnerungsfragmente" in Erinnerung an Martin Heidegger Neske 1977 S.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Safranski, <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger:_Between_Good_and_Evil" title="Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil">Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil</a></i> (Cambridge, Mass., & London: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 253–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiegelberg, Herbert (1971). <i>The Phenomenological Movement. A historical introduction</i>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2d ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024702399" title="Special:BookSources/9024702399">9024702399</a>. Vol. I. pp. 281–283. "Around this time, Husserl also began to refer to Heidegger and Scheler as his philosophical antipodes." Spiegelberg (1970) at p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, Edmund (1997). <i>Psychological and Transcendental Phenomenology and the Confrontation with Heidegger (1927–1931)</i>, translated by T. Sheehan and R. Palmer. Dordrecht: Kluwer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792344812" title="Special:BookSources/0792344812">0792344812</a>, which contains his "Phänomenologie und Anthropologie" at pp. 485–500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mohzpp-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mohzpp_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nur noch ein Gott kann uns retten". <i>Der Spiegel</i>, 31 May 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a> in the 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ister_(film)" title="The Ister (film)">The Ister</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Evans, <i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i> (Penguin 2003), p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Peter Koestenbaum, "Introductory Essay" ix–lxxvii, at lxxv–lxxvi, in his edited Edmund Husserl, <i>The Paris Lectures</i> (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2d ed. 1967). His widow Malvine Husserl was instrumental in this rescue project; she became a convert to Catholicism in 1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kockelmans, "The Husserl-Archives", at 20–21, in his edited <i>Phenomenology</i> (Doubleday Anchor 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisette, D., & Martinelli, R., eds., <i>Philosophy from an Empirical Standpoint: Essays on Carl Stumpf</i> (<a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Brill Rodopi</a>, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1jFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA159">p. 159</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Simons_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Simons (professor)">Simons, Peter</a>, <i>Parts: A Study in Ontology</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parts%3A+A+Study+in+Ontology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Chisholm, R. M.</a> (1967). "Intentionality". The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4: 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Warren, N., <i>Husserl and the Promise of Time: Subjectivity in Transcendental Phenomenology</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDtsfIKAg4gC&pg=PA79">p. 79</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boer1978-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boer1978_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodorus_Boer1978" class="citation book cs1">Theodorus Boer (31 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9XsudxFWboC&pg=PA121"><i>The Development of Husserl's Thought</i></a>. Springer. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2039-2"><bdi>978-90-247-2039-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Husserl%27s+Thought&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1978-12-31&rft.isbn=978-90-247-2039-2&rft.au=Theodorus+Boer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW9XsudxFWboC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This assumption led Husserl to an idealistic position (which he originally had tried to overcome or avoid). On Husserl's phenomenological idealism see <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a>, <i>Die Subjekt-Objekt-Dialektik in der transzendentalen Phänomenologie. Das Seinsproblem zwischen Idealismus und Realismus</i>. (<i>Monographien zur philosophischen Forschung</i>, Vol. 112.) Meisenheim a. G.: Anton Hain, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Crisis of European Humanity</i>, Pt. II, 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keen2009-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keen2009_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Keen2009" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Keen (24 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZc5313lR8wC&pg=PA68"><i>Exile and Restoration in Jewish Thought: An Essay in Interpretation</i></a>. Continuum. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5308-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5308-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-5308-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+and+Restoration+in+Jewish+Thought%3A+An+Essay+in+Interpretation&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5308-2&rft.au=Ralph+Keen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZc5313lR8wC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Husserl, <i>Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology</i>, tr. W. R. Boyce Gibson (New York: Macmillan, 1962) 96–103, 155–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>Ideas</i> 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>Ideas</i> 242–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husserl, <i>Ideas</i> 105–109; Mark P. Drost, 'The Primacy of Perception in Husserl's Theory of Imagining,' <i>PPR 1</i> (1990) 569–82. The German <i>begreifen</i>, cognate with English 'grip,' carries the same sense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Super-recursive_algorithm" title="Super-recursive algorithm">Burgin, M.</a>, <i>Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmptDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA468">p. 468</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosado Haddock, G. E., & <a href="/wiki/Claire_Ortiz_Hill" title="Claire Ortiz Hill">Ortiz Hill, C.</a>, <i>Husserl or Frege?: Meaning, Objectivity, and Mathematics</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Illinois" title="LaSalle, Illinois">LaSalle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court</a>, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4BgqIntkK5sC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlstrom-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlstrom_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlstrom_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlstrom2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dahlstrom, D. O. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology">"Ontology"</a>. <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontology&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dahlstrom&rft.aufirst=D.