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id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infringement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infringement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Infringement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infringement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Governing laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-biopiracy_dispositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-biopiracy_dispositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Anti-biopiracy dispositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-biopiracy_dispositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_and_prosecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_and_prosecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Application and prosecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_and_prosecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-national_treatment_in_the_application_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-national_treatment_in_the_application_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.2 Non-national treatment in the application procedure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-national_treatment_in_the_application_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-patent_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-patent_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anti-patent initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-patent_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Patent</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" > 82 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweotolgewrit" title="Sweotolgewrit – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sweotolgewrit" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="براءة اختراع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براءة اختراع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patente" title="Patente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Patente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="কৃতিস্বত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃতিস্বত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патэнт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патэнт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Патэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breinlen" title="Breinlen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Breinlen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ευρεσιτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρεσιτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patente" title="Patente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patento" title="Patento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patente" title="Patente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ثبت اختراع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ثبت اختراع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_d%27invention" title="Brevet d'invention – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brevet d'invention" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktroai" title="Oktroai – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oktroai" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paitinn" title="Paitinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paitinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patente" title="Patente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F" title="પેટન્ટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પેટન્ટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%ED%97%88" title="특허 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="특허" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="पेटेण्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेटेण्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patento" title="Patento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paten" title="Paten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkaleyfi" title="Einkaleyfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einkaleyfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevetto" title="Brevetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brevetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98" title="פטנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯಪ್ರಮಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯಪ್ರಮಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პატენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პატენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патент – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патент" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hataza" title="Hataza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hataza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brev%C3%A8_envansyon" title="Brevè envansyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Brevè envansyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma_inventionis" title="Diploma inventionis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diploma inventionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patents" title="Patents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patents" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentas" title="Patentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktroeaj" title="Oktroeaj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oktroeaj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabadalom" title="Szabadalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabadalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="നിർമ്മാണാവകാശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിർമ്മാണാവകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="एकस्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एकस्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paten" title="Paten – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1" title="特許 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="特許" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet" title="Brevet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brevet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪੇਟੈਂਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੇਟੈਂਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patente" title="Patente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_de_inven%C8%9Bie" title="Brevet de invenție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brevet de invenție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenta" title="Patenta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patenta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_(pr%C3%A1vo_vyn%C3%A1lezcu)" title="Patent (právo vynálezcu) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patent (právo vynálezcu)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentti" title="Patentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patente" title="Patente – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patente" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காப்புரிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காப்புரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патент – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патент" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="పేటెంట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పేటెంట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="สิทธิบัตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิทธิบัตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%B7%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%B2_%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%97" title="ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patent" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Патент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%AA" title="براءت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="براءت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%B1ng_s%C3%A1ng_ch%E1%BA%BF" title="Bằng sáng chế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bằng sáng chế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9" title="专利 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="专利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9" title="專利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="專利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9" title="专利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="专利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> 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<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_patent_law" title="History of patent law">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_and_patents" title="Economics and patents">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_patents" title="Criticism of patents">Criticism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Procedural concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_prosecution" title="Patent prosecution">Prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_opposition_proceedings" title="Patent opposition proceedings">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_valuation" title="Patent valuation">Valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License#Intellectual_property" title="License">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">Infringement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Patentability requirements and related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patentable_subject_matter" title="Patentable subject matter">Patentable subject matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventor_(patent)" title="Inventor (patent)">Inventorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_(patent)" title="Novelty (patent)">Novelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventive_step_and_non-obviousness" title="Inventive step and non-obviousness">Inventive step and non-obviousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applicability" title="Industrial applicability">Industrial applicability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_(patentability_requirement)" title="Utility (patentability requirement)">Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_having_ordinary_skill_in_the_art" title="Person having ordinary skill in the art">Person skilled in the art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">Prior art</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other legal requirements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufficiency_of_disclosure" title="Sufficiency of disclosure">Sufficiency of disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_invention" title="Unity of invention">Unity of invention</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By region / country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">Patent Cooperation Treaty</a> (PCT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_patent_law" title="Australian patent law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_patent_law" title="Canadian patent law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_patent_law" title="European patent law">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_patent_law" title="German patent law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_patent_law" title="Japanese patent law">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_in_the_Netherlands" title="Patent law in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By specific subject matter</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_method_patent" title="Business method patent">Business method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_patent" title="Insurance patent">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_patent" title="Tax patent">Tax</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_analysis" title="Patent analysis">Patent analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Patent_law" title="Category:Patent law">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_patent_law_terms" title="Glossary of patent law terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition 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title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patent" title="Special:EditPage/Patent">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Patent%22">"Patent"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Patent%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Patent%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Patent%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Patent%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Patent%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A patent is a type of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a> for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an <a href="/wiki/Sufficiency_of_disclosure" title="Sufficiency of disclosure">enabling disclosure</a> of the invention.<a href="#cite_note-Herman-1">[1]</a> In most countries, patent rights fall under <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> and the patent holder must sue someone <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">infringing the patent</a> in order to enforce their rights.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent application</a> must include one or more <a href="/wiki/Patent_claim" title="Patent claim">claims</a> that define the scope of protection that is being sought. