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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/330px-Roman-calendar.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/495px-Roman-calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/660px-Roman-calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the fragmentary <i>Fasti Antiates</i>, a pre-Julian calendar showing <i>Ianuarius</i> (abbreviated <i>IAN</i>) at the top of the first column</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the month of January in the ancient Roman calendar. For the month more generally, see <a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a>. For the Celtic goddess, see <a href="/wiki/Ianuaria" title="Ianuaria">Ianuaria</a>.</div> <p><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ianuarius</i></span></b>, <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Januarius</i></span></b>, or <b>January</b>, fully <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mensis Ianuarius</i></span></b> ("month of <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>") and abbreviated <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ian.</i></span></b>, was the first month of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">ancient Roman calendar</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> month of <a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> derived. It was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Februarius" title="Februarius">Februarius</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a>"). In the calendars of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <i>Ianuarius</i> had 29 days. Two days were added when the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">calendar was reformed</a> under <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in 45 BCE. </p><p>In the oldest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by their legendary founder <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, the first month was <i><a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Martius</a></i> ("month of <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>", <a href="/wiki/March_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (month)">March</a>), and the calendar year had only ten months. <i>Ianuarius</i> and <i>Februarius</i> were supposed to have been added by <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">king of Rome</a>, originally at the end of the year. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that January and February came first.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ianuarius</i> is conventionally thought to have taken its name from <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>, the dual-faced god of beginnings, openings, passages, gates and doorways,<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_agricultural_year">In the agricultural year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ianuarius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the agricultural year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sousse_mosaic_calendar_January.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sousse_mosaic_calendar_January.JPG/220px-Sousse_mosaic_calendar_January.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sousse_mosaic_calendar_January.JPG/330px-Sousse_mosaic_calendar_January.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sousse_mosaic_calendar_January.JPG/440px-Sousse_mosaic_calendar_January.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Ianuarius</i> panel of the months mosaic from <a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a>), in which March is represented as the first month (3rd century AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Roman festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">religious observances</a> reflect the Romans' <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian</a> way of life in their early history. Agricultural calendars <i>(<a href="/wiki/Menologia_rustica" title="Menologia rustica">menologia rustica</a>)</i> show that for farmers, January continued the relatively slack time they experienced in December. For January, these almanacs advised farmers to expect 9¾ hours of daylight and 14¼ hours of darkness, and to sharpen stakes, cut willows and reeds, and offer sacrifice to the <a href="/wiki/Penates" class="mw-redirect" title="Penates">Dei Penates</a>, tutelary deities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> The agricultural writer <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a><sup id="cite_ref-Columella1745_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columella1745-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says that farmers who were <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#religiosus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">religiosiores</a></i>, more scrupulous than others, would refrain from working the land until January 13, except that on January 1 they should make an auspicious gesture <i>(auspiciandi causa)</i> of beginning work on everything they wanted to get done that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, in his agricultural treatise,<sup id="cite_ref-Varro37BC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varro37BC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divides the agricultural year into eight phases. The phase from the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> to February 7, when <a href="/wiki/Favonius_(wind_god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Favonius (wind god)">Favonius</a> the west wind was thought to start blowing favorably, was not for hard work, but odd jobs and tidying.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civic_life">Civic life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ianuarius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/170px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/255px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/340px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption>The emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, his head <a href="/wiki/Capite_velato" class="mw-redirect" title="Capite velato">ritually covered</a>, offers the sacrifice of a bull at the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> entered office at the beginning of the year; from 153 BC onward, on January 1. <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#auspicia" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Auspices</a> were taken, and if favorable the two consuls went home and put on their <i><a href="/wiki/Toga_praetexta" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga praetexta">toga praetexta</a></i>, with the purple stripe signifying their status. A procession of <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">equestrians</a> accompanied them from their home to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>. The people dressed festively and watched the parade. At the temple, each consul sacrificed a white bull to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> in fulfillment of the vow made by the previous year's consuls to ask for the wellbeing <i>(<a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">salus</a>)</i> of the commonwealth <i>(<a href="/wiki/Votum#Public_vota" title="Votum">vota pro salute rei publicae</a>)</i>. New vows were then made.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p><p>The senior of the two consuls next convened the senate. Among other business, he announced the date of the <i><a href="/wiki/Feriae_Latinae" title="Feriae Latinae">Feriae Latinae</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Latini" class="mw-redirect" title="Latini">Latin</a> Festival"), a <a href="/wiki/Moveable_feast" title="Moveable feast">moveable feast</a> to be held in April and one of the oldest festivals of the religious calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Within five days, in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a>, the consuls took an oath to obey the laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>, vows for the wellbeing of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> were made instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates">Dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ianuarius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_oil_lamp,_on_the_discus_a_winged_Victory_holds_a_shield_on_which_is_inscribed_Happy_New_Year,_surrounded_by_New_Year%27s_gifts,_made_in_Italy,_around_50-100_AD,_British_Museum_(31908515355).