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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 On Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Density </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Magnetism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Phase transitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triple_and_critical_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triple_and_critical_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Triple and critical points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triple_and_critical_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phases_of_ice_and_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases_of_ice_and_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Phases of ice and water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phases_of_ice_and_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taste_and_odor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taste_and_odor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Taste and odor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taste_and_odor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_and_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_and_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Color and appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_and_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_polarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_polarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Molecular polarity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_polarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_bonding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_bonding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Hydrogen bonding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-ionization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-ionization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Self-ionization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-ionization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_conductivity_and_electrolysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_conductivity_and_electrolysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Electrical conductivity and electrolysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_conductivity_and_electrolysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Mechanical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Reactivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Earth_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Earth_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 On Earth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-On_Earth_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle On Earth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-On_Earth_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Water cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Water resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seawater_and_tides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seawater_and_tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Seawater and tides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seawater_and_tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects on life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquatic_life_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_life_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Aquatic life forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_life_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_human_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_human_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Effects on human civilization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_human_civilization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on human civilization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_human_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_and_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Health and pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Human uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_scientific_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_scientific_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 As a scientific standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_scientific_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_drinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_drinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 For drinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_drinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Washing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.5 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.6 Chemical uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.7 Heat exchange </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.8 Fire considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.9 Recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.10 Water industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.11 Industrial applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.12 Food processing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.13 Medical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_in_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_in_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Distribution in nature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_in_nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution in nature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_in_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 In the universe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_vapor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_vapor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Water vapor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_vapor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Liquid water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Water ice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exotic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exotic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Exotic forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exotic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_planetary_habitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_planetary_habitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Water and planetary habitability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_planetary_habitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law,_politics,_and_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law,_politics,_and_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Law, politics, and crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law,_politics,_and_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Art and activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Dihydrogen monoxide parody </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Water</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 271 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-271" aria-hidden="true" > 271 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83" title="ውሃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውሃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6ter" title="Wæter – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wæter" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D3%A1%D1%8B" title="Аӡы – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аӡы" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augua" title="Augua – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Augua" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܡܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ջուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A2" title="Apâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Apâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="পানী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipi" title="Nipi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Nipi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y" title="Y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Лъим – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лъим" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma" title="Uma – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uma" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su" title="Su – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88" title="سو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toya" title="Toya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Toya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji" title="Ji – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ji" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu" title="Banyu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Banyu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi" title="Chúi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu" title="Banyu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Banyu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Һыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wota" title="Wota – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Wota" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wossa" title="Wossa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wossa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dour" title="Dour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Шыв – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шыв" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5nom" title="Hånom – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Hånom" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwa" title="Agwa – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Agwa" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvura" title="Mvura – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mvura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Acqua" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%B5r" title="Dŵr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dŵr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand" title="Vand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1hci" title="Čáhci – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čáhci" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ފެން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފެން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3" title="Tó – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3da" title="Wóda – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wóda" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="पानि – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पानि" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C" title="Νερό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νερό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Ведь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvo" title="Akvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur" title="Ur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paani" title="Paani – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paani" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vatn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau" title="Eau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetter" title="Wetter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wetter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndiyam" title="Ndiyam – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ndiyam" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghe" title="Aghe – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Aghe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisce" title="Uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uisce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtey" title="Ushtey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ushtey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisge" title="Uisge – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uisge" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa%C4%A9" title="Maaĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maaĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88" title="آو – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آو" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" title="પાણી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાણી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="उदक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उदक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAi" title="Súi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Súi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwa" title="Ruwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ruwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ջուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="जल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda" title="Woda – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Woda" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquo" title="Aquo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmiri" title="Mmiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danum" title="Danum – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Danum" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%AA%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᒪᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒪᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi" title="Amanzi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Amanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi" title="Amanzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acqua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu" title="Banyu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Banyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%A9m" title="Lɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ನೀರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danum" title="Danum – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Danum" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="წყალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A0_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="پونؠ یا آب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پونؠ یا آب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowr" title="Dowr – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dowr" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazi" title="Amazi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Amazi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji" title="Maji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maza" title="Maza – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Maza" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlo" title="Dlo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dlo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilo" title="Dilo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dilo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av" title="Av – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Av" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83" title="Суу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ga" title="Èga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Èga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ນ້ໍາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນ້ໍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudi%C5%86s" title="Iudiņs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Iudiņs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasser" title="Waasser – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waasser" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4" title="Яд – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Яд" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanduo" title="Vanduo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vanduo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86goa" title="Ægoa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ægoa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1i" title="Mái – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mái" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acua" title="Acua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Acua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezi" title="Vezi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vezi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djacu" title="djacu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djacu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazzi" title="Amazzi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Amazzi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADz" title="Víz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Víz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano" title="Rano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ജലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai" title="Wai – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wai" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="पाणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="წყარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წყარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ئو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ئو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯏꯁꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯁꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aia" title="Aia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi" title="Cūi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cūi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Ведь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ведь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81" title="Ус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1" title="ရေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl" title="Atl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Atl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai" title="Wai – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wai" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Woater" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="लः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Acqua" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8C" title="ߖߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8" title="Хи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeder" title="Weeder – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weeder" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worta" title="Worta – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Worta" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vann" title="Vann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vatn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieau" title="Ieau – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ieau" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aiga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3" title="ଜଳ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishaan" title="Bishaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bishaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv" title="Suv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanum" title="Nanum – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Nanum" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="پاݨی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاݨی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa" title="Awa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Awa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اوبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waata" title="Waata – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Waata" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80" title="ទឹក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទឹក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieu" title="Ieu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ieu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva" title="Eva – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eva" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wara" title="Wara – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Wara" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda" title="Woda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Woda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gua" title="Água – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suw" title="Suw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Suw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv" title="Suv – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Suv" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku" title="Yaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83" title="Уу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanum" title="nanum – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="nanum" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai" title="Vai – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Vai" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="जलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C" title="ᱫᱟᱜ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱟᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="پاݨی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پاݨی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba" title="Aba – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watter" title="Watter – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Watter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qsiya" title="Qsiya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Qsiya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woater" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsi" title="Metsi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Metsi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji" title="Uji – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_(v%C3%ACppita)" title="Acqua (vìppita) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Acqua (vìppita)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ජලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A" title="پاڻي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاڻي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda" title="Woda – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Woda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyo" title="Biyo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Biyo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ئاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai" title="Cai – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cai" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatten" title="Vatten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vatten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman" title="Aman – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman" title="Aman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Су" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၼမ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼမ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99sya" title="’sya – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="’sya" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="నీరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="น้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu" title="Piu – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1" title="Об – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Об" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai" title="Vai – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Vai" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9" title="ᎠᎹ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎹ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahpe" title="Mahpe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೀರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೀರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su" title="Su – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suw" title="Suw – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Suw" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsuo" title="Nsuo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nsuo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="A̱sa̱khwot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83" title="Ву – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ву" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87" title="سۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raemx" title="Raemx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Raemx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cua" title="Àcua – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àcua" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezi" title="Vezi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vezi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vat" title="Vat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vesi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiwe_(tchimeye)" title="Aiwe (tchimeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aiwe (tchimeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Woater" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndox" title="Ndox – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ndox" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati" title="Mati – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mati" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="וואסער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omi" title="Omi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Omi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awe" title="Awe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Water_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Water (disambiguation)">Water (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"H2O" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/H2O_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="H2O (disambiguation)">H2O (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Water </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:H2O_2D_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The water molecule has this basic geometric structure"><img alt="The water molecule has this basic geometric structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/H2O_2D_labelled.svg/150px-H2O_2D_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/H2O_2D_labelled.svg/225px-H2O_2D_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/H2O_2D_labelled.svg/300px-H2O_2D_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-3D-balls-A.