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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legendary_10-month_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_10-month_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Legendary 10-month calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_10-month_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Republican calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavian_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavian_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Flavian reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavian_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Julian_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julian_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Julian reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julian_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Later reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Weeks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Months </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Intercalation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Julian_or_Gregorian_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Julian_or_Gregorian_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Conversion to Julian or Gregorian dates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Julian_or_Gregorian_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Roman calendar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="التقويم الروماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التقويم الروماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendariu_romanu" title="Calendariu romanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calendariu romanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_Roma_t%C9%99qvimi" title="Qədim Roma təqvimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim Roma təqvimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_le%CC%8Dk-hoat" title="Lô-má le̍k-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má le̍k-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Римски календар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римски календар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_kalendar" title="Rimski kalendar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rimski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiziadur_roman" title="Deiziadur roman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deiziadur roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendari_rom%C3%A0" title="Calendari romà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calendari romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%BD_kalend%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Římský kalendář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římský kalendář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_kalender" title="Romersk kalender – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romersk kalender" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mischer_Kalender" title="Römischer Kalender – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römischer Kalender" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ρωμαϊκό ημερολόγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαϊκό ημερολόγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_romano" title="Calendario romano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendario romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_egutegia" title="Erromatar egutegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar egutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="گاه‌شماری رومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری رومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_romain" title="Calendrier romain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_romano" title="Calendario romano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calendario romano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EB%A0%A5" title="로마력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_kalendar" title="Rimski kalendar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_kalendario" title="Romana kalendario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Romana kalendario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Romawi" title="Kalender Romawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_roman" title="Calendario roman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Calendario roman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_romano" title="Calendario romano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calendario romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="לוח השנה הרומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוח השנה הרומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რომაული კალენდარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომაული კალენდარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalandriy%C3%A9_romen" title="Kalandriyé romen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kalandriyé romen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarium_Romanum" title="Calendarium Romanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calendarium Romanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalendorius" title="Romėnų kalendorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romėnų kalendorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/latmo_veldetri" title="latmo veldetri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="latmo veldetri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calend%C3%A0re_rom%C3%A0" title="Calendàre romà – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calendàre romà" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_r%C3%B3mai_napt%C3%A1r" title="Ókori római naptár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori római naptár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Римски календар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римски календар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="റോമൻ കലണ്ടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമൻ കലണ്ടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="التقويم الرومانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التقويم الرومانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwim_Rom" title="Takwim Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takwim Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_kalender" title="Romeinse kalender – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse kalender" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%9A%A6" title="ローマ暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_romerske_kalender" title="Den romerske kalender – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den romerske kalender" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_romerske_kalenderen" title="Den romerske kalenderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den romerske kalenderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="رومي کليز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رومي کليز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarz_rzymski" title="Kalendarz rzymski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalendarz rzymski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_romano" title="Calendário romano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calendário romano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarul_roman" title="Calendarul roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calendarul roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Римский календарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римский календарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman calendar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_koledar" title="Rimski koledar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimski koledar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Римски календар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римски календар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_kalendar" title="Rimski kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomalainen_kalenteri" title="Roomalainen kalenteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roomalainen kalenteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_kalendern" title="Romerska kalendern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska kalendern" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Roman month" redirects here. For the unit of military contribution in the Holy Roman Empire, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_Month" title="Roman Month">Roman Month</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Catholic liturgical calendar, see <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_del_Teatro_Romano_de_Caesaraugusta.43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Museum of the Roman Theater of Caesaraugusta in Zaragoza, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Museo_del_Teatro_Romano_de_Caesaraugusta.43.jpg/300px-Museo_del_Teatro_Romano_de_Caesaraugusta.43.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Museo_del_Teatro_Romano_de_Caesaraugusta.43.jpg/450px-Museo_del_Teatro_Romano_de_Caesaraugusta.43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Museo_del_Teatro_Romano_de_Caesaraugusta.43.jpg/600px-Museo_del_Teatro_Romano_de_Caesaraugusta.43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>A reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Antiates_Maiores" title="Fasti Antiates Maiores">Fasti Antiates Maiores</a>, a painted wall-calendar from the late Roman Republic</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/300px-Roman-calendar.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/450px-Roman-calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/600px-Roman-calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Another reproduction of the fragmentary Fasti Antiates Maiores (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60 BC), with the seventh and eighth months still named <a href="/wiki/Quintilis" title="Quintilis">Quintilis</a> ("QVI") and <a href="/wiki/Sextilis" title="Sextilis">Sextilis</a> ("SEX") and an <a href="/wiki/Intercalary_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalary month">intercalary month</a> ("INTER") in the far right-hand column</figcaption></figure> The Roman calendar was the <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Although the term is primarily used for Rome's pre-Julian calendars, it is often used inclusively of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> established by the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in the late 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> According to most Roman accounts, <a href="#Romulus">their original calendar</a> was established by their <a href="/wiki/Roman_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman legend">legendary</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Rome">first king</a> <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>. It consisted of ten <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">months</a>, beginning in spring with March and leaving winter as an unassigned span of days before the next year. These months each had 30 or 31 <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">days</a> and ran for 38 <a href="/wiki/Nundinal_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nundinal cycles">nundinal cycles</a>, each forming a kind of eight-day <a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">week</a>—nine days <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">counted inclusively in the Roman manner</a>—and ending with religious rituals and a <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">public market</a>. This fixed calendar bore traces of its origin as an <a href="/wiki/Observational_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Observational calendar">observational</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar one</a>. In particular, the most important days of each month—its <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">kalends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nones_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nones (calendar)">nones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ides_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ides (calendar)">ides</a>—seem to have derived from the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First-quarter_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="First-quarter moon">first-quarter moon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> respectively. To a late date, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a> formally proclaimed each of these days on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> and Roman dating counted down inclusively towards the next such day in any month. (For example, the year-end festival of <a href="/wiki/Terminalia_(festival)" title="Terminalia (festival)">Terminalia</a> on 23 February was called VII. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kal." class="extiw" title="wikt:Kal.">Kal.</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mart." class="extiw" title="wikt:Mart.">Mart.</a>, the 6th day before the March kalends.) Romulus's successor <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a> was then usually credited with a <a href="#Numa">revised calendar</a> that divided winter between the two months of <a href="/wiki/Ianuarius" title="Ianuarius">January</a> and <a href="/wiki/Februarius" title="Februarius">February</a>, shortened most other months accordingly, and brought everything into rough alignment with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a> by some system of <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalation</a>. This is a typical element of <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendars</a> and was necessary to keep the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Roman religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">festivals</a> and other activities in their proper <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>. Modern historians dispute various points of this account. It is possible the original calendar was agriculturally based, observational of the seasons and stars rather the moon, with ten months of varying length filling the entire year. If this ever existed, it would have changed to the lunisolar system later credited to Numa during the kingdom or <a href="/wiki/Early_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Republic">early Republic</a> under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan culture">Etruscans</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagorean</a> <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Graeca">Southern Italian Greeks</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">establishment of the Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar epoch">began to be dated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulships</a> but the calendar and its rituals were otherwise very conservatively maintained until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Republic">Late Republic</a>. Even when the nundinal cycles had completely departed from correlation with the moon's phases, a <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex minor">pontiff</a> was obliged to meet the <a href="/wiki/Rex_sacrorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex sacrorum">sacred king</a>, to claim that he had observed the new moon, and to offer a sacrifice to <a href="/wiki/Juno_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno (goddess)">Juno</a> to solemnize each kalends. It is clear that, for a variety of reasons, the intercalation necessary for the system's accuracy was not always observed. Astronomical events recorded in <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> show the civil calendar had varied from the solar year by an entire season in 190 BC and was still two months off in 168 BC. By the 191 BC <a href="/wiki/Lex_Acilia_de_Intercalando" title="Lex Acilia de Intercalando">Lex Acilia</a> or before, control of intercalation was given to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a> but—as these were often <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in ancient Rome">active political