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Terracotta_oil_lamp%2C_on_the_discus_a_winged_Victory_holds_a_shield_on_which_is_inscribed_Happy_New_Year%2C_surrounded_by_New_Year%27s_gifts%2C_made_in_Italy%2C_around_50-100_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2831908515355%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Terracotta_oil_lamp%2C_on_the_discus_a_winged_Victory_holds_a_shield_on_which_is_inscribed_Happy_New_Year%2C_surrounded_by_New_Year%27s_gifts%2C_made_in_Italy%2C_around_50-100_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2831908515355%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Terracotta_oil_lamp%2C_on_the_discus_a_winged_Victory_holds_a_shield_on_which_is_inscribed_Happy_New_Year%2C_surrounded_by_New_Year%27s_gifts%2C_made_in_Italy%2C_around_50-100_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2831908515355%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="4311" /></a><figcaption>An oil lamp (AD 50–100) with the Latin greeting <i>Annum Novum Faustum Felicem</i> ("A Happy and Prosperous New Year") depicting a winged <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> with New Year's symbols including a Janus coin (center right)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the <a href="/wiki/Nones_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nones (calendar)">Nones</a> (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the <a href="/wiki/Ides_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ides (calendar)">Ides</a> (13th or 15th), and the <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">Kalends</a> (1st) of the following month. The Nones of January fell on the 5th, and the Ides on the 13th. The last day of January was the <i>pridie Kalendas Februarias,</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "day before the Kalends of February". Roman counting was <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive</a>; January 9 was <i>ante diem V Idūs Ianuarias</i>, "the 5th day before the Ides (13th) of January," usually abbreviated <i>a.d. V Id. Ian.</i> (or with the <i>a.d.</i> omitted altogether); January 23 was <i>X Kal. Feb.</i>, "the 10th day before the Kalends of February." </p><p>On the calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In January, these were: </p> <ul><li><b>F</b> for <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#fasti" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies fasti</a></i>, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">civil law</a>;</li> <li><b>C</b>, for <i>dies comitalis,</i> a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies <i>(<a href="/wiki/Comitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia">comitia</a>)</i>, elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings;</li> <li><b>N</b> for <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#nefastus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies nefasti</a></i>, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited;</li> <li><b>NP</b>, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#feria" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">feriae</a></i>, public holidays;</li> <li><b>EN</b> for <i>endotercissus</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">archaic form</a> of <i>intercissus</i>, "cut in half," meaning days that were <i>nefasti</i> in the morning, when <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifice in ancient Roman religion">sacrifices</a> were being prepared, and in the evening, while sacrifices were being offered, but were <i>fasti</i> in the middle of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–45">: 44–45 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>Days were also marked with <a href="/wiki/Nundinae" title="Nundinae">nundinal letters</a> in cycles of <i>A B C D E F G H</i>, to mark the "market week"<sup id="cite_ref-Rüpke2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüpke2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> (these are omitted in the table below). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compitalia_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg/290px-Compitalia_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg/435px-Compitalia_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> depicting men wearing the <i>toga praetexta</i> and thought to be celebrating the Compitalia</figcaption></figure> <p>January had two <i><a href="/wiki/Feriae_conceptivae" class="mw-redirect" title="Feriae conceptivae">feriae conceptivae</a>,</i> moveable feasts that might occur on varying days to be announced by the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">Roman pontiffs</a>. These were <a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a> ("Crossroads Festival") and <a href="/wiki/Sementivae" title="Sementivae">Sementivae</a> ("Festival of Sowing"), which the table below shows on the dates when they seem to have been observed most often.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 267">: 267 </span></sup> </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#dies_natalis" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies natalis</a></i> was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the "birthday" of a deity. During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a></i>, sacrifices pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> outnumber the older festivals. After the mid-1st century AD, a number of dates are added to calendars for <a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">spectacles and games</a> held in honor of various deities in the venue called a "<a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus</a>". By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with letters <i>(F, N, C</i> and so on) to show their religious status, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salzman1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salzman1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17, 122">: 17, 122 </span></sup> Festivals marked in large letters on extant <i>fasti</i>, represented by festival names in all capital letters on the table, are thought to have been the most ancient holidays, becoming part of the calendar before 509 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p><i>Ianuarius</i> was expanded from 29 to 31 days on the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. On the table below, dates after the Ides are those of the Julian calendar, with the pre-Julian date for festivals noted parenthetically. Unless otherwise noted, the dating and observances are taken from <a href="/wiki/H.H._Scullard" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Scullard">H.H. Scullard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51–68">: 51–68 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Modern<br />date</th> <th>Roman date</th> <th>status</th> <th>Observances </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jan. 1</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/January_Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="January Kalends">Kalendae Ianuariae</a></i></td> <td>F</td> <td>• Consuls take office (from 153 BC)<br />• sacrifices to <a href="/wiki/Aesculapius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesculapius">Aesculapius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vediovis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vediovis">Vediovis</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a> sanctuaries </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><i>ante diem IV Nonas Ianuarias</i></td> <td>F</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><i>a.d. III Non. Ian.