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. Under the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>'s (WTO) <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, provided they are <a href="/wiki/Novelty_(patent)" title="Novelty (patent)">new</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventive_step_and_non-obviousness" title="Inventive step and non-obviousness">involve an inventive step</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_applicability" title="Industrial applicability">are capable of industrial application</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Nevertheless, there are variations on what is <a href="/wiki/Patentable_subject_matter" title="Patentable subject matter">patentable subject matter</a> from country to country, also among WTO member states. TRIPS also provides that the <a href="/wiki/Term_of_patent" title="Term of patent">term of protection</a> available should be a minimum of twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-PatentLength-4">[4]</a> Some countries have other patent-like forms of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Utility_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility models">utility models</a>, which have a shorter monopoly period. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The word patent originates from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> patere, which means "to lay open" (i.e., to make available for public inspection). It is a shortened version of the term <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, which was an open document or instrument issued by a monarch or government granting exclusive rights to a person, predating the modern patent system. Similar grants included <a href="/wiki/Land_patent" title="Land patent">land patents</a>, which were land grants by early state governments in the US, and <a href="/wiki/Printing_patent" title="Printing patent">printing patents</a>, a precursor of modern <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the right granted to anyone who invents something new, useful and non-obvious. A patent is often referred to as a form of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> right,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-WallMinocha2009-6">[6]</a> an expression which is also used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WallMinocha2009-6">[6]</a> and which has proponents and detractors (see also <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property#The_term_"intellectual_property"" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property § The term "intellectual property"</a>). Some other types of intellectual property rights are also called patents in some jurisdictions: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">industrial design rights</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">design patents</a> in the US,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">plant breeders' rights</a> are sometimes called plant patents,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">utility models</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gebrauchsmuster" title="Gebrauchsmuster">Gebrauchsmuster</a> are sometimes called petty patents or innovation patents. The additional qualification utility patent is sometimes used (primarily in the US) to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular types of patents for inventions include <a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_method_patent" title="Business method patent">business method patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">chemical patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_patent_law" title="History of patent law">History of patent law</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venetian_Patent_Statute_1474.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Venetian_Patent_Statute_1474.png/220px-Venetian_Patent_Statute_1474.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Venetian_Patent_Statute_1474.png/330px-Venetian_Patent_Statute_1474.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Venetian_Patent_Statute_1474.png/440px-Venetian_Patent_Statute_1474.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Patent_Statute" title="Venetian Patent Statute">Venetian Patent Statute</a>, issued by the Senate of Venice in 1474, and one of the earliest statutory patent systems in the world.</figcaption></figure> Although there is evidence that some form of patent rights was recognized in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anthon-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> the first statutory patent system is generally regarded to be the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Patent_Statute" title="Venetian Patent Statute">Venetian Patent Statute</a> of 1474. However, recent historical research has suggested that the 1474 Statute was inspired by laws in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> that granted <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a> to developers of novel silk-making techniques.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Patents were systematically granted in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> as of 1474, where they issued a <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a> by which new and inventive devices had to be communicated to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic</a> in order to obtain legal protection against potential infringers. The period of protection was 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> As Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Frumkin-13">[13]</a> The English patent system evolved from its early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> origins into the first modern patent system that recognised intellectual property in order to stimulate invention; this was the crucial legal foundation upon which the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> could emerge and flourish.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> By the 16th century, the English <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> After public outcry, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I of England</a> (VI of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>) was forced to revoke all existing monopolies and declare that they were only to be used for "projects of new invention". This was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Monopolies" title="Statute of Monopolies">Statute of Monopolies</a> (1624) in which Parliament restricted the Crown's power explicitly so that the King could only issue letters patent to the inventors or introducers of original inventions for a fixed number of years. The Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puckle_gun_advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Puckle_gun_advertisement.jpg/220px-Puckle_gun_advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Puckle_gun_advertisement.jpg/330px-Puckle_gun_advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Puckle_gun_advertisement.jpg/440px-Puckle_gun_advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Puckle" title="James Puckle">James Puckle</a>'s 1718 <a href="/wiki/Puckle_gun" title="Puckle gun">early autocannon</a> was one of the first inventions required to provide a specification for a patent.</figcaption></figure> Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a slow process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Legal battles around the 1796 patent taken out by <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, established the principles that patents could be issued for improvements of an already existing machine and that ideas or principles without specific practical application could also legally be patented.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> heritage, including the United States, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colony's legislature. In 1641, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Winslow_(patentee)" title="Samuel Winslow (patentee)">Samuel Winslow</a> was granted the first patent in North America by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a> for a new process for making salt.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The modern French patent system was created during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a> in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Patents were granted without examination since inventor's right was considered as a natural one. Patent costs were very high (from 500 to 1,500 francs). Importation patents protected new devices coming from foreign countries. The patent law was revised in 1844 – patent cost was lowered and importation patents were abolished.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The first Patent Act of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> was passed on April 10, 1790, titled "An Act to promote the progress of useful Arts".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The first patent under the Act was granted on July 31, 1790, to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_(inventor)" title="Samuel Hopkins (inventor)">Samuel Hopkins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> for a method of producing <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> (potassium carbonate).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> A revised patent law was passed in 1793, and in 1836 a major revision was passed. The 1836 law instituted a significantly more rigorous application process, including the establishment of an examination system. Between 1790 and 1836 about ten thousand patents were granted. By the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> about 80,000 patents had been granted.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_gap_in_patents">Gender gap in patents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender gap in patents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Participation_of_women_inventors_in_PCT_Applications_2009-2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Participation_of_women_inventors_in_PCT_Applications_2009-2023.png/220px-Participation_of_women_inventors_in_PCT_Applications_2009-2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Participation_of_women_inventors_in_PCT_Applications_2009-2023.png/330px-Participation_of_women_inventors_in_PCT_Applications_2009-2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Participation_of_women_inventors_in_PCT_Applications_2009-2023.png/440px-Participation_of_women_inventors_in_PCT_Applications_2009-2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Share of women amongst listed inventors in <a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">PCT</a> applications from 2009 till 2023. In 2023, 17.7% of inventors were women.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </figcaption></figure> In the US, married women were historically precluded from obtaining patents. While section 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Act_of_1790" title="Patent Act of 1790">Patent Act of 1790</a> did refer to "she",<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> married women were unable to own property in their own name and were also prohibited from rights to their own income, including income from anything they invented.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> This historical gender gap has lessened over the course of the 20th and 21st centuries, however, disparity is still prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> In the UK, for example, only 8% of inventors were female as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This can partly be attributed to historical barriers for women to obtain patents,<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> as well as to the fact that women are underrepresented in traditionally "patent-intensive" sectors, particularly <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> sectors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> Marcowitz-Bitton et al. argue that the gender gap in patents is also a result of internal bias within the patent system.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovation_decline">Innovation decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Innovation decline">edit</a>]</div> The number of patent applications filed each year has been growing for most countries although not smoothly, and jumps in activity are often observed due to changes in local laws. The high number of <a href="/wiki/Patent_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent families">patent families</a> for Spain in the 1800s is related to the superior preservation and cataloguing of the data by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="Spanish Patent and Trademark Office">Spanish Patent and Trademark Office</a> compared to other countries (see <a href="/wiki/1836_U.S._Patent_Office_fire" title="1836 U.S. Patent Office fire">1836 U.S. Patent Office fire</a>). The US was the World's leader in terms of patent families filed between 1900 and 1966, when Japan took over. Since 2007 <a href="/wiki/PR_China" class="mw-redirect" title="PR China">PR China</a> leads. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_patent_families_published_by_different_authorities_vs._earliest_priority_date.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Number_of_patent_families_published_by_different_authorities_vs._earliest_priority_date.png/220px-Number_of_patent_families_published_by_different_authorities_vs._earliest_priority_date.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Number_of_patent_families_published_by_different_authorities_vs._earliest_priority_date.png/330px-Number_of_patent_families_published_by_different_authorities_vs._earliest_priority_date.