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fphilosophy%2Fphilosophy-terms-and-concepts%2Fontology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandkühler2010" class="citation book cs1">Sandkühler, Hans Jörg (2010). "Ontologie". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311040207/https://meiner.de/enzyklopadie-philosophie.html"><i>Enzyklopädie Philosophie</i></a>. Meiner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meiner.de/enzyklopadie-philosophie.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontologie&rft.btitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+Philosophie&rft.pub=Meiner&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sandk%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Hans+J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeiner.de%2Fenzyklopadie-philosophie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gander-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gander_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gander_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGander2009" class="citation book cs1">Gander, Hans-Helmuth (2009). "Ontologie". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/GANHL"><i>Husserl Lexikon</i></a>. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontologie&rft.btitle=Husserl+Lexikon&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gander&rft.aufirst=Hans-Helmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FGANHL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFøllesdal2006" class="citation book cs1">Føllesdal, Dagfinn (2006). "Husserl's Reductions and the Role They Play in His Phenomenology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470996508.ch8"><i>A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 105–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470996508.ch8">10.1002/9780470996508.ch8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99650-8"><bdi>978-0-470-99650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Husserl%27s+Reductions+and+the+Role+They+Play+in+His+Phenomenology&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Phenomenology+and+Existentialism&rft.pages=105-114&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470996508.ch8&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99650-8&rft.aulast=F%C3%B8llesdal&rft.aufirst=Dagfinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470996508.ch8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drummond, John J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/DRUHDO">"Formal ontology"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of Husserl's Philosophy</i>. Scarecrow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formal+ontology&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Husserl%27s+Philosophy&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FDRUHDO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoli1993" class="citation journal cs1">Poli, Roberto (1993). "Husserl's Conception of Formal Ontology". <i>History and Philosophy of Logic</i>. <b>14</b>: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01445349308837207">10.1080/01445349308837207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Philosophy+of+Logic&rft.atitle=Husserl%27s+Conception+of+Formal+Ontology&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01445349308837207&rft.aulast=Poli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoranCohen2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moran, Dermot; Cohen, Joseph (2012). "Regional ontology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MORTHD"><i>The Husserl Dictionary</i></a>. Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regional+ontology&rft.btitle=The+Husserl+Dictionary&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMORTHD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drummond, John J. (2009). "Eidetic variation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/DRUHDO"><i>Historical Dictionary of Husserl's Philosophy</i></a>. Scarecrow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eidetic+variation&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Husserl%27s+Philosophy&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FDRUHDO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear" class="citation web cs1">Spear, Andrew D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/huss-int/">"Husserl, Edmund: Intentionality and Intentional Content"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Husserl%2C+Edmund%3A+Intentionality+and+Intentional+Content&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fhuss-int%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See especially Klein's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkPDAgAAQBAJ"><i>Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra</i></a> (MIT Press, 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Schramm, <i>Meinongian Issues in Contemporary Italian Philosophy</i>, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Consider <a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Nath_Mohanty" title="Jitendra Nath Mohanty">Jitendra Nath Mohanty</a>, 1995, "The Development of Husserl's Thought" in <a href="/wiki/Barry_Smith_(ontologist)" title="Barry Smith (ontologist)">Barry Smith</a> and David Woodruff Smith, eds., <i>The Cambridge Companion to Husserl</i>, Cambridge University Press. For further commentaries on the review, see Willard, Dallas, 1984. <i>Logic and the Objectivity of Knowledge</i>. Athens OH: Ohio University Press, p. 63; J. Philip Miller, 1982. "Numbers in Presence and Absence, <i>Phaenomenologica 90</i> (Den Haag: Nijhoff): p. 19 ff.; and <a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Nath_Mohanty" title="Jitendra Nath Mohanty">Jitendra Nath Mohanty</a>, 1984, "Husserl, Frege and the Overcoming of Psychologism", in Cho, Kay Kyung, ed., <i>Philosophy and Science in Phenomenological Perspective, Phaenomenologica 95</i> (Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: Nijhoff), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosado Haddock, G. E., "On Husserl's Distinction between State of Affairs (Sachverhalt) and Situation of Affairs (Sachlage)", in <a href="/wiki/Claire_Ortiz_Hill" title="Claire Ortiz Hill">C. Ortiz Hill</a> and G. E. Rosado Haddock, <i>Husserl Or Frege?: Meaning, Objectivity, and Mathematics</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court</a>, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4BgqIntkK5sC&pg=PA253">pp. 253–262</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Husserl-Chronik</i>, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolomb1976" class="citation journal cs1">Golomb, Jacob (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2106865">"Psychology from the Phenomenological Standpoint of Husserl"</a>. <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 451–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2106865">10.2307/2106865</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8205">0031-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2106865">2106865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Psychology+from+the+Phenomenological+Standpoint+of+Husserl&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=451-471&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0031-8205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2106865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2106865&rft.aulast=Golomb&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2106865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the