leaders</a> like <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>—political considerations continued to interfere with its regular application. Notably, intercalation had to be personally announced by the chief pontiff in Rome so, when <a href="/wiki/Gallic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic War">his war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">civil war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey</a> kept Caesar out of the city for years at a time, the calendar was repeatedly left unadjusted. Victorious in civil war, Caesar <a href="/wiki/Julian_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian reform">reformed the calendar</a> in 46 BC, coincidentally making the year of his third consulship last for 446 days. This new Julian calendar was an entirely <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar one</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egypt's</a>. In order to avoid interfering with Rome's religious ceremonies, the reform distributed the unassigned days among the months (towards their ends) and did not adjust any nones or ides, even in months which came to have 31 days. The Julian calendar was designed to have a single <a href="/wiki/Leap_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap day">leap day</a> every fourth year by repeating February 24<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> (a doubled VI. Kal. Mart. or ante diem bis sextum Kalendas Martias) but, following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Caesar">Caesar's assassination</a>, the priests mistakenly added the <a href="/wiki/Bissextile" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissextile">bissextile</a> (bis sextum) leap day every three years due to their inclusive counting. In order to bring the calendar back to its proper place, Augustus was obliged to suspend intercalation for one or two decades. At 365.25 days, the Julian calendar remained slightly longer than the solar year (365.24 days). By the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">date of Easter</a> had shifted so far away from the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> ordered a further correction to the calendar method, resulting in the establishment of the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n1.jpg/250px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n1.jpg/375px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n1.jpg/500px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Praenestini" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti Praenestini">Fasti Praenestini</a>, containing the months of January, March, April, and December and a portion of February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911193-3">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_calendar">Prehistoric calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistoric calendar">edit</a>]</div> The original Roman <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> is usually believed to have been an <a href="/wiki/Observational_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Observational calendar">observational</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen_&_al.1864[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryrome00dickgoogpagen242mode2up_216]-4">[2]</a> whose months ended and began from the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949323–324-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2023-6">[4]</a> Because a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar cycle</a> is about 29.5 days long, such months would have varied between 29 and 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-mommy-7">[5]</a> Twelve such months would have fallen 10 or 11 days short of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a> and, without adjustment, such a year would have quickly rotated out of alignment with the seasons<a href="#cite_note-mommy-7">[5]</a> in the manner of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>. Given the seasonal aspects of the calendar and its associated <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman festivals">festivals</a>, this was presumably avoided through some form of arbitrary curtailment or intercalation<a href="#cite_note-mommy-7">[5]</a> or through the suspension of the calendar during winter. Against this, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Kirsopp_Lake_Michels" title="Agnes Kirsopp Lake Michels">Michels</a> has argued that the early calendars used by Rome and its neighbors were more probably observational of seasonal markers in nature (the <a href="/wiki/Leafing" class="mw-redirect" title="Leafing">leafing</a> of trees), animal behavior (the <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a> of birds), and the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">agricultural cycle</a> (the ripening of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome#Grains" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">grain</a>) combined with observation of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949330-8">[6]</a> She considers that this more sensibly accounts for later legends of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>'s <a href="#Romulus">decimal year</a> and the great irregularity in Italian month lengths recorded in <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949330-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Roman works on agriculture including those of <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> invariably date their practices based on suitable conditions or upon the <a href="/wiki/Rising_of_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising of stars">rising of stars</a>, with only occasional supplementary mention of the <a href="#Republican_calendar">civil calendar</a> of their times<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949330-8">[6]</a> until the 4th or 5th century author <a href="/wiki/Rutilius_Taurus_Aemilianus_Palladius" title="Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius">Palladius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a>, formal Roman <a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">ornithomancy</a>, continued to be the focus of a <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">prestigious dedicated priesthood</a> until at least the end of the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissowa1896-16">[14]</a> Although most Roman festivals in the historical record were closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Nundinal_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nundinal cycle">nundinal cycle</a> of the <a href="#Numa">later calendar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949322-17">[15]</a> there remained several <a href="/wiki/Moveable_feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Moveable feasts">moveable feasts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feriae_conceptivae" class="mw-redirect" title="Feriae conceptivae">feriae conceptivae</a>, "proclaimed festivals") like the <a href="/wiki/Sementivae" title="Sementivae">Sementivae</a> that were dependent on local conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949331-18">[16]</a> Michels suggests this was the original state of all ancient festivals, marking divisions between the seasons and occasions within them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949331-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_10-month_calendar">Legendary 10-month calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legendary 10-month calendar">edit</a>]</div> The Romans themselves usually described their first organized year as one with ten fixed months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137-20">[18]</a> a decimal division fitting general Roman practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen_&_al.1864[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryrome00dickgoogpagen242mode2up_217]-21">[19]</a> There were four months of "31" days<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3-19">[17]</a>—March, May, Quintilis, and October—called "full months" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pleni_menses#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:pleni menses">pleni menses</a>) and six months of "30" days<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3-19">[17]</a>—April, June, Sextilis, September, November, and December—called "hollow months" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cavi_menses#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cavi menses">cavi menses</a>).<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-mommy-7">[5]</a> These "304" days made up exactly 38 <a href="/wiki/Nundinal_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nundinal cycle">nundinal cycles</a>. The months were kept in alignment with the moon, however, by counting the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> as the last day of the first month and simultaneously the first day of the next month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2023-6">[4]</a> The system is usually said to have left the remaining two to three months of the year as an unorganized "winter", since they were irrelevant to the farming cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2023-6">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> claims the 10-month calendar was fixed and allowed to shift until the summer months were completely misplaced, at which time additional days belonging to no month were simply inserted into the calendar until it seemed things were restored to their proper place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§39-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011155-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Licinius_Macer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Licinius Macer">Licinius Macer</a>'s lost history apparently similarly stated that even the earliest Roman calendar employed intercalation.<a href="#cite_note-censibility-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§20-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011165-27">[25]</a> Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§§5_&_38-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137_&_155-29">[27]</a> their <a href="/wiki/Roman_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman legend">legendary</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">first king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture hero</a>, although this was common with other practices and traditions whose origin had been lost to them. <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a> considered him to have borrowed the system from <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-censibility-25">[23]</a> his supposed birthplace. Some scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all, as it is only attested in late Republican and Imperial sources and supported only by the misplaced names of the months from September to December.<a href="#cite_note-rupparena-30">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_R%C3%BCpke" title="Jörg Rüpke">Rüpke</a> also finds the coincidence of the length of the supposed "Romulan" year with the length of the first ten months of the Julian calendar to indicate that it is an <a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a> interpretation by late Republican writers.<a href="#cite_note-rupparena-30">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Calendar of Romulus </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">English </th> <th scope="col">Latin </th> <th scope="col">Meaning </th> <th scope="col">Length in days<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137-20">[18]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Mensis Martius</a></td> <td>Month of <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Aprilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Aprilis">Mensis Aprilis</a></td> <td>Month of Apru (<a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>)<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Maius">Mensis Maius</a></td> <td>Month of <a href="/wiki/Maia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (mythology)">Maia</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iunius_(month)" title="Iunius (month)">Mensis Iunius</a></td> <td>Month of <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Quintilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Quintilis">Mensis Quintilis</a> Mensis Quinctilis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_&_al.1999669-33">[31]</a></td> <td>Fifth Month </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Sextilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Sextilis">Mensis Sextilis</a></td> <td>Sixth Month </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/September_(Roman_month)" title="September (Roman month)">Mensis September</a></td> <td>Seventh Month </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/October_(Roman_month)" title="October (Roman month)">Mensis October</a></td> <td>Eighth Month </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/November_(Roman_month)" title="November (Roman month)">Mensis November</a></td> <td>Ninth Month </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/December_(Roman_month)" title="December (Roman month)">Mensis December</a></td> <td>Tenth Month </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align: right;">Length of the year: </th> <th style="text-align: left;">304 </th></tr></tbody></table> Other traditions existed alongside this one, however. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a> recounts that <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>'s calendar had been solar but adhered to the general principle that the year should last for 360 days. Months were employed secondarily and haphazardly, with some counted as 20 days and others as 35 or more.<a href="#cite_note-gossipgirl-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-worchestershire-35">[33]</a> Plutarch records that while one tradition is that <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a> added two new months to a ten-month calendar, another version is that January and February were originally the last two months of the year and Numa just moved them to the start of the year, so that January (named after a peaceful ruler called <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>) would come before March (which was named for Mars, the god of war).<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Rome's 8-day week, the <a href="/wiki/Nundinal_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nundinal cycle">nundinal cycle</a>, was shared with the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, who used it as the schedule of royal audiences. It was presumably a part of the early calendar and was credited in <a href="/wiki/Roman_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman legend">Roman legend</a> variously to <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_calendar">Republican calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Republican calendar">edit</a>]</div> The attested calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> was quite different. It had twelve months, already including <a href="/wiki/Ianuarius" title="Ianuarius">January</a> and <a href="/wiki/Februarius" title="Februarius">February</a> during the winter. It also followed <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek calendars</a> in assuming a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar cycle">lunar cycle</a> of 29.5 days and a <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a> of 12.5 <a href="/wiki/Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">synodic months</a> (368.75 days), which align every fourth year after two additions of an intercalary month (mensis intercalaris), sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Mercedonius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mommy-7">[5]</a> According to Livy, it was Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome (715–673 BC), who divided the year into twelve lunar months (History of Rome, I.19). Fifty days, says Censorinus, were added to the calendar and a day taken from each month of thirty days to provide for the two winter months: Januarius (January) and Februarius (February), both of which had 28 days (The Natal Day, XX). This was a lunar year of 354 days but, because of the Roman superstition about even numbers, an additional day was added to January to make the calendar 355 days long. Auspiciously, each month now had an odd number of days: Martius (March), Maius (May), Quinctilis (July), and October continued to have 31; the other months, 29, except for February, which had 28 days. Considered unlucky, it was devoted to rites of purification (februa) and expiation appropriate to the last month of the year. (Although these legendary beginnings attest to the venerability of the lunar calendar of the Roman Republic, its historical origin probably was the publication of a revised calendar by the Decemviri in 450 BC as part of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a>, Rome's first code of law.) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2023-6">[4]</a> The inequality between the lunar year of 355 days and the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a> of 365.25 days led to a shortfall over four years of (10.25 × 4) = 41 days.<a href="#cite_note-mommy-7">[5]</a> Theoretically, 22 days were interpolated into the calendar in the second year of the four-year cycle and 23 days in the fourth.<a href="#cite_note-mommy-7">[5]</a> This produced an excess of four days over the four years in line with the normal one day excess over one year. The method of correction was to truncate February by five days and follow it with the intercalary month which thus commenced (normally) on the day after February 23 and had either 27 or 28 days. February 23 was the <a href="/wiki/Terminalia_(festival)" title="Terminalia (festival)">Terminalia</a> and in a normal year it was a.d. VII Kal. Mart. Thus the dates of the festivals of the last five days of February were preserved<a href="#cite_note-rupkenuma1-37">[35]</a> on account of them being actually named and counted inclusively in days before the <a href="/wiki/Calends" title="Calends">calends</a> of March; they were traditionally part of the celebration for the new year. There was occasionally a delay of one day (a dies intercalaris being inserted between February 23 and the start of the mensis intercalaris) for the purpose of avoiding a clash between a particular festival and a particular day of the week (see <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar#Rosh_Hashanah_postponement_rules" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar § Rosh Hashanah postponement rules</a> for another example). The Roman superstitions concerning the numbering and order of the months seem to have arisen from <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagorean</a> superstitions concerning the luckiness of <a href="/wiki/Odd_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd number">odd numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-momma-38">[36]</a> These Pythagorean-based changes to the Roman calendar were generally credited by the Romans to <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2023-6">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>'s successor and the second of <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">Rome's seven kings</a>, as were the two new months of the calendar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§34-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011153-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[c]</a> Most sources thought he had established intercalation with the rest of his calendar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s Numa instituted a lunar calendar, the author claimed the king had instituted a 19-year system of intercalation equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1905Book_I,_Ch._19,_§6-42">[39]</a> centuries before its development by <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian astronomers">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek astronomers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s account claims he ended the former chaos of the calendar by employing 12 months totalling 354 days—the length of the <a href="/wiki/Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">lunar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek years</a>—and a biennial intercalary month of 22 days called <a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Mercedonius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gossipgirl-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-worchestershire-35">[33]</a> According to Livy's <a href="/wiki/Periochae" class="mw-redirect" title="Periochae">Periochae</a>, the beginning of the consular year changed from March to 1 January in 153 BC to respond to a rebellion in Hispania.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Plutarch believed Numa was responsible for placing January and February first in the calendar;<a href="#cite_note-gossipgirl-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-worchestershire-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> states January began as the first month and February the last, with its present order owing to the <a href="/wiki/Decemvirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Decemvirs">Decemvirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvidBook_II-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2004[httpswwwpoetryintranslationcomPITBRLatinOvidFastiBkTwophpanchor_Toc69367683_Book_II,_Introduction]-47">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._Warde_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Warde Fowler">W. Warde Fowler</a> believed the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Roman priests</a> continued to treat January and February as the last months of the calendar throughout the Republican period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler18995-48">[44]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto;line-height:1.4"> <caption>Roman Republican calendar (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 BC or <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450 BC – 46 BC) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="3" rowspan="2">English </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Latin </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Meaning </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4">Length in days<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobius-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-gossipgirl-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-worchestershire-35">[33]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="line-height:1.25">1st year (<a href="/wiki/Common_year" title="Common year">cmn.</a>) </th> <th scope="col" style="line-height:1.25">2nd year (<a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap</a>) </th> <th scope="col" style="line-height:1.25">3rd year (cmn.) </th> <th scope="col" style="line-height:1.25">4th year (leap) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#CFC"> <td style="text-align:right">1.</td> <td colspan="2">January </td> <td style="text-align:right">I.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Ianuarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Ianuarius">Mensis Ianuarius</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Month of <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#CFC"> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right">2.</td> <td colspan="2">February </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right">II.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Februarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Februarius">Mensis Februarius</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Month of the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Februa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center">23 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#CFC"> <td style="border-top:hidden;border-bottom:hidden;width:1em"> </td> <td>Intercalary Month </td> <td style="border-top:hidden;border-bottom:hidden;width:1em"> </td> <td>Intercalaris Mensis (<a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Mercedonius</a>) </td> <td style="border-top:hidden;border-bottom:hidden;width:1em"> </td> <td>Month of Wages </td> <td style="border-top:hidden;text-align:center">  </td> <td style="text-align:center">27 </td> <td style="border-top:hidden;text-align:center">  </td> <td style="text-align:center">28 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">3.</td> <td colspan="2">March </td> <td style="text-align:right">III.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Mensis Martius</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Month of <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">4.</td> <td colspan="2">April </td> <td style="text-align:right">IV.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Aprilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Aprilis">Mensis Aprilis</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Month of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> – from which the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> Apru might have been derived </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">5.</td> <td colspan="2">May </td> <td style="text-align:right">V.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Maius">Mensis Maius</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Month of <a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">6.</td> <td colspan="2">June </td> <td style="text-align:right">VI.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Iunius_(month)" title="Iunius (month)">Mensis Iunius</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Month of <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">7.</td> <td colspan="2">July </td> <td style="text-align:right">VII.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Quintilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Quintilis">Mensis Quintilis</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Fifth Month (from the earlier calendar starting in March) </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">8.</td> <td colspan="2">August </td> <td style="text-align:right">VIII.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mensis_Sextilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensis Sextilis">Mensis Sextilis</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Sixth Month </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">9.</td> <td colspan="2">September </td> <td style="text-align:right">IX.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/September_(Roman_month)" title="September (Roman month)">Mensis September</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Seventh Month </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">10.</td> <td colspan="2">October </td> <td style="text-align:right">X.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/October_(Roman_month)" title="October (Roman month)">Mensis October</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Eighth Month </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">11.</td> <td colspan="2">November </td> <td style="text-align:right">XI.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/November_(Roman_month)" title="November (Roman month)">Mensis November</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Ninth Month </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">12.</td> <td colspan="2">December </td> <td style="text-align:right">XII.</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/December_(Roman_month)" title="December (Roman month)">Mensis December</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Tenth Month </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="8" style="text-align:right">Whole year: </th> <td style="text-align:center">355 </td> <td style="text-align:center">377 </td> <td style="text-align:center">355 </td> <td style="text-align:center">378 </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, to correct the mismatch of the correspondence between months and seasons due to the excess of one day of the Roman average year over the tropical year, the insertion of the intercalary month was modified according to the scheme: common year (355 days), leap year with 23-day February followed by 27-day Mercedonius (377 days), common year, leap year with 23-day February followed by 28-day Mercedonius (378 days), and so on for the first 16 years of a 24-year cycle. In the last 8 years, the intercalation took place with the month of Mercedonius only 27 days, except the last intercalation which did not happen. Hence, there would be a typical common year followed by a leap year of 377 days for the next 6 years and the remaining 2 years would sequentially be common years. The result of this twenty-four-year pattern was of great precision for the time: 365.25 days, as shown by the following calculation: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {355\cdot 13+377\cdot 7+378\cdot 4}{24}}={\frac {8766}{24}}=365.25}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>355</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>13</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>377</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>378</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mn>24</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>8766</mn> <mn>24</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>365.25</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {355\cdot 13+377\cdot 7+378\cdot 4}{24}}={\frac {8766}{24}}=365.25}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf05ca4c160a421a0ac6898336029b75d79010fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:44.808ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {355\cdot 13+377\cdot 7+378\cdot 4}{24}}={\frac {8766}{24}}=365.25}"> The consuls' terms of office were not always a modern calendar year, but ordinary consuls were elected or appointed annually. The traditional <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">list of Roman consuls</a> used by the Romans to date their years began in 509 BC.<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavian_reform">Flavian reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flavian reform">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Flavius_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Flavius (jurist)">Gnaeus Flavius</a>, a secretary (scriba) to censor <a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caecus" title="Appius Claudius Caecus">App. Claudius Caecus</a>, introduced a series of reforms in 304 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949340-52">[48]</a> Their exact nature is uncertain, although he is thought to have begun the custom of publishing the calendar in advance of the month, depriving the priests of some of their power but allowing for a more consistent calendar for official business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanfranchi2013-53">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Julian_reform">Julian reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Julian reform">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, following his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pharsalia">victory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">his civil war</a> and in his role as <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>, ordered a <a href="/wiki/Julian_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian reform">reformation of the calendar</a> in 46 BC. This was undertaken by a group of scholars apparently including the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlinyBook_XVIII,_Ch._211-54">[50]</a> and the Roman M. Flavius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._14,_§2-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011-50">[46]</a> Its main lines involved the insertion of ten additional days throughout the calendar and regular intercalation of a single <a href="/wiki/Leap_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap day">leap day</a> every fourth year to bring the Roman calendar into close agreement with the solar year. The year 46 BC was the last of the old system and included three intercalary months, the first inserted in February and two more—Intercalaris Prior and Posterior—before the kalends of December. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_reforms">Later reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later reforms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></div> After <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Caesar's assassination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> had Caesar's birth month Quintilis renamed <a href="/wiki/July_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="July (month)">July</a> (Iulius) in his honor. After Antony's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">defeat at Actium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> assumed control of Rome and, finding the priests had (owing to their inclusive counting) been intercalating every third year instead of every fourth, suspended the addition of leap days to the calendar for one or two decades until its proper position had been restored. See <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar#Leap_year_error" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar: Leap year error</a>. In 8 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> Lex Pacuvia de Mense Augusto renamed Sextilis <a href="/wiki/August_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="August (month)">August</a> (Augustus) in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotondi1912441-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[e]</a> In large part, this calendar continued unchanged under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egyptians</a> used the related <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian calendar">Alexandrian calendar</a>, which Augustus had adapted from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">their wandering ancient calendar</a> to maintain its alignment with Rome's.) A few emperors altered the names of the months after themselves or their family, but such changes were abandoned by their successors. <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> began the 15-year <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indiction</a> cycles beginning from the AD 297 census;<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> these became the required format for official dating under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> formally established the 7-day <a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">week</a> by making <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> an official holiday in 321.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Consular dating became obsolete following the abandonment of appointing nonimperial consuls in AD 541.<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> The Roman method of numbering the days of the month never became widespread in the Hellenized eastern provinces and was eventually abandoned by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">its calendar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Days">Days</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Days">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">Kalends</a></div> Roman dates were <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">counted inclusively</a> forward to the next one of three principal days within each month:<a href="#cite_note-odalay-59">[54]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">Kalends</a> (Kalendae or Kal.), the 1st day of each month<a href="#cite_note-odalay-59">[54]</a></li> <li>Nones (Nonae or Non.), the 7th day of "full months"<a href="#cite_note-loser-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-four-61">[f]</a> and 5th day of hollow ones,<a href="#cite_note-odalay-59">[54]</a> 8 days—i.e. the ninth day—before the Ides in every month</li> <li>Ides (Idus, variously Eid. or Id.), the 15th day of "full months"<a href="#cite_note-loser-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-four-61">[f]</a> and the 13th day of hollow ones,<a href="#cite_note-odalay-59">[54]</a> one day earlier than the middle of each month.</li></ul> These are thought to reflect a prehistoric lunar calendar, with the kalends proclaimed after the sighting of the first sliver of the new crescent moon a day or two after the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>, the nones occurring on the day of the <a href="/wiki/First-quarter_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="First-quarter moon">first-quarter moon</a>, and the ides on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>. The kalends of each month were sacred to <a href="/wiki/Juno_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno (goddess)">Juno</a> and the ides to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (planet)">Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvidBook_I,_ll._55–56-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2004[httpswebarchiveorgweb20050419220209httpwwwtklinefreeservecoukOvidFastiBkOnehtm_Book_I,_Introduction]-63">[57]</a> The day before each was known as its eve (pridie); the day after each (postridie) was considered particularly unlucky. The days of the month were expressed in early Latin using the <a href="/wiki/Ablative_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative of time">ablative of time</a>, denoting points in time, in the contracted form "the 6th December Kalends" (VI Kalendis Decembribus).<a href="#cite_note-loser-60">[55]</a> In classical Latin, this use continued for the three principal days of the month<a href="#cite_note-perdedor-64">[58]</a> but other days were idiomatically expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, which usually <a href="/wiki/Accusative_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative of time">expressed a duration of time</a>, and took the form "6th day before the December Kalends" (ante diem VI Kalendas Decembres). This anomaly may have followed the treatment of days in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1920[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990400073Apart3D43Achapter3D423Asection3D973Asubsection3D89_§§1582–1587]-65">[59]</a> reflecting the increasing use of such date phrases as an absolute phrase able to function as the object of another preposition,<a href="#cite_note-loser-60">[55]</a> or simply originated in a mistaken agreement of dies with the preposition ante once it moved to the beginning of the expression.<a href="#cite_note-loser-60">[55]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">late Latin</a>, this idiom was sometimes abandoned in favor of again using the ablative of time. The kalends were the day for payment of debts and the account books (kalendaria) kept for them gave English its word <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>. The public Roman calendars were the <a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">fasti</a>, which designated the religious and legal character of each month's days. The Romans marked each day of such calendars with the letters:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard198144–45-66">[60]</a> <ul><li>F (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#fasti" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">fastus</a>, "permissible") on days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law (dies fasti, "allowed days")</li> <li>C (comitialis) on fasti days during which the Roman people could hold <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic">assemblies</a> (dies comitiales)</li> <li>N (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#nefastus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">nefastus</a>) on days when political and judicial activities were prohibited (dies nefasti)</li> <li>NP (uncertain)<a href="#cite_note-67">[g]</a> on public holidays (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#feria" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">feriae</a>)</li> <li>QRCF (uncertain)<a href="#cite_note-69">[h]</a> on days when the "king" (<a href="/wiki/Rex_sacrorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex sacrorum">rex sacrorum</a>) could convene an assembly</li> <li>EN (endotercissus, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">archaic form</a> of intercissus, "halved") on days when most political and religious activities were prohibited in the morning and evening due to <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Sacrifice" title="Religion in ancient Rome">sacrifices</a> being prepared or offered but were acceptable for a period in the middle of the day</li></ul> Each day was also marked by a letter from A to H to indicate its place within the <a href="/wiki/Nundinal_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nundinal cycle">nundinal cycle</a> of market days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weeks">Weeks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weeks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg/220px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg/330px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg/440px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Praenestini" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti Praenestini">Fasti Praenestini</a> for the month of April (<a href="/wiki/Aprilis" title="Aprilis">Aprilis</a>), showing its nundinal letters on the left side</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nundinae" title="Nundinae">Nundinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_hours" title="Planetary hours">Planetary hours</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nundinae" title="Nundinae">nundinae</a> were the market days which formed a kind of <a href="/wiki/Weekend" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekend">weekend</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>, and some other parts of Roman territory. By Roman <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive counting</a>, they were reckoned as "ninth days" although they actually occurred every eighth day. Because the republican and Julian years were not evenly divisible into eight-day periods, <a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">Roman calendars</a> included a column giving every day of the year a <a href="/wiki/Nundinal_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nundinal letter">nundinal letter</a> from A to H marking its place in the cycle of market days. Each year, the letter used for the markets would shift 2–5 letters along the cycle. As a day when the city swelled with rural <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a>, they were overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a> and took on an important role in Roman legislation, which was supposed to be announced for three nundinal weeks (between 17 and 24 days) in advance of its coming to a vote. The <a href="/wiki/Patricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricians">patricians</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">clients</a> sometimes exploited this fact as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Tribunes_of_the_plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunes of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a> were required to wait another three-week period if their proposals could not receive a vote before dusk on the day they were introduced. Superstitions arose concerning the bad luck that followed a nundinae on the nones of a month or, later, on the <a href="/wiki/January_Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="January Kalends">first day</a> of <a href="/wiki/January_(Roman_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="January (Roman month)">January</a>. Intercalation was supposedly used to avoid such coincidences, even after the Julian reform of the calendar. The <a href="/wiki/7-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="7-day week">7-day week</a> began to be observed in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> in the early imperial period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrind'Amour1983256–275-70">[62]</a> as practitioners and converts to eastern religions introduced <a href="/wiki/Planetary_hours" title="Planetary hours">Hellenistic and Babylonian astrology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in ancient Rome">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish sabbath">sabbath</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in ancient Rome">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>. The system was originally used for private worship and astrology but had replaced the nundinal week by the time <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine</a> made <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> (dies Solis) an official day of rest in AD 321. The hebdomadal week was also reckoned as a cycle of letters from A to G; these were adapted for Christian use as the <a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">dominical letters</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Months">Months</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Months">edit</a>]</div> The names of Roman months originally functioned as adjectives (e.g., the January kalends occur in the January month) before being treated as substantive nouns in their own right (e.g., the kalends of January occur in January). Some of their etymologies are well-established: January and March honor the gods <a href="/wiki/Janus_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Janus (god)">Janus</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (god)">Mars</a>;<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> July and August honor <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> and his successor, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>;<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> and the months Quintilis,<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> Sextilis,<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> September,<a href="#cite_note-septime-77">[69]</a> October,<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> November,<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> and December<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> are archaic adjectives formed from the <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_numeral" title="Ordinal numeral">ordinal numbers</a> from 5 to 10, their position in the calendar when it began around the spring equinox in March.<a href="#cite_note-septime-77">[69]</a> Others are uncertain. February may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Februa festival</a> or its eponymous februa ("purifications, expiatory offerings"), whose name may be either <a href="/wiki/Sabine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine language">Sabine</a> or preserve an archaic word for <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphuric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> April may relate to the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> goddess Apru or the verb aperire ("to open").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] May and June may honor <a href="/wiki/Maia_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (goddess)">Maia</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno (goddess)">Juno</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> or derive from archaic terms for "senior" and "junior". A few <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">emperors</a> attempted to add themselves to the calendar after Augustus, but without enduring success. In classical Latin, the days of each month were usually reckoned as:<a href="#cite_note-perdedor-64">[58]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="white-space: nowrap;"> <caption>Days of the month in the Roman Calendar </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Days in month</th> <th>31d</th> <th>31d</th> <th>30d</th> <th>29d</th> <th>28d </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;line-height:90%"> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;"> Months before Julian reform</th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Mar May Jul Oct</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Jan Apr Jun Aug Sep Nov Dec</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Feb </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;line-height:90%"> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;"> Months after Julian reform</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Mar May Jul Oct</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Jan Aug Dec</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Apr Jun Sep Nov</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(Feb)</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Feb </th></tr> <tr> <th>Day name in English</th> <th>Day name in Latin</th> <th>Abbr</th> <th><a href="#cite_note-four-61">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[i]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-85">[j]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-86">[k]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-87">[l]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-88">[m]</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center" style="background-color:lightblue;"> <td align="right">On the Kalends</td> <td align="right">Kalendis</td> <td align="right">Kal.