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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-bladed_windpumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-bladed_windpumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Multi-bladed windpumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-bladed_windpumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamental_problems_of_multi-bladed_windpumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamental_problems_of_multi-bladed_windpumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fundamental problems of multi-bladed windpumps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fundamental_problems_of_multi-bladed_windpumps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fundamental problems of multi-bladed windpumps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fundamental_problems_of_multi-bladed_windpumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inefficient_rotor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inefficient_rotor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inefficient rotor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inefficient_rotor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_load_matching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_load_matching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Poor load matching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_load_matching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyclic_torque_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclic_torque_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cyclic torque variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclic_torque_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_improved_windpumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_improved_windpumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development of improved windpumps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_improved_windpumps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of improved windpumps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_improved_windpumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-USDA_experiments_at_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USDA_experiments_at_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>USDA experiments at Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USDA_experiments_at_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluttering_windpumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluttering_windpumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fluttering windpumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluttering_windpumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_stroke_windpump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_stroke_windpump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Variable stroke windpump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_stroke_windpump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_axis_wind_pump_(VAWP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_axis_wind_pump_(VAWP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Vertical axis wind pump (VAWP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_axis_wind_pump_(VAWP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Combinations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Combinations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Combinations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Combinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tjasker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tjasker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Tjasker</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tjasker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thai_windpumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thai_windpumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Thai windpumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thai_windpumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%AE%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="مضخة عاملة بطاقة الرياح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضخة عاملة بطاقة الرياح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%AD_aiguader" title="Molí aiguader – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molí aiguader" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpem%C3%B8lle" title="Pumpemølle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pumpemølle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windbump" title="Windbump – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Windbump" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windpumpe" title="Windpumpe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Windpumpe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombeo_e%C3%B3lico" title="Bombeo eólico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombeo eólico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پمپ بادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پمپ بادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompe_%C3%A0_vent" title="Pompe à vent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pompe à vent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompa_eolica" title="Pompa eolica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pompa eolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A windmill for pumping water</div> <p>A <b>windpump</b> is a wind-driven device which is used for pumping <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KinderdijkWindmills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/KinderdijkWindmills.jpg/220px-KinderdijkWindmills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/KinderdijkWindmills.jpg/330px-KinderdijkWindmills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/KinderdijkWindmills.jpg/440px-KinderdijkWindmills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Windmills_at_Kinderdijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmills at Kinderdijk">windmills at Kinderdijk</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kinderdijk" title="Kinderdijk">Kinderdijk</a>, Netherlands is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molendeolifant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Molendeolifant.jpg/220px-Molendeolifant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Molendeolifant.jpg/330px-Molendeolifant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Molendeolifant.jpg/440px-Molendeolifant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Olifant,_Burdaard" title="De Olifant, Burdaard">De Olifant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Burdaard" title="Burdaard">Burdaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Windpumps were used to pump water since at least the 9th century in what is now <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of wind pumps became widespread across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and later spread to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windmills were later used extensively in Europe, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, from the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> onwards, to drain land for agricultural or building purposes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a>'s work in the <i>waterstaet</i> involved improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">spillways</a> to control <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmills</a> were already in use to pump the water out, but in <i>Van de Molens</i> (<i>On mills</i>), he suggested improvements, including the idea that the wheels should move slowly, and a better system for meshing of the <a href="/wiki/Gear_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Gear teeth">gear teeth</a>. These improvements increased the efficiency of the windmills used to pump water out of the <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a> by three times. He received a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> on his innovation in 1586.