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Water-3D-balls-A.png/100px-Water-3D-balls-A.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Water-3D-balls-A.png/150px-Water-3D-balls-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Water-3D-balls-A.png/200px-Water-3D-balls-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_molecule_3D.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space filling model of a water molecule"><img alt="Space filling model of a water molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/100px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/150px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/200px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Space filling model of a water molecule</figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Oxygen, O</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Hydrogen, H</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A drop of water falling towards water in a glass"><img alt="A drop of water falling towards water in a glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg/264px-2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg/396px-2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg/528px-2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="752" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Water</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Oxidane (not in common use)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighFavreMetanomski199899-3">[3]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hydrogen oxide</li><li>Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH)</li><li>Hydroxylic acid</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrogen monoxide">Dihydrogen monoxide</a> (DHMO) (parody name<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>)</li><li>Dihydrogen oxide</li><li>Hydric acid</li><li>Hydrohydroxic acid</li><li>Hydroxic acid</li><li>Hydroxoic acid</li><li>Hydrol<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>μ-Oxidodihydrogen</li><li>κ1-Hydroxylhydrogen(0)</li><li>Aqua</li><li>Neutral liquid</li><li>Oxygen dihydride (may be considered incorrect)</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7732-18-5">7732-18-5</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>3587155 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=15377">CHEBI:15377</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1098659">ChEMBL1098659</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.937.html">937</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09145">DB09145</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.902">100.028.902</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number">EC Number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>231-791-2</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>117 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00001">C00001</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/962">962</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ZC0110000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/059QF0KO0R">059QF0KO0R</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6026296">DTXSID6026296</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>H 2O </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>18.01528(33) g/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Almost colorless or white crystalline solid, almost colorless liquid, with a <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">hint of blue</a>, colorless gas<a href="#cite_note-Braun_1993_612-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Liquid (1 atm, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">VSMOW</a>):</li><li>0.99984283(84) g/mL at 0 °C<a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-5">[5]</a></li><li>0.99997495(84) g/mL at 3.983035(670) °C (temperature of maximum density, often 4 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-5">[5]</a></li><li>0.99704702(83) g/mL at 25 °C<a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-5">[5]</a></li><li>0.96188791(96) g/mL at 95 °C<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li><li>Solid:</li><li>0.9167 g/mL at 0 °C<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Properties_of_Ice_and_Supercooled_Water_in_Section_6-7">[7]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K) <a href="#cite_note-VSMOW-18">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K)<a href="#cite_note-nist-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-VSMOW-18">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>Poorly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">haloalkanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> hydrocarbons, <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ethers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemister-8">[8]</a> Improved solubility in <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketones">ketones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amines">amines</a>. Miscible with <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propanol" title="Propanol">propanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,4-dioxane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,4-dioxane">1,4-dioxane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfolane" title="Sulfolane">sulfolane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethylformamide" title="Dimethylformamide">dimethylformamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyethane" title="Dimethoxyethane">dimethoxyethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">dimethyl sulfoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">acetonitrile</a>. Partially miscible with <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl ethyl ketone">methyl ethyl ketone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>3.1690 kilopascals or 0.031276 atm at 25 °C<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Vapor_Pressure_of_Water_From_0_to_370&nbsp;°C_in_Sec._6-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (pKa) </td> <td>13.995<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Chapter_8:_Dissociation_Constants_of_Inorganic_Acids_and_Bases-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingärtner_et_al.201613-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Basicity</a> (pKb) </td> <td>13.995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a> H3O+ (pKa = 0) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">Conjugate base</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">Hydroxide</a> OH– (pKb = 0) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> </td> <td>0.6065 W/(m·K)<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (nD)</div> </td> <td>1.3330 (20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20038—Concentrative_Properties_of_Aqueous_Solutions:_Density,_Refractive_Index,_Freezing_Point_Depression,_and_Viscosity-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> </td> <td>0.890 mPa·s (0.890 <a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">cP</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20036.186-17">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Hexagonal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">Point group</a></div> </td> <td>C2v </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bent_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent (chemistry)">Bent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>1.8546 <a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">D</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20039—Dipole_Moments-20">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Heat capacity</a> (C)</div> </td> <td>75.385 ± 0.05 J/(mol·K)<a href="#cite_note-nist-19">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar entropy</a> (S⦵298)</div> </td> <td>69.95 ± 0.03 J/(mol·K)<a href="#cite_note-nist-19">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of formation</a> (ΔfH⦵298)</div> </td> <td>−285.83 ± 0.04 kJ/mol<a href="#cite_note-chemister-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-nist-19">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy#Standard_energy_change_of_formation" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> (ΔfG⦵)</div> </td> <td>−237.24 kJ/mol<a href="#cite_note-chemister-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a> (as snow) <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">Water intoxication</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e" /><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>Non-flammable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labchem.com/tools/msds/msds/LC26750.pdf">SDS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">Hydrogen selenide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">Hydrogen telluride</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polonide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen polonide">Hydrogen polonide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Supplementary data page </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Water (data page)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477162647&page2=Water">verify</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Water is an <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>H2O. It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless,<a href="#cite_note-22">[c]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">nearly colorless</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substance</a>. It is the main constituent of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a>). It is vital for all known forms of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, despite not providing <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> or organic <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>. Its chemical formula, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O, indicates that each of its <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> contains one <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, connected by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> In liquid form, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O is also called "water" at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>. Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>, water exists on Earth as a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> It forms <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a> consist of suspended droplets of water and <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, its solid state. When finely divided, <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> ice may precipitate in the form of <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>. The gaseous state of water is <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%).<a href="#cite_note-WSS-26">[23]</a> Small portions of water occur as <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> (1.7%), in the <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ice_caps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice caps">ice caps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (1.7%), and in the air as <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a>, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).<a href="#cite_note-b1-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Water moves continually through the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>), <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a>, precipitation, and <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, usually reaching the sea. Water plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>. Approximately 70% of the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">fresh water</a> used by humans <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">goes to agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baroni2007-29">[26]</a> Fishing in <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">transported by boats</a> through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a>, pleasure boating, <a href="/wiki/Boat_racing" title="Boat racing">boat racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">sport fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word water comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> wæter, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *watar (source also of <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> watar, <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> wetir, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> water, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> wazzar, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Wasser, vatn, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato)), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *wod-or, suffixed form of root *wed- ('water'; 'wet').<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a>, through the Indo-European root, with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ύδωρ (ýdor; from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (hýdōr), whence English 'hydro-'), <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> вода́ (vodá), <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> uisce, and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> ujë. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth#History_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin of water on Earth § History of water on Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water#History" title="Properties of water">Properties of water § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Earth">On Earth</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth#History_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin of water on Earth § History of water on Earth</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_water_on_Earth&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> One factor in estimating when water appeared on Earth is that water is continually being lost to space. H2O molecules in the atmosphere are broken up by <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">photolysis</a>, and the resulting free <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms can sometimes <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">escape</a> Earth's gravitational pull. When the Earth was younger and less <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">massive</a>, water would have been lost to space more easily. Lighter elements like hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> are expected to leak from the atmosphere continually, but <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">isotopic ratios</a> of heavier <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> in the modern atmosphere suggest that even the heavier elements in the early atmosphere were subject to significant losses.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:0-32">[29]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> is useful for calculations of water loss over time. Not only is it a noble gas (and therefore is not removed from the atmosphere through chemical reactions with other elements), but comparisons between the abundances of its nine stable isotopes in the modern atmosphere reveal that the Earth lost at least one ocean of water early in its history, between the <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> eons.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Any water on Earth during the latter part of its accretion would have been disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">Moon-forming impact</a> (~4.5 billion years ago), which likely vaporized much of Earth's crust and <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a> and created a rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a majority <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> atmosphere with hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. Afterward, liquid water oceans may have existed despite the surface temperature of 230 °C (446 °F) due to the increased atmospheric pressure of the CO2 atmosphere. As the cooling continued, most CO2 was removed from the atmosphere by <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> and dissolution in ocean water, but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> cycles appeared.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/220px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/330px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/440px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>This pillow basalt on the seafloor near Hawaii was formed when magma extruded underwater. Other, much older pillow basalt formations provide evidence for large bodies of water long ago in Earth's history.</figcaption></figure> Geological evidence also helps constrain the time frame for liquid water existing on Earth. A sample of pillow basalt (a type of rock formed during an underwater eruption) was recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Isua_Greenstone_Belt" title="Isua Greenstone Belt">Isua Greenstone Belt</a> and provides evidence that water existed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62-37">[34]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nuvvuagittuq_Greenstone_Belt" title="Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt">Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt</a>, Quebec, Canada, rocks dated at 3.8 billion years old by one study<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> and 4.28 billion years old by another<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> show evidence of the presence of water at these ages.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62-37">[34]</a> If oceans existed earlier than this, any geological evidence has yet to be discovered (which may be because such potential evidence has been destroyed by geological processes like <a href="/wiki/Crustal_recycling" title="Crustal recycling">crustal recycling</a>). More recently, in August 2020, researchers reported that sufficient water to fill the oceans may have always been on the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Earth#Formation" title="Earth">planet's formation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200828-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827wu-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827aa-42">[39]</a> Unlike rocks, minerals called <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircons</a> are highly resistant to weathering and geological processes and so are used to understand conditions on the very early Earth. Mineralogical evidence from zircons has shown that liquid water and an atmosphere must have existed 4.404 ± 0.008 billion years ago, very soon after the formation of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_Wilde3-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> This presents somewhat of a paradox, as the <a href="/wiki/Cool_early_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool early Earth">cool early Earth</a> hypothesis suggests temperatures were cold enough to freeze water between about 4.4 billion and 4.0 billion years ago. Other studies of zircons found in Australian Hadean rock point to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> as early as 4 billion years ago. If true, that implies that rather than a hot, <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">molten</a> surface and an atmosphere full of carbon dioxide, early Earth's surface was much as it is today (in terms of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>). The action of plate tectonics traps vast amounts of CO2, thereby reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effects</a>, leading to a much cooler surface temperature and the formation of solid rock and liquid water.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties of water</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Water (data page)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Water model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_molecule_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_molecule_%281%29.svg/220px-Water_molecule_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_molecule_%281%29.svg/330px-Water_molecule_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_molecule_%281%29.svg/440px-Water_molecule_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.</figcaption></figure> Water (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>2<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> it is a <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tasteless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odorless</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, nearly <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">colorless</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">hint of blue</a>. The simplest <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">hydrogen chalcogenide</a>, it is by far the most studied chemical compound and is sometimes described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve more substances than any other liquid,<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> though it is poor at dissolving nonpolar substances.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> This allows it to be the "<a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> of life":<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> indeed, water as found in nature almost always includes various dissolved substances, and special steps are required to obtain chemically <a href="/wiki/Pure_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure water">pure water</a>. Water is the only common substance to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, liquid, and <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> in normal terrestrial conditions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Matter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/220px-States_of_Matter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/330px-States_of_Matter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/440px-States_of_Matter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>The three common states of matter</figcaption></figure> Along with oxidane, water is one of the two official names for the chemical compound H 2O;<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> it is also the liquid phase of H 2O.