quotes in Carlo Ierna, "Husserl's Critique of Double Judgments", in: Filip Mattens, editor, <i>Meaning and Language: Phenomenological Perspectives</i>, Phaenomenologica 187 (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Springer, 2008, pp. 50 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Husserl, <i>Logical Investigations</i>, volume 1, edited by Dermot Moran, trans. by J.N. Findlay (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gutland, C., <i>Denk-Erfahrung: Eine phänomenologisch orientierte Untersuchung der Erfahrbarkeit des Denkens und der Gedanken</i> (<a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>/Munich: Verlag Karl Alber, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlqUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344">p. 344</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drummond, J. J., <i>Husserlian Intentionality and Non-Foundational Realism: Noema and Object</i> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>, 1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osu3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">p. 261</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, David (1970) "Translator's Introduction" xv–xlii, at xxv, to Edmund Husserl, <i>The Crisis of European Science and Transcendental Phenomenology</i>. Northwestern University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kockelmans, "Introduction [Martin Heidegger]" 267–276, 273, in Kockelmans, editor, <i>Phenomenology</i> (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2017" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Christian (23 August 2017). "Edmund Husserl". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/husserl/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmund+Husserl&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2016%2Fentries%2Fhusserl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidegger was at <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> 1923–1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See above subsection "Heidegger and the Nazi era".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The multivalent, including the "horrifying", aspects of Heidegger in a parallel context are recounted in Peter Eli Gordon, <i>Rosensweig and Heidegger: Between Judaism and German Philosophy</i> (University of California 2003) at 13–14 (Heidegger and Rosensweig's early "kinship" with him). "In 1929, however, one could still read Heidegger's philosophy without being drawn into a controversy concerning its relationship to <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, and the like. The German philosophical world as a whole still cloaked itself in a mantle of relative innocence." Gordon (2003) at 303–304. "Rosensweig's work represents the culmination of what is often called the German Jewish Tradition." Gordon, "Preface" (2003) at xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edith Stein, <i>Reinach as a Philosophical Personality</i> [Selection from her memoirs] xxvii–xxix, at xxvii, in <i>Aletheia</i>, III (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Reinach, "Die apriorischen Grundlagen des bürgerlichen Rechtes" in <i>Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung</i>, I: 685–847 (1913), translated as "The A Priori Foundation of Civil Law" in <i>Aletheia</i>, III: 1–142 (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Husserl, <i>Reinach as a Philosophical Personality</i> [Obituary notice] xi–xiv, at xi, in <i>Aletheia</i>, III (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waltraud Herbstrith, <i>Edith Stein: A Biography</i> (New York: Harper and Row, 1985 [1971]), pp. 13–14, 24; 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Raphael Staude, <i>Max Scheler</i> (New York: Free Press 1967) at 19–20, 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiegelberg, Herbert (1971). <i>The Phenomenological Movement</i>. pp. 258–259; 371 (Scheler), 379–384 (use of method).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unsigned "Preface" at vii–x, to <i>Emmanuel Levinas. Basic philosophical writings</i> (Indiana University 1996), edited by Adriaan Peperzak, Simon Critchley, and Robert Bernasconi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Walsh, "Introduction", Alfred Schütz, The Phenomenology of the Social World (Illinois 1997) p. xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sartre, <i>The Transcendent of the Ego. An Existentialist Theory of Consciousness</i> [1937] (New York: Noonday 1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the influence of Husserl on Merleau-Ponty's conception of <i>l'espace</i> as expounded in: <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, "A Phenomenological Account of the Ontological Problem of Space", <i>Existentia Meletai-Sophias</i>, 12 (2002), pp.345–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lectures, Summer Semester, 1925</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remy C. Kwant, "Merleau-Ponty's Criticism of Husserl's Eidetic Reduction" in Joseph J. Kochelmans, <i>Phenomenology. The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl and its Interpretation</i> (Garden City NY: Doubleday Anchor 1967) at 393–408, 394–395, 404–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiegelberg, Herbert and Schuhmann, Karl (1982). <i>The Phenomenological Movement</i>. Springer. pp. 438–439, 448–449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caponigri, A. Robert (1971). <i>A History of Western Philosophy</i>. University of Notre Dame. Vol. V, pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Wilson1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a> (1966). <i>Introduction to the New Existentialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7045-0415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7045-0415-8"><bdi>978-0-7045-0415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Existentialism&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-7045-0415-8&rft.au=Colin+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, D. W., and Thomasson, Amie L. (eds.), 2005, <i>Phenomenology and Philosophy of Mind</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 8 n. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojtyla2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyla, Karol</a> (2002), <i>The Acting Person: A Contribution to Phenomenological Anthropology</i>, Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-0985-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-0985-8"><bdi>90-277-0985-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acting+Person%3A+A+Contribution+to+Phenomenological+Anthropology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-277-0985-8&rft.aulast=Wojtyla&rft.aufirst=Karol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Paul Ricœur, <i>Husserl. An analysis of his phenomenology</i> (Northwestern University 1967), collected essays, translated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricœur, <i>Freud and Philosophy: An essay in interpretation</i> ([1965]; Yale University 1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Smith_(ontologist)" title="Barry Smith (ontologist)">Smith, Barry</a> (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/dummett.pdf">"On the Origins of Analytic Philosophy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Grazer Philosophische Studien</i>, vol. 34, pp. 153–173</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grazer+Philosophische+Studien&rft.atitle=On+the+Origins+of+Analytic+Philosophy&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=153-173&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fontology.buffalo.edu%2Fsmith%2Farticles%2Fdummett.