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Number_of_patent_families_published_by_different_authorities_vs._earliest_priority_date.png/440px-Number_of_patent_families_published_by_different_authorities_vs._earliest_priority_date.png 2x" data-file-width="5032" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Number of patent families published by different authorities vs. earliest priority date</figcaption></figure> However, in most technologically advanced countries (see, for example, France,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Italy, Japan,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Spain, Sweden, the UK<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> in the figure on the right, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>), the total (i.e. regardless of the priority/inventors' country) number of patent families filed there have been declining in absolute numbers since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970s–1980s. The decline is even more pronounced when the number of patent applications is normalized by the country's population each year, or when the country of origin rather than country of filing is used.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> For the US, the population-normalized peak in patenting occurred in 1915,<a href="#cite_note-Technol_Forecast_Soc_Chang_2005-35">[35]</a> and the number of subsequent patents induced per patent has been mostly declining since 1926.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A study of 4,512 patents obtained by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> between 1970 and 2020 showed that the university's patenting activity plateaued in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Incidentally, only 20% of Stanford patents in that dataset produced a positive net income for the university, while the rest was a net loss. Similar declines have been noted not only for the number of patents, but also for other measures of innovation output.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Technol_Forecast_Soc_Chang_2005-35">[35]</a> Several hypotheses have been proposed as explanations for the observed decline: <ol><li>increasing cost of doing research, as "lower-hanging fruits have been picked up";<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[41]</a></li> <li>decrease in productivity per researcher;<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[41]</a> This occurred because factor (1) (higher hanging fruits) overwhelms increased efficiency in computation, automation, big data analysis and communication.</li> <li>human civilization is reaching the limits of the human brain rather than technological limits. "For the first time in history people are bombarded with far more information than they can process."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>It has also been suggested<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> that the rate of innovation is proportional to the rate of population growth (rather than to the total population), and that the observed decline in research productivity is related to the resource-limited <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a>.</li> <li>increasing fragmentation of patent encumbrance<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-mckinsey.com-47">[47]</a> and increasing number and cost of patent litigations;<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>decreasing value of patents in post-industrial economies, as businesses prefer less risky and more profitable investments in software rather than in hardware,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-mckinsey.com-47">[47]</a> which can be protected more effectively and at a lower cost by using <a href="/wiki/Copyrights" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyrights">copyrights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade secrets">trade secrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_mover_advantage" class="mw-redirect" title="First mover advantage">first mover advantage</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Download_limitations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Download limitations (page does not exist)">download limitations</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital economy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A related decline of manufacturing share in the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-industrial">post-industrial</a> countries has been reported in some studies.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>a slow-down in patent applications in the US has been attributed to court decisions in <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Collaborative_Services_v._Prometheus_Laboratories,_Inc." title="Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.">Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.</a>(2012), <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics,_Inc." title="Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.">Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.</a> (2013) and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Corp._v._CLS_Bank_International" title="Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International">Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International</a> (2014) limiting the eligibility of <a href="/wiki/Business_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Business method">business method</a> and biological patents.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Similar restrictions on software patents have been enacted in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>the number of patent applications from PR China is expected to go down after 2025, when government subsidies for patent filing are to expire.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>patents that are registered but not commercialized, as is the case in around 50% of them, function as a barrier to the registration of similar ideas, effectively creating a growing zone of non-patentability.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/150px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/225px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/300px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_right" title="Database right">Database right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' rights">Farmers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Related_rights" title="Related rights">Related rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_protection_certificate" title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> Higher categories: <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property" title="Template talk:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> A patent does not give a right to make or use or sell an invention.<a href="#cite_note-Herman-1">[1]</a> Rather, a patent provides, from a legal standpoint, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">right</a> to exclude others<a href="#cite_note-Herman-1">[1]</a> from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the patented <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Term_of_patent" title="Term of patent">term of the patent</a>, which is usually 20 years from the filing date<a href="#cite_note-PatentLength-4">[4]</a> subject to the payment of <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_fee_(patent)" title="Maintenance fee (patent)">maintenance fees</a>. From an economic and practical standpoint however, a patent is better and perhaps more precisely regarded as conferring upon its proprietor "a right to try to exclude by asserting the patent in court", for many granted patents turn out to be invalid once their proprietors attempt to assert them in court.<a href="#cite_note-lemley-2005-56">[56]</a> A patent is a limited property right the government gives inventors in exchange for their agreement to share details of their inventions with the public. Like any other property right, it may be sold, licensed, <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">mortgaged</a>, assigned or transferred, given away, or simply abandoned. A patent, being an exclusionary right, does not necessarily give the patent owner the right to exploit the invention subject to the patent. For example, many inventions are improvements of prior inventions that may still be covered by someone else's patent.<a href="#cite_note-Herman-1">[1]</a> If an inventor obtains a patent on improvements to an existing invention which is still under patent, they can only legally use the improved invention if the patent holder of the original invention gives permission, which they may refuse. Some countries have "working provisions" that require the invention be exploited in the jurisdiction it covers. Consequences of not working an invention vary from one country to another, ranging from revocation of the patent rights to the awarding of a <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory license</a> awarded by the courts to a party wishing to exploit a patented invention. The patentee has the opportunity to challenge the revocation or license, but is usually required to provide evidence that the reasonable requirements of the public have been met by the working of invention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Challenges">edit</a>]</div> In most jurisdictions, there are ways for third parties to challenge the validity of an allowed or issued patent at the national patent office; these are called <a href="/wiki/Opposition_proceeding" title="Opposition proceeding">opposition proceedings</a>. It is also possible to challenge the validity of a patent in court. In either case, the challenging party tries to prove that the patent should never have been granted. There are several grounds for challenges: the claimed subject matter is not <a href="/wiki/Patentable_subject_matter" title="Patentable subject matter">patentable subject matter</a> at all; the claimed subject matter was actually not new, or was obvious to the <a href="/wiki/Person_skilled_in_the_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Person skilled in the art">person skilled in the art</a>, at the time the application was filed; or that some kind of fraud was committed during prosecution with regard to listing of inventors, representations about when discoveries were made, etc. Patents can be found to be invalid in whole or in part for any of these reasons.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infringement">Infringement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infringement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">Patent infringement</a></div> Patent infringement occurs when a third party, without authorization from the patentee, makes, uses, or sells a patented invention. Patents, however, are enforced on a national basis. The making of an item in China, for example, that would infringe a US patent, would not constitute infringement under US patent law unless the item were imported into the US.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Infringement includes literal infringement of a patent, meaning they are performing a prohibited act that is protected against by the patent. There is also the Doctrine of Equivalents. This doctrine protects from someone creating a product that is basically, by all rights, the same product that is protected with just a few modifications.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In some countries, like the United States, there is liability for another two forms of infringement. One is contributory infringement, which is participating in another's infringement. This could be a company helping another company to create a patented product or selling the patented product which is created by another company.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> There is also inducement to infringement, which is when a party induces or assists another party in violating a patent. An example of this would be a company paying another party to create a patented product in order to reduce their competitor's market share.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This is important when it comes to gray market goods, which is when a patent owner sells a product in country A, wherein they have the product patented, then another party buys and sells it, without the owner's permission, in country B, wherein the owner also has a patent for the product. With either national or regional exhaustion being the law the in country B, the owner may still be able to enforce their patent rights; however, if country B has a policy of international exhaustion, then the patent owner will have no legal grounds for enforcing the patent in country B as it was already sold in a different country.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enforcement">edit</a>]</div> Patents can generally only be enforced through <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">civil lawsuits</a> (for example, for a US patent, by an action for patent infringement in a United States federal district court), although some countries (such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>) have criminal penalties for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wanton#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:wanton">wanton</a> infringement.