<a href="#cite_note-pubchem-54">[51]</a> The other two common <a href="/wiki/States_of_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="States of matter">states of matter</a> of water are the solid phase, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and the gaseous phase, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>. The addition or removal of heat can cause <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a> (water to ice), <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melting</a> (ice to water), <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporization</a> (water to vapor), <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> (vapor to water), <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> (ice to vapor) and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a> (vapor to ice).<a href="#cite_note-Belnay-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Density">Density</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">Frost weathering</a></div> Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a> as it freezes.<a href="#cite_note-57">[d]</a> In 1 atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of 999.972 kg/m3 (62.4262 lb/cu ft) at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F), or almost 1,000 kg/m3 (62.43 lb/cu ft) at almost 4 °C (39 °F).<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatureWaterStructure-59">[55]</a> The density of ice is 917 kg/m3 (57.25 lb/cu ft), an expansion of 9%.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> This expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks.<a href="#cite_note-MM-62">[58]</a> In a lake or ocean, water at 4 °C (39 °F) sinks to the bottom, and ice forms on the surface, floating on the liquid water. This ice insulates the water below, preventing it from freezing solid. Without this protection, most aquatic organisms residing in lakes would perish during the winter.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetism">Magnetism</h4></div> Water is a <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> material.<a href="#cite_note-Chen-2010-64">[60]</a> Though interaction is weak, with superconducting magnets it can attain a notable interaction.<a href="#cite_note-Chen-2010-64">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase_transitions">Phase transitions</h4></div> At a pressure of one <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a> (atm), ice melts or water freezes (solidifies) at 0 °C (32 °F) and water boils or vapor condenses at 100 °C (212 °F). However, even below the boiling point, water can change to vapor at its surface by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> (vaporization throughout the liquid is known as <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a>). Sublimation and deposition also occur on surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-Belnay-55">[52]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> is deposited on cold surfaces while <a href="/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake">snowflakes</a> form by deposition on an aerosol particle or ice nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> In the process of <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-drying</a>, a food is frozen and then stored at low pressure so the ice on its surface sublimates.<a href="#cite_note-FreezeDrying-66">[62]</a> The melting and boiling points depend on pressure. A good approximation for the rate of change of the melting temperature with pressure is given by the <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius–Clapeyron relation</a>: <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c98f631ceff162aba820c2e0db685fdb54c0c000" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.066ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}}}"> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\text{L}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\text{L}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02ab04d70b9c35dd550d538c609bb66d97c91fae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.387ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\text{L}}}"> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\text{S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\text{S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45d7409746d6bce36ba7e6a3a804cdad032b54c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.274ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\text{S}}}"> are the <a href="/wiki/Molar_volume" title="Molar volume">molar volumes</a> of the liquid and solid phases, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\text{f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\text{f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/064c791dfa8796c6e27c056bf8a2103836de1ebd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.427ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\text{f}}}"> is the molar <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of melting. In most substances, the volume increases when melting occurs, so the melting temperature increases with pressure. However, because ice is less dense than water, the melting temperature decreases.<a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-56">[53]</a> In glaciers, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_melting_point" title="Pressure melting point">pressure melting</a> can occur under sufficiently thick volumes of ice, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">subglacial lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> The Clausius-Clapeyron relation also applies to the boiling point, but with the liquid/gas transition the vapor phase has a much lower density than the liquid phase, so the boiling point increases with pressure.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> Water can remain in a liquid state at high temperatures in the deep ocean or underground. For example, temperatures exceed 205 °C (401 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Old_Faithful" title="Old Faithful">Old Faithful</a>, a geyser in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>, the temperature can exceed 400 °C (752 °F).<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, the boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F). As atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the boiling point decreases by 1 °C every 274 meters. <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cooking" title="High-altitude cooking">High-altitude cooking</a> takes longer than sea-level cooking. For example, at 1,524 metres (5,000 ft), cooking time must be increased by a fourth to achieve the desired result.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> Conversely, a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooker" title="Pressure cooker">pressure cooker</a> can be used to decrease cooking times by raising the boiling temperature.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> In a vacuum, water will boil at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triple_and_critical_points">Triple and critical points</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_of_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/220px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/330px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/440px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Phase diagram of water</figcaption></figure> On a pressure/temperature <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a> (see figure), there are curves separating solid from vapor, vapor from liquid, and liquid from solid. These meet at a single point called the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>, where all three phases can coexist. The triple point is at a temperature of 273.16 K (0.01 °C; 32.02 °F) and a pressure of 611.657 pascals (0.00604 atm; 0.0887 psi);<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> it is the lowest pressure at which liquid water can exist. <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">Until 2019</a>, the triple point was used to define the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin temperature scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brochure9_2019-77">[73]</a> The water/vapor phase curve terminates at 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi; 217.75 atm).<a href="#cite_note-IAPWS95-78">[74]</a> This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical point</a>. At higher temperatures and pressures the liquid and vapor phases form a continuous phase called a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a>. It can be gradually compressed or expanded between gas-like and liquid-like densities; its properties (which are quite different from those of ambient water) are sensitive to density. For example, for suitable pressures and temperatures it can <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">mix freely</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nonpolar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpolar molecule">nonpolar compounds</a>, including most <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>. This makes it useful in a variety of applications including high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> and as an ecologically benign solvent or <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> in chemical reactions involving organic compounds. In Earth's mantle, it acts as a solvent during mineral formation, dissolution and deposition.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phases_of_ice_and_water">Phases of ice and water</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></div> The normal form of ice on the surface of Earth is <a href="/wiki/Ice_Ih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Ih">ice Ih</a>, a phase that forms crystals with <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal symmetry</a>. Another with <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic crystalline symmetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_Ic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Ic">ice Ic</a>, can occur in the upper atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> As the pressure increases, ice forms other <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>. As of 2024, twenty have been experimentally confirmed and several more are predicted theoretically.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> The eighteenth form of ice, <a href="/wiki/Ice_XVIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice XVIII">ice XVIII</a>, a face-centred-cubic, superionic ice phase, was discovered when a droplet of water was subject to a shock wave that raised the water's pressure to millions of atmospheres and its temperature to thousands of degrees, resulting in a structure of rigid oxygen atoms in which hydrogen atoms flowed freely.<a href="#cite_note-Sokol2021-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millotetal2019-84">[80]</a> When sandwiched between layers of <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>, ice forms a square lattice.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> The details of the chemical nature of liquid water are not well understood; some theories suggest that its unusual behavior is due to the existence of two liquid states.<a href="#cite_note-NatureWaterStructure-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taste_and_odor">Taste and odor</h3></div> Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths,<a href="#cite_note-pmid28553944-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-emo-90">[86]</a> and frogs are known to be able to smell it.<a href="#cite_note-frog-91">[87]</a> However, water from ordinary sources (including <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a>) usually has many dissolved substances that may give it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the <a href="/wiki/Potability" class="mw-redirect" title="Potability">potability</a> of water in order to avoid water that is too salty or <a href="/wiki/Putrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Putrid">putrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-candau-92">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_and_appearance">Color and appearance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">Electromagnetic absorption by water</a></div> Pure water is <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visibly</a> blue due to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">absorption</a> of light in the region c. 600–800 nm.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> The color can be easily observed in a glass of tap-water placed against a pure white background, in daylight. The principal absorption bands responsible for the color are <a href="/wiki/Overtone_band" title="Overtone band">overtones</a> of the O–H stretching <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">vibrations</a>. The apparent intensity of the color increases with the depth of the water column, following <a href="/wiki/Beer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer's law">Beer's law</a>. This also applies, for example, with a swimming pool when the light source is sunlight reflected from the pool's white tiles. In nature, the color may also be modified from blue to green due to the presence of suspended solids or algae. In industry, <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">near-infrared spectroscopy</a> is used with aqueous solutions as the greater intensity of the lower overtones of water means that glass <a href="/wiki/Cuvette" title="Cuvette">cuvettes</a> with short path-length may be employed. To observe the fundamental stretching absorption spectrum of water or of an aqueous solution in the region around 3,500 cm−1 (2.85 μm)<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> a path length of about 25 μm is needed. Also, the cuvette must be both transparent around 3500 cm−1 and insoluble in water; <a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a> is one material that is in common use for the cuvette windows with aqueous solutions. The <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman-active</a> fundamental vibrations may be observed with, for example, a 1 cm sample cell. <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> organisms can live in water up to hundreds of meters deep, because <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> can reach them. Practically no sunlight reaches the parts of the oceans below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) of depth. The <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of liquid water (1.333 at 20 °C (68 °F)) is much higher than that of air (1.0), similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, but lower than those of <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> (1.473), <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> (1.501), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> (1.627), and common types of glass (1.4 to 1.6). The refraction index of ice (1.31) is lower than that of liquid water. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_polarity">Molecular polarity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png/220px-Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png/330px-Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png/440px-Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Tetrahedral structure of water</figcaption></figure> In a water molecule, the hydrogen atoms form a 104.5° angle with the oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are close to two corners of a tetrahedron centered on the oxygen. At the other two corners are <a href="/wiki/Lone_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone pairs">lone pairs</a> of valence electrons that do not participate in the bonding. In a perfect tetrahedron, the atoms would form a 109.5° angle, but the repulsion between the lone pairs is greater than the repulsion between the hydrogen atoms.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> The O–H bond length is about 0.096 nm.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Other substances have a tetrahedral molecular structure, for example <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (CH 4) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H 2S). However, oxygen is more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> than most other elements, so the oxygen atom has a negative partial charge while the hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged. Along with the bent structure, this gives the molecule an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical dipole moment">electrical dipole moment</a> and it is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar molecule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Water is a good polar <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>, dissolving many <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> organic molecules such as sugars and simple alcohols such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>—the latter giving the fizz of <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonated</a> beverages, <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wines</a> and beers. In addition, many substances in living organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, are dissolved in water. The interactions between water and the subunits of these biomacromolecules shape <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_pairing" class="mw-redirect" title="Base pairing">DNA base pairing</a>, and other phenomena crucial to life (<a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect" title="Hydrophobic effect">hydrophobic effect</a>). Many organic substances (such as <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">fats and oils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkanes">alkanes</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>, that is, insoluble in water. Many inorganic substances are insoluble too, including most metal <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_bonding">Hydrogen bonding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bonding_of_water" title="Chemical bonding of water">Chemical bonding of water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/220px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/330px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/440px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Model of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> (1) between molecules of water</figcaption></figure> Because of its polarity, a molecule of water in the liquid or solid state can form up to four <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonds">hydrogen bonds</a> with neighboring molecules. Hydrogen bonds are about ten times as strong as the <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">Van der Waals force</a> that attracts molecules to each other in most liquids. This is the reason why the melting and boiling points of water are much higher than those of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">other analogous compounds</a> like hydrogen sulfide. They also explain its exceptionally high <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a> (about 4.2 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/(g·K)), <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of fusion">heat of fusion</a> (about 333 J/g), <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a> (2257 J/g), and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> (between 0.561 and 0.679 W/(m·K)). These properties make water more effective at moderating Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, by storing heat and transporting it between the oceans and the atmosphere. The hydrogen bonds of water are around 23 kJ/mol (compared to a covalent O-H bond at 492 kJ/mol). Of this, it is estimated that 90% is attributable to electrostatics, while the remaining 10% is partially covalent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> These bonds are the cause of water's high <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> and capillary forces. The <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a> refers to the tendency of water to move up a narrow tube against the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. This property is relied upon by all <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, such as trees.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg/310px-Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg/465px-Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg/620px-Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Specific heat capacity of water<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-ionization">Self-ionization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">Self-ionization of water</a></div> Water is a weak solution of hydronium hydroxide—there is an equilibrium 2H 2O ⇌ H 3O+ + OH− , in combination with solvation of the resulting <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_conductivity_and_electrolysis">Electrical conductivity and electrolysis</h3></div> Pure water has a low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, which increases with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolution</a> of a small amount of ionic material such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">common salt</a>. Liquid water can be split into the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through it—a process called <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis</a>. The decomposition requires more energy input than the <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">heat released by the inverse process</a> (285.8 kJ/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a>, or 15.9 MJ/kg).<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_properties">Mechanical properties</h3></div> Liquid water can be assumed to be incompressible for most purposes: its compressibility ranges from 4.4 to 5.1×10−10 Pa−1 in ordinary conditions.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> Even in oceans at 4 km depth, where the pressure is 400 atm, water suffers only a 1.8% decrease in volume.<a href="#cite_note-nave-104">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of water is about 10−3 Pa·<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a> or 0.01 <a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a> at 20 °C (68 °F), and the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> in liquid water ranges between 1,400 and 1,540 metres per second (4,600 and 5,100 ft/s) depending on temperature. Sound travels long distances in water with little <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a>, especially at low frequencies (roughly 0.03 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a>/km for 1 k<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>), a property that is exploited by <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> and humans for communication and environment sensing (<a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NPLcalc-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactivity">Reactivity</h3></div> Metallic elements which are more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> than hydrogen, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metals">alkaline earth metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">cesium</a> displace hydrogen from water, forming <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a> and releasing hydrogen. At high temperatures, carbon reacts with steam to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and hydrogen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_Earth_2">On Earth</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></div> Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth. The study of the distribution of water is <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrography</a>. The study of the distribution and movement of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hydrogeology</a>, of glaciers is <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a>, of inland waters is <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnology</a> and distribution of oceans is <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>. Ecological processes with hydrology are in the focus of <a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">ecohydrology</a>. The collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet is called the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>. Earth's approximate water volume (the total water supply of the world) is 1.386 billion cubic kilometres (333 million cubic miles).