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>C</td> <td>• day on which the three-day <a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a> most often began </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><i>pridie Nonas Ianuarias</i><br />(abbrev. <i>prid. Non. Ian.)</i></td> <td>C</td> <td>• continuation of Compitalia on its most frequently observed date </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><i>Nonae Ianuariae</i></td> <td>F</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> of the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Vica_Pota" title="Vica Pota">Vica Pota</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Velian_Hill" title="Velian Hill">Velia</a><br />• day on which Compitalia most often ended </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><i>ante diem VIII Idūs Ianuarias</i></td> <td>F</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><i>a.d. VII Id. Ian.</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>C</td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Supplicatio" title="Supplicatio">supplication</a> for Jupiter Sempiternus to commemorate the assumption of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a></i> by Augustus (on the <i><a href="/wiki/Feriale_Cumanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Feriale Cumanum">Feriale Cumanum</a></i>, 4–14 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert-Brown1994_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-Brown1994-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 216">: 216 </span></sup><br />• <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi_circenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludi circenses">Circenses</a></i> for Father Janus (after late-1st century AD)<sup id="cite_ref-Salzman1990_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salzman1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><i>VI Id. Ian.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><i>V Id. Ian.</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• <small><a href="/wiki/Agonalia" title="Agonalia">AGONALIA</a></small> for Janus at the <a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">Regia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><i>IV Id. Ian.</i></td> <td>EN</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><i>III Id. Ian.</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• <small><a href="/wiki/Carmentalia" title="Carmentalia">CARMENTALIA</a></small><br />• <i>dies natalis</i> of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Juturna" title="Juturna">Juturna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><i>pridie Idūs</i><br />(abbrev. <i>prid. Id.)</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><i>Idūs Ianuariae</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td><i>Ludi circenses</i> for <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Stator" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Stator">Jupiter Stator</a> (after late-1st century AD) </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><i>ante diem XIX Kalendas Februarias</i></td> <td>EN</td> <td>• some <i>fasti</i> of the early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> mark January 14 as a <i><a href="/wiki/Dies_vitiosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies vitiosus">dies vitiosus</a></i>, a religiously defective day, because it was the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><i>a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• <small>CARMENTALIA</small> <i>(XVI Kal. Feb.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><i>XVII Kal. Feb.</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>C</td> <td>• supplication for Augustus on the day he received the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">title <i>Augustus</i></a> <i>(Feriale Cumanum)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Severy2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severy2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><i>XVI Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><i>XV Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><i>XIV Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><i>XIII Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><i>XII Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><i>XI Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><i>X Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><i>IX Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td>• day on which the three-day <a href="/wiki/Sementivae" title="Sementivae">Sementivae</a> most often began<br />• sacrifices for the <i>dies natalis</i> of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (reigned 117–138 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><i>VIII Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td>• continuation of Sementivae on its most frequently observed date </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><i>VII Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td>• day on which Sementivae most often ended </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><i>VI Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Temple of Castor and Pollux</a> <i>(IV Kal. Feb.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><i>V Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><i>IV Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><i>III Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td></td> <td>(day added to the month on the Julian calendar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><i>prid. Kal. Feb.</i></td> <td></td> <td>(day added to the month on the Julian calendar) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ianuarius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The month name is construed as an adjective modifying <i>Kalendae,</i> <i>Nonae</i> or <i>Idūs</i> (all plural nouns of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine gender</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem III Nonas Ianuarias.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem VII Idūs Ianuarias.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem VII Idūs Ianuarias,</i> with the <i>ante diem</i> omitted altogether from this point.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudius, the grandson of Antony, rehabilitated the day;<sup id="cite_ref-Linderski1986_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linderski1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radke1978_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radke1978-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem XVIII Kalendas Februarias.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem XVII Kalendas Februarias</i> with the <i>ante diem</i> omitted altogether, as in the rest of the month following.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the <i><a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a>,</i> a calendar of official religious observance for a military unit stationed at <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ianuarius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Forsythe2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2012" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTDku_ZQ0JgC&pg=PA14"><i>Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52217-5"><bdi>978-0-415-52217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+in+Roman+Religion%3A+One+Thousand+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-52217-5&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTDku_ZQ0JgC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scullard1981-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard1981_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScullard1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">Scullard, Howard Hayes</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDETAQAAIAAJ"><i>Festivals and ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1402-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1402-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-1402-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+and+ceremonies+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1402-2&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=Howard+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDETAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> I<sup>2</sup>.280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columella1745-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columella1745_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumella1745" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> (1745). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcNbAAAAMAAJ"><i>L. Junius Moderatus Columella Of Husbandry: In Twelve Books: and His Book Concerning Trees</i></a>. London: A. Millar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.+Junius+Moderatus+Columella+Of+Husbandry%3A+In+Twelve+Books%3A+and+His+Book+Concerning+Trees&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+Millar&rft.date=1745&rft.au=Columella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcNbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varro37BC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varro37BC_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarro" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>. "4 Concerning the Agricultural Seasons". <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Res Rusticae (Country Matters)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Res_Rusticae_(Country_Matters)"><i>Res Rusticae (Country Matters)</i> </a></span>. Vol. Book 1 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+Concerning+the+Agricultural+Seasons&rft.btitle=Res+Rusticae+%28Country+Matters%29&rft.au=Varro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabun Taylor, "Watching the Skies: Janus, Auspication, and the Shrine in the Roman Forum," <i>Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome</i> 45 (2000), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüpke2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rüpke2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüpke2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_R%C3%BCpke" title="Jörg Rüpke">Rüpke, Jörg</a> (2011) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pThna2LDwDsC"><i>The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti</i></a>. Translated by David M.B. Richardson. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9652-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9652-2"><bdi>978-1-4443-9652-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Calendar+from+Numa+to+Constantine%3A+Time%2C+History%2C+and+the+Fasti&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9652-2&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCpke&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpThna2LDwDsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salzman1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salzman1990_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salzman1990_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzman1990" class="citation book cs1">Salzman, Michele Renee (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rwRmAEACAAJ"><i>On Roman Time: The Codex-calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06566-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06566-6"><bdi>978-0-520-06566-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Roman+Time%3A+The+Codex-calendar+of+354+and+the+Rhythms+of+Urban+Life+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06566-6&rft.aulast=Salzman&rft.aufirst=Michele+Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3rwRmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert-Brown1994-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbert-Brown1994_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert-Brown1994" class="citation book cs1">Herbert-Brown, Geraldine (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHr6DN2BWRUC&pg=PA216"><i>Ovid and the Fasti: An Historical Study</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814935-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814935-4"><bdi>978-0-19-814935-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid+and+the+Fasti%3A+An+Historical+Study&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814935-4&rft.aulast=Herbert-Brown&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHr6DN2BWRUC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linderski1986-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linderski1986_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinderski1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Linderski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Linderski (page does not exist)">Linderski, Jerzy</a> (1986). "The Augural Law". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.). <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i> [<i>Rise and Decline of the Roman World</i>] (in German). Vol. II.16. pp. 2187–2188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Augural+Law&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt&rft.pages=2187-2188&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Linderski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radke1978-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radke1978_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadke1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radke, G. (1978). "Der Geburtstag des älteren Drusus". <i>Wurzburger Jahrbucher fur die Altertumswissenschaft</i> (in German). Vol. 4. pp. 211–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Geburtstag+des+%C3%A4lteren+Drusus&rft.btitle=Wurzburger+Jahrbucher+fur+die+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.pages=211-213&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Radke&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Severy2003-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Severy2003_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevery2003" class="citation book cs1">Severy, Beth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XqcWrfMDkAIC"><i>Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-21143-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-21143-4"><bdi>978-0-203-21143-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus+and+the+Family+at+the+Birth+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-21143-4&rft.aulast=Severy&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXqcWrfMDkAIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIanuarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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(February)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Mercedonius</a> / Intercalaris</i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Martius</a></i></span> (March)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Aprilis" title="Aprilis">Aprilis</a></i></span> (April)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Maius" title="Maius">Maius</a></i></span> (May)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Iunius_(month)" title="Iunius (month)">Iunius</a></i></span> (June)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Quintilis" title="Quintilis">Quintilis</a> / Iulius</i></span> (July)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sextilis" title="Sextilis">Sextilis</a> / Augustus</i></span> (August)</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/September_(Roman_month)" title="September (Roman month)">September</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/October_(Roman_month)" title="October (Roman month)">October</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/November_(Roman_month)" title="November (Roman month)">November</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/December_(Roman_month)" title="December (Roman month)">December</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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