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Typically, the patent owner seeks monetary compensation (<a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damages</a>) for past infringement, and seeks an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> that prohibits the defendant from engaging in future acts of infringement, or seeks either damages or injunction. To prove infringement, the patent owner must establish that the accused infringer practises all the requirements of at least one of the claims of the patent. (In many jurisdictions the scope of the patent may not be limited to what is literally stated in the claims, for example due to the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_equivalents" title="Doctrine of equivalents">doctrine of equivalents</a>.) An accused infringer has the right to challenge the validity of the patent allegedly being infringed in a <a href="/wiki/Counterclaim" title="Counterclaim">counterclaim</a>. A patent can be found invalid on grounds described in the relevant patent laws, which vary between countries. Often, the grounds are a subset of requirements for <a href="/wiki/Patentability" title="Patentability">patentability</a> in the relevant country. Although an infringer is generally free to rely on any available ground of invalidity (such as a <a href="/wiki/Novelty_(patent)" title="Novelty (patent)">prior publication</a>, for example), some countries have sanctions to prevent the same validity questions being relitigated. An example is the UK <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_contested_validity" title="Certificate of contested validity">Certificate of contested validity</a>. Patent <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licensing agreements</a> are <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> in which the patent owner (the licensor) agrees to grant the licensee the right to make, use, sell, or import the claimed invention, usually in return for a royalty or other compensation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It is common for companies engaged in complex technical fields to enter into multiple license agreements associated with the production of a single product. Moreover, it is equally common for competitors in such fields to license patents to each other under <a href="/wiki/Cross-licensing" title="Cross-licensing">cross-licensing</a> agreements in order to share the benefits of using each other's patented inventions. Freedom Licenses like the Apache 2.0 License are a hybrid of copyright/trademark/patent license/contract due to the bundling nature of the three intellectual properties in one central license. This can make it difficult to enforce because patent licenses cannot be granted this way under copyright and would have to be considered a contract.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership">Ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ownership">edit</a>]</div> In most countries, both natural persons and corporate entities may apply for a patent. In the United States, however, only the inventor(s) may apply for a patent, although it may be <a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">assigned</a> to a corporate entity subsequently<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and inventors may be required to assign inventions to their employers under an employment contract. In most European countries, ownership of an invention may pass from the inventor to their employer by rule of law if the invention was made in the course of the inventor's normal or specifically assigned employment duties, where an invention might reasonably be expected to result from carrying out those duties, or if the inventor had a special obligation to further the interests of the employer's company.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Applications by artificial intelligence systems, such as <a href="/wiki/DABUS" title="DABUS">DABUS</a>, have been rejected in the US, the UK, and at the European Patent Office on the grounds they are not natural persons.<a href="#cite_note-sonnemaker-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ejector_seat_with_patents_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ejector_seat_with_patents_cropped.jpg/220px-Ejector_seat_with_patents_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ejector_seat_with_patents_cropped.jpg/330px-Ejector_seat_with_patents_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ejector_seat_with_patents_cropped.jpg/440px-Ejector_seat_with_patents_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>The plate of the Martin <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">ejector seat</a> of a military aircraft, stating that the product is covered by multiple patents in the UK, South Africa, Canada and pending in "other" jurisdictions. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCbendorf" title="Dübendorf">Dübendorf</a> Museum of Military Aviation.</figcaption></figure> The inventors, their successors or their assignees become the proprietors of the patent when and if it is granted. If a patent is granted to more than one proprietor, the laws of the country in question and any agreement between the proprietors may affect the extent to which each proprietor can exploit the patent. For example, in some countries, each proprietor may freely license or assign their rights in the patent to another person while the law in other countries prohibits such actions without the permission of the other proprietor(s). The ability to assign ownership rights increases the <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">liquidity</a> of a patent as property. Inventors can obtain patents and then sell them to third parties.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The third parties then own the patents and have the same rights to prevent others from exploiting the claimed inventions, as if they had originally made the inventions themselves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governing_laws">Governing laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Governing laws">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></div> The grant and enforcement of patents are governed by national laws, and also by international treaties, where those treaties have been given effect in national laws. Patents are granted by national or regional patent offices,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> i.e. national or regional administrative authorities. A given patent is therefore only useful for protecting an invention in the country in which that patent is granted. In other words, patent law is territorial in nature. When a patent application is published, the invention disclosed in the application becomes <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a> and enters the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> (if not protected by other patents) in countries where a patent applicant does not seek protection, the application thus generally becoming prior art against anyone (including the applicant) who might seek patent protection for the invention in those countries. Commonly, a nation or a group of nations forms a <a href="/wiki/Patent_office" title="Patent office">patent office</a> with responsibility for operating that nation's patent system, within the relevant patent laws. The patent office generally has responsibility for the grant of patents, with infringement being the remit of national courts. The authority for patent statutes in different countries varies. In the UK, substantive patent law is contained in the Patents Act 1977 as amended.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> empowers <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to make laws to "promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts ...". The laws Congress passed are codified in <a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">Title 35 of the United States Code</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>. There is a trend towards global harmonization of patent laws, with the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) being particularly active in this area.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> has been largely successful in providing a forum for nations to agree on an aligned set of patent laws. Conformity with the TRIPS agreement is a requirement of admission to the WTO and so compliance is seen by many nations as important. This has also led to many developing nations, which may historically have developed different laws to aid their development, enforcing patents laws in line with global practice. Internationally, there are international treaty procedures, such as the procedures under the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">European Patent Convention</a> (EPC) [constituting the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a> (EPOrg)], that centralize some portion of the filing and examination procedure. Similar arrangements exist among the member states of <a href="/wiki/African_Regional_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="African Regional Intellectual Property Organization">ARIPO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Africaine_de_la_Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Intellectuelle" title="Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle">OAPI</a>, the analogous treaties among African countries, and the nine <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> member states that have formed the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a>. A key international convention relating to patents is the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a>, initially signed in 1883. The Paris Convention sets out a range of basic rules relating to patents, and although the convention does not have direct legal effect in all national jurisdictions, the principles of the convention are incorporated into all notable current patent systems. The Paris Convention set a minimum patent protection of 20 years, but the most significant aspect of the convention is the provision of the right to claim <a href="/wiki/Priority_right" title="Priority right">priority</a>: filing an application in any one member state of the Paris Convention preserves the right for one year to file in any other member state, and receive the benefit of the original filing date. Another key treaty is the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">Patent Cooperation Treaty</a> (PCT), administered by the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO) and covering more than 150 countries. The Patent Cooperation Treaty provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states along with giving owners a 30-month priority for applications as opposed to the standard 12 the Paris Convention granted. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an international application, or PCT application. The steps for PCT applications are as follows: 1. Filing the PCT patent application 2. Examination during the international phase 3. Examination during the national phase.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Alongside these international agreements for patents there was the Patent Law Treaty (PLT). This treaty standardized the filing date requirements, standardized the application and forms, allows for electronic communication and filing, and avoids unintentional loss of rights, and simplifies patent office procedures.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Sometimes, nations grant others, other than the patent owner, permissions to create a patented product based on different situations that align with public policy or public interest. These may include compulsory licenses, scientific research, and in transit in country.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-biopiracy_dispositions">Anti-biopiracy dispositions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-biopiracy dispositions">edit</a>]</div> After two decades of drafting,<a href="#cite_note-:12-78">[78]</a> the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a> moved to a Diplomatic Conference in May 2024<a href="#cite_note-:13-80">[80]</a> and adopted the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a> (GRATK Treaty)<a href="#cite_note-:02-81">[81]</a> mandating patent disclosure requirements for patents based on <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a> from being granted.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Treaty contemplates revocation for patents incorrectly filed.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The treaty, and in particular its planned extension,<a href="#cite_note-:13-80">[80]</a> is seen as complementing the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity</a> and its system of <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Access and Benefit-Sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Representatives of Indigenous peoples view the GRATK Treaty as a "first step towards guaranteeing just and transparent access to these resources."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_and_prosecution">Application and prosecution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Application and prosecution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">Patent application</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patent_prosecution" title="Patent prosecution">Patent prosecution</a></div> Before filing for an application, which must be paid for whether a patent is granted or not, a person will want to ensure that their material is patentable. Patentable material must be synthetic, meaning that anything natural cannot be patented. For example, minerals, materials, genes, facts, organisms, and biological processes cannot be patented, but if someone were to apply an inventive, non-obvious, step to them to synthesize something new, the result could be patentable. That includes genetically engineered strains of bacteria, as was decided in Diamond v. Chakrabarty.