<a href="#cite_note-b1-27">[24]</a> Liquid water is found in <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">bodies of water</a>, such as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a>, pond, or <a href="/wiki/Puddle" title="Puddle">puddle</a>. The majority of water on Earth is <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. Water is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. It also exists as groundwater in <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>. Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a>. Water in the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is responsible for the melt that produces <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a>. On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes. Water, and to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a> that occurs on the surface of the earth. <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a> of transported sediment forms many types of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, which make up the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">geologic record</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Earth">Earth history</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_cycle">Water cycle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/220px-Water_cycle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/330px-Water_cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/440px-Water_cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Water cycle</figcaption></figure> The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) is the continuous exchange of water within the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Earth_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> water, <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, groundwater, and plants. Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting of the following transfer processes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> from oceans and other water bodies into the air and <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> from land plants and animals into the air.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (water)">runoff</a> from the land usually reaching the sea.</li></ul> Most water vapors found mostly in the ocean returns to it, but winds carry water vapor over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 47 <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne unit">Tt</a> per year while evaporation and transpiration happening in land masses also contribute another 72 Tt per year. Precipitation, at a rate of 119 Tt per year over land, has several forms: most commonly rain, snow, and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, with some contribution from <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Dew is small drops of water that are condensed when a high density of water vapor meets a cool surface. Dew usually forms in the morning when the temperature is the lowest, just before sunrise and when the temperature of the earth's surface starts to increase.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Condensed water in the air may also <a href="/wiki/Refract" class="mw-redirect" title="Refract">refract</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbows</a>. Water runoff often collects over <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> flowing into rivers. Through <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, runoff shapes the environment creating river <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltas</a> which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers. A flood occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water which occurs when a river overflows its banks or a storm surge happens. On the other hand, drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation either due to its topography or due to its location in terms of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a></div> Water resources are <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> of water that are potentially useful for humans,<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> for example as a source of drinking <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water. Water occurs as both "stocks" and "flows". Water can be stored as lakes, water vapor, groundwater or aquifers, and ice and snow. Of the total volume of global freshwater, an estimated 69 percent is stored in glaciers and permanent snow cover; 30 percent is in groundwater; and the remaining 1 percent in lakes, rivers, the atmosphere, and biota.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> The length of time water remains in storage is highly variable: some aquifers consist of water stored over thousands of years but lake volumes may fluctuate on a seasonal basis, decreasing during dry periods and increasing during wet ones. A substantial fraction of the water supply for some regions consists of water extracted from water stored in stocks, and when withdrawals exceed recharge, stocks decrease. By some estimates, as much as 30 percent of total water used for irrigation comes from unsustainable withdrawals of groundwater, causing <a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">groundwater depletion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seawater_and_tides">Seawater and tides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">Tides</a></div> Seawater contains about 3.5% <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of seawater differ from <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about −1.9 °C (28.6 °F)) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to 4.0% in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. (The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, known for its ultra-high salinity levels of between 30 and 40%, is really a <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lake</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a> are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a> of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams. The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">effects of Earth rotation</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a>. The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>, is an important ecological product of ocean tides. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> at high tide and low tide</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High tide"><img alt="High tide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/120px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/180px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/240px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">High tide</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low tide"><img alt="Low tide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/120px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/180px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/240px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low tide</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_life">Effects on life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg/170px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg/255px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg/340px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Overview of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> (green) and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a> (red)</figcaption></figure> From a <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life. It carries out this role by allowing <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> to react in ways that ultimately allow <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">replication</a>. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g., starches, triglycerides, and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Without water, these particular metabolic processes could not exist. Water is fundamental to both photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> In the presence of sunlight, hydrogen is combined with CO 2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO 2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+ , that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion (OH− ) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7 in an ideal state. <a href="/wiki/Acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Acids">Acids</a> have pH values less than 7 while <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> have values greater than 7. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_life_forms">Aquatic life forms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></div> Earth's surface waters are filled with life. The earliest life forms appeared in water; nearly all fish live exclusively in water, and there are many types of marine mammals, such as dolphins and whales. Some kinds of animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, spend portions of their lives in water and portions on land. Plants such as <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> grow in the water and are the basis for some underwater ecosystems. <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a> is generally the foundation of the ocean <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. Aquatic vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive, and they do so in various ways. Fish have <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, although some species of fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, have both. <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammals</a>, such as dolphins, whales, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> need to surface periodically to breathe air. Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin. Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes (see <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphon (insect)">insect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">mollusc siphons</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carcinus" title="Carcinus">Carcinus</a>). However, as invertebrate life evolved in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialization for respiration in water. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef"><img alt="Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/135px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/202px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/270px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some of the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some marine diatoms – a key phytoplankton group"><img alt="Some marine diatoms – a key phytoplankton group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/180px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/270px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/360px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some marine <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> – a key <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> group</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Squat lobster and Alvinocarididae shrimp at the Von Damm hydrothermal field survive by altered water chemistry."><img alt="Squat lobster and Alvinocarididae shrimp at the Von Damm hydrothermal field survive by altered water chemistry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg/180px-VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg/270px-VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg/360px-VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Squat_lobster" title="Squat lobster">Squat lobster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvinocarididae" title="Alvinocarididae">Alvinocarididae</a> shrimp at the Von Damm <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal field</a> survive by altered water chemistry.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_human_civilization">Effects on human civilization</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Water" title="Special:EditPage/Water">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg/220px-Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg/330px-Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg/440px-Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Water <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountain</a></figcaption></figure> Civilization has historically flourished around rivers and major waterways; <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, one of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Cradles_of_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradles of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>, was situated between the major rivers <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>; the ancient society of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> depended entirely upon the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. The early <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300 BCE – c. 1300 BCE) developed along the Indus River and tributaries that flowed out of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was also founded on the banks of the Italian river <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. Large <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a> like <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> owe their success in part to their easy accessibility via water and the resultant expansion of trade. Islands with safe water ports, like <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, have flourished for the same reason. In places such as North Africa and the Middle East, where water is more scarce, access to clean drinking water was and is a major factor in human development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_pollution">Health and pollution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg/220px-Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg/330px-Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg/440px-Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>An environmental science program – a student from <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> sampling water</figcaption></figure> Water fit for human consumption is called <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> or potable water. Water that is not potable may be made potable by filtration or <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, or by a range of <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">other methods</a>. More than 660 million people do not have access to safe drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Water that is not fit for drinking but is not harmful to humans when used for swimming or bathing is called by various names other than potable or drinking water, and is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Safe_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe water">safe water</a>, or "safe for bathing". Chlorine is a skin and mucous membrane irritant that is used to make water safe for bathing or drinking. Its use is highly technical and is usually monitored by government regulations (typically 1 part per million (ppm) for drinking water, and 1–2 ppm of chlorine not yet reacted with impurities for bathing water). Water for bathing may be maintained in satisfactory microbiological condition using chemical disinfectants such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> or by the use of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water reclamation</a> is the process of converting wastewater (most commonly <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, also called municipal wastewater) into water that can be <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reused</a> for other purposes. There are 2.3 billion people who reside in nations with water scarcities, which means that each individual receives less than 1,700 cubic metres (60,000 cu ft) of water annually. 380 billion cubic metres (13×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 cu ft) of municipal wastewater are produced globally each year.<a href="#cite_note-EIB-2022-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> Freshwater is a renewable resource, recirculated by the natural <a href="/wiki/Hydrologic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologic cycle">hydrologic cycle</a>, but pressures over access to it result from the naturally uneven distribution in space and time, growing economic demands by agriculture and industry, and rising populations. Currently, nearly a billion people around the world lack access to safe, affordable water. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> for water to halve by 2015 the proportion of people worldwide without access to safe water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>. Progress toward that goal was uneven, and in 2015 the UN committed to the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> of achieving universal access to safe and affordable water and sanitation by 2030. Poor <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> and bad sanitation are deadly; some five million deaths a year are caused by water-related diseases. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that <a href="/wiki/Safe_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe water">safe water</a> could prevent 1.4 million child deaths from <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> each year.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> In developing countries, 90% of all <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">municipal wastewater</a> still goes untreated into local rivers and streams.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Some 50 countries, with roughly a third of the world's population, also suffer from medium or high <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> and 17 of these extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The strain not only affects surface freshwater bodies like rivers and lakes, but it also degrades groundwater resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_withdrawals_per_capita,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Total water withdrawals for agricultural, industrial and municipal purposes per capita, measured in cubic metres (m3) per year in 2010<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4></div> The most substantial human use of water is for agriculture, including irrigated agriculture, which accounts for as much as 80 to 90 percent of total human water consumption.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In the United States, 42% of freshwater withdrawn for use is for irrigation, but the vast majority of water "consumed" (used and not returned to the environment) goes to agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Estimated_use_of_water_in_the_United_States_in_2015-123">[119]</a> Access to fresh water is often taken for granted, especially in developed countries that have built sophisticated water systems for collecting, purifying, and delivering water, and removing wastewater. But growing economic, demographic, and climatic pressures are increasing concerns about water issues, leading to increasing competition for fixed water resources, giving rise to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">peak water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> As populations and economies continue to grow, consumption of water-thirsty meat expands, and new demands rise for biofuels or new water-intensive industries, new water challenges are likely.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of <a href="/wiki/Physical_water_scarcity" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical water scarcity">physical water scarcity</a>, where there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing <a href="/wiki/Economic_water_scarcity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic water scarcity">economic water scarcity</a>, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in the future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industries and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> Water scarcity is also caused by production of water intensive products. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>: 1 kg of cotton—equivalent of a pair of jeans—requires 10.9 cubic metres (380 cu ft) water to produce. While cotton accounts for 2.4% of world water use, the water is consumed in regions that are already at a risk of water shortage. Significant environmental damage has been caused: for example, the diversion of water by the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> rivers to produce cotton was largely responsible for the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water requirement per tonne of food product"><img alt="Water requirement per tonne of food product" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg/120px-Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg/180px-Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg/240px-Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water requirement per tonne of food product</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv/120px--Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water distribution in subsurface <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SiphonTubes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Irrigation of field crops"><img alt="Irrigation of field crops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/120px-SiphonTubes.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/180px-SiphonTubes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/240px-SiphonTubes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> of field crops</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_scientific_standard">As a scientific standard</h4></div> On 7 April 1795, the gram was defined in France to be equal to "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to a cube of one-hundredth of a meter, and at the temperature of melting ice".<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> For practical purposes though, a metallic reference standard was required, one thousand times more massive, the kilogram. Work was therefore commissioned to determine precisely the mass of one liter of water. In spite of the fact that the decreed definition of the gram specified water at 0 °C (32 °F)—a highly reproducible temperature—the scientists chose to redefine the standard and to perform their measurements at the temperature of highest water density, which was measured at the time as 4 °C (39 °F).<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_temperature_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin temperature scale">Kelvin temperature scale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> system was based on the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of water, defined as exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C; 32.02 °F), but as of May 2019 is based on the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a> instead. The scale is an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute temperature">absolute temperature</a> scale with the same increment as the Celsius temperature scale, which was originally defined according to the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> (set to 100 °C (212 °F)) and <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> (set to 0 °C (32 °F)) of water. Natural water consists mainly of the isotopes hydrogen-1 and oxygen-16, but there is also a small quantity of heavier isotopes oxygen-18, oxygen-17, and hydrogen-2 (<a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>). The percentage of the heavier isotopes is very small, but it still affects the properties of water. Water from rivers and lakes tends to contain less heavy isotopes than seawater. Therefore, standard water is defined in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> specification. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_drinking">For drinking</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg/220px-Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg/330px-Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg/440px-Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>A young girl drinking <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/220px-2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/330px-2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/440px-2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Water availability: the fraction of the population using improved water sources by country</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier,_Nubra,_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg/220px-Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg/330px-Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg/440px-Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Roadside fresh water outlet from glacier, <a href="/wiki/Nubra" title="Nubra">Nubra</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UGC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UGC">user-generated source?</a>] To function properly, the body requires between one and seven litres (0.22 and 1.54 imp gal; 0.26 and 1.85 US gal)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] of water per day to avoid <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>; the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of this is ingested through foods or beverages other than drinking straight water. It is not clear how much water intake is needed by healthy people, though the British Dietetic Association advises that 2.5 liters of total water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration, including 1.8 liters (6 to 7 glasses) obtained directly from beverages.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Medical literature favors a lower consumption, typically 1 liter of water for an average male, excluding extra requirements due to fluid loss from exercise or warm weather.<a href="#cite_note-Rhoades_2003-133">[129]</a> Healthy kidneys can excrete 0.8 to 1 liter of water per hour, but stress such as exercise can reduce this amount. People can drink far more water than necessary while exercising, putting them at risk of <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">water intoxication</a> (hyperhydration), which can be fatal.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The popular claim that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day" seems to have no real basis in science.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Studies have shown that extra water intake, especially up to 500 millilitres (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz) at mealtime, was associated with weight loss.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Adequate fluid intake is helpful in preventing constipation.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg/220px-DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg/330px-DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg/440px-DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">Hazard symbol</a> for non-potable water</figcaption></figure> An original recommendation for water intake in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Research Council">U.S. National Research Council</a> read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods."<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> The latest dietary reference intake report by the U.S. National Research Council in general recommended, based on the median total water intake from US survey data (including food sources): 3.7 litres (0.81 imp gal; 0.98 US gal) for men and 2.7 litres (0.59 imp gal; 0.71 US gal) of water total for women, noting that water contained in food provided approximately 19% of total water intake in the survey.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Specifically, pregnant and breastfeeding women need additional fluids to stay hydrated. The US <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> recommends that, on average, men consume 3 litres (0.66 imp gal; 0.79 US gal) and women 2.2 litres (0.48 imp gal; 0.58 US gal); pregnant women should increase intake to 2.4 litres (0.53 imp gal; 0.63 US gal) and breastfeeding women should get 3 liters (12 cups), since an especially large amount of fluid is lost during nursing.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Also noted is that normally, about 20% of water intake comes from food, while the rest comes from drinking water and beverages (<a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeinated</a> included). Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; through <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweating</a>, and by exhalation of water vapor in the breath. With physical exertion and heat exposure, water loss will increase and daily fluid needs may increase as well. Humans require water with few impurities. Common impurities include metal salts and oxides, including copper, iron, calcium and lead,<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] and harmful bacteria, such as <a href="/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">Vibrio</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">solutes</a> are acceptable and even desirable for taste enhancement and to provide needed <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> The single largest (by volume) freshwater resource suitable for drinking is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> in Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washing">Washing</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Washing" title="Washing">Washing</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_washing_hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Woman_washing_hands.jpg/220px-Woman_washing_hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Woman_washing_hands.jpg/330px-Woman_washing_hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Woman_washing_hands.jpg/440px-Woman_washing_hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A woman washes her hands with soap and water.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Washing" title="Washing">Washing</a> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Cleaning" title="Cleaning">cleaning</a>, usually with water and <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergent</a>. Regularly washing and then rinsing both body and clothing is an essential part of good <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and health.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Often people use soaps and detergents to assist in the <a href="/wiki/Emulsification" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsification">emulsification</a> of oils and dirt particles so they can be washed away. The soap can be applied directly, or with the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">washcloth</a> or assisted with <a href="/wiki/Sponge_(tool)" title="Sponge (tool)">sponges</a> or similar <a href="/wiki/List_of_cleaning_tools" title="List of cleaning tools">cleaning tools</a>. In social contexts, washing refers to the act of <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a>, or washing different parts of the body, such as <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_washing" title="Hair washing">hair</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Face_washing" title="Face washing">faces</a>. Excessive washing may damage the hair, causing dandruff, or cause rough skin/skin lesions.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> Some washing of the body is done ritually in religions like Christianity and Judiasm, as an <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">act of purification</a>. Washing can also refer to washing objects. For example, <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">washing of clothing</a> or other cloth items, like bedsheets, or <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">washing dishes or cookwear</a>. Keeping objects clean, especially if they interact with food or the skin, can help with sanitation. Other kinds of washing focus on maintaining cleanliness and durability of objects that get dirty, such <a href="/wiki/Car_wash" title="Car wash">washing one's car</a>, by lathering the exterior with car soap, or washing tools used in a dirty process. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washer.600pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Washer.600pix.jpg/220px-Washer.600pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Washer.600pix.jpg/330px-Washer.600pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Washer.600pix.jpg/440px-Washer.600pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>A private home <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machine</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a> (or ocean transport) or more generally waterborne transport, is the <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> of people (<a href="/wiki/Passengers" class="mw-redirect" title="Passengers">passengers</a>) or goods (<a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>) via <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a> by sea has been widely used throughout <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">short trips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">pleasure cruises</a>. Transport by water is cheaper than <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">transport by air</a> or ground,<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> but significantly slower for longer distances. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a> in 2020. Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a>, over oceans and lakes, through <a href="/wiki/Canal_age" title="Canal age">canals</a> or along rivers. Shipping may be for <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> purposes. While extensive inland shipping is less critical today, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide economy">worldwide economies</a>. Particularly, especially any material can be moved by water; however, water transport becomes impractical when material delivery is <a href="/wiki/Time-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-critical">time-critical</a> such as various types of perishable <a href="/wiki/Produce" title="Produce">produce</a>. Still, water transport is highly cost effective with regular schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products – and especially for heavy loads or <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargos</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>. Arguably, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had its first impacts where cheap water transport by canal, navigations, or <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a> by all types of watercraft on natural waterways supported cost-effective <a href="/wiki/Bulk_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulk transport">bulk transport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> revolutionized maritime transport starting in the 1970s. "General cargo" includes goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels. When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it is <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Co-modality" title="Co-modality">co-modal</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_uses">Chemical uses</h4></div> Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactant</a> and less commonly as a <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> or catalyst. In inorganic reactions, water is a common solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds, as well as other polar compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">compounds closely related to water</a>. In organic reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction solvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> (acidic and basic) and <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophilic">nucleophilic</a>. Nevertheless, these properties are sometimes desirable. Also, acceleration of <a href="/wiki/Diels-Alder_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Alder reaction">Diels-Alder reactions</a> by water has been observed. <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercritical water">Supercritical water</a> has recently been a topic of research. Oxygen-saturated supercritical water combusts organic pollutants efficiently. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat_exchange">Heat exchange</h4></div> Water and steam are a common fluid used for <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchange</a>, due to its availability and high <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat capacity of water">heat capacity</a>, both for cooling and heating. Cool water may even be naturally available from a lake or the sea. It is especially effective to transport heat through <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of water because of its large <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent heat of vaporization">latent heat of vaporization</a>. A disadvantage is that metals commonly found in industries such as steel and copper are <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> faster by untreated water and steam. In almost all <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power stations</a>, water is used as the working fluid (used in a closed-loop between boiler, steam turbine, and condenser), and the coolant (used to exchange the waste heat to a water body or carry it away by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling tower</a>). In the United States, cooling power plants is the largest use of water.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Use_in_the_United_States-156">[152]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> industry, water can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a>. In most <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, water is both a coolant and a moderator. This provides something of a passive safety measure, as removing the water from the reactor also <a href="/wiki/Void_coefficient" title="Void coefficient">slows the nuclear reaction down</a>. However other methods are favored for stopping a reaction and it is preferred to keep the nuclear core covered with water so as to ensure adequate cooling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire_considerations">Fire considerations</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/220px-MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/330px-MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/440px-MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Water is used for <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting">fighting</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>.</figcaption></figure> Water has a high heat of vaporization and is relatively inert, which makes it a good <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting#Use_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting">fire extinguishing</a> fluid. The evaporation of water carries heat away from the fire. It is dangerous to use water on fires involving oils and organic solvents because many organic materials float on water and the water tends to spread the burning liquid. Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the hazards of a <a href="/wiki/Steam_explosion" title="Steam explosion">steam explosion</a>, which may occur when water is used on very hot fires in confined spaces, and of a hydrogen explosion, when substances which react with water, such as certain metals or hot carbon such as coal, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> graphite, decompose the water, producing <a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">water gas</a>. The power of such explosions was seen in the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, although the water involved in this case did not come from fire-fighting but from the reactor's own water cooling system. A steam explosion occurred when the extreme overheating of the core caused water to flash into steam. A hydrogen explosion may have occurred as a result of a reaction between steam and hot <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>. Some metallic oxides, most notably those of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metals">alkaline earth metals</a>, produce so much heat in reaction with water that a fire hazard can develop. The alkaline earth oxide <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a>, also known as calcium oxide, is a mass-produced substance that is often transported in paper bags. If these are soaked through, they may ignite as their contents react with water.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recreation">Recreation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_sport_(recreation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sport (recreation)">Water sport (recreation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johny_Cay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Johny_Cay.jpg/220px-Johny_Cay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Johny_Cay.jpg/330px-Johny_Cay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Johny_Cay.jpg/440px-Johny_Cay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)" title="San Andrés (island)">San Andrés island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> Humans use water for many recreational purposes, as well as for exercising and for sports. Some of these include swimming, <a href="/wiki/Waterskiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterskiing">waterskiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a>. In addition, some sports, like <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, are played on ice. Lakesides, beaches and <a href="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water parks</a> are popular places for people to go to relax and enjoy recreation. Many find the sound and appearance of flowing water to be calming, and fountains and other flowing water structures are popular decorations. Some keep fish and other flora and fauna inside <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquariums</a> or ponds for show, fun, and companionship. Humans also use water for snow sports such as <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">sledding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowmobiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmobiling">snowmobiling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, which require the water to be at a low temperature either as ice or crystallized into <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_industry">Water industry</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">water industry</a> provides drinking water and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> services (including <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>) to households and industry. <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a> facilities include <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">water wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> facilities, <a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">water tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">water pipes</a> including old <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_water_generator" title="Atmospheric water generator">Atmospheric water generators</a> are in development. Drinking water is often collected at <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>, extracted from artificial <a href="/wiki/Boring_(earth)" title="Boring (earth)">borings</a> (wells) in the ground, or pumped from lakes and rivers. Building more wells in adequate places is thus a possible way to produce more water, assuming the aquifers can supply an adequate flow. Other water sources include rainwater collection. Water may require purification for human consumption. This may involve the removal of undissolved substances, dissolved substances and harmful <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>. Popular methods are <a href="/wiki/Filter_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (water)">filtering</a> with sand which only removes undissolved material, while <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> kill harmful microbes. <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a> does all three functions. More advanced techniques exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a> of abundant <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is a more expensive solution used in coastal <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>. The distribution of drinking water is done through <a href="/wiki/Municipal_water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal water system">municipal water systems</a>, tanker delivery or as <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a>. Governments in many countries have programs to distribute water to the needy at no charge. Reducing usage by using drinking (potable) water only for human consumption is another option. In some cities such as Hong Kong, seawater is extensively used for flushing toilets citywide in order to <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">conserve freshwater resources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Polluting water</a> may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution. <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a> consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">aquatic</a> life if they <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulate</a> and if they are not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a>. Municipal and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a> are typically treated at <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">wastewater treatment plants</a>. Mitigation of polluted <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> is addressed through a variety of <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff#Mitigation_and_treatment" title="Surface runoff">prevention and treatment techniques</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_carrier_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A water-carrier in India, 1882. In many places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by people."><img alt="A water-carrier in India, 1882. In many places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by people." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/129px-Water_carrier_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/194px-Water_carrier_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/258px-Water_carrier_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A water-carrier in India, 1882. In many places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by people.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TapWater-china.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A manual water pump in China"><img alt="A manual water pump in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/TapWater-china.JPG/180px-TapWater-china.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/TapWater-china.JPG/270px-TapWater-china.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/TapWater-china.JPG/360px-TapWater-china.