</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background-color:lavender;"> <td align="right">The day after the Kalends</td> <td align="right">postridie Kalendas</td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 6th day before the Nones</td> <td align="right">ante diem sextum Nonas</td> <td align="right">a.d. VI Non.</td> <td style="background-color:lavender">2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 5th day before the Nones</td> <td align="right">ante diem quintum Nonas</td> <td align="right">a.d. V Non.</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 4th day before the Nones</td> <td align="right">ante diem quartum Nonas</td> <td align="right">a.d. IV Non.</td> <td>4</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">2</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">2</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">2</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">2 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 3rd day before the Nones</td> <td align="right">ante diem tertium Nonas</td> <td align="right">a.d. III Non.</td> <td>5</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">On the day before the Nones</td> <td align="right">Pridie Nonas</td> <td align="right">Prid. Non.</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background-color:lightblue;"> <td align="right">On the Nones</td> <td align="right">Nonis</td> <td align="right">Non.</td> <td>7</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background-color:lavender;"> <td align="right">The day after the Nones</td> <td align="right">postridie Nonas</td> <td></td> <td>8</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 8th day before the Ides</td> <td align="right">ante diem octavum Idus</td> <td align="right">a.d. VIII Eid.</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">8</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">6</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">6</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">6</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">6 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 7th day before the Ides</td> <td align="right">ante diem septimum Idus</td> <td align="right">a.d. VII Eid.</td> <td>9</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 6th day before the Ides</td> <td align="right">ante diem sextum Idus</td> <td align="right">a.d. VI Eid.</td> <td>10</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 5th day before the Ides</td> <td align="right">ante diem quintum Idus</td> <td align="right">a.d. V Eid.</td> <td>11</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 4th day before the Ides</td> <td align="right">ante diem quartum Idus</td> <td align="right">a.d. IV Eid.</td> <td>12</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 3rd day before the Ides</td> <td align="right">ante diem tertium Idus</td> <td align="right">a.d. III Eid.</td> <td>13</td> <td>11</td> <td>11</td> <td>11</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">On the day before the Ides</td> <td align="right">Pridie Idus</td> <td align="right">Prid. Eid.</td> <td>14</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background-color:lightblue;"> <td align="right">On the Ides</td> <td align="right">Idibus</td> <td align="right">Eid.</td> <td>15</td> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background-color:lavender;"> <td align="right">The day after the Ides</td> <td align="right">postridie Idus</td> <td></td> <td>16</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 19th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem undevicesimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XIX Kal.</td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lavender">14</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 18th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem duodevicesimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XVIII Kal.</td> <td> </td> <td>15</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">14</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 17th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem septimum decimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XVII Kal.</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">16</td> <td>16</td> <td>15</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">14</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 16th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem sextum decimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XVI Kal.</td> <td>17</td> <td>17</td> <td>16</td> <td>15</td> <td bgcolor="lavender">14 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 15th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem quintum decimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XV Kal.</td> <td>18</td> <td>18</td> <td>17</td> <td>16</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 14th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem quartum decimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XIV Kal.</td> <td>19</td> <td>19</td> <td>18</td> <td>17</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 13th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem tertium decimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XIII Kal.</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>19</td> <td>18</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 12th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem duodecimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XII Kal.</td> <td>21</td> <td>21</td> <td>20</td> <td>19</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 11th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem undecimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. XI Kal.</td> <td>22</td> <td>22</td> <td>21</td> <td>20</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 10th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem decimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. X Kal.</td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td>22</td> <td>21</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 9th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem nonum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. IX Kal.</td> <td>24</td> <td>24</td> <td>23</td> <td>22</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 8th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem octavum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. VIII Kal.</td> <td>25</td> <td>25</td> <td>24</td> <td>23</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 7th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem septimum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. VII Kal.</td> <td>26</td> <td>26</td> <td>25</td> <td>24</td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 6th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem sextum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. VI Kal.</td> <td>27</td> <td>27</td> <td>26</td> <td>25</td> <td>24<a href="#cite_note-89">[n]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 5th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem quintum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. V Kal.</td> <td>28</td> <td>28</td> <td>27</td> <td>26</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 4th day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem quartum Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. IV Kal.</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>28</td> <td>27</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">The 3rd day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">ante diem tertium Kalendas</td> <td align="right">a.d. III Kal.</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>28</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="right">On the day before the Kalends</td> <td align="right">Pridie Kalendas</td> <td align="right">Prid. Kal.</td> <td>31</td> <td>31</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>28 </td></tr></tbody></table> Dates after the ides count forward to the kalends of the next month and are expressed as such. For example, March 19 was expressed as "the 14th day before the April Kalends" (a.d. XIV Kal. Apr.), without a mention of March itself. The day after a kalends, nones, or ides was also often expressed as the "day after" (postridie) owing to their special status as particularly unlucky "black days". The anomalous status of the new 31-day months under the Julian calendar was an effect of Caesar's desire to avoid affecting the <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">festivals</a> tied to the nones and ides of various months. However, because the dates at the ends of the month all counted forward to the next kalends, they were all shifted by one or two days by the change. This created confusion with regard to certain anniversaries. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s birthday on the 23rd day of September was a.d. VIII Kal. Oct. in the old calendar but a.d. IX Kal. Oct. under the new system. The ambiguity caused honorary festivals to be held on either or both dates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intercalation">Intercalation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intercalation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Mercedonius</a></div> The Republican calendar only had 355 days, which meant that it would quickly unsynchronize from the solar year, causing, for example, agricultural festivals to occur out of season. The Roman solution to this problem was to periodically lengthen the calendar by adding extra days within February. February was broken into two parts, each with an odd number of days. The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd (a.d. VII Kal. Mart.), which was considered the end of the religious year; the five remaining days beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Regifugium" title="Regifugium">Regifugium</a> on the 24th (a.d. VI Kal. Mart.) formed the second part; and the intercalary month <a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Mercedonius</a> was inserted between them. In such years, the days between the ides and the Regifugium were counted down to either the Intercalary Kalends or to the Terminalia. The intercalary month counted down to nones and ides on its 5th and 13th day in the manner of the other short months. The remaining days of the month counted down towards the March Kalends, so that the end of Mercedonius and the second part of February were indistinguishable to the Romans, one ending on a.d. VII Kal. Mart. and the other picking up at a.d. VI Kal. Mart. and bearing the normal festivals of such dates. Apparently because of the confusion of these changes or uncertainty as to whether an intercalary month would be ordered, dates after the February ides are attested as sometimes counting down towards the <a href="/wiki/Quirinalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinalia">Quirinalia</a> (February 17), the <a href="/wiki/Feralia" title="Feralia">Feralia</a> (February 21), or the Terminalia (February 23)<a href="#cite_note-90">[76]</a> rather than the intercalary or March kalends. The third-century writer Censorinus says: <blockquote>When it was thought necessary to add (every two years) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days, so that the civil year should correspond to the natural (solar) year, this intercalation was in preference made in February, between the Terminalia [23rd] and Regifugium [24th].<a href="#cite_note-91">[77]</a></blockquote> The fifth-century writer <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> says that the Romans intercalated 22 and 23 days in alternate years;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§12-92">[78]</a> the intercalation was placed after February 23 and the remaining five days of February followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§15-93">[79]</a> To avoid the nones falling on a nundine, where necessary an intercalary day was inserted "in the middle of the Terminalia, where they placed the intercalary month".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§16,_19-94">[80]</a> This appears to have been generally correct. In 170 BC, <a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Intercalaris</a> began on the second day after February 23<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivyBook_XLIII,_Ch._11,_§13-95">[81]</a> and, in 167 BC, it began on the day after February 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivyBook_XLV,_Ch._44,_§3-96">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, writing in the first century BC, says "the twelfth month was February, and when intercalations take place the five last days of this month are removed."<a href="#cite_note-Varro-97">[83]</a> Since all the days after the Ides of Intercalaris were counted down to the beginning of March, the month had either 27 days (making 377 for the year) or 28 (making 378 for the year). There is another theory which says that in intercalary years February had 23 or 24 days and Intercalaris had 27. No date is offered for the Regifugium in 378-day years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1967-98">[84]</a> Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days. This refinement brings the calendar back in line with the seasons and averages the length of the year to 365.25 days over 24 years. The Pontifex Maximus determined when an intercalary month was to be inserted. On average, this happened in alternate years. The system of aligning the year through intercalary months broke down at least twice: the first time was during and after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. It led to the reform of the 191 BC <a href="/wiki/Acilian_Law_on_Intercalation" class="mw-redirect" title="Acilian Law on Intercalation">Acilian Law on Intercalation</a>, the details of which are unclear, but it appears to have successfully regulated intercalation for over a century. The second breakdown was in the middle of the first century BC and may have been related to the increasingly chaotic and adversarial nature of Roman politics at the time. The position of Pontifex Maximus was not a full-time job; it was held by a member of the Roman elite, who would almost invariably be involved in the machinations of Roman politics. Because the term of office of elected <a href="/wiki/Magistratus_ordinarii_/_extraordinarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistratus ordinarii / extraordinarii">Roman magistrates</a> was defined in terms of a Roman calendar year, a Pontifex Maximus had an incentive to lengthen a year in which he or his allies were in power or shorten a year in which his political opponents held office. Although there are many stories to interpret the intercalation, a period of 22 or 23 days is always <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4 synodic month short. Obviously, the month beginning shifts forward (from the new moon, to the third quarter, to the full moon, to the first quarter, back the new moon) after intercalation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years">Years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Years">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">List of Roman consuls</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kalender.jpg/200px-Kalender.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kalender.jpg/300px-Kalender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kalender.jpg/400px-Kalender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of an imperial <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">consular list</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> As mentioned above, Rome's legendary 10-month calendar notionally lasted for 304 days but was usually thought to make up the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a> during an unorganized winter period. The unattested but almost certain lunar year and the pre-Julian civil year were 354 or 355 days long, with the difference from the solar year more or less corrected by an irregular intercalary month. The <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian year</a> was 365 days long, with a <a href="/wiki/Leap_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap day">leap day</a> doubled in length every fourth year, almost equivalent to the present <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a> before and under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman kingdom">Roman kings</a> is uncertain but dating by <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal years</a> was common in antiquity. Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, from 509 BC, years were most commonly described in terms of their reigning <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">ordinary consuls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suffect_consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffect consul">Temporary</a> and honorary consuls were sometimes elected or appointed but were not used in dating.)<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consular lists</a> were displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">public calendars</a>. After the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, regnal dates based on the emperors' terms in office became more common. Some historians of the later republic and early imperial eras dated from the legendary founding of the city of Rome (<a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">ab urbe condita</a> or AVC).<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>'s date for this was 753 BC but other writers used different dates, varying by several decades.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Such dating was, however, never widespread. After the consuls waned in importance, most Roman dating was regnal<a href="#cite_note-matchlock-100">[86]</a> or followed <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s 15-year <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">Indiction</a> tax cycle.<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> These cycles were not distinguished, however, so that "year 2 of the indiction" may refer to any of 298, 313, 328, &c.<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> used various Christian eras, including <a href="/wiki/Anno_Martyrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Martyrum">those based on Diocletian's persecutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Christ's incarnation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">the supposed age of the world</a>. The Romans did not have records of their early calendars but, like modern historians, assumed the year originally began in March on the basis of the names of the months following June. The consul <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fulvius_Nobilior_(consul_189_BC)" title="Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 BC)">M. Fulvius Nobilior</a> (r. 189 BC) wrote a commentary on the calendar at his <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Musarum" title="Temple of Hercules Musarum">Temple of Hercules Musarum</a> that claimed January had been named for <a href="/wiki/Janus_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Janus (god)">Janus</a> because the god faced both ways,<a href="#cite_note-Varro-97">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] suggesting it had been instituted as a first month.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was, however, usually said to have been instituted along with February, whose nature and festivals suggest it had originally been considered the last month of the year. The consuls' term of office—and thus the order of the years under the republic—seems to have changed several times. Their inaugurations were finally moved to January 1(Kal. Ian.) in 153 BC to allow <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fulvius_Nobilior" title="Quintus Fulvius Nobilior">Q. Fulvius Nobilior</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Segeda" title="Segeda">Segeda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Spain">Spain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a>, before which they had occurred on March 15 (<a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Eid. Mart</a>.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1905Book_XLVII-101">[87]</a> There is reason to believe the inauguration date had been May 1during the 3rd century BC until 222 BC[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> mentions earlier inaugurations on May 15 (Eid. Mai.), July 1 (Kal. Qui.), August 1 (Kal. Sex.), October 1(Kal. Oct.), and December 15 (Eid. Dec.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1905-102">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] Under the Julian calendar, the year began on January 1 but years of the <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">Indiction</a> cycle began on September 1. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egypt's separate calendar</a>, some provinces maintained their records using a local era.<a href="#cite_note-matlock-51">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> dated its records sequentially from 39 BC;<a href="#cite_note-matchlock-100">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Spain</a> from AD 38.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This dating system continued as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish era</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Spain">medieval Spain</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_to_Julian_or_Gregorian_dates">Conversion to Julian or Gregorian dates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conversion to Julian or Gregorian dates">edit</a>]</div> The continuity of names from the Roman to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> can lead to the mistaken belief that Roman dates correspond to Julian or Gregorian ones. In fact, the essentially complete <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">list of Roman consuls</a> allows general certainty of years back to <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Tarquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Tarquin">the establishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">republic</a> but the uncertainty as to the end of lunar dating and the irregularity of Roman intercalation means that dates which can be independently verified are invariably weeks to months outside of their "proper" place. Two astronomical events dated by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> show the calendar four months out of alignment with the Julian date in 190 BC and two months out of alignment in 168 BC. Thus, "the year of the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Africanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus">Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_Dives_(consul_205_BC)" title="Publius Licinius Crassus Dives (consul 205 BC)">Publius Licinius Crassus</a>" (usually given as "205 BC") actually began on March 15, 205BC, and ended on March 14, 204 BC, according to the Roman calendar but may have begun as early as November or December 206 BC owing to its misalignment. Even following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the leap years were not applied correctly by the Roman priests, meaning dates are a few days out of their "proper" place until a few decades into Augustus's reign. Given the paucity of records regarding the state of the calendar and its intercalation, historians have reconstructed the correspondence of Roman dates to their Julian and Gregorian equivalents from disparate sources. There are detailed accounts of the decades leading up to the Julian reform, particularly the speeches and letters of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, which permit an established chronology back to about 58 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Nundinal_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nundinal cycle">nundinal cycle</a> and a few known synchronisms—e.g., a Roman date in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a>—are used to generate contested chronologies back to the start of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> in 264 BC. Beyond that, dates are roughly known based on clues such as the dates of <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvests</a> and seasonal <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">religious festivals</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian calendar">Alexandrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">Fasti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menologia_rustica" title="Menologia rustica">menologia rustica</a>, & the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of 354">Calendar of 354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">List of Roman consuls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">ab urbe condita</a> dating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> of the Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Roman festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undecimber" title="Undecimber">Undecimber</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The term does not include the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian calendar">Alexandrian calendar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>, which continued the unique months of that land's <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">former calendar</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">later Roman Empire</a>, which usually dated the Roman months in the simple count of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek calendar">ancient Greek calendars</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, which refined the Julian system to bring it into still closer alignment with the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Two days in a row were given the same date. <a href="/wiki/Bissextus" title="Bissextus">This practice</a> continued well into the sixteenth century. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> reports this tradition while claiming that the months had more probably predated or originated with Romulus.<a href="#cite_note-gossipgirl-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-worchestershire-35">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> This equivalence was first described by <a href="/wiki/Temple_Stanyan" title="Temple Stanyan">Stanyan</a> in his history of ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanyan1707[httpsarchiveorgstreamgrecianhistoryf00stangoogpagen373mode2up_330]-43">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> There are some documents which state the month had been renamed as early as 26 or 23 BC, but the date of the Lex Pacuvia is certain. </li> <li id="cite_note-four-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-four_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-four_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-four_61-2">c</a> The original 31-day months of the Roman calendar were March, May, Quintilis or July, and October. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> The NP days are sometimes thought to mark days when political and judicial activities were prohibited only until <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noon</a>, standing for nefastus priore. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The QRCF days are sometimes supposed, on the basis of the Fasti Viae Lanza which gives it as Q. Rex C. F., to stand for "Permissible when the King Has Entered the Comitium" (Quando Rex Comitiavit Fas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüpke201126–27-68">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The 31-day months of prior to the Julian reform, March, May, Quintilis (July), and October, continued using the old system with their Nones on the 9th and Ides on the 15th. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The 31-day months established by the Julian reform, January, Sextilis (August), and December, used a new system with their Nones on the 7th and Ides on the 13th. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The 30-day months established by the Julian reform were April, June, September, and November. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> In leap years late in the imperial period, February was reckoned as a 29 day month with all days lasting 24 hours. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> In leap years early period after the Julian reform, February had 29 days but was reckoned as a 28 day month by treating the sixth day before the March Kalends as lasting for 48 hours. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> After the Julian reform until late in the imperial period, this day was reckoned to last 48 hours during a leap year. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911193-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911193_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnc._Brit.1911">Enc. Brit. (1911)</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen_&_al.1864[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryrome00dickgoogpagen242mode2up_216]-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen_&_al.1864[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryrome00dickgoogpagen242mode2up_216]_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen_&_al.1864">Mommsen & al. (1864)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n242/mode/2up">216</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949323–324-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949323–324_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichels1949">Michels (1949)</a>, pp. 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2023-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2023_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2023_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2023_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2023_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2023_6-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrout2023">Grout (2023)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-mommy-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mommy_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mommy_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mommy_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mommy_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mommy_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mommy_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mommy_7-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen_&_al.1864">Mommsen & al. (1864)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n244/mode/2up">218</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949330-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949330_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949330_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949330_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichels1949">Michels (1949)</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Die_Natali" class="mw-redirect" title="De Die Natali">The Natal Day</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elfinspell.com/ClassicalTexts/Maude/Censorinus/DeDieNatale-Part2.html#topref94">Ch. XXII</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agri_Cultura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Agri Cultura">On Agriculture</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Res_Rusticae" class="mw-redirect" title="Res Rusticae">Farming</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Re_Rustica_(Columella)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Re Rustica (Columella)">On Farming</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutilius_Taurus_Aemilianus_Palladius" title="Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius">Palladius</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Re_Rustica_(Palladius)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Re Rustica (Palladius)">On Farming</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissowa1896-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissowa1896_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissowa1896">Wissowa (1896)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949322-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949322_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichels1949">Michels (1949)</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949331-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949331_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949331_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichels1949">Michels (1949)</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§3_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 12, §3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaster2011">Kaster (2011)</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen_&_al.1864[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryrome00dickgoogpagen242mode2up_217]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen_&_al.1864[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryrome00dickgoogpagen242mode2up_217]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen_&_al.1864">Mommsen & al. (1864)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n242/mode/2up">217</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Solinus</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFKey1875">Key (1875)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§39-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§39_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 12, §39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011155-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011155_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaster2011">Kaster (2011)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-censibility-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censibility_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-censibility_25-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Die_Natali" class="mw-redirect" title="De Die Natali">The Natal Day</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elfinspell.com/ClassicalTexts/Maude/Censorinus/DeDieNatale-Part2.html">Ch. XX</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§20-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§20_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 13, §20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011165-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011165_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaster2011">Kaster (2011)</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§§5_&_38-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§§5_&_38_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 12, §§5 & 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137_&_155-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011137_&_155_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaster2011">Kaster (2011)</a>, pp. 137 & 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-rupparena-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rupparena_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupparena_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüpke2011">Rüpke (2011)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pThna2LDwDsC&pg=PA23">23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/april">"April"</a>. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Randomhouse Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft.atitle=April&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fapril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/may">"May"</a>. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Randomhouse Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft.atitle=May&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_&_al.1999669-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_&_al.1999669_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackburn_&_al.1999">Blackburn & al. (1999)</a>, p. 669. </li> <li id="cite_note-gossipgirl-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gossipgirl_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gossipgirl_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gossipgirl_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gossipgirl_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gossipgirl_34-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch">Plutarch</a>, Life of Numa section XVIII. </li> <li id="cite_note-worchestershire-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worchestershire_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worchestershire_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worchestershire_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worchestershire_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worchestershire_35-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrin1914">Perrin (1914)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#Romulan_year">368 ff</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch">Plutarch</a>, Life of Numa section XIX </li> <li id="cite_note-rupkenuma1-37"><a href="#cite_ref-rupkenuma1_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüpke2011">Rüpke (2011)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pThna2LDwDsC&pg=PA40">40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-momma-38"><a href="#cite_ref-momma_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen_&_al.1864">Mommsen & al. (1864)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n244/mode/2up">219</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§34-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12,_§34_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 12, §34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011153-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011153_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaster2011">Kaster (2011)</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1905Book_I,_Ch._19,_§6-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1905Book_I,_Ch._19,_§6_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1905">Roberts (1905)</a>, Book I, Ch. 19, §6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanyan1707[httpsarchiveorgstreamgrecianhistoryf00stangoogpagen373mode2up_330]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanyan1707[httpsarchiveorgstreamgrecianhistoryf00stangoogpagen373mode2up_330]_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanyan1707">Stanyan (1707)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/grecianhistoryf00stangoog#page/n373/mode/2up">330</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/livy/livy-periochae-46-50/#47.1%7CLivy">47.13 and 47.14</a>: "[47.13] In the five hundred and ninety-eighth year after the founding of the city, the consuls began to enter upon their office on 1 January. [47.14] The cause of this change in the date of the elections was a rebellion in Hispania." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvidBook_II-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvidBook_II_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvid">Ovid</a>, Book II. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2004[httpswwwpoetryintranslationcomPITBRLatinOvidFastiBkTwophpanchor_Toc69367683_Book_II,_Introduction]-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2004[httpswwwpoetryintranslationcomPITBRLatinOvidFastiBkTwophpanchor_Toc69367683_Book_II,_Introduction]_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKline2004">Kline (2004)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkTwo.php#anchor_Toc69367683">Book II, Introduction</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler18995-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler18995_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler1899">Fowler (1899)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobius-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobius_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaster2011-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaster2011_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaster2011">Kaster (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-matlock-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matlock_51-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathieson2003">Mathieson (2003)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krcp3GU2MssC&pg=PA14">14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1949340-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1949340_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichels1949">Michels (1949)</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanfranchi2013-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanfranchi2013_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLanfranchi2013">Lanfranchi (2013)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlinyBook_XVIII,_Ch._211-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlinyBook_XVIII,_Ch._211_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPliny">Pliny</a>, Book XVIII, Ch. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._14,_§2-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._14,_§2_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 14, §2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotondi1912441-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotondi1912441_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRotondi1912">Rotondi (1912)</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._12_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-odalay-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odalay_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odalay_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odalay_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odalay_59-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck1838">Beck (1838)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJgQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA175">175</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-loser-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loser_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loser_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loser_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loser_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loser_60-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck1838">Beck (1838)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJgQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA176">176</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvidBook_I,_ll._55–56-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvidBook_I,_ll._55–56_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvid">Ovid</a>, Book I, ll. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2004[httpswebarchiveorgweb20050419220209httpwwwtklinefreeservecoukOvidFastiBkOnehtm_Book_I,_Introduction]-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2004[httpswebarchiveorgweb20050419220209httpwwwtklinefreeservecoukOvidFastiBkOnehtm_Book_I,_Introduction]_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKline2004">Kline (2004)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050419220209/http://www.tkline.freeserve.co.uk/OvidFastiBkOne.htm">Book I, Introduction</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-perdedor-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perdedor_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perdedor_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck1838">Beck (1838)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJgQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177">177</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1920[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990400073Apart3D43Achapter3D423Asection3D973Asubsection3D89_§§1582–1587]-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1920[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseus3Atext3A19990400073Apart3D43Achapter3D423Asection3D973Asubsection3D89_§§1582–1587]_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1920">Smyth (1920)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0007%3Apart%3D4%3Achapter%3D42%3Asection%3D97%3Asubsection%3D89">§§1582–1587</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard198144–45-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard198144–45_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1981">Scullard (1981)</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERüpke201126–27-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüpke201126–27_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüpke2011">Rüpke (2011)</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrind'Amour1983256–275-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrind'Amour1983256–275_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrind'Amour1983">Brind'Amour (1983)</a>, pp. 256–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"January, n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=January%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"March, n.2", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=March%2C+n.%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"July, n.", OED</cite>. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"August, n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=August%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"†quintile, n.2", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E2%80%A0quintile%2C+n.%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"sextile, adj. and n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sextile%2C+adj.+and+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-septime-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-septime_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-septime_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"September, n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=September%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"October, n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=October%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"November, n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=November%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"December, n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=December%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"February, n.", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=February%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"May, n.2", OED</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=May%2C+n.%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=OED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"June, n.", OED</cite>. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> A 94  inscription.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Censorinus, The Natal Day, 20.28, tr. William Maude, New York 1900, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://elfinspell.com/ClassicalTexts/Maude/Censorinus/DeDieNatale-Part2.html">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§12-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§12_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 13, §12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§15-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§15_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 13, §15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§16,_19-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobiusBook_I,_Ch._13,_§16,_19_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrobius">Macrobius</a>, Book I, Ch. 13, §16, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivyBook_XLIII,_Ch._11,_§13-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivyBook_XLIII,_Ch._11,_§13_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivy">Livy</a>, Book XLIII, Ch. 11, §13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivyBook_XLV,_Ch._44,_§3-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivyBook_XLV,_Ch._44,_§3_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivy">Livy</a>, Book XLV, Ch. 44, §3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Varro-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varro_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varro_97-1">b</a> Varro, On the Latin language, 6.13, tr. Roland Kent, London 1938, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ryanfb.github.io/loebolus-data/L333.pdf">[2]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels1967-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels1967_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichels1967">Michels (1967)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a> I, CIL VI. </li> <li id="cite_note-matchlock-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matchlock_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matchlock_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathieson2003">Mathieson (2003)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krcp3GU2MssC&pg=PA15">15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1905Book_XLVII-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1905Book_XLVII_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1905">Roberts (1905)</a>, Book XLVII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1905-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1905_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1905">Roberts (1905)</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnc._Brit.1911" class="citation cs2">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fasti" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fasti">Fasti</a>", <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>, vol. X, New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911, pp. 192–193</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fasti&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=192-193&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1838" class="citation cs2">Beck, Charles (1838), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJgQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA175">"Of the Roman Calendar"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clMQAAAAYAAJ">Latin Syntax, Chiefly from the German of C.G. Zumpt</a>, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+Roman+Calendar&rft.btitle=Latin+Syntax%2C+Chiefly+from+the+German+of+C.G.