<sup id="cite_ref-isis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight- to ten-bladed windmills were used in the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, to raise water for irrigation purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drive from the windmill's rotor was led down through the tower and back out through the wall to turn a large wheel known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">noria</a></i>. The <i>noria</i> supported a bucket chain which dangled down into the well. The buckets were traditionally made of wood or clay. These windmills remained in use until the 1950s, and many of the towers are still standing. </p><p>Early immigrants to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> brought with them the technology of windmills from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_History_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief_History-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On US farms, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, wind pumps were used to pump water from farm wells for cattle. In California and some other states, the windmill was part of a self-contained domestic water system, including a hand-dug well and a redwood water tower supporting a redwood tank and enclosed by redwood siding (<a href="/wiki/Tankhouse" title="Tankhouse">tankhouse</a>). The self-regulating farm wind pump was invented by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Halladay" title="Daniel Halladay">Daniel Halladay</a> in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_History_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief_History-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, steel blades and steel towers replaced wooden construction, and at their peak in 1930, an estimated 600,000 units were in use, with capacity equivalent to 150 megawatts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very large lighter wind pumps in Australia directly crank the pump with the rotor of the windmill. Extra back gearing between small rotors for high wind areas and the pump crank prevents trying to push the pump rods down on the downstroke faster than they can fall by gravity. Otherwise pumping too fast leads to the pump rods buckling, making the seal of the stuffing box leak and wearing through the wall of the rising main (UK) or the drop-pipe (US) so all output is lost. </p><p>The multi-bladed wind pump or wind <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> atop a lattice tower made of wood or steel hence became, for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mills, made by a variety of manufacturers, featured many blades so that they would turn slowly with considerable <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> in moderate winds and be self-regulating in high winds. A tower-top <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">gearbox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> converted the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward through a rod to the pump cylinder below. Today, rising energy costs and improved pumping technology are increasing interest in the use of this once declining technology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_use">Worldwide use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Worldwide use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wicken_Fen_Windpump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wicken_Fen_Windpump.jpg/220px-Wicken_Fen_Windpump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wicken_Fen_Windpump.jpg/330px-Wicken_Fen_Windpump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wicken_Fen_Windpump.jpg/440px-Wicken_Fen_Windpump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A working wooden windpump on <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> is well known for its windmills. Most of these iconic structures situated along the edge of <a href="/wiki/Polders" class="mw-redirect" title="Polders">polders</a> are actually windpumps, designed to drain the land. These are particularly important as much of the country lies below <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. </p><p>In the UK, the term <i>windpump</i> is rarely used, and they are better known as <i>drainage windmills</i>. Many of these were built in <a href="/wiki/The_Broads" title="The Broads">The Broads</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> for the draining of land, but most of them have since been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> or electric powered pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the original windmills still stand in a derelict state although some have been restored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Windpumps are used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, Australia, and on farms and ranches in the central plains and Southwest of the United States. In South Africa and Namibia thousands of windpumps are still operating. These are mostly used to provide water for human use as well as drinking water for large sheep stocks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> has also benefited from the African development of windpump technologies. At the end of the 1970s, the UK <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Technology_Development_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate Technology Development Group">Intermediate Technology Development Group</a> provided engineering support to the Kenyan company Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd for the development of the Kijito windpumps. Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd is still manufacturing the Kijito windpumps, and more than 300 of them are operating in the whole of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In many parts of the world, a <a href="/wiki/Rope_pump" title="Rope pump">rope pump</a> is being used in conjunction with wind turbines. This easy-to- construct pump works by pulling a knotted rope through a pipe (usually a simple PVC pipe) causing the water to be pulled up into the pipe. This type of pump has become common in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and other places.