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A manual water <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> in China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water purification facility"><img alt="Water purification facility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/180px-Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/270px-Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/360px-Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a> facility</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant in Barcelona, Spain"><img alt="Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant in Barcelona, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/135px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/202px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/270px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> (RO) <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_applications">Industrial applications</h4></div> Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of solids in water <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurries</a> or using water to dissolve and extract substances, or to wash products or process equipment. Processes such as <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_pulping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pulping">chemical pulping</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_bleaching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulp bleaching (page does not exist)">pulp bleaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper manufacturing">paper manufacturing</a>, textile production, dyeing, printing, and cooling of power plants use large amounts of water, requiring a dedicated water source, and often cause significant water pollution. Water is used in <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> is electricity obtained from <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. Hydroelectric power comes from water driving a water turbine connected to a generator. Hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. The energy is supplied by the motion of water. Typically a dam is constructed on a river, creating an artificial lake behind it. Water flowing out of the lake is forced through turbines that turn generators. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydro-electric power station in the world."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg/800px-200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg/1200px-200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg/1600px-200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="1228" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg" title="File:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest hydroelectric power stations">largest hydro-electric power station</a> in the world.</div></div></div> Pressurized water is used in <a href="/wiki/Hydrodemolition" title="Hydrodemolition">water blasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">water jet cutters</a>. High pressure water guns are used for precise cutting. It works very well, is relatively safe, and is not harmful to the environment. It is also used in the cooling of machinery to prevent overheating, or prevent saw blades from overheating. Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a>, in addition to its use as a chemical <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollution</a>. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (<a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>). Industry requires pure water for many applications and uses a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_processing">Food processing</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/220px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/330px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/440px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Water can be used to cook foods such as <a href="/wiki/Noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Noodles">noodles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterilewater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sterilewater.jpg/170px-Sterilewater.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sterilewater.jpg/255px-Sterilewater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sterilewater.jpg/340px-Sterilewater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>Sterile water for injection</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">simmering</a> are popular cooking methods that often require immersing food in water or its gaseous state, steam.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Water is also used for <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">dishwashing</a>. Water also plays many critical roles within the field of <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">Solutes</a> such as salts and sugars found in water affect the physical properties of water. The boiling and freezing points of water are affected by solutes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Air_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a>, which is in turn affected by altitude. Water boils at lower temperatures with the lower air pressure that occurs at higher elevations. One <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of sucrose (sugar) per kilogram of water raises the boiling point of water by 0.51 °C (0.918 °F), and one mole of salt per kg raises the boiling point by 1.02 °C (1.836 °F); similarly, increasing the number of dissolved particles lowers water's freezing point.<a href="#cite_note-vaclacik-159">[155]</a> Solutes in water also affect water activity that affects many chemical reactions and the growth of microbes in food.<a href="#cite_note-deman-160">[156]</a> Water activity can be described as a ratio of the vapor pressure of water in a solution to the vapor pressure of pure water.<a href="#cite_note-vaclacik-159">[155]</a> Solutes in water lower water activity—this is important to know because most bacterial growth ceases at low levels of water activity.<a href="#cite_note-deman-160">[156]</a> Not only does microbial growth affect the safety of food, but also the preservation and shelf life of food. <a href="/wiki/Water_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hardness">Water hardness</a> is also a critical factor in food processing and may be altered or treated by using a chemical ion exchange system. It can dramatically affect the quality of a product, as well as playing a role in sanitation. Water hardness is classified based on concentration of calcium carbonate the water contains. Water is classified as soft if it contains less than 100 mg/L (UK)<a href="#cite_note-DEFRA-161">[157]</a> or less than 60 mg/L (US).<a href="#cite_note-USGS-162">[158]</a> According to a report published by the Water Footprint organization in 2010, a single kilogram of beef requires 15 thousand litres (3.3×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 imp gal; 4.0×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 US gal) of water; however, the authors also make clear that this is a global average and circumstantial factors determine the amount of water used in beef production.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Water_for_injection" title="Water for injection">Water for injection</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_list_of_essential_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's list of essential medicines">list of essential medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_in_nature">Distribution in nature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_universe">In the universe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/220px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/330px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/440px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption>Band 5 <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a> receiver is an instrument specifically designed to detect water in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> Much of the universe's water is produced as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>. The formation of stars is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> On 22 July 2011, a report described the discovery of a gigantic cloud of water vapor containing "140 trillion times more water than all of Earth's oceans combined" around a <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> located 12 billion light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the "discovery shows that water has been prevalent in the universe for nearly its entire existence".<a href="#cite_note-Clavin-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-water_vapor_cloud-168">[164]</a> Water has been detected in <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">interstellar clouds</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too, because its components, hydrogen, and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Based on models of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> and that of other star systems, most other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a> are likely to have similar ingredients. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_vapor">Water vapor</h4></div> Water is present as vapor in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar atmosphere">Atmosphere of the Sun</a>: in detectable trace amounts<a href="#cite_note-Solanki1994-170">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Atmosphere of Mercury</a>: 3.4%, and large amounts of water in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury's</a> <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a><a href="#cite_note-planetary_society-171">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere of Venus</a>: 0.002%<a href="#cite_note-Bertaux2007-172">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>: ≈0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1–4% at surface; as well as <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">that of the Moon</a> in trace amounts<a href="#cite_note-Sridharan2010-173">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere of Mars</a>: 0.03%<a href="#cite_note-Rapp2012-174">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of Ceres">Atmosphere of Ceres</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuppers2014-175">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a>: 0.0004%<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">ices</a> only; and that of its moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-177">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of Saturn">Atmosphere of Saturn</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">ices</a> only; <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>: 91%<a href="#cite_note-Hansen-178">[174]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> (exosphere)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Atmosphere of Uranus</a> – in trace amounts below 50 bar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of Neptune">Atmosphere of Neptune</a> – found in the deeper layers<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-179">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">Extrasolar planet</a> atmospheres: including those of <a href="/wiki/HD_189733_b" title="HD 189733 b">HD 189733 b</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Space.com_water-181">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis_b" title="Tau Boötis b">Tau Boötis b</a>,<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/HAT-P-11b" title="HAT-P-11b">HAT-P-11b</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140924-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-184">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/XO-1b" title="XO-1b">XO-1b</a>, <a href="/wiki/WASP-12b" title="WASP-12b">WASP-12b</a>, <a href="/wiki/WASP-17b" title="WASP-17b">WASP-17b</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WASP-19b" title="WASP-19b">WASP-19b</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131203-185">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmospheres</a>: not limited to cooler stars and even detected in giant hot stars such as <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_Cephei" title="Mu Cephei">Mu Cephei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lund_Observatory-186">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disk">Circumstellar disks</a>: including those of more than half of <a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri stars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/AA_Tauri" title="AA Tauri">AA Tauri</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-184">[180]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/TW_Hydrae" title="TW Hydrae">TW Hydrae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/IRC_%2B10216" class="mw-redirect" title="IRC +10216">IRC +10216</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> and <a href="/wiki/APM_08279%2B5255" title="APM 08279+5255">APM 08279+5255</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Clavin-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-water_vapor_cloud-168">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Majoris">VY Canis Majoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/S_Persei" title="S Persei">S Persei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lund_Observatory-186">[182]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liquid_water">Liquid water</h4></div> Liquid water is present on Earth, covering 71% of its surface.<a href="#cite_note-WSS-26">[23]</a> Liquid water is also occasionally present in small amounts <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">on Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Scientists believe liquid water is present in the Saturnian moons of <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>, as a 10-kilometre thick ocean approximately 30–40 kilometers below Enceladus' south polar surface,<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-192">[188]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, as a subsurface layer, possibly mixed with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> has surface characteristics which suggest a subsurface liquid water ocean.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Liquid water may also exist on Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> as a layer sandwiched between high pressure ice and rock.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_ice">Water ice</h4></div> Water is present as ice on: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/220px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/330px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/440px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>South polar ice cap of Mars during Martian south summer 2000</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a>: under the regolith and at the poles.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a></li> <li>Earth–Moon system: mainly as <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> on Earth and in Lunar craters and volcanic rocks<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> NASA reported the detection of water molecules by NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper aboard the Indian Space Research Organization's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in September 2009.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a><a href="#cite_note-McCord2005-jgrp-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2005-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carey2006-202">[198]</a></li> <li>Jupiter's moons: <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>'s surface and also that of <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-203">[199]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-205">[201]</a></li> <li>Saturn: in the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">planet's ring system</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-206">[202]</a> and on the surface and mantle of <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a><a href="#cite_note-Tobie-207">[203]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a><a href="#cite_note-Verbiscer_et_al._2007-208">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>–<a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> system<a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-206">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">Comets</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> and other related <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> objects<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a></li></ul> And is also likely present on: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>'s poles<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exotic_forms">Exotic forms</h4></div> Water and other <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> probably comprise much of the internal structures of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and the water in the deeper layers may be in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic water">ionic water</a> in which the molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper still as <a href="/wiki/Superionic_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Superionic water">superionic water</a> in which the oxygen crystallizes, but the hydrogen ions float about freely within the oxygen lattice.<a href="#cite_note-newscientist.com-214">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_planetary_habitability">Water and planetary habitability</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></div> The existence of liquid water, and to a lesser extent its gaseous and solid forms, on Earth are vital to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">life on Earth</a> as we know it. The Earth is located in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>; if it were slightly closer to or farther from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (about 5%, or about 8 million kilometers), the conditions which allow the three forms to be present simultaneously would be far less likely to exist.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Earth's <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> allows it to hold an <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (<a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature. If Earth were smaller, a thinner atmosphere would allow temperature extremes, thus preventing the accumulation of water except in <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a> (as on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic time">geologic time</a> despite varying levels of incoming solar radiation (<a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>), indicating that a dynamic process governs Earth's temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases and surface or atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>. This proposal is known as the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The state of water on a planet depends on ambient pressure, which is determined by the planet's gravity. If a planet is sufficiently massive, the water on it may be solid even at high temperatures, because of the high pressure caused by gravity, as it was observed on exoplanets <a href="/wiki/Gliese_436_b" title="Gliese 436 b">Gliese 436 b</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> and <a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" title="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law,_politics,_and_crisis">Law, politics, and crisis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Water law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/300px-Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/450px-Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/600px-Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>An estimate of the proportion of people in developing countries with access to <a href="/wiki/Potable_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable water">potable water</a> 1970–2000</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Water_politics" title="Water politics">Water politics</a> is politics affected by water and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. Water, particularly fresh water, is a strategic resource across the world and an important element in many political conflicts. It causes health impacts and damage to biodiversity. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN-219">[215]</a> However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> will be facing water-based vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> 1.6 billion people have gained access to a safe water source since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> The proportion of people in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> with <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">access to safe water</a> is calculated to have improved from 30% in 1970<a href="#cite_note-lomborg-223">[219]</a> to 71% in 1990, 79% in 2000, and 84% in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-UN-219">[215]</a> A 2006 United Nations report stated that "there is enough water for everyone", but that access to it is hampered by mismanagement and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> In addition, global initiatives to improve the efficiency of aid delivery, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_on_Aid_Effectiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness">Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness</a>, have not been taken up by water sector donors as effectively as they have in education and health, potentially leaving multiple donors working on overlapping projects and recipient governments without empowerment to act.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> The authors of the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Water_Management_in_Agriculture" title="Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture">Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture</a> cited poor governance as one reason for some forms of water scarcity. Water governance is the set of formal and informal processes through which decisions related to water management are made. Good water governance is primarily about knowing what processes work best in a particular physical and socioeconomic context. Mistakes have sometimes been made by trying to apply 'blueprints' that work in the developed world to developing world locations and contexts. The Mekong river is one example; a review by the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> of policies in six countries that rely on the Mekong river for water found that thorough and transparent cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact assessments were rarely undertaken. They also discovered that Cambodia's draft water law was much more complex than it needed to be.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> In 2004, the UK charity <a href="/wiki/WaterAid" title="WaterAid">WaterAid</a> reported that a child dies every 15 seconds from easily preventable water-related diseases, which are often tied to a lack of adequate sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows_2004_e724-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2004-228">[224]</a> Since 2003, the <a href="/wiki/UN_World_Water_Development_Report" title="UN World Water Development Report">UN World Water Development Report</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Assessment_Programme" title="World Water Assessment Programme">World Water Assessment Programme</a>, has provided decision-makers with tools for developing sustainable <a href="/wiki/Water_politics" title="Water politics">water policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-229">[225]</a> The 2023 report states that two billion people (26% of the population) do not have access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> and 3.6 billion (46%) lack access to safely managed sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> People in urban areas (2.4 billion) will face <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-229">[225]</a> Water scarcity has been described as endemic, due to <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">overconsumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> The report states that 10% of the world's population lives in countries with high or critical water stress. Yet over the past 40 years, water consumption has increased by around 1% per year, and is expected to grow at the same rate until 2050. Since 2000, <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> in the tropics has quadrupled, while flooding in northern mid-latitudes has increased by a factor of 2.5.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> The cost of these floods between 2000 and 2019 was 100,000 deaths and $650 million.