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiegelberg, Herbert and Schuhmann, Karl (1982). <i>The Phenomenological Movement</i>. Springer. pp. 658–659.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellars1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Sellars, Wilfrid</a> (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/sellars/ar.html">"Autobiographical Reflections"</a>, in Castañeda, Hector-Neri (ed.), <i>Action, Knowledge, and Reality: Critical Studies in Honor of Wilfrid Sellars</i>, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autobiographical+Reflections&rft.btitle=Action%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Reality%3A+Critical+Studies+in+Honor+of+Wilfrid+Sellars&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Sellars&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Fsellars%2Far.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton,_Roger1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (1994). <i>Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation</i>. London: Phoenix. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ckfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85799-100-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85799-100-1"><bdi>1-85799-100-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Desire%3A+A+Philosophical+Investigation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85799-100-1&rft.au=Scruton%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance: <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, <i>The Phenomenological Quest Between <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a></i> (Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY at Binghamton, 2000); and also refer to: <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>'s <i>De Anima</i> between <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a>", in <i>The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a> (Dordrecht: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>, 2003), pp. 67–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Refer also to the book-series published by Springer on <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.springer.com/series/6137">[1]</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor W.</a>, 2013. <i>Against Epistemology</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745665382" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745665382">978-0745665382</a></li> <li>Bernet, Rudolf, et al., 1993. <i>Introduction to Husserlian Phenomenology</i>. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-1030-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8101-1030-X">0-8101-1030-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a>, 1954 (French), 2003 (English). <i>The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy</i>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>--------, 1962 (French), 1976 (English). <i>Introduction to Husserl's The Origin of Geometry</i>. Includes Derrida's translation of Appendix III of Husserl's 1936 <i>The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</i>.</li> <li>--------, 1967 (French), 1973 (English). <i>Speech and Phenomena (La Voix et le Phénomène), and other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-0397-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8101-0397-4">0-8101-0397-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fink" title="Eugen Fink">Fink, Eugen</a> 1995, <i>Sixth Cartesian meditation. The Idea of a Transcendental Theory of Method</i> with textual notations by Edmund Husserl. Translated with an introduction by Ronald Bruzina, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Hill, C. O., 1991. <i>Word and Object in Husserl, Frege, and Russell: The Roots of Twentieth-Century Philosophy</i>. Ohio Univ. Press.</li> <li>Hopkins, Burt C., (2011). <i>The Philosophy of Husserl</i>. Durham: Acumen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Lévinas">Levinas, Emmanuel</a>, 1963 (French), 1973 (English). <i>The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology</i>. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a>, 1982. <i>Edmund Husserl's Theory of Meaning</i>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.</li> <li>--------, 1982. <i>Husserl and Frege</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Moran, D. and Cohen, J., 2012, <i>The Husserl Dictionary</i>. London, Continuum Press.</li> <li>Natanson, Maurice, 1973. <i>Edmund Husserl: Philosopher of Infinite Tasks</i>. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-0425-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8101-0425-3">0-8101-0425-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz_Hillda_Silva1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Ortiz_Hill" title="Claire Ortiz Hill">Ortiz Hill, Claire</a>; da Silva, Jairo Jose, eds. (1997). <i>The Road Not Taken: On Husserl's Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics</i>. College Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Not+Taken%3A+On+Husserl%27s+Philosophy+of+Logic+and+Mathematics&rft.pub=College+Publications&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur, Paul</a>, 1967. <i>Husserl: An Analysis of His Phenomenology</i>. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.</li> <li>Rollinger, R. D., 2008. <i>Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Language</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Ontos-Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86838-005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86838-005-7">978-3-86838-005-7</a></li> <li>Sokolowski, Robert. <i>Introduction to Phenomenology</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66792-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66792-0">978-0-521-66792-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_B.Smith,_D._W.1995" class="citation cs2">Smith, B.; Smith, D. W., eds. (1995), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Husserl</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43616-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43616-8"><bdi>0-521-43616-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Husserl&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-43616-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, David Woodruff, 2007. <i>Husserl</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Zahavi" title="Dan Zahavi">Zahavi, Dan</a>, 2003. <i>Husserl's Phenomenology</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4546-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4546-3">0-8047-4546-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edmund_Husserl" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edmund_Husserl" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Edmund Husserl</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=44300322">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=44300322&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Husserl_archives">Husserl archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Husserl archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiw.kuleuven.be/hua">Husserl-Archives Leuven</a>, the main Husserl-Archive in <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, International Centre for Phenomenological Research.