+Zumpt&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Little+%26+James+Brown&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJgQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn_&_al.1999" class="citation cs2">Blackburn, Bonnie; et al. (1999), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Year&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Leofranc+Holford-Strevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrind'Amour1983" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brind'Amour, P. (1983), Le Calendrier Romain: Recherches Chronologiques (in French), Ottawa</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Calendrier+Romain%3A+Recherches+Chronologiques&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brind%27Amour&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Porcius_Cato" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Marcus Porcius Cato</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_Agriculture_(Cato)" class="mw-redirect" title="On Agriculture (Cato)">De Agri Culture</a> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Agri+Culture&rft.au=Marcus+Porcius+Cato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Porcius_Cato1934" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Marcus Porcius Cato</a> (1934), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/A*.html">On Agriculture</a>, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 283, Cato vol. III, translated by Hooper, William Davis; et al., <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Agriculture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Marcus+Porcius+Cato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCato%2FDe_Agricultura%2FA%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensorinus" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Die_Natali" class="mw-redirect" title="De Die Natali">De Die Natali</a> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Die+Natali&rft.au=Censorinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensorinus1900" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a> (1900), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elfinspell.com/ClassicalTexts/Maude/Censorinus/Contents-Preface-Memoir.html">De Die Natali ("The Natal Day")</a>, translated by Maude, William, New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Die+Natali+%28%22The+Natal+Day%22%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Censorinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felfinspell.com%2FClassicalTexts%2FMaude%2FCensorinus%2FContents-Preface-Memoir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucius_Junius_Moderatus_Columella" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Re_Rustica_(Columella)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Re Rustica (Columella)">De Re Rustica</a> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Re+Rustica&rft.au=Lucius+Junius+Moderatus+Columella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucius_Junius_Moderatus_Columella1745" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella</a> (1745), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_l-junius-moderatus-colu_columella-lucius-junius_1745">Of Husbandry in Twelve Books and His Book Concerning Trees...</a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Millar" title="Andrew Millar">Andrew Millar</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Husbandry+in+Twelve+Books+and+His+Book+Concerning+Trees...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andrew+Millar&rft.date=1745&rft.au=Lucius+Junius+Moderatus+Columella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbim_eighteenth-century_l-junius-moderatus-colu_columella-lucius-junius_1745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">, anonymous translation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1899" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/W._Warde_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Warde Fowler">Fowler, W. Warde</a> (1899), The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, New York: Macmillan & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Festivals+of+the+Period+of+the+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=W.+Warde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrout2023" class="citation cs2">Grout, James (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/romancalendar.html">"The Roman Calendar"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/index.html">Encyclopaedia Romana</a>, Chicago: University of Chicago</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Calendar&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Romana&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fcalendar%2Fromancalendar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKey1875" class="citation cs2">Key, Thomas Hewitt (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Calendarium.html">"Calendarium"</a>, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray, pp. 223–233</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calendarium&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=223-233&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hewitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FCalendarium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanfranchi2013" class="citation cs2">Lanfranchi, Thibaud (October 3, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mefra.revues.org/1322">"À Propos de la Carrière de Cn. Flavius"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1322">Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome: Antiquité</a>, vol. 125, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fmefra.1322">10.4000/mefra.1322</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%80+Propos+de+la+Carri%C3%A8re+de+Cn.+Flavius&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9langes+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome%3A+Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fmefra.1322&rft.aulast=Lanfranchi&rft.aufirst=Thibaud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmefra.revues.org%2F1322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. (in French)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Titus Livius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab+Urbe+Condita&rft.au=Titus+Livius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1905" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Titus Livius</a> (1905), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429112813/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy01.html">The History of Rome</a>, Everyman's Library, vol. I, translated by Roberts, Canon; et al., London: J.M. 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(2003), People, Personal Expression, and Social Relations in Late Antiquity, Vol. II, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%2C+Personal+Expression%2C+and+Social+Relations+in+Late+Antiquity%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichels1949" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Kirsopp_Lake_Michels" title="Agnes Kirsopp Lake Michels">Michels, Agnes Kirsopp Lake</a> (1949), "The 'Calendar of Numa' and the Pre-Julian Calendar", Transactions & Proceedings of the APA, vol. 80, Philadelphia: American Philological Association, pp. 320–346</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Calendar+of+Numa%27+and+the+Pre-Julian+Calendar&rft.btitle=Transactions+%26+Proceedings+of+the+APA&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=320-346&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Michels&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Kirsopp+Lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichels1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Kirsopp_Lake_Michels" title="Agnes Kirsopp Lake Michels">Michels, Agnes Kirsopp Lake</a> (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgTWCgAAQBAJ">The Calendar of the Roman Republic</a>, Princeton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400849789" title="Special:BookSources/9781400849789"><bdi>9781400849789</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calendar+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Princeton&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9781400849789&rft.aulast=Michels&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Kirsopp+Lake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgTWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen_&_al.1864" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen, Theodor</a> (1864), Dickson, William Purdie (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n6/mode/2up">The History of Rome, Vol. I: The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy</a>, London: Richard Bentley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome%2C+Vol.+I%3A+The+Period+Anterior+to+the+Abolition+of+the+Monarchy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryrome00dickgoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">. 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White</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourteen+Books+of+Palladius+Rutilius+Taurus+Aemilianus+on+Agriculture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+White&rft.date=1807&rft.au=Rutilius+Taurus+Aemilianus+Palladius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWoAaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Gaius Plinius Secundus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Historia Naturalis</a> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Naturalis&rft.au=Gaius+Plinius+Secundus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaius_Plinius_Secundus1855" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Gaius Plinius Secundus</a> (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3DdedicationT">The Natural History</a>, translated by Bostock, John; et al., London: Taylor & Francis</cite><span 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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1914" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html">"The Life of Numa"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/home.html">The Parallel Lives, Vol. I</a>, Loeb Classical Library, translated by Perrin, Bernadotte, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>: Harvard University Press</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek+Grammar+for+Colleges&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Book+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0007%253Apart%253D1%253Achapter%253D1%253Asection%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanyan1707" class="citation cs2">Stanyan, Temple (1707), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grecianhistoryf00stangoog">Grecian History</a>, London: J. & R. Tonson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grecian+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+%26+R.+Tonson&rft.date=1707&rft.aulast=Stanyan&rft.aufirst=Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrecianhistoryf00stangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissowa1896" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wissowa" title="Georg Wissowa">Wissowa, Georg Otto August</a> (1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/pwretranslations/all-articles/2-apollon-barbaroi/augures">"Augures"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a>, vol. II, Part 2, translated by Stokes, Felix, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche Buchhandlung, pp. 2313–2344</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augures&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=2313-2344&rft.pub=J.B.+Metzlersche+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Wissowa&rft.aufirst=Georg+Otto+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fview%2Fpwretranslations%2Fall-articles%2F2-apollon-barbaroi%2Faugures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Terentius_Varro" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rerum_Rusticarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rerum Rusticarum">Rerum Rusticarum Libri III</a> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rerum+Rusticarum+Libri+III&rft.au=Marcus+Terentius+Varro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Terentius_Varro1934" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> (1934), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html">On Agriculture</a>, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 283, translated by Hooper, William Davis; et al., <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Agriculture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Marcus+Terentius+Varro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FVarro%2Fde_Re_Rustica%2F1%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Publius Vergilius Maro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgica</a> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgica&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro1910" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Publius Vergilius Maro</a> (1910), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eclogues_and_Georgics_(Mackail_1910)/Georgics_1" class="extiw" title="s:Eclogues and Georgics (Mackail 1910)/Georgics 1">The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil</a>, translated by Mackail, John William, London: Longmans, Green, & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eclogues+and+Georgics+of+Virgil&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_calendar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_intro_fr.htm">Chris Bennett's reconstruction of early Roman dates</a> in terms of the Julian calendar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-roman.html">Early Roman Calendar – History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latin.org/datecalculator.php">Roman Date Calculator</a> The North American Institute of Living Latin Studies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movimentoapostolico.it/new/page.php?p=vangelo&data=01/12/2018&lang=en">"Theological commentary on the daily Gospel Reading"</a>. Apostolic Movement (Roman Catholic Church) (in English, French, and Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apostolic+Movement+%28Roman+Catholic+Church%29&rft.atitle=Theological+commentary+on+the+daily+Gospel+Reading&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movimentoapostolico.it%2Fnew%2Fpage.php%3Fp%3Dvangelo%26data%3D01%2F12%2F2018%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+calendar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists and other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200966#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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