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Patentability also depends on public policy and ethical standards.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Additionally, patentable materials must be novel, useful, and a non-obvious inventive step.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patent_Applications.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Patent_Applications.svg/220px-Patent_Applications.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Patent_Applications.svg/330px-Patent_Applications.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Patent_Applications.svg/440px-Patent_Applications.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Patent applications filed at the world's major patent offices from 1980 to 2021.</figcaption></figure> A patent is requested by filing a written <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">application</a> at the relevant patent office. The person or company filing the application is referred to as "the applicant". The applicant may be the inventor or its assignee. The application contains a description of how to make and use the invention that must provide <a href="/wiki/Sufficiency_of_disclosure" title="Sufficiency of disclosure">sufficient detail</a> for a person skilled in the art (i.e., the relevant area of technology) to make and use the invention. In some countries there are requirements for providing specific information such as the usefulness of the invention, the <a href="/wiki/Sufficiency_of_disclosure" title="Sufficiency of disclosure">best mode</a> of performing the invention known to the inventor, or the technical problem or problems solved by the invention. Drawings illustrating the invention may also be provided. The application also includes one or more <a href="/wiki/Patent_claim" title="Patent claim">claims</a> that define what a patent covers or the "scope of protection". After filing, an application is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Patent_pending" title="Patent pending">patent pending</a>". While this term does not confer legal protection, and a patent cannot be enforced until granted, it serves to provide warning to potential infringers that if the patent is issued, they may be liable for damages.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Once filed, a patent application is <a href="/wiki/Patent_prosecution" title="Patent prosecution">"prosecuted"</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Patent_examiner" title="Patent examiner">patent examiner</a> reviews the patent application to determine if it meets the <a href="/wiki/Patentability" title="Patentability">patentability</a> requirements of that country. If the application does not comply, objections are communicated to the applicant or their <a href="/wiki/Patent_attorney" title="Patent attorney">patent agent or attorney</a> through an <a href="/wiki/Office_action" title="Office action">Office action</a>, to which the applicant may respond. The number of Office actions and responses that may occur vary from country to country, but eventually a final rejection is sent by the patent office, or the patent application is granted, which after the payment of additional fees, leads to an issued, enforceable patent. In some jurisdictions, there are opportunities for third parties to bring an <a href="/wiki/Opposition_proceeding" title="Opposition proceeding">opposition proceeding</a> between grant and issuance, or post-issuance. Once granted the patent is subject in most countries to <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_fee_(patent)" title="Maintenance fee (patent)">renewal fees</a> to keep the patent in force. These fees are generally payable on a yearly basis. Some countries or regional patent offices (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a>) also require annual renewal fees to be paid for a patent application before it is granted. In the US, patent maintenance fees are due on 3.5, 7.5 and 11.5 anniversaries of the patent issuance.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Only ca. 50% of issued US patents are maintained full term. Large corporations tend to pay maintenance fees through the full term, while small companies are more likely to abandon their patents earlier, even though the due fees are ca. 5 times lower for small businesses (microentities).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costs">Costs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Costs">edit</a>]</div> The costs of preparing and filing a patent application, prosecuting it until grant and maintaining the patent vary from one jurisdiction to another, and may also be dependent upon the type and complexity of the invention, and on the type of patent. The European Patent Office estimated in 2005 that the average cost of obtaining a European patent (via a Euro-direct application, i.e. not based on a PCT application) and maintaining the patent for a 10-year term was around €32,000.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/London_Agreement_(2000)" title="London Agreement (2000)">London Agreement</a> entered into force on May 1, 2008, this estimation is however no longer up-to-date, since fewer translations are required. After a patent is issued, in most countries patent maintenance payments are required. In some countries (e.g. Russia) fees are due every year, and the amount due does not change much. In other countries (e.g. US) payments are due ca. every 4th year after the grant date, and the amount due increases every time. A 2023 study by <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> found the full term maintenance rate of issued US patents has been fairly constant (40-50%) since 1992. Full term patents have more issued claims and receive on average more citations than earlier expired patents.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a> charges annual fees for pending applications. Also, between 2012 and 2016 <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> increased its patent maintenance fees ten-fold, briefly becoming the most expensive country to maintain patents.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the United States, in 2000 the cost of obtaining a patent (<a href="/wiki/Patent_prosecution" title="Patent prosecution">patent prosecution</a>) was estimated to be from $10,000 to $30,000 per patent.<a href="#cite_note-lemley-98">[98]</a> When patent litigation is involved (which in year 1999 happened in about 1,600 cases compared to 153,000 patents issued in the same year<a href="#cite_note-lemley-98">[98]</a>), costs increase significantly: although 95% of patent litigation cases are settled <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">out of court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> those that reach the courts have legal costs on the order of a million dollars per case, not including associated business costs.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-national_treatment_in_the_application_procedure">Non-national treatment in the application procedure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-national treatment in the application procedure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Patent##" title="Talk:Patent">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section. (January 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Non-national treatments in national patent offices had been prevalent among the Northern countries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] until they were prohibited after the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a>. According to Articles 2 and 3 of this treaty, juristic and natural persons who are either national of or domiciled in a state party to the Convention shall, as regards the protection of industrial property, enjoy in all the other countries of the Union, the advantages that their respective laws grant to nationals. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> explicitly prohibits any such discrimination. TRIPS Agreement Article 27.1 states that 'patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Defensive_publication" title="Defensive publication">defensive publication</a> is the act of publishing a detailed description of a new invention without patenting it, so as to establish <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a> and public identification as the creator/originator of an invention, although a defensive publication can also be anonymous. A defensive publication prevents others from later being able to patent the invention. A <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a> is information that is intentionally kept confidential and that provides a competitive advantage to its possessor. Trade secrets are protected by <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour law</a>, each of which prevents information leaks such as <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_confidence" title="Breach of confidence">breaches of confidentiality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">industrial espionage</a>. Compared to patents, the advantages of trade secrets are that the value of a trade secret continues until it is made public,<a href="#cite_note-klinkert-6-101">[101]</a> whereas a patent is only in force for a specified time, after which others may freely copy the invention; does not require payment of fees to governmental agencies or filing paperwork;<a href="#cite_note-klinkert-6-101">[101]</a> has an immediate effect;<a href="#cite_note-klinkert-6-101">[101]</a> and does not require any disclosure of information to the public.<a href="#cite_note-klinkert-6-101">[101]</a> The key disadvantage of a trade secret is its vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-klinkert-7-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Patent##" title="Talk:Patent">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (August 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Primary incentives embodied in the patent system include incentives to invent in the first place; to disclose the invention once made; to invest the sums necessary to experiment, produce and market the invention; and to <a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">design around</a> and improve upon earlier patents.<a href="#cite_note-Markey-103">[103]</a> Patents provide incentives for economically efficient <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D).<a href="#cite_note-olson-104">[104]</a> A study conducted annually by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Prospective_Technological_Studies" title="Institute for Prospective Technological Studies">Institute for Prospective Technological Studies</a> (IPTS) shows that the 2,000 largest global companies invested more than 430 billion euros in 2008<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> in their R&D departments. If the investments can be considered as inputs of R&D, real products and patents are the outputs. Based on these groups, a project named Corporate Invention Board, had measured and analyzed the patent portfolios to produce an original picture<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> of their technological profiles. Supporters of patents argue that without patent protection, R&D spending would be significantly less or eliminated altogether, limiting the possibility of technological advances or breakthroughs. Corporations would be much more conservative about the R&D investments they made, as third parties would be <a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">free to exploit</a> any developments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The logical consequence of more efficient R&D is a more efficient national economy: An increase in patenting has proven to be linked with an increase of national income. A 2009 study on patent effects in various countries around the world finds, for instance, that a 10% increase in patenting in 1910 led on average to a 9 to 11% higher level of per capita <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> in 1960. The positive effects of patenting on national income were found to be particularly strong in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S</a>., <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. However, patenting is not the only factor influencing GDP growth: among others, schooling also plays a big role.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> "The patent internalizes the <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externality</a> by giving the [inventor] a property right over its invention."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In accordance with the original definition of the term "patent", patents are intended to facilitate and encourage disclosure of <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovations</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>. Thus patenting can be viewed as contributing to <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open hardware</a> after an embargo period (usually of 20 years). If <a href="/wiki/Inventor_(patent)" title="Inventor (patent)">inventors</a> did not have the legal protection of patents, in many cases, they might prefer or tend to keep their inventions secret (e.g. keep <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Awarding patents generally makes the details of new technology publicly available, for exploitation by anyone after the patent expires, or for further improvement by other inventors. Furthermore, when a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_patent" title="Term of patent">patent's term</a> has expired, the public record ensures that the patentee's invention is not lost to humanity.