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/series/6062">Husserliana: Edmund Husserl Gesammelte Werke</a>, the ongoing critical edition of Husserl's works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/series/6061">Husserliana: Materialien</a>, edition for lectures and shorter works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/series/6059">Edmund Husserl Collected Works</a>, English translation of Husserl's works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://husserl.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/">Husserl-Archives</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.husserlarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/">Husserl-Archives Freiburg</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophie.ens.fr/Les-Archives-Husserl-51.html">Archives Husserl de Paris</a>, at the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Husserl%2C%20Edmund%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edmund%20Husserl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Husserl%2C%20Edmund%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edmund%20Husserl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Husserl%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edmund%20Husserl%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Husserl%2C%20Edmund%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edmund%20Husserl%22%29%20OR%20%28%221859-1938%22%20AND%20Husserl%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edmund Husserl</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links">Other links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beyer, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/">"Edmund Husserl"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmund+Husserl&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhusserl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, David Woodruff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/">"Phenomenology"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phenomenology&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Woodruff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fphenomenology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Husserl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/husserl.html">Papers on Edmund Husserl</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Smith_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Smith (academic)">Barry Smith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmccedd.org/PhilCris.html">English translation of "Vienna Lecture" (1935): "Philosophy and the Crisis of European Humanity"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.husserlpage.com/">The Husserl Page by Bob Sandmeyer</a>. Includes a number of online texts in German and English.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.husserl.net/">Husserl.net</a>, open content project.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontology.co/husserle.htm">Edmund Husserl: Formal Ontology and Transcendental Logic.</a>" Resource guide on Husserl's logic and formal ontology, with annotated bibliography.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.husserlcircle.org/">The Husserl Circle.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CartesiamMeditations">Cartesian Meditations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IdeasPartI"><i>Ideas</i>, Part I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ophen.org/pers-100275">Edmund Husserl on the Open Commons of Phenomenology</a>. Complete bibliography and links to all German texts, including <i>Husserliana</i> vols. I–XXVIII</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmund_Husserl" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmund_Husserl" title="Template:Edmund Husserl"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmund_Husserl" title="Template talk:Edmund Husserl"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmund_Husserl" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmund Husserl"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmund_Husserl" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmund Husserl</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Arithmetic" title="Philosophy of Arithmetic">Philosophy of Arithmetic</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logical_Investigations_(Husserl)" title="Logical Investigations (Husserl)">Logical Investigations</a></i> (1900–1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Cartesian Meditations</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_European_Sciences_and_Transcendental_Phenomenology" title="The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology">The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</a></i> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracketing_(phenomenology)" title="Bracketing (phenomenology)">Bracketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidetic_reduction" title="Eidetic reduction">Eidetic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeworld" title="Lifeworld">Lifeworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">Noema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husserliana" title="Husserliana">Husserliana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speech_and_Phenomena" title="Speech and Phenomena">Speech and Phenomena</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Derrida_and_Husserl:_The_Basic_Problem_of_Phenomenology" title="Derrida and Husserl: The Basic Problem of Phenomenology">Derrida and Husserl: The Basic Problem of Phenomenology</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existentialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existentialism" title="Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existentialism" title="Template talk:Existentialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existentialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_nihilism" title="Existential nihilism">Nihilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">Phenomenological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonment_(existentialism)" title="Abandonment (existentialism)">Abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">Bad faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrownness" title="Thrownness">Thrownness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Buzzati" title="Dino Buzzati">Buzzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Ionesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Abbagnano" title="Nicola Abbagnano">Abbagnano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Berdyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe" title="Peter Wessel