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-229">[225]</a> Organizations concerned with water protection include the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Association" title="International Water Association">International Water Association</a> (IWA), WaterAid, Water 1st, and the American Water Resources Association. The <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> undertakes projects with the aim of using effective water management to reduce poverty. Water related conventions are <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD), <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_from_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships">International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="World Day for Water">World Day for Water</a> takes place on 22 March<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Oceans_Day" title="World Oceans Day">World Oceans Day</a> on 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water and religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/220px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/330px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/440px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>People come to Inda Abba Hadera spring (<a href="/wiki/Inda_Sillasie" title="Inda Sillasie">Inda Sillasie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>) to wash in holy water.</figcaption></figure> Water is considered a purifier in most religions. Faiths that incorporate ritual washing (<a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ablution</a>) include <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>. Immersion (or <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">aspersion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a>) of a person in water is a central <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> of Christianity (where it is called <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>); it is also a part of the practice of other religions, including Islam (<a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a>), Judaism (<a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">mikvah</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a>). In addition, a ritual bath in pure water is performed for the dead in many religions including Islam and Judaism. In Islam, the five daily prayers can be done in most cases after washing certain parts of the body using clean water (<a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a>), unless water is unavailable (see <a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a>). In Shinto, water is used in almost all rituals to cleanse a person or an area (e.g., in the ritual of <a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">misogi</a>). In Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> is water that has been sanctified by a priest for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blessing_(Roman_Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessing (Roman Catholic Church)">blessing</a> of persons, places, and objects, or as a means of repelling evil.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, water (<a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">āb</a>) is respected as the source of life.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Icosahedron as a part of Spinoza monument in Amsterdam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg/220px-Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg/330px-Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg/440px-Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="3861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">Icosahedron</a> as a part of <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> monument in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> The Ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> as one of the four <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a> (along with fire, earth, and <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a>), and regarded it as an <a href="/wiki/Ylem" title="Ylem">ylem</a>, or basic substance of the universe. <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, whom Aristotle portrayed as an astronomer and an engineer, theorized that the earth, which is denser than water, emerged from the water. Thales, a <a href="/wiki/Monist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monist">monist</a>, believed further that all things are made from water. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> believed that the shape of water is an <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a> – flowing easily compared to the cube-shaped earth.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> The theory of the <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">four bodily humors</a> associated water with <a href="/wiki/Phlegm" title="Phlegm">phlegm</a>, as being cold and moist. The <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">classical element of water</a> was also one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">five elements</a> in traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood (classical element)">wood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metal_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (classical element)">metal</a>). Some traditional and popular <a href="/wiki/Asian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian philosophy">Asian philosophical systems</a> take water as a role-model. <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>'s 1891 translation of the <a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a> states, "The highest excellence is like (that of) water. The excellence of water appears in its benefiting all things, and in its occupying, without striving (to the contrary), the low place which all men dislike. Hence (its way) is near to (that of) the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>" and "There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, and yet for attacking things that are firm and strong there is nothing that can take precedence of it—for there is nothing (so effectual) for which it can be changed."<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a> in the "Shui di" 水地 chapter further elaborates on the symbolism of water, proclaiming that "man is water" and attributing natural qualities of the people of different Chinese regions to the character of local water resources.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3></div> "Living water" features in Germanic and Slavic <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktales</a> as a means of bringing the dead back to life. Note the <a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimm fairy-tale</a> ("<a href="/wiki/The_Water_of_Life_(German_fairy_tale)" title="The Water of Life (German fairy tale)">The Water of Life</a>") and the Russian dichotomy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_water_(folklore)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living water (folklore) (page does not exist)">living</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:живая вода">ru</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_water_(folklore)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dead water (folklore) (page does not exist)">dead water</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ru:%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:ru:мёртвая вода">ru</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a> represents a related concept of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magical</a> waters allegedly preventing aging. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_activism">Art and activism</h3></div> In the significant <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">modernist</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922) by Irish writer <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, the chapter "Ithaca" takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> of 309 questions and answers, one of which is known as the "water hymn".<a href="#cite_note-:0-242">[238]</a>: 91  According to Richard E. Madtes, the hymn is not merely a "monotonous string of facts", rather, its phrases, like their subject, "ebb and flow, heave and swell, gather and break, until they subside into the calm quiescence of the concluding 'pestilential fens, faded flowerwater, stagnant pools in the waning moon.'"<a href="#cite_note-:0-242">[238]</a>: 79  The hymn is considered one of the most remarkable passages in Ithaca, and according to literary critic <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kenner" title="Hugh Kenner">Hugh Kenner</a>, achieves "the improbable feat of raising to poetry all the clutter of footling information that has accumulated in schoolbooks."<a href="#cite_note-:0-242">[238]</a>: 91  The <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">literary motif</a> of water represents the novel's theme of "everlasting, everchanging life," and the hymn represents the culmination of the motif in the novel.<a href="#cite_note-:0-242">[238]</a>: 91  The following is the hymn quoted in full.<a href="#cite_note-:1-243">[239]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What in water did Bloom, waterlover, drawer of water, watercarrier returning to the range, admire? Its universality: its democratic equality and constancy to its nature in seeking its own level: its vastness in the ocean of Mercator’s projection: its unplumbed profundity in the Sundam trench of the Pacific exceeding 8,000 fathoms: the restlessness of its waves and surface particles visiting in turn all points of its seaboard: the independence of its units: the variability of states of sea: its hydrostatic quiescence in calm: its hydrokinetic turgidity in neap and spring tides: its subsidence after devastation: its sterility in the circumpolar icecaps, arctic and antarctic: its climatic and commercial significance: its preponderance of 3 to 1 over the dry land of the globe: its indisputable hegemony extending in square leagues over all the region below the subequatorial tropic of Capricorn: the multisecular stability of its primeval basin: its luteofulvous bed: its capacity to dissolve and hold in solution all soluble substances including millions of tons of the most precious metals: its slow erosions of peninsulas and downwardtending promontories: its alluvial deposits: its weight and volume and density: its imperturbability in lagoons and highland tarns: its gradation of colours in the torrid and temperate and frigid zones: its vehicular ramifications in continental lakecontained streams and confluent oceanflowing rivers with their tributaries and transoceanic currents: gulfstream, north and south equatorial courses: its violence in seaquakes, waterspouts, artesian wells, eruptions, torrents, eddies, freshets, spates, groundswells, watersheds, waterpartings, geysers, cataracts, whirlpools, maelstroms, inundations, deluges, cloudbursts: its vast circumterrestrial ahorizontal curve: its secrecy in springs, and latent humidity, revealed by rhabdomantic or hygrometric instruments and exemplified by the well by the hole in the wall at Ashtown gate, saturation of air, distillation of dew: the simplicity of its composition, two constituent parts of hydrogen with one constituent part of oxygen: its healing virtues: its buoyancy in the waters of the Dead Sea: its persevering penetrativeness in runnels, gullies, inadequate dams, leaks on shipboard: its properties for cleansing, quenching thirst and fire, nourishing vegetation: its infallibility as paradigm and paragon: its metamorphoses as vapour, mist, cloud, rain, sleet, snow, hail: its strength in rigid hydrants: its variety of forms in loughs and bays and gulfs and bights and guts and lagoons and atolls and archipelagos and sounds and fjords and minches and tidal estuaries and arms of sea: its solidity in glaciers, icebergs, icefloes: its docility in working hydraulic millwheels, turbines, dynamos, electric power stations, bleachworks, tanneries, scutchmills: its utility in canals, rivers, if navigable, floating and graving docks: its potentiality derivable from harnessed tides or watercourses falling from level to level: its submarine fauna and flora (anacoustic, photophobe) numerically, if not literally, the inhabitants of the globe: its ubiquity as constituting 90% of the human body: the noxiousness of its effluvia in lacustrine marshes, pestilential fens, faded flowerwater, stagnant pools in the waning moon.</blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_(137906641).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg/220px-And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg/330px-And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg/440px-And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>The vast "water hymn" in <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> is occasioned when the protagonist <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Bloom" title="Leopold Bloom">Leopold Bloom</a> fills a <a href="/wiki/Kettle" title="Kettle">kettle</a> with water from a <a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">kitchen</a> <a href="/wiki/Faucet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faucet">faucet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-243">[239]</a></figcaption></figure> Painter and activist <a href="/wiki/Fredericka_Foster" title="Fredericka Foster">Fredericka Foster</a> curated The Value of Water, at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine" title="Cathedral of St. John the Divine">Cathedral of St. John the Divine</a> in New York City,<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> which anchored a year-long initiative by the Cathedral on our dependence on water.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> The largest exhibition to ever appear at the Cathedral,<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> it featured over forty artists, including <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Holzer" title="Jenny Holzer">Jenny Holzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Longo" title="Robert Longo">Robert Longo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kentridge" title="William Kentridge">William Kentridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/April_Gornik" title="April Gornik">April Gornik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Smith" title="Kiki Smith">Kiki Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Steir" title="Pat Steir">Pat Steir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Dalton_Brown" title="Alice Dalton Brown">Alice Dalton Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresita_Fernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresita Fernandez">Teresita Fernandez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Viola" title="Bill Viola">Bill Viola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> Foster created Think About Water,<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] an ecological collective of artists who use water as their subject or medium. Members include Basia Irland,<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Rahmani" title="Aviva Rahmani">Aviva Rahmani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Damon" title="Betsy Damon">Betsy Damon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Burko" title="Diane Burko">Diane Burko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leila_Daw" title="Leila Daw">Leila Daw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Levy" title="Stacy Levy">Stacy Levy</a>, Charlotte Coté,<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meridel_Rubenstein" title="Meridel Rubenstein">Meridel Rubenstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Macleod" title="Anna Macleod">Anna Macleod</a>. To mark the 10th anniversary of access to water and sanitation being declared a human right by the UN, the charity WaterAid commissioned ten visual artists to show the impact of clean water on people's lives.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody">Dihydrogen monoxide parody</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody" title="Dihydrogen monoxide parody">Dihydrogen monoxide parody</a></div> 'Dihydrogen monoxide' is a technically correct but rarely used <a href="/wiki/Chemical_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical name">chemical name</a> of water. This name has been used in a series of <a href="/wiki/Hoaxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoaxes">hoaxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranks">pranks</a> that mock <a href="/wiki/Scientific_illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific illiteracy">scientific illiteracy</a>. This began in 1983, when an <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> article appeared in a newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Durand,_Michigan" title="Durand, Michigan">Durand, Michigan</a>. The false story consisted of safety concerns about the substance.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> The word "Water" has been used by many <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> based <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rappers</a> as a sort of catchphrase or adlib. Rappers who have done this include <a href="/wiki/BLP_Kosher" title="BLP Kosher">BLP Kosher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God" title="Ski Mask the Slump God">Ski Mask the Slump God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> To go even further some rappers have made whole songs dedicated to the water in Florida, such as the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Danny_Towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny Towers">Danny Towers</a> song "Florida Water".<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> Others have made whole songs dedicated to water as a whole, such as <a href="/wiki/XXXTentacion" title="XXXTentacion">XXXTentacion</a>, and Ski Mask the Slump God with their hit song "H2O". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline of water</a> – Overview of and topical guide to water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Water (data page)</a> – Chemical data page for water is a collection of the chemical and physical properties of water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaphobia" title="Aquaphobia">Aquaphobia</a> – Persistent and abnormal fear of water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a> – Roof of a building that is designed to provide temporary water storage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a> – Runoff catching or channeling device</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> – Electricity generated by hydropower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a> – Extraction of power from ocean currents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a> – Energy available from oceans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect">Mpemba effect</a> – Natural phenomenon that hot water freezes faster than cold</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a> – Type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a> – Energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhydrogen" title="Oxyhydrogen">Oxyhydrogen</a> – Explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties of water</a> – Physical and chemical properties of pure water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a> – container used to collect rainwaterPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a> – Craving for potable fluids experienced by animals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> – Technology to convert the energy from tides into useful forms of power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pinch_analysis" title="Water pinch analysis">Water pinch analysis</a> – A systematic technique for reducing water consumption and wastewater generationPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a> – Transport of energy by wind waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a> – Device that removes impurities in water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a> – Use of a heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat from drain water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a> – Integrated approach to urban water cycle</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> A commonly quoted value of 15.7 used mainly in organic chemistry for the pKa of water is incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-VSMOW-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSMOW_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSMOW_18-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> (VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C). Other isotopic compositions melt or boil at slightly different temperatures. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> see the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Taste_and_odor">taste and odor</a> section </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Other substances with this property include <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-56">[53]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924023206/http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html">"naming molecular compounds"</a>. www.iun.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018. <q>Sometimes these compounds have generic or common names (e.g., H2O is "water") and they also have systematic names (e.g., H2O, dihydrogen monoxide).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iun.edu&rft.atitle=naming+molecular+compounds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iun.edu%2F~cpanhd%2FC101webnotes%2Fchemical-nomenclature%2Fbimolcmpds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hydrol">"Definition of Hydrol"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Hydrol&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhydrol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighFavreMetanomski199899-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighFavreMetanomski199899_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeighFavreMetanomski1998">Leigh, Favre & Metanomski 1998</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Braun_1993_612-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Braun_1993_612_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunSmirnov1993" class="citation journal cs1">Braun CL, Smirnov SN (1 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf">"Why is water blue?"</a> (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 70 (8): 612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JChEd..70..612B">1993JChEd..70..612B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed070p612">10.1021/ed070p612</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201000418/http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Why+is+water+blue%3F&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=612&rft.date=1993-08-01&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed070p612&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JChEd..70..612B&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft.au=Smirnov%2C+Sergei+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finside.mines.edu%2Ffs_home%2Fdwu%2Fclasses%2FCH353%2Fstudy%2FWhy%2520is%2520Water%2520Blue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanaka-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanakaGirardDavisPeuto2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tanaka M, Girard G, Davis R, Peuto A, Bignell N (August 2001). "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 C and 40 C based on recent experimental reports". Metrologia. 38 (4): 301–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F38%2F4%2F3">10.1088/0026-1394/38/4/3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metrologia&rft.atitle=Recommended+table+for+the+density+of+water+between+0+C+and+40+C+based+on+recent+experimental+reports&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=301-309&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F38%2F4%2F3&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Girard%2C+G&rft.au=Davis%2C+R&rft.au=Peuto%2C+A&rft.au=Bignell%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmonBellHuberMcLinden" class="citation book cs1">Lemmon EW, Bell IH, Huber ML, McLinden MO. 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Retrieved 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equilibrium+Thermodynamics&rft.pages=120-124&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-662-53207-2&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+J.