<a href="#cite_note-Markey-103">[103]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] One effect of modern patent usage is that a small-time inventor, who can afford both the patenting process and the defense of the patent,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> can use the exclusive right status to become a licensor. This allows the inventor to accumulate capital from licensing the invention and may allow innovation to occur because he or she may choose not to manage a manufacturing buildup for the invention. Thus the inventor's time and energy can be spent on pure innovation, allowing others to concentrate on manufacturability.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Another effect of modern patent usage is the social benefit(s) of technology disclosure. Although patentees usually end up not reaping benefit from their patent monopoly,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the society still benefits from patent disclosures. Also patents both enable and incentivize competitors to design around (or to "<a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">invent around</a>" according to R S Praveen Raj) the patented invention.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> This may promote healthy competition among manufacturers, resulting in gradual improvements of the technology base.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_patents" title="Criticism of patents">Criticism of patents</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biological_patent#Ethics" title="Biological patent">Biological patent § Ethics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office#Criticisms" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office § Criticisms</a></div> Legal scholars, economists, activists, policymakers, industries, and trade organizations have held differing views on patents and engaged in contentious debates on the subject. Critical perspectives emerged in the nineteenth century that were especially based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johns-114">[114]</a>: 262–263  Contemporary criticisms have echoed those arguments, claiming that patents block innovation and waste resources (e.g. with patent-related <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">overheads</a>) that could otherwise be used productively to improve technology.<a href="#cite_note-boldrin-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> These and other research findings that patents decreased innovation because of the following mechanisms: <ul><li>Low quality, already known or obvious patents hamper innovation and commercialization.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Blocking the use of fundamental knowledge with patents creates a "<a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">tragedy of the anticommons</a>, where future innovations can not take place outside of a single firm in an entire field".<a href="#cite_note-anticommons-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Patents weaken the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and innovation that comes from it.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_thicket" title="Patent thicket">Patent thickets</a>, or "an overlapping set of patent rights", in particular slow innovation.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Broad patents prevent companies from commercializing products and hurt innovation.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In the worst case, such broad patents are held by non-practicing entities (<a href="/wiki/Patent_trolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent trolls">patent trolls</a>), which do not contribute to innovation.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Enforcement by <a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">patent trolls</a> of poor quality patents<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> has led to criticism of the patent office as well as the system itself.<a href="#cite_note-Barker-129">[129]</a> For example, in 2011, United States business entities incurred $29 billion in direct costs because of patent trolls.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20120629-130">[130]</a> Lawsuits brought by "patent assertion companies" made up 61% of all patent cases in 2012, according to the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University_School_of_Law" title="Santa Clara University School of Law">Santa Clara University School of Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20130702-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Patents apply a "one size fits all" model to industries with differing needs,<a href="#cite_note-Posner-132">[132]</a> that is especially unproductive for the software industry.<a href="#cite_note-BessenMeurer-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> by owners of pharmaceutical patents have also been a particular focus of criticism, as the high prices they enable puts life-saving drugs out of reach of many people.<a href="#cite_note-Banta,_D.H._2001-134">[134]</a></li> <li>"With the partial exception of the pharmaceutical industry, we just do not have clear evidence to support the assumption that patents provide significant incentives to inventive activity".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li></ul> Boldrin and Levine conclude "Our preferred policy solution is to abolish patents entirely and to find other legislative instruments, less open to lobbying and rent seeking, to foster innovation when there is clear evidence that laissez-faire undersupplies it."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Abolishing patents may be politically challenging in some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] countries,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] however, as the primary economic theories supporting patent law hold that inventors and innovators need patents to recoup the costs associated with research, inventing, and commercializing;<a href="#cite_note-olson-104">[104]</a> this reasoning is weakened if the new technologies decrease these costs.<a href="#cite_note-Osborn-138">[138]</a> A 2016 paper argued for substantial weakening of patents because current technologies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>, etc.) have reduced the cost of innovation.<a href="#cite_note-Osborn-138">[138]</a> Debates over the usefulness of patents for their primary objective are part of a larger discourse on <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property protection</a>, which also reflects differing perspectives on <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to copyright">copyright</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-patent_initiatives">Anti-patent initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anti-patent initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_patents#Pharmaceutical_patents" title="Criticism of patents">Patents on expensive medications</a> are often used as examples that can highlight the inadequacy of patent-based mechanisms. One workaround solution that has been applied by South Africa in the past is passing explained domestic law that gives the state the right to import inexpensive generic versions without permission and wait for international regulations and incentive-systems to get upgraded at a later point.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>In 2020, multiple initiatives, including by India and South Africa, called for a waiver of <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS</a> vaccine patents for accelerated <a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">deployment of COVID-19 vaccines</a> around the world.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> However, no mechanisms of alternative medical <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> incentive-systems<a href="#cite_note-10.1136/bmj.n2375-143">[143]</a> or technical details of proposed "sharing" after certain amounts of profit<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> were reported and some argue that, instead of intellectual property rights, manufacturing know-how is the main barrier to expanding capacity.<a href="#cite_note-10.1136/bmj.n2375-143">[143]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Patent_Busting_Project" title="Patent Busting Project">Patent Busting Project</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) initiative challenging patents that the organization claims are illegitimate and suppress innovation or limit online expression. The initiative launched in 2004 and involves two phases: documenting the damage caused by these patents,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and submitting challenges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> (USPTO).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>Patent critic, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> has proposed <a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes as an alternative to patents</a> in order to further advance solutions to global problems such as AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Stack_Exchange" title="Stack Exchange">Stack Exchange</a> launched Ask Patents, a forum for crowdsourcing prior art to invalidate patents.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>Several authors have argued for developing defensive <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a> to prevent patenting based on obviousness using lists<a href="#cite_note-chin1-151">[151]</a> or algorithms.<a href="#cite_note-3dp-152">[152]</a> For example, a professor of law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_School_of_Law" title="University of North Carolina School of Law">University of North Carolina School of Law</a>, has demonstrated a method to protect <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> research,<a href="#cite_note-chin1-151">[151]</a> which could apply to other technology. Chin wrote an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> to generate 11 million "obvious" nucleotide sequences to count as prior art and his algorithmic approach has already<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> proven effective at anticipating prior art against oligonucleotide composition claims filed since his publication of the list and has been cited by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. patent office</a> a number of times.<a href="#cite_note-chin2-154">[154]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Pearce" title="Joshua Pearce">Joshua Pearce</a> developed an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open-source</a> algorithm for identifying prior art for <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> materials to make such materials obvious by patent standards.<a href="#cite_note-3dp-152">[152]</a> As the 3-D printing community is already grappling with legal issues,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> this development was hotly debated in the technical press.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Chin made the same algorithm-based obvious argument in DNA probes.<a href="#cite_note-chin2-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and other technology companies founded the <a href="/wiki/LOT_Network" title="LOT Network">LOT Network</a> in 2014 to combat <a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">patent assertion entities</a> by cross-licensing patents, thereby preventing legal action by such entities.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Patent" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Patent">Patent</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">PCT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Patent_Law_Treaty" title="Patent Law Treaty">PLT</a> treaties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">WTO TRIPs Agreement</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRATK_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="GRATK Treaty">GRATK Treaty</a> (2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Herman-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herman_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herman_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herman_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herman_1-3">d</a> "A patent is not the grant of a right to make or use or sell. It does not, directly or indirectly, imply any such right. It grants only the right to exclude others. The supposition that a right to make is created by the patent grant is obviously inconsistent with the established distinctions between generic and specific patents, and with the well-known fact that a very considerable portion of the patents granted are in a field covered by a former relatively generic or basic patent, are tributary to such earlier patent, and cannot be practiced unless by license thereunder." – Herman v. Youngstown Car Mfg. Co., 191 F. 579, 584–85, 112 CCA 185 (6th Cir. 1911) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/patents/en/index.html">"Patents"</a>. www.wipo.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528050243/https://www.wipo.int/patents/en/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-06-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Patents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fpatents%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Article 27.1. of the TRIPs Agreement. </li> <li id="cite_note-PatentLength-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PatentLength_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatentLength_4-1">b</a> Article 33 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (<a href="/wiki/TRIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIPS">TRIPS</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm">"What are intellectual property rights?"