Zapffe">Zapffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_mind" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template talk:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_mind" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Tyler Burge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Cameron Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis (philosopher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_No%C3%AB" title="Alva Noë">Alva Noë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Representational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophy of mind">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Platonists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Platonists" title="Template:Platonists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Platonists" title="Template talk:Platonists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Platonists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Platonists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Platonists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristonymus_of_Athens" title="Aristonymus of Athens">Aristonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriscus_of_Scepsis" title="Coriscus of Scepsis">Coriscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Scepsis" title="Erastus of Scepsis">Erastus of Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Amphipolis" title="Demetrius of Amphipolis">Demetrius of Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaeon_of_Lampsacus" title="Euaeon of Lampsacus">Euaeon of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_of_Aenus" title="Heraclides of Aenus">Heraclides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_of_Aenus" title="Python of Aenus">Python of Aenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestiaeus_of_Perinthus" title="Hestiaeus of Perinthus">Hestiaeus of Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastheneia_of_Mantinea" title="Lastheneia of Mantinea">Lastheneia of Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaus_of_Cyzicus" title="Timolaus of Cyzicus">Timolaus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius" title="Axiothea of Phlius">Axiothea of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Pyrrha" title="Menedemus of Pyrrha">Menedemus of Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(philosopher)" title="Albinus (philosopher)">Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peloplaton" title="Alexander Peloplaton">Alexander Peloplaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Longinus_(philosopher)" title="Cassius Longinus (philosopher)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater_of_Apamea" title="Sopater of Apamea">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Cappadocia" title="Eustathius of Cappadocia">Eustathius of Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesius" title="Aedesius">Aedesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus_(philosopher)" title="Dexippus (philosopher)">Dexippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthius" title="Chrysanthius">Chrysanthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Asine" title="Theodorus of Asine">Theodorus of Asine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Myndus" title="Eusebius of Myndus">Eusebius of Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_of_Epirus" title="Priscus of Epirus">Priscus of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_(philosopher)" title="Antoninus (philosopher)">Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Marius Victorinus">Gaius Marius Victorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_of_Alexandria" title="Asclepiodotus of Alexandria">Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegias" title="Hegias">Hegias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus_(philosopher)" title="Zenodotus (philosopher)">Zenodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Athens" title="Agapius of Athens">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Moosburg" title="Berthold of Moosburg">Berthold of Moosburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florentine_Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Academy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Ralph Cudworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kaplan_(philosopher)" title="David Kaplan (philosopher)">David Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58586#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58586#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58586#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121302460">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44300322">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42628/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwXdwdQwdjXwhgvhqgtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555006">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79106092">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908089c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908089c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444093">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Husserl, Edmund"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV006235">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35215601">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jk01043325&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX877860">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/9210">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068374348">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90104046">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000035161&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100440&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035243">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61179">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613191">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl023v6645n6ljb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598528205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/90364">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262928805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520134606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13914875">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00396513?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=82584">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:husserl.edmund">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/90260">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500222641">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/180096">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118555006.