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To construct a windpump, the bladed rotor needs to be matched to the pump. With non-electric windpumps, high <a href="/wiki/Blade_solidity" title="Blade solidity">solidity</a> rotors are best used in conjunction with positive displacement (piston) pumps, because single-acting <a href="/wiki/Piston_pump" title="Piston pump">piston pumps</a> need about three times as much torque to start them as to keep them going. Low solidity rotors, on the other hand, are best used with <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal pumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterladder_pump" title="Waterladder pump">waterladder pumps</a> and chain and washer pumps, where the torque needed by the pump for starting is less than that needed for running at design speed. Low solidity rotors are best used if they are intended to drive an electricity generator; which in turn can drive the pump.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-bladed_windpumps">Multi-bladed windpumps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multi-bladed windpumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-powered-agricultural-pump-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wind-powered-agricultural-pump-1.jpg/220px-Wind-powered-agricultural-pump-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wind-powered-agricultural-pump-1.jpg/330px-Wind-powered-agricultural-pump-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wind-powered-agricultural-pump-1.jpg/440px-Wind-powered-agricultural-pump-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Wind powered water pump on Oak Park Farm, Shedd, Oregon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg/220px-Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg/330px-Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg/440px-Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Windpump in far western <a href="/wiki/NSW" class="mw-redirect" title="NSW">NSW</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Multi-bladed wind pumps can be found worldwide and are manufactured in the United States, Argentina, China, New Zealand, South Africa, and Australia. Commonly known in the US and Canada as a "weathercock" because it behaves much like a traditional weather vane, moving with the direction of the wind (but also measuring wind speed).The Butler brand added improvements to the technology of windpumps in 1897, 1898 and 1905<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 16 ft (4.8 m) diameter wind pump can lift up to 1600 US gallons (about 6.4 metric tons) of water per hour to an elevation of 100 ft with a 15 to 20 mph wind (24–32 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However they take a strong wind to start so they turn over the crank of the piston pump. Wind pumps require little maintenance—usually only a change of gear box oil annually.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 60,000 wind pumps are still in use in the United States. They are particularly attractive for use at remote sites where electric power is not available and maintenance is difficult to provide.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common multi-bladed windpump usefully pumps with about 4%–8% of the annual windpower passing through the area it sweeps<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lower conversion is due to poor load matching between wind rotors and fixed-stroke piston pumps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fundamental_problems_of_multi-bladed_windpumps">Fundamental problems of multi-bladed windpumps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fundamental problems of multi-bladed windpumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inefficient_rotor">Inefficient rotor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inefficient rotor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derelict_windpump_with_water_tank_in_the_foreground_next_to_the_Boorowa_railway_in_Galong_NSW_Australia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Derelict_windpump_with_water_tank_in_the_foreground_next_to_the_Boorowa_railway_in_Galong_NSW_Australia.JPG/220px-Derelict_windpump_with_water_tank_in_the_foreground_next_to_the_Boorowa_railway_in_Galong_NSW_Australia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Derelict_windpump_with_water_tank_in_the_foreground_next_to_the_Boorowa_railway_in_Galong_NSW_Australia.JPG/330px-Derelict_windpump_with_water_tank_in_the_foreground_next_to_the_Boorowa_railway_in_Galong_NSW_Australia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Derelict_windpump_with_water_tank_in_the_foreground_next_to_the_Boorowa_railway_in_Galong_NSW_Australia.JPG/440px-Derelict_windpump_with_water_tank_in_the_foreground_next_to_the_Boorowa_railway_in_Galong_NSW_Australia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Derelict water tank with windmill in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>The main design feature of a multi-bladed rotor is "high starting torque", which is necessary for cranking a piston pump operation. Once started a multi-bladed rotor runs at too high a tipspeed ratio at less than its best efficiency of 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hau_2005,_page_101_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hau_2005,_page_101-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, modern wind rotors can operate at an aerodynamic efficiency of more than 40% at higher tipspeed ratio for a smaller swirl added and wasted to the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Hau_2005,_page_101_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hau_2005,_page_101-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But they would need a highly variable stroke mechanism rather than just a crank to piston pump.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poor_load_matching">Poor load matching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poor load matching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A multi-bladed windmill is a mechanical device with a piston pump. Because a piston pump has a fixed stroke, the energy demand of this type of pump is proportional to pump speed only. On the other hand, the energy supply of a wind rotor is proportional to the cube of wind speed. Because of that, a wind rotor runs at over speed (more speed than needed), yielding a loss of aerodynamic efficiency. </p><p>A variable stroke would match the rotor speed according to wind speed, functioning like a "variable-speed generator". The flow rate of variable stroke windpump can be increased two times, compared to fixed stroke windpumps at the same wind speed.<sup id="cite_ref-ena.com.tr_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ena.com.tr-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclic_torque_variation">Cyclic torque variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cyclic torque variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A piston pump has a very light suction phase, but the upstroke is heavy and puts a big backtorque on a starting rotor when the crank is horizontal and ascending. A counterweight on the crank up in the tower and yawing with the wind direction can at least spread the torque to the crank descent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_improved_windpumps">Development of improved windpumps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development of improved windpumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-vintage-aged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-vintage-aged.jpg/220px-Windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-vintage-aged.