</a>. WTO.org. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706160029/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-06. Retrieved 2016-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WTO.org&rft.atitle=What+are+intellectual+property+rights%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Ftrips_e%2Fintel1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WallMinocha2009-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WallMinocha2009_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallMinocha2009_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_WallSonal_MinochaBronwen_Rees2009" class="citation book cs1">Stuart Wall; Sonal Minocha; Bronwen Rees (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGPilQPhxWMC&pg=PA43">International Business</a>. Financial Times Prentice Hall. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0273723721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0273723721"><bdi>978-0273723721</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828081816/https://books.google.com/books?id=wGPilQPhxWMC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved 2021-03-13. <q>(...) patents, trademarks and copyrights. These are often referred to as intellectual property rights (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Business&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Financial+Times+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0273723721&rft.au=Stuart+Wall&rft.au=Sonal+Minocha&rft.au=Bronwen+Rees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGPilQPhxWMC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s1502.html">"1502 Definition of a Design [R-08.2012]"</a>. Manual of Patent Examining Procedure. USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107075408/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s1502.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manual+of+Patent+Examining+Procedure&rft.atitle=1502+Definition+of+a+Design+%5BR-08.2012%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fweb%2Foffices%2Fpac%2Fmpep%2Fs1502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/patents/resources/types/plant_patents.jsp">"General Information About 35 U.S.C. 161 Plant Patents"</a>. USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107075405/http://www.uspto.gov/patents/resources/types/plant_patents.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information+About+35+U.S.C.+161+Plant+Patents&rft.pub=USPTO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fpatents%2Fresources%2Ftypes%2Fplant_patents.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthon-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Anthon_9-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthon" title="Charles Anthon">Charles Anthon</a>, A Classical Dictionary: Containing An Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, And Intended To Elucidate All The Important Points Connected With The Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, And Fine Arts Of The Greeks And Romans Together With An Account Of Coins, Weights, And Measures, With Tabular Values Of The Same, Harper & Bros, 1841, p. 1273. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Phylarchus of Naucratis, "The Deipnosophists, or, Banquet of the Learned of Athenæus", Translated from Ancient Greek by H.Bohn 12:20, p. 835 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Robert Patrick Merges. Patent Law and Policy: Cases and Materials. 7th ed., Chapter 1.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolfgang-pfaller.de/venedig.htm">"Wolfgang-Pfaller.de: Patentgesetz von Venedig"</a> (in German and Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630055924/http://www.wolfgang-pfaller.de/venedig.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolfgang-Pfaller.de%3A+Patentgesetz+von+Venedig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolfgang-pfaller.de%2Fvenedig.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frumkin-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Frumkin_13-0">^</a> M. Frumkin, "The Origin of Patents", Journal of the Patent Office Society, March 1945, Vol. XXVII, No. 3, pp. 143 et seq. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaffer1990" class="citation journal cs1">Leaffer, Marshall A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1663&context=facpub">"Book Review. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800"</a>. Articles by Maurer Faculty (666). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004133535/http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1663&context=facpub">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-04</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Articles+by+Maurer+Faculty&rft.atitle=Book+Review.+Inventing+the+Industrial+Revolution%3A+The+English+Patent+System%2C+1660%E2%80%931800&rft.issue=666&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Leaffer&rft.aufirst=Marshall+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1663%26context%3Dfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod1988" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Christine (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/history/british-history-after-1450/inventing-industrial-revolution-english-patent-system-16601800">Inventing the Industrial Revolution : The English patent system, 1660–1800</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521893992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521893992"><bdi>978-0521893992</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004144302/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/history/british-history-after-1450/inventing-industrial-revolution-english-patent-system-16601800">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-04</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Industrial+Revolution+%3A+The+English+patent+system%2C+1660%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0521893992&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Fbritish-history-after-1450%2Finventing-industrial-revolution-english-patent-system-16601800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224171053/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/blacksto.htm">"Blackstone's Commentaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/blacksto.htm">the original</a> on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-02-24. <q>THE king's grants are alſo matter of public record. For, as St. Germyn ſays, the king's excellency is ſo high in the law, that no freehold may be given to the king, nor derived from him, but by matter of record. And to this end a variety of offices are erected, communicating in a regular ſubordination one with another, through which all the king's grants muſt paſs, and be tranſcribed, and enrolled; that the ſame may by narrowly inſpected by his officers, who will inform him if any thing contained therein is improper, or unlawful to be granted. Theſe grants, whether of lands, honours, liberties, franchiſes, or ought beſides, are contained in charters, or letters patent, that is, open letters, literae patentes: ſo called becauſe they are not ſealed up, but expoſed to open view, with the great ſeal pendant at the bottom; and are uſually directed or addreſſed by the king to all his ſubjects at large. And therein they differ from certain other letters of the king, ſealed alſo with his great ſeal, but directed to particular perſons, and for particular purpoſes: which therefore, not being proper for public inſpection, are cloſed up and ſealed on the outſide, and are thereupon called writs cloſe, literae clauſae; and are recorded in the cloſe-rolls, in the ſame manner as the others are in the patent-rolls...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackstone%27s+Commentaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fblackstone%2Fblacksto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422075818/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/patent/p-about/p-whatis/p-history/p-history-18century.htm">"The 18th century"</a>. 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Newman. doi: 10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102178. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> With the following assumptions: "18 pages (11 pages description, 3 pages claims, 4 pages drawings), 10 claims, patent validated in 6 countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland), excl. in-house preparation costs for the patentee" (the costs relate to European patents granted in 2002/2003), in European Patent Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.european-patent-office.org/epo/new/cost_analysis_2005_en.pdf">The cost of a sample European patent – new estimates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201548/http://www.european-patent-office.org/epo/new/cost_analysis_2005_en.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2005, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> The persistence of worthless patents? 2023. 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Wagner. doi: 10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102179. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mondaq.com/patent/524436/ecuador-reversed-the-increase-of-its-patent-fees-decreases-it-by-90">"Ecuador Reversed the Increase of Its Patent Fees: Decreases It by 90% - Patent - Ecuador"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecuador+Reversed+the+Increase+of+Its+Patent+Fees%3A+Decreases+It+by+90%25+-+Patent+-+Ecuador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Fpatent%2F524436%2Fecuador-reversed-the-increase-of-its-patent-fees-decreases-it-by-90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lemley-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lemley_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lemley_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lemley, Mark A (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1tc166q2">"Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office"</a>. Northwestern University Law Review. 95 (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.261400">10.2139/ssrn.261400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154339316">154339316</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727110134/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tc166q2">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Rational+Ignorance+at+the+Patent+Office&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.261400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154339316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lemley&rft.aufirst=Mark+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1tc166q2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hblaw.org/articles-reader/items/carry-a-big-stick.html">"Holland & Bonzagni a full Service IP Law Firm in Western Massachusetts"</a>. www.hblaw.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414072237/http://www.hblaw.org/articles-reader/items/carry-a-big-stick.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hblaw.org&rft.atitle=Holland+%26+Bonzagni+a+full+Service+IP+Law+Firm+in+Western+Massachusetts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hblaw.org%2Farticles-reader%2Fitems%2Fcarry-a-big-stick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessenMeurer2008" class="citation book cs1">Bessen, James; Meurer, Michael James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patentfailurehow00bess">Patent failure: how judges, bureaucrats, and lawyers put innovators at risk</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patentfailurehow00bess/page/n146">132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134918"><bdi>978-0691134918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patent+failure%3A+how+judges%2C+bureaucrats%2C+and+lawyers+put+innovators+at+risk&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0691134918&rft.aulast=Bessen&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Meurer%2C+Michael+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatentfailurehow00bess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988">. Based on an <a href="/wiki/American_Intellectual_Property_Law_Association" title="American Intellectual Property Law Association">American Intellectual Property Law Association</a> (AIPLA) survey of patent lawyers (2005), and court documents for a sample of 89 court cases where one side was ordered to pay the other side's legal fees. The containing chapter ('The Costs of Disputes') also tries to quantify associated business costs. </li> <li id="cite_note-klinkert-6-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klinkert-6_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klinkert-6_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klinkert-6_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klinkert-6_101-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkert2012" class="citation conference cs1">Klinkert, Friedrich (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miplc.de/research/lecture-series/">The Misappropriation of Trade Secrets in Germany and U.S. Discovery Aid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Munich_Intellectual_Property_Law_Center" title="Munich Intellectual Property Law Center">MIPLC</a> Lecture Series. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608121247/http://www.miplc.de/research/lecture-series/">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Misappropriation+of+Trade+Secrets+in+Germany+and+U.S.+Discovery+Aid&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Klinkert&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miplc.de%2Fresearch%2Flecture-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klinkert-7-102"><a href="#cite_ref-klinkert-7_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkert2012" class="citation conference cs1">Klinkert, Friedrich (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miplc.de/research/lecture-series/">The Misappropriation of Trade Secrets in Germany and U.S. Discovery Aid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Munich_Intellectual_Property_Law_Center" title="Munich Intellectual Property Law Center">MIPLC</a> Lecture Series. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608121247/http://www.miplc.de/research/lecture-series/">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Misappropriation+of+Trade+Secrets+in+Germany+and+U.S.+Discovery+Aid&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Klinkert&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miplc.de%2Fresearch%2Flecture-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markey-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey1975" class="citation journal cs1">Markey, Howard T. (9 June 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109190010/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fjpatos57&div=88&id=&page=">"Special Problems in Patent Cases"</a>. Journal of the Patent Office Society. 57: 675. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jpatos57&id=703&div=&collection=">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Patent+Office+Society&rft.atitle=Special+Problems+in+Patent+Cases&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=675&rft.date=1975-06-09&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Howard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjpatos57%26id%3D703%26div%3D%26collection%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olson_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olson_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, D.S. (2009). "Taking the Utilitarian Basis for Patent Law Seriously: The Case for Restricting Patentable Subject Matter". Temple Law Review. 82: 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Temple+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Taking+the+Utilitarian+Basis+for+Patent+Law+Seriously%3A+The+Case+for+Restricting+Patentable+Subject+Matter&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=D.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/research/scoreboard_2009.htm">The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330215258/http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/research/scoreboard_2009.htm">Archived</a> 2010-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> produced by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corporateinventionboard.eu/en/corporate-rankings">Technological profiles for global companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327134924/http://www.corporateinventionboard.eu/en/corporate-rankings">Archived</a> 2010-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by analysing their patent portfolios </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatenLabuske2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Baten, Jörg; Labuske, Kirsten (2009). "On the Persistence of Human Capital and Patient Effects Around 1900 on Per Capita Levels in the 1960s". Brussels Economic Review. 52-2/3: 289–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brussels+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Persistence+of+Human+Capital+and+Patient+Effects+Around+1900+on+Per+Capita+Levels+in+the+1960s&rft.volume=52-2%2F3&rft.pages=289-304&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Labuske%2C+Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2011" class="citation book cs1">Stack, Alexander James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLLstDhhzK4C">International Patent Law: Cooperation, Harmonization, and an Institutional Analysis of WIPO and the WTO</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849806091" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849806091"><bdi>978-1849806091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Patent+Law%3A+Cooperation%2C+Harmonization%2C+and+an+Institutional+Analysis+of+WIPO+and+the+WTO&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1849806091&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Alexander+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLLstDhhzK4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Pooley, J. and Westman, D.P., 1997. Trade secrets. Law Journal Seminars-Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Jim Kerstetter. 2012. How much is that patent lawsuit going to cost you?. CNET. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/how-much-is-that-patent-lawsuit-going-to-cost-you/">"How much is that patent lawsuit going to cost you?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823072023/http://www.cnet.com/news/how-much-is-that-patent-lawsuit-going-to-cost-you/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2016-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+much+is+that+patent+lawsuit+going+to+cost+you%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-much-is-that-patent-lawsuit-going-to-cost-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Stim, Rishand, "Profit from Your Idea: How to Make Smart Licensing Decisions", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1413304508" title="Special:BookSources/1413304508">1413304508</a> (2006) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024112209/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030600492100.htm">"Thehindubusinessline.com"</a>. thehindubusinessline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030600492100.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thehindubusinessline.com&rft.atitle=Thehindubusinessline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2Fstories%2F2007030600492100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Linsui (2002). "Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights: Lessons from Korea's Experience". Unctad/Ictsd. UNCTAD/ICTSD Working Paper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unctad%2FIctsd&rft.atitle=Technology+Transfer+and+Intellectual+Property+Rights%3A+Lessons+from+Korea%27s+Experience&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Linsui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johns-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Johns_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns2010" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Adrian (15 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jFMEPUO7LS0C&q=262">Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226401201" title="Special:BookSources/9780226401201"><bdi>9780226401201</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy%3A+The+Intellectual+Property+Wars+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft.isbn=9780226401201&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjFMEPUO7LS0C%26q%3D262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boldrin-115"><a href="#cite_ref-boldrin_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineMichele_Boldrin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Levine" title="David K. Levine">Levine, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michele_Boldrin" title="Michele Boldrin">Michele Boldrin</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/papers/imbookfinalall.pdf">Against intellectual monopoly</a> (PDF). 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Alabama Law Review. 57: 975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017074432/http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/artfulpriorart.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-17. 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World Patent Information. 42: 13–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wpi.2015.07.003">10.1016/j.wpi.2015.07.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:106963553">106963553</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411223222/https://www.academia.edu/17609790">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2016-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Patent+Information&rft.atitle=A+Novel+Approach+to+Obviousness%3A+An+Algorithm+for+Identifying+Prior+Art+Concerning+3-D+Printing+Materials&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=13-18&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wpi.2015.07.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A106963553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17609790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin" class="citation journal cs1">Chin, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf">"Gene Probes As Unpatentable Printed Matter"</a> (PDF). The Federal Circuit Bar Journal. 20 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017074211/http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Federal+Circuit+Bar+Journal&rft.atitle=Gene+Probes+As+Unpatentable+Printed+Matter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unclaw.com%2Fchin%2Fscholarship%2Fprintedmatter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chin2-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chin2_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chin2_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chin, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf">"Gene Probes As Unpatentable Printed Matter"</a> (PDF). The Federal Circuit Bar Journal. 20 (4): 527. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017074211/http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Federal+Circuit+Bar+Journal&rft.atitle=Gene+Probes+As+Unpatentable+Printed+Matter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=527&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unclaw.com%2Fchin%2Fscholarship%2Fprintedmatter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151130-what-are-the-legal-aspects-of-3d-printing-a-european-law-firm-weighs-in.html">What are the legal aspects of 3D printing? A European law firm weighs in.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913201308/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151130-what-are-the-legal-aspects-of-3d-printing-a-european-law-firm-weighs-in.html">Archived</a> 2016-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 3Ders </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://3dprint.com/103675/3d-print-material-ip-algorithm/">Shots Fired: The 3D Printing Materials IP War Has Begun as Joshua Pearce Releases Algorithm for Obviousness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818225303/https://3dprint.com/103675/3d-print-material-ip-algorithm/">Archived</a> 2016-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 3DPrint </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://3dprintingindustry.com/2015/11/02/new-algorithm-fights-to-keep-3d-printing-materials-open-to-all/">New Algorithm Fights to Keep 3D Printing Materials Open to All</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524164525/http://3dprintingindustry.com/2015/11/02/new-algorithm-fights-to-keep-3d-printing-materials-open-to-all">Archived</a> 2016-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 3D Printing Industry </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151103-joshua-pearce-algorithm-for-obviousness-to-prevent-3d-printing-material-patents.html">Joshua Pearce creates new algorithm for obviousness to prevent 3D printing material patents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017073721/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151103-joshua-pearce-algorithm-for-obviousness-to-prevent-3d-printing-material-patents.html">Archived</a> 2016-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 3ders </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Tech-auto-companies-join-forces-to-thwart-patent-6791654.php">"Tech, auto companies join forces to thwart patent trolls"</a>. 2016-02-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613094258/http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Tech-auto-companies-join-forces-to-thwart-patent-6791654.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2016-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tech%2C+auto+companies+join+forces+to+thwart+patent+trolls&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FTech-auto-companies-join-forces-to-thwart-patent-6791654.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">Henderson, David R.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Patents.html">"Patents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patents&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc1%2FPatents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patent" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:patent">patent</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/urls.jsp">Directory of Intellectual Property Offices</a>, maintained by <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-941-2022-en-world-intellectual-property-indicators-2022.pdf">World Intellectual Property Indicators 2022 with patents statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-901-2024-en-patent-cooperation-treaty-yearly-review-2024.pdf">PCT Yearly Review 2024</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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