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8GRDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddenser%2Bliquid%2Bthan%2Bsolid%2Bphase%2Bwater%2Bsilicon%2Bbismuth%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html">"What is Density?"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Olfactory+Experience%3A+constants+and+cultural+variables&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=11-17&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15237601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2Fwst.2004.0522&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004WSTec..49...11C&rft.aulast=Candau&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00130924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunSergei_N._Smirnov1993" class="citation journal cs1">Braun CL, Sergei N. Smirnov (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm">"Why is water blue?"</a>. Journal of Chemical Education. 70 (8): 612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JChEd..70..612B">1993JChEd..70..612B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed070p612">10.1021/ed070p612</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320060654/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Why+is+water+blue%3F&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=612&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed070p612&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JChEd..70..612B&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft.au=Sergei+N.+Smirnov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~etrnsfer%2Fwater.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamoto1997" class="citation book cs1">Nakamoto K (1997). Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part A: Theory and Applications in Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-16394-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-16394-5"><bdi>0-471-16394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrared+and+Raman+Spectra+of+Inorganic+and+Coordination+Compounds%2C+Part+A%3A+Theory+and+Applications+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-16394-5&rft.aulast=Nakamoto&rft.aufirst=Kazuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBall2001">Ball 2001</a>, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks2007">Franks 2007</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msu.edu/course/css/850/snapshot.afs/teppen/physical_chemistry_of_water.htm">"Physical Chemistry of Water"</a>. Michigan State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055601/https://msu.edu/course/css/850/snapshot.afs/teppen/physical_chemistry_of_water.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry+of+Water&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsu.edu%2Fcourse%2Fcss%2F850%2Fsnapshot.afs%2Fteppen%2Fphysical_chemistry_of_water.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBall2001">Ball 2001</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacsShuklaPlatzmanHamann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Isaacs ED, Shukla A, Platzman PM, Hamann DR, Barbiellini B, Tulk CA (1 March 2000). "Compton scattering evidence for covalency of the hydrogen bond in ice". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 61 (3): 403–406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JPCS...61..403I">2000JPCS...61..403I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3697%2899%2900325-X">10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00325-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Solids&rft.atitle=Compton+scattering+evidence+for+covalency+of+the+hydrogen+bond+in+ice&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-406&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-3697%2899%2900325-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JPCS...61..403I&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft.au=Shukla%2C+A&rft.au=Platzman%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Hamann%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Barbiellini%2C+B.&rft.au=Tulk%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellWilliamsonHeyden2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">Biology: Exploring Life</a>. 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Journal of Chemical Physics. 59 (10): 5529. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JChPh..59.5529F">1973JChPh..59.5529F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1679903">10.1063/1.1679903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Compressibility+of+water+as+a+function+of+temperature+and+pressure&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5529&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1679903&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973JChPh..59.5529F&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Millero%2C+F.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nave-104"><a href="#cite_ref-nave_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNave" class="citation web cs1">Nave R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html">"Bulk Elastic Properties"</a>. HyperPhysics. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028155517/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HyperPhysics&rft.atitle=Bulk+Elastic+Properties&rft.aulast=Nave&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fhph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPLcalc-105"><a href="#cite_ref-NPLcalc_105-0">^</a> UK National Physical Laboratory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/">Calculation of absorption of sound in seawater</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003014920/http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/">Archived</a> 3 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288">the original</a> on 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+in+Crisis%3A+A+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Freshwater+Resources&rft.pages=15%2C+Table+2.3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FEarthSciences%2FOceanography%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780195076288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-NaimBen-Naim2011" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Naim A, Ben-Naim R (2011). Alice's Adventures in Water-land. 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Luh Tyler) – Florida Water</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806234634/https://genius.com/Danny-towers-dj-scheme-and-ski-mask-the-slump-god-florida-water-lyrics">archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023, retrieved 6 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danny+Towers%2C+DJ+Scheme+%26+Ski+Mask+the+Slump+God+%28Ft.+Luh+Tyler%29+%E2%80%93+Florida+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FDanny-towers-dj-scheme-and-ski-mask-the-slump-god-florida-water-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2001" class="citation book cs1">Ball P (2001). Life's matrix : a biography of water. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23008-8"><bdi>978-0-520-23008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%27s+matrix+%3A+a+biography+of+water&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23008-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2007" class="citation book cs1">Franks F (2007). Water : a matrix of life (2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-234-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-234-1"><bdi>978-1-84755-234-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+%3A+a+matrix+of+life&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84755-234-1&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2003" class="citation book cs1">Lide DR (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTnxSi2B2FcC">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CRC Handbook">CRC Handbook</a> (84th ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0484-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0484-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-0484-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204075307/https://books.google.com/books?id=kTnxSi2B2FcC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.series=CRC+Handbook&rft.edition=84th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0484-2&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTnxSi2B2FcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingärtner_et_al.2016" class="citation book cs1">Weingärtner H, Teermann I, Borchers U, Balsaa P, Lutze HV, Schmidt TC, et al. (2016). "Water, 1. Properties, Analysis, and Hydrological Cycle". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a28_001.pub3">10.1002/14356007.a28_001.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water%2C+1.+Properties%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Hydrological+Cycle&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH+Verlag+GmbH+%26+Co.+KGaA&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a28_001.pub3&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Weing%C3%A4rtner&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Teermann%2C+Ilka&rft.au=Borchers%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Balsaa%2C+Peter&rft.au=Lutze%2C+Holger+V.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Torsten+C.&rft.au=Franck%2C+Ernst+Ulrich&rft.au=Wiegand%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Dahmen%2C+Nicolaus&rft.au=Schwedt%2C+Georg&rft.au=Frimmel%2C+Fritz+H.&rft.au=Gordalla%2C+Birgit+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Debenedetti, PG., and HE Stanley, "Supercooled and Glassy Water", Physics Today 56 (6), pp. 40–46 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf">Downloadable PDF (1.9 MB)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101114735/http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf">Archived</a> 1 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gleick, PH., (editor), The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (published every two years, beginning in 1998.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwater.org/">The World's Water, Island Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226224320/http://www.worldwater.org/">Archived</a> 26 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesLesterVoulvoulis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jones OA, Lester JN, Voulvoulis N (2005). "Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water?". Trends in Biotechnology. 23 (4): 163–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2005.02.001">10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15780706">15780706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Pharmaceuticals%3A+a+threat+to+drinking+water%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=163-167&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2005.02.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15780706&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Oliver+A.&rft.au=Lester%2C+John+N.&rft.au=Voulvoulis%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucowr.org/journal-of-contemporary-water-research-and-education">Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210459/http://ucowr.org/journal-of-contemporary-water-research-and-education">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Postel, S., Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity. W.W. Norton and Company, New York. 1992</li> <li>Reisner, M., Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water. Penguin Books, New York. 1986.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/">United Nations World Water Development Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222101824/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/">Archived</a> 22 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Produced every three years.</li> <li>St. Fleur, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/science/the-water-in-your-glass-might-be-older-than-the-sun.html">The Water in Your Glass Might Be Older Than the Sun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170115152336/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/science/the-water-in-your-glass-might-be-older-than-the-sun.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "The water you drink is older than the planet you're standing on." The New York Times (15 April 2016)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> water at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/water">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Water" class="extiw" title="c:Water">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/water" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/water">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/water" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/water">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Water" class="extiw" title="v:Water">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwater.org/">The World's Water Data Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm">FAO Comprehensive Water Database, AQUASTAT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwater.org/conflict.html">The Water Conflict Chronology: Water Conflict Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181835/http://www.worldwater.org/conflict.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/">Water science school</a> (USGS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.worldbank.org/">Portal to The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awra.org/">America Water Resources Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324205603/http://awra.org/">Archived</a> 24 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterontheweb.org">Water on the web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/">Water structure and science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228024506/http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/">Archived</a> 28 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPpKhxtFf1Q">"Why water is one of the weirdest things in the universe"</a>, Ideas, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, Video, 3:16 minutes, 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/">The chemistry of water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619074258/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/">Archived</a> 19 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (NSF special report)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapws.org/index.html">The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/molecule-that-made-us">H2O: The Molecule That Made Us</a>, a 2020 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Water"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_chemistry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_chemistry" title="Template:Food chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_chemistry" title="Template talk:Food chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">"Minerals" (Chemical elements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act (US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict (perpetuation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a> molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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297.053 1 Template:Chembox_Identifiers"," 6.49% 260.824 3 Template:Excerpt"," 5.95% 239.002 46 Template:Cite_book"," 4.76% 191.264 8 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.484","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":34664602,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdschiriLeeGotoTakami2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguilar,_David_A.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllain2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold_Hanslmeier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtreyaWong2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaroni,_L.Cenci,_L.Tettamanti,_M.Berati,_M.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelnay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-NaimBen-Naim2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBertauxVandaele,_Ann-CarineKorablevVillard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBibringLangevinPouletGendrin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBova2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrahic\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraunSergei_N._Smirnov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraunSmirnov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrows2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellWilliamsonHeyden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCandau2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapagainHoekstraSavenijeGuatam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClavinBuis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClavinChouWeaverVillard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookGutroBrownHarrington2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeMan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_EADengo_ALComber_DL2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieterMaupinCaldwellHarris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubnov-RazConstantiniYarivNice2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuff1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunaeva,_A.N.Kronrod,_V.A.Kuskov,_O.L.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE.L._GibbM.J._MummaN._Dello_RussoM.A._DiSanti2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhlers,_E.Krafft,_T2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFellows2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineMillero1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleick,_P.H.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleick1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGleickPalaniappan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansenC.J.StewartColwell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIessStevensonParisiHemingway2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute_of_MedicineFood_Nutrition_BoardStanding_Committee_on_the_Scientific_Evaluation_of_Dietary_Reference_IntakesPanel_on_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Electrolytes_and_Water2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacsShuklaPlatzmanHamann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJammi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesLesterVoulvoulis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotzTreichelWeaver2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulshreshtha1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuskovKronrod,_V.A.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKüppersO\u0026#039;RourkeBockelée-MorvanZakharov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeighFavreMetanomski1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockwoodJohnsonBenderCarr2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLomborg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadtes1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaestroMarquésCamarilloJaque2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallamaceCorsaroStanley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastertonHurley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatonHopkinsMcLaughlinJohnson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsuokaMurton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCordSotin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMekonnenHoekstra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillotCoppariRyggBarrios2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuckelbauerSarganasGrüneisMüller-Nordhorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyKoop2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayKnopfBertram2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamoto1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNave\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoakesGoodwinRaynerBranken2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoakes_TDGoodwin_NRayner_BL1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliveira2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeaco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeplow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerakisAmann-WinkelLehmkühlerSprung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlattBell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPubChem\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapp,_Donald2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavindranathSathaye2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReece2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRhoadesTanner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalzmann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiga2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShowmanMalhotra1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegertEllis-EvansTranterMayer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokol2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolankiLivingstonAyres1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSridharanAhmedDasaSreelathaa2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStookeyConstantPopkinGardner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasParkerMcFadden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Burns_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobieGrassetLunineMocquet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTritt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroellNaylorMetianBeveridge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNEP_International_Environment2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSDA_Food_Safety_and_Inspection_Service\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnesco2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaclavikChristian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValtin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVartanian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerbiscer_French_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijJoshi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadaVan_BeekBierkens2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerPruß2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeingärtnerFranck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeingärtner_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZ._Wahrman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZocchiWennemuthOka2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 23,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 11,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 4,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 72,\n [\"Convert\"] = 37,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Water\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 3,\n [\"Food chemistry\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 3,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 16,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Molecules detected in outer space\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Natural resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sisterlinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 4,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Trim\"] = 1,\n [\"Ugc\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 1,\n [\"Water\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 32,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","12.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","220","8.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","7.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","2.3"],["[others]","700","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5pr2z","timestamp":"20241123104457","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Water","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q283","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q283","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-27T10:33:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T13:23:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/H2O_2D_labelled.svg","headline":"chemical compound with raw molecular formula H\u2082O; main constituent of the fluids of most living organisms"}</script> </body> </html>