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-vintage-aged.jpg/330px-Windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-vintage-aged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-vintage-aged.jpg/440px-Windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-vintage-aged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Windmill patent drawing from 1889 vintage aged</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrich-windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-blue-ink-aged-pixel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aldrich-windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-blue-ink-aged-pixel.jpg/220px-Aldrich-windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-blue-ink-aged-pixel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aldrich-windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-blue-ink-aged-pixel.jpg/330px-Aldrich-windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-blue-ink-aged-pixel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aldrich-windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-blue-ink-aged-pixel.jpg/440px-Aldrich-windmill-patent-drawing-from-1889-blue-ink-aged-pixel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Aldrich windmill patent drawing from 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>Although multi-bladed windpumps are based on proven technology and are widely used, they have the fundamental problems mentioned above and need a practical variable stroke mechanism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USDA_experiments_at_Texas">USDA experiments at Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: USDA experiments at Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1988 and 1990, a variable stroke windpump was tested at the USDA-Agriculture Research Center-Texas, based on two patented designs (Don E. Avery Patent #4.392.785, 1983 and Elmo G. Harris Patent #617.877, 1899).<sup id="cite_ref-ena.com.tr_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ena.com.tr-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control systems of the variable stroke wind pumps were mechanical and hydraulic; however, those experiments did not attract the attention of any windpump manufacturer. After experiments with this variable stroke windpump, research focused on wind-electric water pumping systems; no commercial variable stroke windpump exists yet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluttering_windpumps">Fluttering windpumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fluttering windpumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluttering windpumps have been developed in Canada with a pump stroke varying strongly with amplitude to absorb all the variable power in the wind and to stop the uniblade from swinging too far beyond horizontal from its vertical mean position. They are much lighter and use less material than multiblade windpumps and can pump effectively in lighter wind regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_stroke_windpump">Variable stroke windpump</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variable stroke windpump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Turkish engineer re-designed the variable stroke windpump technology by using modern electronic control equipment. Research began in 2004, with governmental R&D support. The first commercial new generation variable stroke wind pumps have been designed after ten years of R&D. The 30 kW variable stroke windpump design includes a Darrieus-type modern wind rotor, counterbalance and regenerative brake technology.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_axis_wind_pump_(VAWP)"><span id="Vertical_axis_wind_pump_.28VAWP.29"></span>Vertical axis wind pump (VAWP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vertical axis wind pump (VAWP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using a vertical axis wind turbine, the redirection of the turbine torque from horizontal to the vertical axis can be solved, thus creating a basic shaft connection between the turbine and the pump.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct connection can produce a more efficient wind-pump. for example, Combining the VAWP system with a high-pressure (HP-VAWP) drip irrigation system can lead, with proper optimization, to two to three times higher efficiency than traditional windpumps.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combinations">Combinations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Combinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tjasker"><i>Tjasker</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tjasker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tjasker" title="Tjasker">tjasker</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tjasker_Sanpoel_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tjasker_Sanpoel_04.JPG/220px-Tjasker_Sanpoel_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tjasker_Sanpoel_04.JPG/330px-Tjasker_Sanpoel_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tjasker_Sanpoel_04.JPG/440px-Tjasker_Sanpoel_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>The <i>tjasker</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <i>tjasker</i> is a drainage mill with <a href="/wiki/Windmill_sail#Common_sails" title="Windmill sail">common sails</a> connected to an <a href="/wiki/Archimedean_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimedean screw">Archimedean screw</a>. This is used for pumping water in areas where only a small lift is required. The windshaft sits on a tripod which allows it to pivot. The Archimedean screw lifts water into a collecting ring, where it is drawn off into a ditch at a higher level, thus draining the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Tjasker_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tjasker-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thai_windpumps">Thai windpumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Thai windpumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thailand, windpumps are traditionally built on Chinese windpump designs. These pumps are constructed from wire-braced bamboo poles carrying fabric or bamboo-mat sails; a paddle pump or <a href="/wiki/Waterladder_pump" title="Waterladder pump">waterladder pump</a> is fixed to a Thai bladed rotor. They are mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(evaporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt pan (evaporation)">salt pans</a> where the water lift required is typically less than one meter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aermotor_Windmill_Company" title="Aermotor Windmill Company">Aermotor Windmill Company</a>, an American windpump manufacturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_solidity" title="Blade solidity">Blade solidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil pump">Coil pump</a>, another frequently used pump<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loeriesfontein,_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Loeriesfontein, Northern Cape">Loeriesfontein, Northern Cape</a>, where there is a museum dedicated to water-pumping windmills</li> <li><i><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjasker" class="extiw" title="nl:Tjasker">Tjasker</a></i> on Dutch Wikipedia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaanse_Schans" title="Zaanse Schans">Zaanse Schans</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Adam (2006). <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semprius.com&rft.atitle=Wind+Turbines+vs.