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118555006">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027421538">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gq73zv">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=24961">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&oldid=1258428383">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&oldid=1258428383</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edmund_Husserl" title="Category:Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_births" title="Category:1859 births">1859 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1938_deaths" title="Category:1938 deaths">1938 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Austrian_male_writers" title="Category:19th-century Austrian male writers">19th-century Austrian male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Austrian_writers" title="Category:19th-century Austrian writers">19th-century Austrian writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_philosophers" title="Category:19th-century German philosophers">19th-century German philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_writers" title="Category:19th-century German writers">19th-century German writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_male_writers" title="Category:19th-century German male writers">19th-century German male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Austrian_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century Austrian male writers">20th-century Austrian male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Austrian_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century Austrian philosophers">20th-century Austrian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century German philosophers">20th-century German philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_writers" title="Category:20th-century German writers">20th-century German writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Austrian_Jews" title="Category:19th-century Austrian Jews">19th-century Austrian Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_logicians" title="Category:Austrian logicians">Austrian logicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_Lutherans" title="Category:Austrian Lutherans">Austrian Lutherans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_philosophers" title="Category:Austrian philosophers">Austrian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Lutheranism_from_Judaism" title="Category:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism">Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Descartes_scholars" title="Category:Descartes scholars">Descartes scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemologists" title="Category:Epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_logicians" title="Category:German logicians">German logicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Lutherans" title="Category:German Lutherans">German Lutherans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:German male non-fiction writers">German male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humboldt_University_of_Berlin_alumni" title="Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni">Humboldt University of Berlin alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leipzig_University_alumni" title="Category:Leipzig University alumni">Leipzig University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_philosophers" title="Category:Lutheran philosophers">Lutheran philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_philosophers" title="Category:Jewish philosophers">Jewish philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg_alumni" title="Category:Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni">Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphysicians" title="Category:Metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ontologists" title="Category:Ontologists">Ontologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Prost%C4%9Bjov" title="Category:Writers from Prostějov">Writers from Prostějov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Category:People from the Margraviate of Moravia">People from the Margraviate of Moravia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phenomenologists" title="Category:Phenomenologists">Phenomenologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_culture" title="Category:Philosophers of culture">Philosophers of culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_philosophers_of_education" title="Category:German philosophers of education">German philosophers of education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_language" title="Category:Philosophers of language">Philosophers of language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_logic" title="Category:Philosophers of logic">Philosophers of logic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mathematics" title="Category:Philosophers of mathematics">Philosophers of mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_psychology" title="Category:Philosophers of psychology">Philosophers of psychology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Platonists" title="Category:Platonists">Platonists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trope_theorists" title="Category:Trope theorists">Trope theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Freiburg" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Freiburg">Academic staff of the University of Freiburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen">Academic staff of the University of Göttingen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Vienna_alumni" title="Category:University of Vienna alumni">University of Vienna alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corresponding_fellows_of_the_British_Academy" title="Category:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy">Corresponding fellows of the British Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moravian-German_people" title="Category:Moravian-German people">Moravian-German people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 17:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6whj2","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.449","walltime":"1.780","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10875,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":261540,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21351,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":246365,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1450.150 1 -total"," 29.33% 425.343 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 24.66% 357.595 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.53% 138.142 13 Template:Navbox"," 8.81% 127.701 7 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 8.11% 117.638 2 Template:Langr"," 6.37% 92.311 1 Template:Edmund_Husserl"," 6.31% 91.466 1 Template:Wikidata_image"," 4.77% 69.126 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.28% 62.042 12 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.796","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20594543,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-55zsq","timestamp":"20241122140355","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Edmund Husserl","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edmund_Husserl","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58586","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58586","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-29T07:54:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T17:54:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/Edmund_Husserl_1910s.jpg","headline":"German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology (*1859 \u2013 \u20201938)"}</script> </body> </html>