+Windmills%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.date=2021-07-18&rft.aulast=Duval&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semprius.com%2Fwind-turbines-vs-windmills%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1997" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Tom (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-JRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA106"><i>The Norfolk Broads: A Landscape History</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719048005" title="Special:BookSources/9780719048005"><bdi>9780719048005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norfolk+Broads%3A+A+Landscape+History&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780719048005&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-JRAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E10.htm">Water lifting devices; matching bladed rotors to pumps</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagewindmillpartslist.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/butlerpictorial.pdf">"Butler Pictorial"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windmill-parts.com/index.html">"Windmill parts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windmill+parts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windmill-parts.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/30361.pdf">Argaw, N.,"Renewable Energy for Water Pumping Applications in Rural Villages", 2003, NREL Report 30361, page 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cprl.ars.usda.gov/REMM%20Pubs/1997%20Performance%20and%20Economic%20Comparison%20of%20a%20Mechanical%20Windmill%20to%20a%20Wind-Electric%20Water%20Pumping%20System.pdf">Brian Vick, Nolan Clark "Performance and Economic Comparison of a Mechanical Windmill to Wind-Electric Water Pumping System", 1997, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, see Figure-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hau_2005,_page_101-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hau_2005,_page_101_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hau_2005,_page_101_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hau, Erich "Wind Turbines", 2005, page 101, Fig.5-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ena.com.tr-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ena.com.tr_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ena.com.tr_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223052210/http://www.ena.com.tr/Wind90.pdf">Clark, Nolan "Variable Stroke Pumping for Mechanical Windmills", 1990, AWEA Proceedings</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econologica.org">"Econologica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Econologica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econologica.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/6zIj7LCtX0U">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607101812/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zIj7LCtX0U">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zIj7LCtX0U">"WING'D MILLS 2013: FLO'Pump and FLUTTER WELL Pump"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=WING%27D+MILLS+2013%3A+FLO%27Pump+and+FLUTTER+WELL+Pump&rft.date=2013-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6zIj7LCtX0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.com.tr/english.htm">ENA Yelkapan Technologies Ltd.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7101869-darrieus-wind-turbine-pump-performance-low-lift-irrigation-pumping-final-report">Hagen, L. J., and Sharif, M., 1981, “Darrieus Wind Turbine and Pump Performance for Low-Lift Irrigation Pumping,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, Report No. DOE/ARS-3707-20741/81/1.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article-abstract/143/5/051204/1095494/High-Pressure-Vertical-Axis-Wind-Pump?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Keisar, D., Eilan, B., and Greenblatt, D. (February 8, 2021). "High Pressure Vertical Axis Wind Pump." ASME. J. Fluids Eng. May 2021; 143(5): 051204"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keisar%2C+D.%2C+Eilan%2C+B.%2C+and+Greenblatt%2C+D.+%28February+8%2C+2021%29.+%22High+Pressure+Vertical+Axis+Wind+Pump.%22+ASME.+J.+Fluids+Eng.+May+2021%3B+143%285%29%3A+051204.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasmedigitalcollection.asme.org%2Ffluidsengineering%2Farticle-abstract%2F143%2F5%2F051204%2F1095494%2FHigh-Pressure-Vertical-Axis-Wind-Pump%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tjasker-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tjasker_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odur.let.rug.nl/polders/boekje/types.htm">"The types of windmills"</a>. Odur<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+types+of+windmills&rft.pub=Odur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodur.let.rug.nl%2Fpolders%2Fboekje%2Ftypes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmulders1996" class="citation journal cs1">Smulders, P.T. (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energieautark.at/cms/dmdocuments/WindwaterpumpingAfrica.pdf">"Wind water pumping: the forgotten option"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Energy_for_Sustainable_Development" title="Energy for Sustainable Development">Energy for Sustainable Development</a></i>. <b>11</b> (5): 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ESusD...2....8S">1996ESusD...2....8S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0973-0826%2808%2960156-8">10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60156-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Wind+water+pumping%3A+the+forgotten+option&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1996-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0973-0826%2808%2960156-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ESusD...2....8S&rft.aulast=Smulders&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energieautark.at%2Fcms%2Fdmdocuments%2FWindwaterpumpingAfrica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindpump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2007/07/27/chinese-windmill-waters-farm/">Coil pump frequently used for windpump construction</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windpump&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wind_pumps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wind pumps">Wind pumps</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picasaweb.google.com/andy.bytheway/RestorationOfASouthAfricanWindmill#">A detailed photographic record of the restoration of an 8' 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